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production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vitamin_D3_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_sclerosis_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_sclerosis_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Multiple sclerosis risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_sclerosis_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effects on skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects on eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circadian_rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circadian_rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Circadian rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circadian_rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folate_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folate_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Folate degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folate_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Blood pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_Functioning_and_Mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_Functioning_and_Mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cognitive Functioning and Mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_Functioning_and_Mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safe_level_of_sun_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safe_level_of_sun_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Safe level of sun exposure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safe_level_of_sun_exposure-sublist" class="cdx-button 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn%C9%99%C5%9F_%C5%9F%C3%BCalar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_orqanizm%C9%99_t%C9%99siri" title="Günəş şüalarının orqanizmə təsiri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Günəş şüalarının orqanizmə təsiri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A9" title="השפעות בריאותיות של חשיפה לאור השמש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השפעות בריאותיות של חשיפה לאור השמש" data-language-autonym="עברית" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg/220px-Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg/330px-Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg/440px-Sunbaker_maxdupain_nga76.54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sunbaker" title="Sunbaker">Sunbaker</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Max_Dupain" title="Max Dupain">Max Dupain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Exposure of skin to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> presents both positive and negative health effects. On the positive side, UV exposure enables the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D3">vitamin D<sub>3</sub></a>, which is essential for <a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">bone health</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and potentially plays a role in inhibiting certain cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> can also be obtained through dietary supplements,<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-vitamin-D-sheet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-vitamin-D-sheet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UV exposure offers benefits such as enhanced subdermal nitric oxide production and improved <a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">endorphin</a> levels, which are not achievable through supplementation alone.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32668607_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32668607-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oral-DVitamin-bioavailability_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oral-DVitamin-bioavailability-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UV-NO-Production_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UV-NO-Production-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, exposure to visible light supports <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> synthesis, maintains <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>, and reduces the risk of <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">seasonal affective disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-benefits_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benefits-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, UV radiation is also a <a href="/wiki/Mutagenesis" title="Mutagenesis">mutagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> for the skin, posing significant risks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13th_Report_on_Carcinogens_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13th_Report_on_Carcinogens-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute exposure can lead to painful <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburns</a> and increase the likelihood of developing serious skin conditions later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolonged exposure is associated with the development of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoaging" title="Photoaging">photoaging</a> or premature skin aging, immune suppression, and eye diseases like <a href="/wiki/Cataracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataracts">cataracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given these dual effects, public health organizations emphasize the importance of striking a balance between the benefits and risks of UV exposure. They recommend avoiding sunburn at all costs and advocate for moderation in sun exposure to minimize the risks associated with UV radiation while still reaping its health benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vitamin_D3_production">Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vitamin D3 production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XrayRicketsLegssmall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/XrayRicketsLegssmall.jpg/200px-XrayRicketsLegssmall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/XrayRicketsLegssmall.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Radiograph of a child with <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>, usually caused by insufficient vitamin D</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></div><p> UVB radiation with a wavelength of 290–315 nanometers penetrates uncovered skin and converts cutaneous <a href="/wiki/7-dehydrocholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="7-dehydrocholesterol">7-dehydrocholesterol</a> to <a href="/wiki/Previtamin_D3" title="Previtamin D3">previtamin D<sub>3</sub></a>, which in turn becomes vitamin D<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-33_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-33-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UVB radiation does not penetrate glass, so exposure to sunshine indoors through a window does not produce vitamin D.<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-35_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-35-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time of day, time of year, geographic latitude, ground altitude, cloud cover, smog, skin <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> content, and <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreen</a> are among the factors that greatly affect <a href="/wiki/UV_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="UV Index">UV intensity</a> and vitamin D synthesis,<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-33_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-33-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it difficult to provide general guidelines. It has been suggested by some researchers, for example, that adequate amounts of vitamin D can be produced with moderate sun exposure to the face, arms and legs, averaging 5–30 minutes twice per week without sunscreen. (The darker the complexion, or the weaker the sunlight, the more minutes of exposure are needed, approximating 25% of the time for minimal sunburn. Vitamin D overdose is impossible from UV exposure; the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created.)<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-33_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-33-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-10_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-10-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with limited sun exposure need to include good sources of vitamin D in their diet or take a supplement. </p><p>The only way to quantify adequate levels of vitamin D is with a serum 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Calcifediol" title="Calcifediol">calcifediol</a>) test.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, serum 25(OH)D<sub>3</sub> was below the recommended level for more than a third of white men in a 2005 study, with serum levels even lower in women and in most minorities. This indicates that vitamin D deficiency may be a common problem in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia and New Zealand have had similar findings, which indicate insufficient protection against <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a> for children and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> for adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the past several years, levels of ultraviolet radiation have been tracked at over 30 sites across North America as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>'s UVB Monitoring and Research Program at <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a>. The first map at right shows levels of UVB radiation in June 2008, expressed in Vitamin D Equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-colostate1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colostate1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All20080601-1206872731_con.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/All20080601-1206872731_con.png/220px-All20080601-1206872731_con.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/All20080601-1206872731_con.png/330px-All20080601-1206872731_con.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/All20080601-1206872731_con.png/440px-All20080601-1206872731_con.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>UV map (Vitamin D Equivalents)</figcaption></figure> <p>Using satellite data, measurements from the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> produce similar maps expressed in units of the widely followed <a href="/wiki/UV_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="UV Index">UV Index</a>, for locations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effects of UV-radiation at high latitudes, where snow stays on the ground into early summer and the sun then remains at a low position even at its zenith, have been reviewed by Meyer-Rochow.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_2000_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GOME.uviecclimyear_lr.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GOME.uviecclimyear_lr.gif/220px-GOME.uviecclimyear_lr.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GOME.uviecclimyear_lr.gif/330px-GOME.uviecclimyear_lr.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/GOME.uviecclimyear_lr.gif/440px-GOME.uviecclimyear_lr.gif 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>UV map (<a href="/wiki/UV_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="UV Index">UV Index</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is a source of vitamin D. One minimal <a href="/wiki/Erythemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythemal">erythemal</a> dose of sunlight UV radiation provides the equivalent of about 20,000 IU of vitamin D2, taken as an oral supplement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If an adult's arms and legs are exposed to a half minimal erythemal UV radiation, it is the same as taking 3,000 IU of vitamin D<sub>3</sub> through an oral supplement. This exposure of 10–15 minutes, on a frequency of two to three times per week, will cause the adult's skin to produce enough vitamin D. It is not necessary to expose the face to the UV, as facial skin provides little vitamin D<sub>3</sub>. Individuals whose metabolism makes taking oral vitamin D ineffective are able, through exposure to an ultraviolet lamp that emits <a href="/wiki/UV-B" class="mw-redirect" title="UV-B">UV-B</a> radiation, to achieve a 25 (OH) D blood level.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three benefits of UV exposure are production of vitamin D, improvement in mood, and increased energy.<sup id="cite_ref-sivamani_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sivamani-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UVB induces production of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> in the skin at rates of up to 1,000 IUs per minute. This vitamin helps to regulate calcium metabolism (vital for the nervous system and bone health), immunity, cell proliferation, <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> secretion, and blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In low and middle income countries, foods fortified with vitamin D are "practically nonexistent." Most people in the world depend on the sun to get vitamin D,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elderly populations in low UVB countries experience higher rates of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are not many foods that naturally have vitamin D.<sup id="cite_ref-Vitamin_D_deficiency_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitamin_D_deficiency-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are cod liver oil and oily fish. If people cannot get sunlight, then they will need 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day to stay healthy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person would have to eat oily fish three or four times per week in order to get enough vitamin D from that food source alone. </p><p>People with higher levels of vitamin D tend to have lower rates of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke and tend to have lower blood pressure. However, it has been found that vitamin D supplementation does not improve cardiovascular health or metabolism, so the link with vitamin D must be in part indirect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> People who get more sun are generally healthier, and also have higher vitamin D levels. It has been found that ultraviolet radiation (even UVA) produces <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (NO) in the skin, and nitric oxide can lower blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke and heart disease. Although long-term exposure to ultraviolet contributes to non-melanoma skin cancers that are rarely fatal, it has been found in a Danish study that those who get these cancers were less likely to die during the study, and were much less likely to have a heart attack, than those who did not have these cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-NS_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People in certain situations, such as people with intellectual disabilities and neurodevelopmental disorders who stay inside most of the time have low vitamin D levels. Getting enough vitamin D can help stave off "autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, many types of cancer, dementia, types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, and respiratory tract infections."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fetuses and children who do not get enough vitamin D can result in "growth retardation and skeletal deformities."<sup id="cite_ref-Vitamin_D_deficiency_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitamin_D_deficiency-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_sclerosis_risk">Multiple sclerosis risk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Multiple sclerosis risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis#Geography" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a> (MS) is least prevalent in the sunniest regions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17492755_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17492755-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milo2010_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milo2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20494325_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20494325-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to the ultraviolet-B radiation of sunlight appears to be most important and this may operate via vitamin D synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_skin">Effects on skin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effects on skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melanoma.jpg/200px-Melanoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melanoma.jpg/300px-Melanoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melanoma.jpg/400px-Melanoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Melanoma on human skin</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_burn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sun_burn.JPG/200px-Sun_burn.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sun_burn.JPG/300px-Sun_burn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sun_burn.JPG/400px-Sun_burn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Sunburn peeling</figcaption></figure> <p>Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation present in sunlight is an environmental human <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>. The toxic effects of UV from natural sunlight and therapeutic artificial lamps are a major concern for human health. Skin surface lipids, including unsaturated lipids such as <a href="/wiki/Squalene" title="Squalene">squalene</a>, sebaleic acid, <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> can be a subject of oxidation by singlet oxygen and ozone as well as free radicals. Ultraviolet radiation activates <a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenase" title="Lipoxygenase">lipoxygenase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenase</a>, inducing specific enzymatic oxidation of lipids. Free radical mediated lipid peroxidation gives multiple oxidation products which may induce various skin diseases<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UVB damages <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">mRNA</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This triggers a fast pathway that leads to inflamination of the skin and sunburn. mRNA damage initially triggers a response in <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> though a protein known as <a href="/wiki/ZAK" title="ZAK">ZAK-alpha</a> in a ribotoxic stress response. This response acts as a cell surveillance system. Following this detection of RNA damage leads to inflammatory signaling and recruitment of immune cells. This, not DNA damage (which is slower to detect) results in UVB skin inflammation and acute sunburn.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major acute effects of UV irradiation on normal human skin comprise sunburn inflammation <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">tanning</a>, and local or systemic <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most deadly form, malignant <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, is mostly caused by indirect DNA damage from UVA radiation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The source doesn't seem to specify UVA, and most other resources I can find say that UVB is most associated with melanoma (August 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure#Dubious" title="Talk:Health effects of sunlight exposure">discuss</a></i>]</sup> This can be seen from the absence of a direct UV signature mutation in 92% of all melanoma.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> UVC is the highest-energy, most-dangerous type of ultraviolet radiation, and causes adverse effects that can variously be mutagenic or carcinogenic.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the importance of the sun to vitamin D synthesis, it is prudent to limit the exposure of skin to UV radiation from sunlight<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-36_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-36-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from <a href="/wiki/Tanning_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanning bed">tanning beds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-37_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-37-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Toxicology_Program" title="National Toxicology Program">National Toxicology Program</a> Report on Carcinogens from the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Health and Human Services">US Department of Health and Human Services</a>, broad-spectrum UV radiation is a carcinogen whose <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA damage">DNA damage</a> is thought to contribute to most of the estimated 1.5 million skin cancers and the 8,000 deaths due to <a href="/wiki/Metastatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastatic">metastatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> that occur annually in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-36_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-36-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of sunbeds is reported by the World Health Organization to be responsible for over 450,000 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer and over 10,000 cases of melanoma every year in the U.S., Europe, as well as Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lifetime cumulative UV exposure to skin is also responsible for significant <a href="/wiki/Photoaging" title="Photoaging">age-associated</a> dryness, wrinkling, elastin and <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> damage, freckling, <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">IGH</a>, age spots and other cosmetic changes. The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dermatology" title="American Academy of Dermatology">American Academy of Dermatology</a> advises that photoprotective measures be taken, including the use of sunscreen, whenever one is exposed to the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-38_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-38-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short-term over-exposure causes the pain and itching of <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>, which in extreme cases can produce more-severe effects like blistering. </p><p>Several countries (such as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>) provide public forecasts of UV irradiation in the form of the <a href="/wiki/UV_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="UV Index">UV Index</a>. The index can be used as a guide to the public of dangers from over-exposure to sunlight, especially around noon, when direct sunlight is at its most intense. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_eyes">Effects on eyes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects on eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prolonged optical exposure to sunlight, especially intense ultraviolet light, may be linked to cortical <a href="/wiki/Cataracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataracts">cataracts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_2000_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and high levels of visible light is maybe linked to <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>. </p><p>However, significant daily exposure to bright light may be necessary for children to avoid <a href="/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia">myopia</a> (nearsightedness).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short-term over-exposure can cause <a href="/wiki/Snow_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow blindness">snow blindness</a>, which is analogous to sunburn of the cornea, or can cause <a href="/wiki/Solar_retinopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar retinopathy">solar retinopathy</a>, which is long-lasting retinal damage and vision impairment from <a href="/wiki/Sungazing" title="Sungazing">sungazing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequent exposure to the sun can cause yellow non-cancerous bumps on the middle part of the <a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a> of the eye, called <a href="/wiki/Pingueculae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingueculae">pingueculae</a>. It is most common in younger people, mainly those who spend a lot of their time outdoors and do not protect their eyes from UV rays. To decrease the risk of developing pingueculae, it may be wise to wear sunglasses when outdoors, even on overcast days.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circadian_rhythm">Circadian rhythm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Circadian rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Light to the eyes, primarily blue-wavelength light, is important for the entrainment and maintenance of robust <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>. Exposure to sunlight in the morning is particularly effective; it leads to earlier <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> onset in the evening and makes it easier to fall asleep. Natural daylight exposure, particularly at high intensities, has been shown to have numerous beneficial effects on sleep patterns. It can advance sleep timing (leading to earlier bedtimes), affect sleep duration, and improve overall sleep quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bright morning light has been shown to be effective against <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">premenstrual syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">seasonal affective disorder</a> (SAD).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folate_degradation">Folate degradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Folate degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>, a nutrient vital for fetal development, can be degraded by UV radiation,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raising concerns about sun exposure for pregnant women.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lifespan and fertility can be adversely affected for individuals born during peaks of the 11-year <a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">solar cycle</a>, possibly because of UV-related <a href="/wiki/Folate_deficiency" title="Folate deficiency">folate deficiency</a> during gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blood_pressure">Blood pressure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blood pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A seasonal variation in blood pressure has been noted for decades. Research indicates that skin exposure to sunlight results in a modest reduction in systolic blood pressure. The effect is independent of vitamin D status, instead being mediated by <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> release from skin upon exposure to UV light. The effect is greater in fair-skinned individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cognitive_Functioning_and_Mood">Cognitive Functioning and Mood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cognitive Functioning and Mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UV exposure plays a role in motor learning and object recognition memory. Moderate UV exposure enhances cognitive functioning through a specialized glutamate (GLU) biosynthetic pathway in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process begins when UV exposure triggers an increase in blood levels of urocanic acid (UCA), which possesses the unique ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Upon entering the brain, UCA initiates a cascade of biochemical reactions that promote glutamate biosynthesis, particularly in critical regions such as the motor cortex and hippocampus. This increased glutamate production leads to notable cognitive enhancements, including improved motor learning capabilities, enhanced object recognition memory, and strengthened synaptic plasticity. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultraviolet (UV) light has been shown to influence various neurological functions, including mood, addiction, cognition, and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This impact likely occurs through UV-induced changes in brain chemistry, potentially altering neurotransmitter systems and neuroplasticity. UV exposure might, for example, affect serotonin levels, which play a significant role in mood regulation and cognitive functions. This hormonal effect can helps stabilize circadian rhythms. This stabilizing effect is particularly important for individuals with mental disorders, who often experience circadian desynchronization and sleep problems. As a result, light therapy has emerged as an increasingly popular treatment option for various mood and psychiatric disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safe_level_of_sun_exposure">Safe level of sun exposure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Safe level of sun exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2007 study submitted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> to the US Department of Health and Human Services, there is not enough information to determine a safe level of sun exposure that imposes minimal risk of skin cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-5_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there is not yet conclusive evidence on which components of ultraviolet radiation (UVA, UVB, UVC) are actually carcinogenic.<sup id="cite_ref-13th_Report_on_Carcinogens_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13th_Report_on_Carcinogens-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UVC is almost completely absorbed by the atmosphere and does not reach the surface in any appreciable quantity.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, only the broad-spectrum combination (UVA, UVB, UVC) known as "ultraviolet radiation" is listed as a carcinogen; the components are only "likely to become" known carcinogens. Solar radiation (sunlight) and sunlamps are listed as carcinogens because they contain ultraviolet radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-13th_Report_on_Carcinogens_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13th_Report_on_Carcinogens-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifetime_sun_exposure">Lifetime sun exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lifetime sun exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imprecise-Biasutti-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Imprecise-Biasutti-map.jpg/500px-Imprecise-Biasutti-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Imprecise-Biasutti-map.jpg/750px-Imprecise-Biasutti-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Imprecise-Biasutti-map.jpg/1000px-Imprecise-Biasutti-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Map of human skin color distribution for native populations, by R. Biassutti in the <a href="/wiki/Von_Luschan%27s_chromatic_scale" title="Von Luschan's chromatic scale">Von Luschan's chromatic scale</a> for classifying skin color. It was reported that for areas with no data Biasutti simply filled in the map by extrapolation from findings obtained in other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are currently no recommendations on a safe level of total lifetime sun exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-ODS-sheet-ref-5_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS-sheet-ref-5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to epidemiologist Robyn Lucas at <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, analysis of lifespan versus disease shows that far more lives worldwide could be lost to diseases caused by lack of sunlight than to those caused by too much,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is inappropriate to recommend total avoidance of sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over thousands of years, in many climate zones, <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">genetic selection</a> has helped indigenous human populations adapt toward <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin pigmentation levels</a> that provide a healthy level of UV exposure. This largely explains the tendency toward darker-skinned populations in the sunniest tropical environments, and lighter skin tones in less-sunny regions and for those who most need vitamin D for rapid bone growth, specifically children and reproductive-age women. The map to the right illustrates the geographic distribution of skin color for native populations prior to 1940, based on <a href="/wiki/Von_Luschan%27s_chromatic_scale" title="Von Luschan's chromatic scale">von Luschan's chromatic scale</a>. These long-term adaptations for optimal health can be confounded by patterns of food, clothing and shelter, especially at a time when large populations have migrated far from the climates for which their skin was genetically adapted.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamps_and_health" title="Fluorescent lamps and health">Fluorescent lamps and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">Heat stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosensitivity_in_humans" title="Photosensitivity in humans">Photosensitivity in humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="UV Index">UV Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-energy_visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="High-energy visible light">High-energy visible light</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_effects_of_sunlight_exposure&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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