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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Main classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nodular_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nodular_basal-cell_carcinoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nodular basal-cell carcinoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nodular_basal-cell_carcinoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other subtypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggressiveness_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggressiveness_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Aggressiveness patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggressiveness_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnoses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnoses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Differential diagnoses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnoses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radicality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radicality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Radicality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radicality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_surgical_excision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_surgical_excision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Standard surgical excision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_surgical_excision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohs_surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohs_surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mohs surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohs_surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryosurgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryosurgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cryosurgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryosurgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrodesiccation_and_curettage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrodesiccation_and_curettage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Electrodesiccation and curettage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrodesiccation_and_curettage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Chemotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Immunotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Radiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photodynamic_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photodynamic_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Photodynamic therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photodynamic_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basal-cell carcinoma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سرطان الخلايا القاعدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان الخلايا القاعدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بازال سلول سرطان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بازال سلول سرطان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_basocel%C2%B7lular" title="Carcinoma basocel·lular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carcinoma basocel·lular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaliom" title="Bazaliom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bazaliom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalzellkarzinom" title="Basalzellkarzinom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basalzellkarzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalioma" title="Basalioma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Basalioma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کارسینوم سلول بازال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارسینوم سلول بازال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinome_basocellulaire" title="Carcinome basocellulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carcinome basocellulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailse_bhonncheallach" title="Ailse bhonncheallach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailse bhonncheallach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%A0%80%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%95%94" title="기저세포암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기저세포암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Բազալ բջջային կարցինոմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազալ բջջային կարցինոմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinoma_sel_basal" title="Karsinoma sel basal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karsinoma sel basal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnfrumukrabbamein" title="Grunnfrumukrabbamein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grunnfrumukrabbamein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_basocellulare" title="Carcinoma basocellulare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carcinoma basocellulare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1" title="קרצינומה של תאי בסיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרצינומה של תאי בסיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelioma_basocellulare" title="Epithelioma basocellulare – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epithelioma basocellulare" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalioma" title="Basalioma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Basalioma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basocellulair_carcinoom" title="Basocellulair carcinoom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Basocellulair carcinoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="基底細胞癌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="基底細胞癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ବାସାଲ ସେଲ କାର୍ସିନୋମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାସାଲ ସେଲ କାର୍ସିନୋମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalioma" title="Bazalioma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bazalioma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_podstawnokom%C3%B3rkowy_sk%C3%B3ry" title="Rak podstawnokomórkowy skóry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak podstawnokomórkowy skóry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_basocelular" title="Carcinoma basocelular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carcinoma basocelular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinom_bazocelular" title="Carcinom bazocelular – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carcinom bazocelular" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Базалиома – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Базалиома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalnoceli%C4%8Dni_karcinom" title="Bazalnocelični karcinom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bazalnocelični karcinom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyvisolusy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Tyvisolusyöpä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyvisolusyöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalcellscancer" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibroepithelioma_of_Pinkus&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus">Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Most common type of skin cancer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rodent ulcer" redirects here. For the skin condition in cats, see <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_granuloma" title="Eosinophilic granuloma">Eosinophilic granuloma</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Basal-cell carcinoma</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Basal-cell skin cancer, basalioma, rodent ulcer</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalioma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basalioma.jpg/220px-Basalioma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basalioma.jpg/330px-Basalioma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Basalioma.jpg/440px-Basalioma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">An ulcerated basal cell carcinoma near the ear of a 75-year-old male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Painless raised area of skin that may be shiny with <a href="/wiki/Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">small blood vessel running over it</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulceration</a><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2013TxPro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2013TxPro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Light_skin" title="Light skin">Light skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poor_immune_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor immune function">poor immune function</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Examination, skin biopsy<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Diag_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Diag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milia" class="mw-redirect" title="Milia">Milia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">seborrheic keratosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Surgical removal<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Good<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">~30% of white people at some point (US)<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">Rare<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Basal-cell carcinoma</b> (<b>BCC</b>), also known as <b>basal-cell cancer</b>, <b>basalioma</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>rodent ulcer</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the most common type of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It often appears as a painless raised area of skin, which may be shiny with <a href="/wiki/Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">small blood vessels running over it</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2013TxPro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2013TxPro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also present as a raised area with <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulceration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2013TxPro_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2013TxPro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basal-cell cancer grows slowly and can damage the tissue around it, but it is unlikely to <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">spread to distant areas</a> or result in death.<sup id="cite_ref-Cak2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cak2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risk factors include exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, having <a href="/wiki/Lighter_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighter skin">lighter skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, long-term exposure to <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">poor immune-system function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to UV light during childhood is particularly harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tanning_beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanning beds">Tanning beds</a> have become another common source of ultraviolet radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-UV2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UV2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis often depends on skin examination, confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">tissue biopsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Diag_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Diag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remains unclear whether <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreen</a> affects the risk of basal-cell cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Jou2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jou2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment is typically by surgical removal.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be by simple excision if the cancer is small; otherwise, <a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a> is generally recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other options include <a href="/wiki/Electrodesiccation_and_curettage" title="Electrodesiccation and curettage">electrodesiccation and curettage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryosurgery" title="Cryosurgery">cryosurgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topical_chemotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical chemotherapy">topical chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photodynamic_therapy" title="Photodynamic therapy">photodynamic therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_surgery" title="Laser surgery">laser surgery</a> or the use of <a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">imiquimod</a>, a topical immune-activating medication.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Tx_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Tx-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rare cases in which distant spread has occurred, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a> may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Tx_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Tx-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basal-cell cancer accounts for at least 32% of all cancers globally.<sup id="cite_ref-Cak2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cak2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dub2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dub2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of skin cancers other than <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, about 80% are basal-cell cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, about 35% of white males and 25% of white females are affected by BCC at some point in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <p>Basal-cell carcinoma is named after the <a href="/wiki/Basal_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal layer">basal cells</a> that form the lowest layer of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>. It is thought to develop from the <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">folliculo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous</a>–<a href="/wiki/Apocrine_sweat_gland" title="Apocrine sweat gland">apocrine</a> germinative cells called <i>trichoblasts</i> (of note, <b>trichoblastic carcinoma</b> is a term sometimes used to refer to a rare type of aggressive skin cancer that may resemble a benign <a href="/wiki/Trichoblastoma" title="Trichoblastoma">trichoblastoma</a>, and can also closely resemble basal cell carcinoma). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals with a basal-cell carcinoma typically present with a shiny, pearly skin <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(medicine)" title="Nodule (medicine)">nodule</a>. However, superficial basal-cell cancer can present as a red patch similar to <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>. Infiltrative or morpheaform basal-cell cancers can present as a skin thickening or <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar</a> tissue – making diagnosis difficult without using tactile sensation and a skin <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a>. It is often difficult to visually distinguish basal-cell cancer from <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> scar, <a href="/wiki/Actinic_elastosis" title="Actinic elastosis">actinic elastosis</a>, and recent <a href="/wiki/Cryosurgery" title="Cryosurgery">cryodestruction</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basal cell carcinoma on patient's back"><img alt="Basal cell carcinoma on patient's back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg/406px-Basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basal cell carcinoma on patient's back</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal-cell_Carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basal-cell carcinoma"><img alt="Basal-cell carcinoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal-cell_Carcinoma.jpg/339px-Basal-cell_Carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal-cell_Carcinoma.jpg/508px-Basal-cell_Carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal-cell_Carcinoma.jpg/677px-Basal-cell_Carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basal-cell carcinoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Upper_Back_nodular_and_micronodular.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basal cell carcinoma on the left upper back, nodular and micronodular, marked for biopsy"><img alt="Basal cell carcinoma on the left upper back, nodular and micronodular, marked for biopsy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Basal_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Upper_Back_nodular_and_micronodular.jpg/383px-Basal_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Upper_Back_nodular_and_micronodular.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Basal_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Upper_Back_nodular_and_micronodular.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basal cell carcinoma on the left upper back, nodular and micronodular, marked for biopsy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dermoscopy_nodular_basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dermoscopy showing telangiectatic vessels"><img alt="Dermoscopy showing telangiectatic vessels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dermoscopy_nodular_basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg/270px-Dermoscopy_nodular_basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dermoscopy_nodular_basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg/405px-Dermoscopy_nodular_basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dermoscopy_nodular_basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg/540px-Dermoscopy_nodular_basal_cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dermoscopy showing telangiectatic vessels</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions_associated_with_increased_risk_of_nonmelanoma_skin_cancer" title="List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer">List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer</a></div> <p>The majority of basal-cell carcinomas occur on <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure" title="Health effects of sunlight exposure">sun-exposed</a> areas of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_cell_carcinoma_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Basal_cell_carcinoma_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg/200px-Basal_cell_carcinoma_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Basal_cell_carcinoma_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg/300px-Basal_cell_carcinoma_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Basal_cell_carcinoma_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg/400px-Basal_cell_carcinoma_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of a basal-cell <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a>, showing the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Histomorphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Histomorphology">histomorphologic features</a> (peripheral palisading, myxoid stroma, artefactual clefting). <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Basal-cell carcinoma</i> is named after the <a href="/wiki/Basal_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal layer">basal cells</a> that populate the lowest layer of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Histological" class="mw-redirect" title="Histological">histological</a> appearance of the cancer cells under the microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-MSD_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, not all basal-cell carcinomas actually originate within the basal layer.<sup id="cite_ref-MSD_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basal-cell carcinomas are thought to develop from the <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">folliculo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous</a>–<a href="/wiki/Apocrine_sweat_gland" title="Apocrine sweat gland">apocrine</a> germinative cells known as <i>trichoblasts</i>. <i><b>Trichoblastic carcinoma</b></i> is a term used to describe a rare and potentially aggressive malignancy that is also thought to arise from trichoblasts and may resemble a benign <a href="/wiki/Trichoblastoma" title="Trichoblastoma">trichoblastoma</a> (differential diagnosis can be challenging).<sup id="cite_ref-Boettler2022_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boettler2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22678003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22678003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that lesions diagnosed as 'trichoblastic carcinoma' may actually themselves be basal-cell carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman2000_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman2000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Overexposure to sun leads to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Thymine_dimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thymine dimer">thymine dimers</a>, a form of DNA damage. While <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> removes most UV-induced damage, not all crosslinks are excised. There is, therefore, cumulative DNA damage leading to <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>. Apart from the mutagenesis, overexposure to sunlight depresses the local <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, possibly decreasing immune surveillance for new tumor cells. Studies of the role of <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> in susceptibility to sunlight-induced basal cell carcinoma indicated that reduced DNA repair capacity is one of the underlying molecular mechanisms for sunlight induced skin carcinogenesis in the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basal-cell carcinomas can often come in association with other lesions of the skin, such as <a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">actinic keratosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">seborrheic keratosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a small proportion of cases, basal-cell carcinoma also develops as a result of <a href="/wiki/Nevoid_basal-cell_carcinoma_syndrome" title="Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome">basal-cell nevus syndrome</a>, or Gorlin Syndrome, which is also characterized by keratocystic odontogenic tumors of the jaw, palmar or plantar (sole of the foot) pits, calcification of the <a href="/wiki/Falx_cerebri" title="Falx cerebri">falx cerebri</a> (in the center line of the brain) and rib abnormalities. The cause of this syndrome is a mutation in the <a href="/wiki/PTCH1" title="PTCH1">PTCH1</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">tumor suppressor gene</a> located in chromosome 9q22.3, which inhibits the <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_signaling_pathway" title="Hedgehog signaling pathway">hedgehog signaling pathway</a>. A mutation in the <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">SMO</a> gene, which is also on the hedgehog pathway, also causes basal-cell carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG/220px-Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG/330px-Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG/440px-Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>Ulcerated basal-cell carcinoma affecting the skin of the nose in an elderly individual</figcaption></figure> <p>To diagnose basal-cell carcinomas, a <a href="/wiki/Skin_biopsy" title="Skin biopsy">skin biopsy</a> is performed for histopathologic analyses. The most common method is a <a href="/wiki/Shave_biopsy" title="Shave biopsy">shave biopsy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">local anesthesia</a>. Most nodular basal-cell cancers can be diagnosed clinically; however, other variants can be very difficult to distinguish from benign lesions such as <a href="/wiki/Intradermal_naevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Intradermal naevus">intradermal naevus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebaceoma" title="Sebaceoma">sebaceomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_papule" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous papule">fibrous papules</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Acne_scar" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne scar">acne scars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_scar" title="Hypertrophic scar">hypertrophic scarring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exfoliative cytology methods have high sensitivity and specificity for confirming the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma when clinical suspicion is high but unclear usefulness otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High-magnification_micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/High-magnification_micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/220px-High-magnification_micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/High-magnification_micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/330px-High-magnification_micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/High-magnification_micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/440px-High-magnification_micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>High-magnification micrograph of basal-cell carcinoma</figcaption></figure> <p>Basal-cell carcinoma cells appear similar to epidermal basal cells, and are usually well differentiated.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In uncertain cases, <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a> using <a href="/wiki/BerEP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BerEP4">BerEP4</a> can be used, having a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting only BCC cells.<sup id="cite_ref-SunjayaSunjaya2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunjayaSunjaya2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_classes">Main classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basal-cell carcinoma can broadly be divided into three groups, based on the growth patterns. </p> <ol><li>Superficial basal-cell carcinoma, formerly referred to in-situ basal-cell carcinoma, is characterized by a superficial proliferation of neoplastic basal-cells. This tumor is generally responsive to topic chemotherapy, such as <a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">imiquimod</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fluorouracil" title="Fluorouracil">fluorouracil</a>, although surgical treatment is better able to ensure complete removal and confirm that there is not an underlying more aggressive subtype that was not sampled in the initial biopsy.</li> <li>Infiltrative basal-cell carcinoma, which also encompasses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morpheaform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morpheaform (page does not exist)">morpheaform</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micronodular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micronodular (page does not exist)">micronodular</a> basal-cell cancer, is more difficult to treat with conservative methods, given its tendency to penetrate into deeper layers of the skin.</li> <li>Nodular basal-cell carcinoma includes most of the remaining categories of basal-cell cancer. It is not unusual to encounter heterogeneous morphologic features within the same tumor.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nodular_basal-cell_carcinoma">Nodular basal-cell carcinoma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nodular basal-cell carcinoma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_Cell_Carcinoma,_Nodular_Pattern_(6032028849).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Nodular_Pattern_%286032028849%29.jpg/220px-Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Nodular_Pattern_%286032028849%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Nodular_Pattern_%286032028849%29.jpg/330px-Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Nodular_Pattern_%286032028849%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Nodular_Pattern_%286032028849%29.jpg/440px-Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Nodular_Pattern_%286032028849%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Basal-cell carcinoma with nodular pattern</figcaption></figure> <p>Nodular basal-cell carcinoma (also known as "classic basal-cell carcinoma") accounts for 50% of all BCC.<sup id="cite_ref-PaolinoDonati2017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaolinoDonati2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It most commonly occurs on the sun-exposed areas of the head and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatricks2003_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatricks2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 646">: 646 </span></sup> Histopathology shows aggregates of basaloid cells with well-defined borders, showing a peripheral <a href="/wiki/Palisade_(pathology)" title="Palisade (pathology)">palisading</a> of cells and one or more typical clefts.<sup id="cite_ref-PaolinoDonati2017_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaolinoDonati2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such clefts are caused by shrinkage of mucin during tissue fixation and staining.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central necrosis with eosinophilic, granular features may be also present, as well as mucin. The heavy aggregates of mucin determine a cystic structure. Calcification may be also present, especially in long-standing lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-PaolinoDonati2017_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaolinoDonati2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitotic activity is usually not so evident, but a high mitotic rate may be present in more aggressive lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-PaolinoDonati2017_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaolinoDonati2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenoidal BCC can be classified as a variant of NBCC, characterized by basaloid cells with a reticulated configuration extending into the dermis.<sup id="cite_ref-PaolinoDonati2017_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaolinoDonati2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palisading_in_basal_cell_cancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palisading"><img alt="Palisading" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palisading_in_basal_cell_cancer.jpg/100px-Palisading_in_basal_cell_cancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palisading_in_basal_cell_cancer.jpg/150px-Palisading_in_basal_cell_cancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Palisading_in_basal_cell_cancer.jpg/200px-Palisading_in_basal_cell_cancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palisade_(pathology)" title="Palisade (pathology)">Palisading</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nodular_basal_cell_cancer_with_cleft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleft."><img alt="Cleft." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nodular_basal_cell_cancer_with_cleft.jpg/120px-Nodular_basal_cell_cancer_with_cleft.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nodular_basal_cell_cancer_with_cleft.jpg/180px-Nodular_basal_cell_cancer_with_cleft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nodular_basal_cell_cancer_with_cleft.jpg/240px-Nodular_basal_cell_cancer_with_cleft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cleft.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_subtypes">Other subtypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other more specific subtypes of basal-cell carcinoma include:<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatricks2003_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatricks2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 646–50">: 646–50 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Histopathology</th> <th>Other characteristics</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cystic basal-cell carcinoma </td> <td></td> <td>Morphologically characterized by dome-shaped, blue-gray cystic nodules.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 647">: 647 </span></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkinTumors-P7240520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SkinTumors-P7240520.jpg/150px-SkinTumors-P7240520.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SkinTumors-P7240520.jpg/225px-SkinTumors-P7240520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SkinTumors-P7240520.jpg/300px-SkinTumors-P7240520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morpheaform basal-cell carcinoma (also known as "cicatricial basal-cell carcinoma", and "morphoeic basal-cell carcinoma") </td> <td>Narrow strands and nests of basaloid cells, surrounded by dense sclerotic stroma.<sup id="cite_ref-EastFullen2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastFullen2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Aggressive<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatricks2003_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatricks2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 647">: 647 </span></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/150px-Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/225px-Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/300px-Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infiltrative basal-cell carcinoma </td> <td>Deep infiltration.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 647">: 647 </span></sup></td> <td>Aggressive<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 647">: 647 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Micronodular basal-cell carcinoma </td> <td>Small and closely spaced nests.</td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkinTumors-P6180318.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SkinTumors-P6180318.JPG/150px-SkinTumors-P6180318.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SkinTumors-P6180318.JPG/225px-SkinTumors-P6180318.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SkinTumors-P6180318.JPG/300px-SkinTumors-P6180318.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superficial basal-cell carcinoma (also known as "superficial multicentric basal-cell carcinoma") </td> <td></td> <td>Occurs most commonly on the trunk and appears as an <a href="/wiki/Erythematous" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythematous">erythematous</a> patch.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatricks2003_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatricks2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 647">: 647 </span></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkinTumors-P6160271.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SkinTumors-P6160271.JPG/150px-SkinTumors-P6160271.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SkinTumors-P6160271.JPG/225px-SkinTumors-P6160271.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/SkinTumors-P6160271.JPG/300px-SkinTumors-P6160271.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pigmented basal-cell carcinoma exhibits increased melanization.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatricks2003_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatricks2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 647">: 647 </span></sup> </td> <td></td> <td>About 80% of all basal-cell carcinoma in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> are pigmented while this subtype is uncommon in <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jacob" title="Arthur Jacob">Jacob</a>'s ulcer </td> <td>Nodular, with central necrosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatricks2003_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatricks2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 647">: 647 </span></sup></td> <td>Generally a large <a href="/wiki/Skin_lesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin lesion">skin lesion</a> with central necrosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatricks2003_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatricks2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 647">: 647 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus </td> <td>Anastomosing epithelial strands in a fenestrated pattern<sup id="cite_ref-HaddockCohen2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaddockCohen2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Most commonly occurs on the lower back.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatricks2003_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatricks2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 748">: 748 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 648">: 648 </span></sup></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_cell_carcinoma_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern_-_low_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Basal_cell_carcinoma_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern_-_low_mag.jpg/150px-Basal_cell_carcinoma_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern_-_low_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Basal_cell_carcinoma_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern_-_low_mag.jpg/225px-Basal_cell_carcinoma_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern_-_low_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Basal_cell_carcinoma_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern_-_low_mag.jpg/300px-Basal_cell_carcinoma_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern_-_low_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polypoid basal-cell carcinoma </td> <td>Exophytic nodules (<a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyp</a>-like structures)</td> <td>Generally on head and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 648">: 648 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pore-like basal-cell carcinoma </td> <td></td> <td>Resembles an enlarged pore or stellate pit.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 648">: 648 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aberrant basal-cell carcinoma </td> <td></td> <td>Absence of any apparent carcinogenic factor, and occurring in odd sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a>, nipple, and <a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">axilla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 648">: 648 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggressiveness_patterns">Aggressiveness patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aggressiveness patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are mainly three patterns of aggressiveness, based mainly the cohesion of cancer cells:<sup id="cite_ref-KrynitzOlsson2016_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrynitzOlsson2016-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Low-level aggressive pattern</th> <th>Moderately aggressive pattern</th> <th>Highly aggressive pattern </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Low-level_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cohesive nodular"><img alt="Cohesive nodular" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Low-level_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/120px-Low-level_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Low-level_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/180px-Low-level_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Low-level_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/240px-Low-level_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cohesive nodular</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Superficial"><img alt="Superficial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Micrograph_of_superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/120px-Micrograph_of_superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Micrograph_of_superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/180px-Micrograph_of_superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Micrograph_of_superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/240px-Micrograph_of_superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Superficial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma_with_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fibroepitheliomatous pattern (anastomosing basaloid epithelial strands enclosing round islands of fibrous stroma)[36]"><img alt="Fibroepitheliomatous pattern (anastomosing basaloid epithelial strands enclosing round islands of fibrous stroma)[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma_with_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern.jpg/120px-Micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma_with_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma_with_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern.jpg/180px-Micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma_with_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma_with_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern.jpg/240px-Micrograph_of_basal-cell_carcinoma_with_fibroepitheliomatous_pattern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="187" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fibroepitheliomatous pattern (anastomosing basaloid epithelial strands enclosing round islands of fibrous stroma)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moderately_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moderate cohesion"><img alt="Moderate cohesion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moderately_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/76px-Moderately_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moderately_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/114px-Moderately_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Moderately_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/151px-Moderately_aggressive_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moderate cohesion</div> </li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narrow strands and nests of basaloid cells. "Cicatricial" or "morphoeic" pattern."><img alt="Narrow strands and nests of basaloid cells. "Cicatricial" or "morphoeic" pattern." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/120px-Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/180px-Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg/240px-Morpheaform_basal-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narrow strands and nests of basaloid cells. "Cicatricial" or "morphoeic" pattern.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnoses">Differential diagnoses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differential diagnoses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Main histological <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential diagnoses">differential diagnoses</a> of basal cell carcinoma:<sup id="cite_ref-PaolinoDonati2017_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaolinoDonati2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Differential diagnosis</th> <th>Pathological Features</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hair_follicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair follicles">Hair follicles</a> </td> <td>Peripheral sections may look like nests, but do not display atypia, nuclei are smaller, and serial sections will reveal the rest of the hair follicle. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_hair_follicle_periphery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Histopathology_of_hair_follicle_periphery.jpg/190px-Histopathology_of_hair_follicle_periphery.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Histopathology_of_hair_follicle_periphery.jpg/285px-Histopathology_of_hair_follicle_periphery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Histopathology_of_hair_follicle_periphery.jpg/380px-Histopathology_of_hair_follicle_periphery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="921" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma_of_the_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin">Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin</a> </td> <td>Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin is generally distinguishable by for example relatively more cytoplasm, horn cyst formation and absence of palisading and cleft formations. Yet, a high prevalence means a relatively high incidence of borderline cases, such as basal-cell carcinoma with squamous cell metaplasia (H&E stain at left in image). BerEP4 staining helps in such cases, staining only basal-cell carcinoma cells (right in image). </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg/190px-BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg/285px-BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg/380px-BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="509" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichoblastoma" title="Trichoblastoma">Trichoblastoma</a></td> <td>Absence of cleft, rudimentary hair germs, papillary mesenchymal bodies.</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrographs_of_trichoblastoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Micrographs_of_trichoblastoma.jpg/190px-Micrographs_of_trichoblastoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Micrographs_of_trichoblastoma.jpg/285px-Micrographs_of_trichoblastoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Micrographs_of_trichoblastoma.jpg/380px-Micrographs_of_trichoblastoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="2101" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Adenoid cystic carcinoma">Adenoid cystic carcinoma</a></td> <td>Lack of basaloid cells disposed in peripheral palisades; adenoid-cystic lesion without connection to the epidermis; absence of artefactual clefts</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Micrograph_of_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma.jpg/190px-Micrograph_of_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Micrograph_of_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma.jpg/285px-Micrograph_of_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Micrograph_of_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma.jpg/380px-Micrograph_of_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma" title="Microcystic adnexal carcinoma">Microcystic adnexal carcinoma</a></td> <td>Bland keratinocytes, keratin cysts, ductal differentiation. BerEp4- (in 60% of cases),<sup id="cite_ref-InskipMagee2015_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InskipMagee2015-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CEA+, EMA+</td> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_superficial_follicular_keratin-filled_cysts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_superficial_follicular_keratin-filled_cysts.jpg/269px-Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_superficial_follicular_keratin-filled_cysts.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_superficial_follicular_keratin-filled_cysts.jpg/404px-Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_superficial_follicular_keratin-filled_cysts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_superficial_follicular_keratin-filled_cysts.jpg/539px-Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_superficial_follicular_keratin-filled_cysts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_infiltrative_aggregates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_infiltrative_aggregates.jpg/269px-Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_infiltrative_aggregates.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_infiltrative_aggregates.jpg/404px-Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_infiltrative_aggregates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_infiltrative_aggregates.jpg/539px-Micrograph_of_microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma_-_infiltrative_aggregates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Rims of collagen bundles, calcification, follicular/sebaceous/infundibular differentiation and cut artefacts. Cytokeratin (CK)20+, p75+, Pleckstrin homology-like domain family A member 1 + (PHLDA1+), common acute lymphoblastic leukemiaantigen + (CD10+) in tumor stroma, CK 6-, Ki-67- and Androgen Rceptor- (AR-)</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trichoepithelioma_(1338537528).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trichoepithelioma_%281338537528%29.jpg/190px-Trichoepithelioma_%281338537528%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trichoepithelioma_%281338537528%29.jpg/285px-Trichoepithelioma_%281338537528%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Trichoepithelioma_%281338537528%29.jpg/380px-Trichoepithelioma_%281338537528%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1251" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkel cell carcinoma">Merkel cell carcinoma</a></td> <td>Cells arranged in a diffuse, trabecular and/or nested pattern, involving also the subcutis. Mouse Anti-Cytokeratin (CAM) 5.2+, CK20+, S100-, human leukocyte common antigen- ( LCA-), thyroid transcription factor 1- (TTF1-)</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrographs_of_a_typical_merkel_cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Micrographs_of_a_typical_merkel_cell_carcinoma.jpg/190px-Micrographs_of_a_typical_merkel_cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Micrographs_of_a_typical_merkel_cell_carcinoma.jpg/285px-Micrographs_of_a_typical_merkel_cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Micrographs_of_a_typical_merkel_cell_carcinoma.jpg/380px-Micrographs_of_a_typical_merkel_cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radicality">Radicality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radicality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg/300px-BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg/450px-BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg/600px-BCC_with_squamous_cell_metaplasia_with_HE_and_BerEP4_staining.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Comparison H&E stain (left) with BerEP4 immunohistochemistry staining (right) on a pathological section having BCC with squamous cell metaplasia. Only BCC cells are stained with BerEP4.<sup id="cite_ref-SunjayaSunjaya2017_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunjayaSunjaya2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In suspected but uncertain BCC cells close to the <a href="/wiki/Resection_margin" title="Resection margin">resection margins</a>, immunohistochemistry with <a href="/wiki/BerEp4" title="BerEp4">BerEp4</a> can highlight the BCC cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basal-cell carcinoma is a common skin cancer and occurs mainly in fair-skinned patients with a family history of this cancer. Sunlight is a factor in about two-thirds of these cancers; therefore, doctors recommend <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreens</a> with at least <a href="/wiki/Sun_protection_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun protection factor">SPF</a> 30. However, a Cochrane review examining the effect of solar protection (sunscreen only) in preventing the development of basal-cell carcinoma or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma found that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate whether sunscreen was effective for the prevention of either of these keratinocyte-derived cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review did ultimately state that the certainty of these results was low, so future evidence could very well alter this conclusion. One-third occur in non-sun-exposed areas; thus, the pathogenesis is more complex than UV exposure as <i>the</i> cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of a chemotherapeutic agent such as <a href="/wiki/5-Fluorouracil" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Fluorouracil">5-Fluorouracil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">imiquimod</a> can prevent the development of skin cancer. It is usually recommended to individuals with extensive sun damage, history of multiple skin cancers, or rudimentary forms of cancer (i.e., solar keratosis).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often repeated every 2 to 3 years to further decrease the risk of skin cancer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following methods are employed in the treatment of basal-cell carcinoma (BCC): </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_surgical_excision">Standard surgical excision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Standard surgical excision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_Cell_Carcinoma,_Right_cheek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_cheek.jpg/220px-Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_cheek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_cheek.jpg/330px-Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_cheek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_cheek.jpg/440px-Basal_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_cheek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Basal cell carcinoma, right cheek, marked for biopsy</figcaption></figure> <p>Surgery to remove the basal-cell carcinoma affected area and the surrounding skin is thought to be the most effective treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disadvantage with standard surgical excision is a reported higher recurrence rate of basal-cell cancers of the face,<sup id="cite_ref-NCCN_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCCN-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially around the eyelids,<sup id="cite_ref-Sigurdsson98_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigurdsson98-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nose, and facial structures.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no clear approach, nor a clear research comparing the effectiveness of Mohs micrographic surgery versus surgical excision for BCC of the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Nara2014_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nara2014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For basal cell carcinoma excisions on the lower lip the wound can be covered with a keystone flap. A keystone flap is achieved by creating a flap below the defect and pulling it superiorly to cover the wound. This can be performed if there is enough skin laxity to cover the defect and adequate blood supply to the flap.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mohs_surgery">Mohs surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mohs surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many new (primary) and all recurrent forms of basal cell carcinoma after previous surgery, especially on the head, neck, hands, feet, genitalia and anterior legs (shins), Mohs surgery should be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a> (or Mohs micrographic surgery) is an outpatient procedure, developed by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_E._Mohs" title="Frederic E. Mohs">Frederic E. Mohs</a> in the 1930s,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the tumor is surgically excised and then immediately examined under a microscope. It is a form of pathology processing called <a href="/wiki/CCPDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CCPDMA">CCPDMA</a>, which means that the entire surgical margin (both edges and deep) is examined. During the surgery, after each removal of tissue and while the patient waits, the tissue is examined for cancer cells. That examination dictates the decision for additional tissue removal. Mohs surgery is also used for <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous-cell carcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atypical_fibroxanthoma" title="Atypical fibroxanthoma">atypical fibroxanthoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermatofibrosarcoma_protuberans" title="Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans">dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel cell carcinoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma" title="Microcystic adnexal carcinoma">microcystic adnexal carcinoma</a>, and multiple other skin cancers;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually with cure rates higher than for other surgical and non-surgical treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An essential aspect of <a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a> is that the Mohs surgeon performs the surgery and personally reviews the Mohs pathology slides.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most standard excisions done in an office setting are sent to an outside laboratory for standard bread loafing method of processing.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this method, it is likely that less than 5% of the <a href="/wiki/Resection_margin" title="Resection margin">surgical margin</a> is examined, as each slice of tissue is only 6 micrometres thick, about 3 to 4 serial slices are obtained per section, and only about 3 to 4 sections are obtained per specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryosurgery">Cryosurgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cryosurgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cryosurgery" title="Cryosurgery">Cryosurgery</a> is an old modality for the treatment of many skin cancers. When accurately utilized with a temperature probe and <a href="/wiki/Cryotherapy" title="Cryotherapy">cryotherapy</a> instruments, it can result in very good cure rate. Disadvantages include lack of margin control, tissue necrosis, over or under treatment of the tumor, and long recovery time. Overall, there are sufficient data to consider cryosurgery as a reasonable treatment for BCC. There are no good studies, however, comparing cryosurgery with other modalities, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a>, excision, or electrodesiccation and curettage so that no conclusion can be made whether cryosurgery is as efficacious as other methods. Also, there is no evidence on whether curetting the lesions before cryosurgery affects the efficacy of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several textbooks are published on the therapy, and a few physicians still apply the treatment to selected patients.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrodesiccation_and_curettage">Electrodesiccation and curettage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electrodesiccation and curettage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electrodesiccation_and_curettage" title="Electrodesiccation and curettage">Electrodesiccation and curettage</a> (EDC, also known as curettage and cautery, simply curettage)<sup id="cite_ref-2008_British_Meta_Study_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008_British_Meta_Study-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is accomplished by using a round knife, or curette, to scrape away the soft cancer. The skin is then burned with an electric current. This further softens the skin, allowing for the knife to cut more deeply with the next layer of curettage. The cycle is repeated, with a safety margin of curettage of normal skin around the visible tumor. This cycle is repeated 3 to 5 times, and the free skin margin treated is usually 4 to 6 mm. Cure rate is very much user-dependent and depends also on the size and type of tumor. Infiltrative or morpheaform BCCs can be difficult to eradicate with EDC. Generally, this method is used on cosmetically unimportant areas like the trunk (torso). Some physicians believe that it is acceptable to utilize EDC on the face of elderly patients over the age of 70. However, with increasing life expectancy, such an objective criterion cannot be supported. The cure rate can vary, depending on the aggressiveness of the EDC and the free margin treated. Some advocate curettage alone without electrodesiccation, and with the same cure rate.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chemotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some superficial cancers respond to local therapy with <a href="/wiki/5-Fluorouracil" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Fluorouracil">5-fluorouracil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> agent. One can expect a great deal of inflammation with this treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemotherapy often follows Mohs surgery to eliminate the residual superficial basal-cell carcinoma after the invasive portion is removed. <a href="/wiki/Fluorouracil" title="Fluorouracil">5-fluorouracil</a> has received FDA approval. </p><p>Removing the residual superficial tumor with surgery alone can result in large and difficult to repair surgical defects. One often waits a month or more after surgery before starting the <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a> or chemotherapy to make sure the surgical wound has adequately healed. Some people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> advocate the use of curettage (see EDC below) first, followed by chemotherapy. These experimental procedures are not standard care.<sup id="cite_ref-2008_British_Meta_Study_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008_British_Meta_Study-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vismodegib" title="Vismodegib">Vismodegib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonidegib" title="Sonidegib">sonidegib</a> are drugs approved for specially treating BCC, but are expensive and cannot be used in pregnant women. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">Itraconazole</a>, traditionally an anti-fungal medication, has also garnered recent attention for its potential use in the treatment of BCC, especially those that cannot be removed surgically. Possessing anti-Hedgehog pathway activity, there is clinical evidence that <a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a> has some efficacy either alone or when combined with vismodegib/sonidegib for primary and recurrent BCC. There is one case report of efficacy in <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastatic</a> BCC.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Immunotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This technique uses the body's immune system to kill cancer cells. Improvement of the immune system works its way out up to the cancerous cells and treat the skin cancer. </p><p>Topical treatment with 5% <a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">Imiquimod</a> cream (IMQ), with five applications per week for six weeks has a reported 70–90% success rate at reducing, even removing, the BCC [basal-cell carcinoma]. <a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">Imiquimod</a> has received FDA approval, and topical IMQ is approved by the European Medicines Agency for treatment of small superficial basal-cell carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-2008_British_Meta_Study_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008_British_Meta_Study-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Off label use of <a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">imiquimod</a> on invasive basal-cell carcinoma has been reported. Imiquimod may be used prior to surgery in order to reduce the size of the carcinoma. </p><p>Some advocate the use of imiquimod prior to Mohs surgery to remove the superficial component of the cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research suggests that treatment using <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_peplus" title="Euphorbia peplus">Euphorbia peplus</a></i>, a common garden weed, may be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian biopharmaceutical company Peplin<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is developing this as topical treatment for BCC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation">Radiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Radiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a> can be delivered either as <a href="/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy" title="External beam radiotherapy">external beam radiotherapy</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a> (mostly internal radiotherapy). Although <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a> is generally used in older patients who are not candidates for surgery, it is also used in cases where surgical excision will be disfiguring or difficult to reconstruct (especially on the tip of the nose, and the nostril rims). Radiation treatment with external radiation often takes as few as 5 visits to as many as 25 visits. Usually, the more visits scheduled for therapy, the less complication or damage is done to the normal tissue supporting the tumor. Radiotherapy can also be useful if surgical excision has been done incompletely or if the pathology report following surgery suggests a high risk of recurrence, for example if nerve involvement has been demonstrated. Cure rate can be as high as 95% for small tumor, or as low as 80% for large tumors. A variation of an external <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a> is the epidermal radioisotope therapy (e.g. with <a href="/wiki/188Re" class="mw-redirect" title="188Re"><sup>188</sup>Re</a> in form of the Rhenium-SCT). It is used in accordance to the general indications for <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a> and especially complex localisations or structures (e.g. earlobe) as well as the genitals.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually, recurrent tumors after radiation are treated with surgery, and not with radiation. Further radiation treatment will further damage normal tissue, and the tumor might be resistant to further radiation. Radiation therapy may be contraindicated for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Nevoid_basal-cell_carcinoma_syndrome" title="Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome">nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome</a>. A 2008 study reported that radiation therapy is appropriate for primary BCCs and recurrent BCCs, but not for BCCs that have recurred following previous radiation treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-2008_British_Meta_Study_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008_British_Meta_Study-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photodynamic_therapy">Photodynamic therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Photodynamic therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Photodynamic_therapy" title="Photodynamic therapy">Photodynamic therapy</a> (PDT) is a new modality for treatment of basal-cell carcinoma, which is administered by application of <a href="/wiki/Photosensitizer" title="Photosensitizer">photosensitizers</a> to the target area. When these molecules are activated by light, they become toxic, therefore destroying the target cells. <a href="/wiki/Methyl_aminolevulinate" title="Methyl aminolevulinate">Methyl aminolevulinate</a> is approved by EU as a photosensitizer since 2001. This therapy is also used in other skin cancer types.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study reported that PDT was a good treatment option for primary superficial BCCs and reasonable for primary low-risk nodular BCCs, but was a "relatively poor" option for high-risk lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-2008_British_Meta_Study_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008_British_Meta_Study-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a> is excellent if the appropriate method of treatment is used in early primary basal-cell cancers. Recurrent cancers are much harder to cure, with a higher recurrence rate with any methods of treatment. Although basal-cell carcinoma rarely <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasizes</a>, it grows locally with invasion and destruction of local tissues. The cancer can impinge on vital structures like nerves and result in loss of sensation or loss of function or rarely <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. The vast majority of cases can be successfully treated before serious complications occur. The recurrence rate for the above treatment options ranges from 50 percent to 1 percent or less. </p><p>The nose and the temporal region are the most common areas of basal-cell carcinoma of the face.<sup id="cite_ref-Saeidi2024_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saeidi2024-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When completely excised, the recurrence rate for basal-cell carcinoma is relatively low. However, when recurrence occurs among surgically treated basal-cell carcinomas of the face, there is a strong correlation with tumor thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Saeidi2024_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saeidi2024-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basal-cell cancer is a very common skin cancer. It is much more common in fair-skinned individuals with a family history of basal-cell cancer and increases in <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> closer to the equator or at higher altitude. It is very common among elderly people over the age of 80.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubeek2017_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubeek2017-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are approximately 800,000<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new cases yearly in the United States alone. Up to 30% of white people develop basal-cell carcinomas in their lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong03_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong03-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, the most common skin cancer is basal-cell carcinoma (as much as one third of all cancer diagnoses), affecting 1 in 7 individuals over a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tumor accounts for approximately 70% of non-melanoma skin cancers. In 80 percent of all cases, basal-cell carcinoma affects head or neck skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong03_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong03-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most sporadic BCC arises in small numbers on sun-exposed skin of people over age 50, although younger people may also be affected. The development of multiple basal-cell cancer at an early age could be indicative of <a href="/wiki/Nevoid_basal-cell_carcinoma_syndrome" title="Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome">nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome</a>, also known as <i>Gorlin syndrome</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Desmoplastic tricoepithelioma is particularly similar to basal-cell carcinoma.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NCI2013TxPro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2013TxPro_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2013TxPro_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2013TxPro_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Skin+Cancer&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+BEREP4+Immunohistochemistry+Staining+for+Detection+of+Basal+Cell+Carcinoma&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5804366%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29464122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2017%2F2692604&rft.aulast=Sunjaya&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Paulo&rft.au=Sunjaya%2C+Angela+Felicia&rft.au=Tan%2C+Sukmawati+Tansil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5804366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaolinoDonati2017-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PaolinoDonati2017_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaolinoDonati2017_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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McGraw-Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-138076-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-138076-0">0-07-138076-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2006_31-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesBerger2006" class="citation book cs1">James WD, Berger TG, et al. (2006). <i>Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology</i>. Saunders Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6"><bdi>978-0-7216-2921-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrews%27+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+clinical+Dermatology&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Berger%2C+Timothy+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S_Bader" class="citation web cs1">Robert S Bader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medscape.com/answers/276624-100154/which-histologic-findings-are-characteristic-of-basal-cell-carcinoma-bcc">"Which histologic findings are characteristic of basal cell carcinoma (BCC)?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Medscape" title="Medscape">Medscape</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Which+histologic+findings+are+characteristic+of+basal+cell+carcinoma+%28BCC%29%3F&rft.au=Robert+S+Bader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fanswers%2F276624-100154%2Fwhich-histologic-findings-are-characteristic-of-basal-cell-carcinoma-bcc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span> Updated: Feb 21, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastFullen2016-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EastFullen2016_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastFullenArpsPatel2016" class="citation journal cs1">East E, Fullen DR, Arps D, Patel RM, Palanisamy N, Carskadon S, et al. (2016). "Morpheaform Basal Cell Carcinomas With Areas of Predominantly Single-Cell Pattern of Infiltration". <i>The American Journal of Dermatopathology</i>. <b>38</b> (10): 744–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FDAD.0000000000000541">10.1097/DAD.0000000000000541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27043336">27043336</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44948030">44948030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Dermatopathology&rft.atitle=Morpheaform+Basal+Cell+Carcinomas+With+Areas+of+Predominantly+Single-Cell+Pattern+of+Infiltration&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=744-50&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44948030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27043336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FDAD.0000000000000541&rft.aulast=East&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Fullen%2C+Douglas+R.&rft.au=Arps%2C+David&rft.au=Patel%2C+Rajiv+M.&rft.au=Palanisamy%2C+Nallasivam&rft.au=Carskadon%2C+Shannon&rft.au=Harms%2C+Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaddockCohen2016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaddockCohen2016_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddockCohen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haddock ES, Cohen PR (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972729">"Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus Revisited"</a>. <i>Dermatology and Therapy</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 347–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13555-016-0123-8">10.1007/s13555-016-0123-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972729">4972729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27329375">27329375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dermatology+and+Therapy&rft.atitle=Fibroepithelioma+of+Pinkus+Revisited&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=347-62&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4972729%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27329375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13555-016-0123-8&rft.aulast=Haddock&rft.aufirst=ES&rft.au=Cohen%2C+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4972729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KrynitzOlsson2016-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KrynitzOlsson2016_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the "Glas classification" or "Sabbatsberg classification": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrynitzOlssonLundh_RozellLindelöf2016" class="citation journal cs1">Krynitz B, Olsson H, Lundh Rozell B, Lindelöf B, Edgren G, Smedby K (2016). "Risk of basal cell carcinoma in Swedish organ transplant recipients: a population-based study". <i>British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>174</b> (1): 95–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjd.14153">10.1111/bjd.14153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26333521">26333521</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43844922">43844922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Risk+of+basal+cell+carcinoma+in+Swedish+organ+transplant+recipients%3A+a+population-based+study&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-103&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43844922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26333521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbjd.14153&rft.aulast=Krynitz&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Olsson%2C+H.&rft.au=Lundh+Rozell%2C+B.&rft.au=Lindel%C3%B6f%2C+B.&rft.au=Edgren%2C+G.&rft.au=Smedby%2C+K.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonanMalyDiCaudoMangold2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yonan Y, Maly C, DiCaudo D, Mangold A, Pittelkow M, Swanson D (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6659602">"Dermoscopic Description of Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus with Negative Network"</a>. <i>Dermatology Practical & Conceptual</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 246–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5826%2Fdpc.0903a23">10.5826/dpc.0903a23</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6659602">6659602</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31384511">31384511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dermatology+Practical+%26+Conceptual&rft.atitle=Dermoscopic+Description+of+Fibroepithelioma+of+Pinkus+with+Negative+Network&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=246-7&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6659602%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31384511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5826%2Fdpc.0903a23&rft.aulast=Yonan&rft.aufirst=Yousif&rft.au=Maly%2C+Connor&rft.au=DiCaudo%2C+David&rft.au=Mangold%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Pittelkow%2C+Mark&rft.au=Swanson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6659602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span> Creative Commons Attribution License</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InskipMagee2015-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InskipMagee2015_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInskipMagee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Inskip M, Magee J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325690">"Microcystic adnexal carcinoma of the cheek – a case report with dermatoscopy and dermatopathology"</a>. <i>Dermatology Practical & Conceptual</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 43–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5826%2Fdpc.0501a07">10.5826/dpc.0501a07</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325690">4325690</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25692080">25692080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dermatology+Practical+%26+Conceptual&rft.atitle=Microcystic+adnexal+carcinoma+of+the+cheek+%E2%80%93+a+case+report+with+dermatoscopy+and+dermatopathology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-46&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4325690%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25692080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5826%2Fdpc.0501a07&rft.aulast=Inskip&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Magee%2C+Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4325690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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"Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma (Gorlin) Syndrome". <i>Neurocutaneous Disorders Phakomatoses and Hamartoneoplastic Syndromes</i>. pp. 669–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-211-69500-5_45">10.1007/978-3-211-69500-5_45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-21396-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-21396-4"><bdi>978-3-211-21396-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nevoid+Basal+Cell+Carcinoma+%28Gorlin%29+Syndrome&rft.btitle=Neurocutaneous+Disorders+Phakomatoses+and+Hamartoneoplastic+Syndromes&rft.pages=669-94&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-211-69500-5_45&rft.isbn=978-3-211-21396-4&rft.aulast=Gorlin&rft.aufirst=Robert+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasal-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q809758" class="extiw" title="d:Q809758">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: C44 (<a href="/wiki/ILDS" class="mw-redirect" title="ILDS">ILDS</a> C44.L21)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=173">173</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases_for_Oncology" title="International Classification of Diseases for Oncology">ICD-O</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://progenetix.org/subsets/?term_id=icdom:8090_3">M8090/3</a>-8093/3</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/605462">605462</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002280">D002280</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb1264.htm">1264</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000824.htm">000824</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/214-overview">med/214</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/basal-cell-carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template talk:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and<br />subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With<br /> epidermal<br /> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li>Tinea (<a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Gonococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without<br /> epidermal<br /> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable<br /> <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li>Erythema (<a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_ab_igne" title="Erythema ab igne">Ab igne</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable<br /> Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous<br /> disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous<br /> membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glandular_and_epithelial_cancer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epithelial_neoplasms" title="Template:Epithelial neoplasms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epithelial_neoplasms" title="Template talk:Epithelial neoplasms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelial_neoplasms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelial neoplasms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glandular_and_epithelial_cancer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Glandular and epithelial <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papilloma" title="Papilloma">Papilloma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma" title="Small-cell carcinoma">Small-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_small-cell_lung_carcinoma" title="Combined small-cell lung carcinoma">Combined small-cell lung carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma" title="Verrucous carcinoma">Verrucous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_cell_carcinoma" title="Transitional cell carcinoma">Transitional cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_papilloma" title="Inverted papilloma">Inverted papilloma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_tumor" title="Mixed tumor">Complex epithelial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warthin%27s_tumor" title="Warthin's tumor">Warthin's tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymoma" title="Thymoma">Thymoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholin_gland_carcinoma" title="Bartholin gland carcinoma">Bartholin gland carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">Glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adenomas/adenocarcinomas" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">Adenomas</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinomas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Gastrointestinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>tract:</i> <a href="/wiki/Linitis_plastica" title="Linitis plastica">Linitis plastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous polyposis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>pancreas</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulinoma" title="Insulinoma">Insulinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma" title="Glucagonoma">Glucagonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPoma" title="VIPoma">VIPoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatinoma" title="Somatostatinoma">Somatostatinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma" title="Cholangiocarcinoma">Cholangiocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klatskin_tumor" title="Klatskin tumor">Klatskin tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_adenoma" title="Hepatocellular adenoma">Hepatocellular adenoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_neoplasm" title="Urogenital neoplasm">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">Renal cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrioid_tumor" title="Endometrioid tumor">Endometrioid tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_oncocytoma" title="Renal oncocytoma">Renal oncocytoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland_neoplasm" title="Endocrine gland neoplasm">Endocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">Prolactinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia" title="Multiple endocrine neoplasia">Multiple endocrine neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocortical_adenoma" title="Adrenocortical adenoma">Adrenocortical adenoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adrenocortical_carcinoma" title="Adrenocortical carcinoma">Adrenocortical carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrthle_cell" title="Hürthle cell">Hürthle cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor" title="Neuroendocrine tumor">Neuroendocrine tumor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">Carcinoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Adenoid cystic carcinoma">Adenoid cystic carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncocytoma" title="Oncocytoma">Oncocytoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_adenocarcinoma" title="Clear-cell adenocarcinoma">Clear-cell adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudoma" title="Apudoma">Apudoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Adenoid cystic carcinoma">Cylindroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_hidradenoma" title="Papillary hidradenoma">Papillary hidradenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adnexal and<br />skin appendage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>sweat gland</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidrocystoma" title="Hidrocystoma">Hidrocystoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringoma" title="Syringoma">Syringoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringocystadenoma_papilliferum" title="Syringocystadenoma papilliferum">Syringocystadenoma papilliferum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cystic,<br />mucinous,<br />and serous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cystic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystic">Cystic</a> general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystadenoma" title="Cystadenoma">Cystadenoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cystadenocarcinoma" title="Cystadenocarcinoma">Cystadenocarcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_gland" title="Mucous gland">Mucinous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma" title="Signet ring cell carcinoma">Signet ring cell carcinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krukenberg_tumor" title="Krukenberg tumor">Krukenberg tumor</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Mucinous_cystadenoma" title="Mucinous cystadenoma">Mucinous cystadenoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mucinous_cystadenocarcinoma" title="Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma">Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomyxoma_peritonei" title="Pseudomyxoma peritonei">Pseudomyxoma peritonei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma" title="Mucoepidermoid carcinoma">Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serous_gland" title="Serous gland">Serous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_serous_cystadenoma" title="Ovarian serous cystadenoma">Ovarian serous cystadenoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_serous_cystadenoma" title="Pancreatic serous cystadenoma">Pancreatic serous cystadenoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serous_cystadenocarcinoma" title="Serous cystadenocarcinoma">Serous cystadenocarcinoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papillary_serous_cystadenocarcinoma" title="Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma">Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma</a> </span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ductal,<br />lobular,<br />and medullary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma" title="Ductal carcinoma">Ductal carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammary ductal carcinoma">Mammary ductal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic ductal carcinoma">Pancreatic ductal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedocarcinoma" title="Comedocarcinoma">Comedocarcinoma</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast" title="Paget's disease of the breast">Paget's disease of the breast</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extramammary_Paget%27s_disease" title="Extramammary Paget's disease">Extramammary Paget's disease</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma" title="Lobular carcinoma">Lobular carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma_in_situ" title="Lobular carcinoma in situ">Lobular carcinoma in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_lobular_carcinoma" title="Invasive lobular carcinoma">Invasive lobular carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medullary_carcinoma" title="Medullary carcinoma">Medullary carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_breast_carcinoma" title="Medullary breast carcinoma">Medullary breast carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_thyroid_cancer" title="Medullary thyroid cancer">Medullary thyroid cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acinus" title="Acinus">Acinar</a> cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acinic_cell_carcinoma" title="Acinic cell carcinoma">Acinic cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skin_cancer_of_the_epidermis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skin_tumors,_epidermis" title="Template:Skin tumors, epidermis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skin_tumors,_epidermis" title="Template talk:Skin tumors, epidermis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skin_tumors,_epidermis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skin tumors, epidermis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skin_cancer_of_the_epidermis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">Skin cancer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tumor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">Carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BCC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberrant_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberrant basal-cell carcinoma">Aberrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial basal-cell carcinoma">Cicatricial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystic basal-cell carcinoma">Cystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroepithelioma_of_Pinkus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus">Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltrative_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Infiltrative basal-cell carcinoma">Infiltrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronodular_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronodular basal-cell carcinoma">Micronodular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodular_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodular basal-cell carcinoma">Nodular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmented_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigmented basal-cell carcinoma">Pigmented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoid_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypoid basal-cell carcinoma">Polypoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore-like_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pore-like basal-cell carcinoma">Pore-like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodent_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodent ulcer">Rodent ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial basal-cell carcinoma">Superficial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevoid_basal-cell_carcinoma_syndrome" title="Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome">Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">SCC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenoid squamous-cell carcinoma">Adenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaloid_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma">Basaloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma">Clear-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signet-ring-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet-ring-cell squamous-cell carcinoma">Signet-ring-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Spindle-cell squamous-cell carcinoma">Spindle-cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjolin%27s_ulcer" title="Marjolin's ulcer">Marjolin's ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen's disease">Bowen's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowenoid_papulosis" title="Bowenoid papulosis">Bowenoid papulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroplasia_of_Queyrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythroplasia of Queyrat">Erythroplasia of Queyrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_digital_papillary_adenocarcinoma" title="Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma">Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramammary_Paget%27s_disease" title="Extramammary Paget's disease">Extramammary Paget's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma" title="Microcystic adnexal carcinoma">Microcystic adnexal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucinous_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucinous carcinoma">Mucinous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma">Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma" title="Verrucous carcinoma">Verrucous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_mixed_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant mixed tumor">Malignant mixed tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Benign<br />tumors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acanthoma" title="Acanthoma">Acanthoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large-cell_acanthoma" title="Large-cell acanthoma">Large-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthoma_fissuratum" title="Acanthoma fissuratum">Fissuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_cell_acanthoma" title="Clear cell acanthoma">Clear-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolytic_acanthoma" title="Epidermolytic acanthoma">Epidermolytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoacanthoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanoacanthoma">Melanoacanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_sheath_acanthoma" title="Pilar sheath acanthoma">Pilar sheath acanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seboacanthoma" title="Seboacanthoma">Seboacanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warty_dyskeratoma" title="Warty dyskeratoma">Warty dyskeratoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keratoacanthoma" title="Keratoacanthoma">Keratoacanthoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_eruptive_keratoacanthoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma">Generalized eruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratoacanthoma_centrifugum_marginatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum">Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_keratoacanthomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple keratoacanthomas">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_keratoacanthoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitary keratoacanthoma">Solitary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Verruca vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruca_plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruca plana">Verruca plana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_wart" title="Plantar wart">Plantar wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periungual_wart" title="Periungual wart">Periungual wart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epidermal nevus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Syndromes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_nevus_syndrome" title="Epidermal nevus syndrome">Epidermal nevus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schimmelpenning_syndrome" title="Schimmelpenning syndrome">Schimmelpenning syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_comedonicus_syndrome" title="Nevus comedonicus syndrome">Nevus comedonicus syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_comedonicus" title="Nevus comedonicus">Nevus comedonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_linear_verrucous_epidermal_nevus" title="Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus">Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_verrucous_epidermal_nevus" title="Linear verrucous epidermal nevus">Linear verrucous epidermal nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmented_hairy_epidermal_nevus_syndrome" title="Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus syndrome">Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematized_epidermal_nevus" title="Systematized epidermal nevus">Systematized epidermal nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phakomatosis_pigmentokeratotica" title="Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica">Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">nevus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_unius_lateris" title="Nevus unius lateris">Nevus unius lateris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_blue_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch blue nevus">Patch blue nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateral_palmoplantar_verrucous_nevus" title="Unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus">Unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteriform_speckled_lentiginous_nevus" title="Zosteriform speckled lentiginous nevus">Zosteriform speckled lentiginous nevus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_horn" title="Cutaneous horn">Cutaneous horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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