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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4+%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99+%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4+%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99+%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-역사적_배경" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사적_배경"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>역사적 배경</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-역사적_배경-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-제1법칙:_관성의_법칙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#제1법칙:_관성의_법칙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>제1법칙: 관성의 법칙</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-제1법칙:_관성의_법칙-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>제1법칙: 관성의 법칙 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-제1법칙:_관성의_법칙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-제1법칙:_관성의_법칙의_예" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#제1법칙:_관성의_법칙의_예"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>제1법칙: 관성의 법칙의 예</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-제1법칙:_관성의_법칙의_예-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-제2법칙:_가속도의_법칙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#제2법칙:_가속도의_법칙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>제2법칙: 가속도의 법칙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-제2법칙:_가속도의_법칙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-제3법칙:_작용과_반작용의_법칙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#제3법칙:_작용과_반작용의_법칙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>제3법칙: 작용과 반작용의 법칙</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-제3법칙:_작용과_반작용의_법칙-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>제3법칙: 작용과 반작용의 법칙 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-제3법칙:_작용과_반작용의_법칙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-제3법칙의_약한_형태와_강한_형태" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#제3법칙의_약한_형태와_강한_형태"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>제3법칙의 약한 형태와 강한 형태</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-제3법칙의_약한_형태와_강한_형태-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-유효_범위" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#유효_범위"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>유효 범위</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-유효_범위-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-참고_문헌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#참고_문헌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>참고 문헌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-참고_문헌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">뉴턴 운동 법칙</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 116개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_se_bewegingswette" title="Newton se bewegingswette – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Newton se bewegingswette" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonsche_Gesetze" title="Newtonsche Gesetze – 독일어(스위스)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Newtonsche Gesetze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="독일어(스위스)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="قوانين نيوتن للحركة – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوانين نيوتن للحركة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="নিউটনৰ গতিৰ সূত্ৰ – 아삼어" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিউটনৰ গতিৰ সূত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="아삼어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleis_de_Newton" title="Lleis de Newton – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lleis de Newton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuton_qanunlar%C4%B1" title="Nyuton qanunları – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nyuton qanunları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نیوتونون حرکت قانونلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیوتونون حرکت قانونلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_gerak_Newton" title="Hukum gerak Newton – 발리어" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hukum gerak Newton" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="발리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonsche_Axiome" title="Newtonsche Axiome – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Newtonsche Axiome" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Законы Ньютана – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Законы Ньютана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Законы Ньютана – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Законы Ньютана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Закони на Нютон – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Закони на Нютон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="न्यूटन के गति के नियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="न्यूटन के गति के नियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="নিউটনের গতিসূত্রসমূহ – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউটনের গতিসূত্রসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonovi_zakoni_kretanja" title="Newtonovi zakoni kretanja – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Newtonovi zakoni kretanja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ньютоной хуулинууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ньютоной хуулинууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleis_de_Newton" title="Lleis de Newton – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lleis de Newton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_%C3%B4ng-d%C3%B4ng_d%C3%AAng-l%C5%ADk" title="Newton ông-dông dêng-lŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Newton ông-dông dêng-lŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="یاساکانی جووڵەی نیوتن – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاساکانی جووڵەی نیوتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonovy_pohybov%C3%A9_z%C3%A1kony" title="Newtonovy pohybové zákony – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Newtonovy pohybové zákony" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ньютон саккунĕсем – 추바시어" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ньютон саккунĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="추바시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deddfau_mudiant_Newton" title="Deddfau mudiant Newton – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deddfau mudiant Newton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_love" title="Newtons love – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Newtons love" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonsche_Gesetze" title="Newtonsche Gesetze – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Newtonsche Gesetze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Νόμοι κίνησης του Νεύτωνα – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόμοι κίνησης του Νεύτωνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Newton's laws of motion" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%9Doj_de_Newton_pri_movo" title="Leĝoj de Newton pri movo – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leĝoj de Newton pri movo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_de_Newton" title="Leyes de Newton – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leyes de Newton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtoni_seadused" title="Newtoni seadused – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Newtoni seadused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Newtonen legeak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="قوانین حرکت نیوتن – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوانین حرکت نیوتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonin_lait" title="Newtonin lait – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Newtonin lait" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_du_mouvement_de_Newton" title="Lois du mouvement de Newton – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lois du mouvement de Newton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetten_fan_Newton" title="Wetten fan Newton – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wetten fan Newton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dl%C3%ADthe_gluaisne_Newton" title="Dlíthe gluaisne Newton – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dlíthe gluaisne Newton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalwa_di_mouvman_di_Newton" title="Lalwa di mouvman di Newton – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lalwa di mouvman di Newton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leis_de_Newton" title="Leis de Newton – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leis de Newton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B" title="ગતિના નિયમો – 구자라트어" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગતિના નિયમો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="구자라트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חוקי התנועה של ניוטון – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקי התנועה של ניוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="न्यूटन के गति नियम – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यूटन के गति नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonovi_zakoni_gibanja" title="Newtonovi zakoni gibanja – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Newtonovi zakoni gibanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwa_mouvman_Newton" title="Lwa mouvman Newton – 아이티어" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lwa mouvman Newton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="아이티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9nyei" title="Newton törvényei – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Newton törvényei" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նյուտոնի օրենքներ – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյուտոնի օրենքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նիւթոնի շարժման օրէնքներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիւթոնի շարժման օրէնքներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leges_de_Newton" title="Leges de Newton – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leges de Newton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_gerak_Newton" title="Hukum gerak Newton – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum gerak Newton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legi_di_Newton" title="Legi di Newton – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Legi di Newton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6gm%C3%A1l_Newtons" title="Lögmál Newtons – 아이슬란드어" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lögmál Newtons" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="아이슬란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principi_della_dinamica" title="Principi della dinamica – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Principi della dinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="ニュートン力学 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュートン力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuutan_laa_a_muoshan" title="Nyuutan laa a muoshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nyuutan laa a muoshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნიუტონის კანონები – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიუტონის კანონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_ciiduu_pa%C9%A3t%CA%8B_nd%C9%A9_nd%C9%A9" title="Newton ciiduu paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Newton ciiduu paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawatho_matano_ma_Newton" title="Mawatho matano ma Newton – 키쿠유어" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mawatho matano ma Newton" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="키쿠유어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ньютон заңдары – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ньютон заңдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ច្បាប់ចលនារបស់ញូតុន – 크메르어" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ច្បាប់ចលនារបស់ញូតុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="크메르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ನ್ಯೂಟನ್‍ನ ಚಲನೆಯ ನಿಯಮಗಳು – 칸나다어" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯೂಟನ್‍ನ ಚಲನೆಯ ನಿಯಮಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="칸나다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leges_motus_Newtoni" title="Leges motus Newtoni – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leges motus Newtoni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A8tte_van_Newton" title="Wètte van Newton – 림버거어" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wètte van Newton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="림버거어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niutono_d%C4%97sniai" title="Niutono dėsniai – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niutono dėsniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85%C5%ABtona_likumi" title="Ņūtona likumi – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ņūtona likumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="न्युटनक गति नियम – 마이틸리어" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="न्युटनक गति नियम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="마이틸리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Њутнови закони – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Њутнови закони" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ന്യൂട്ടന്റെ ചലനനിയമങ്ങൾ – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂട്ടന്റെ ചലനനിയമങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ньютоны хуулиуд – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ньютоны хуулиуд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="न्यूटनचे गतीचे नियम – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यूटनचे गतीचे नियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum-hukum_gerakan_Newton" title="Hukum-hukum gerakan Newton – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hukum-hukum gerakan Newton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="နယူတန်၏ ရွေ့လျားမှုဆိုင်ရာ နိယာမများ – 버마어" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယူတန်၏ ရွေ့လျားမှုဆိုင်ရာ နိယာမများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="버마어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_zien_wetten" title="Newton zien wetten – 저지 색슨어" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Newton zien wetten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="저지 색슨어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="न्युटनको गतिका नियमहरू – 네팔어" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="न्युटनको गतिका नियमहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="네팔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetten_van_Newton" title="Wetten van Newton – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetten van Newton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_r%C3%B8rslelover" title="Newtons rørslelover – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Newtons rørslelover" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_bevegelseslover" title="Newtons bevegelseslover – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Newtons bevegelseslover" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leis_de_Newton" title="Leis de Newton – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leis de Newton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%AE" title="ਨਿਊਟਨ ਦੇ ਗਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਿਯਮ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਊਟਨ ਦੇ ਗਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਿਯਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasady_dynamiki_Newtona" title="Zasady dynamiki Newtona – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zasady dynamiki Newtona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lej_d%C3%ABl_moviment_%C3%ABd_Newton" title="Lej dël moviment ëd Newton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lej dël moviment ëd Newton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%92_%DA%86%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%92_%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="نیوٹن دے چلن دے قنون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیوٹن دے چلن دے قنون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%81%DA%9A%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="د خوځښت په اړه د نیوټن قوانین – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د خوځښت په اړه د نیوټن قوانین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leis_de_Newton" title="Leis de Newton – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leis de Newton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legile_lui_Newton" title="Legile lui Newton – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legile lui Newton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Законы Ньютона – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Законы Ньютона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Ньютоновы законы рушаня – 루신어" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ньютоновы законы рушаня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="루신어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ньютон сокуоннара – 야쿠트어" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньютон сокуоннара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="야쿠트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liggi_di_Newton" title="Liggi di Newton – 시칠리아어" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liggi di Newton" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="시칠리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%AA%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="نيوٽن جا حرڪت جا قانون – 신디어" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيوٽن جا حرڪت جا قانون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="신디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonovi_zakoni_kretanja" title="Newtonovi zakoni kretanja – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Newtonovi zakoni kretanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islgan_n_umussu_n_Nyu%E1%B9%ADun" title="Islgan n umussu n Nyuṭun – 타셸히트어" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Islgan n umussu n Nyuṭun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="타셸히트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8" title="චලිතය පිළිබඳ නිව්ටන් නියම – 싱할라어" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චලිතය පිළිබඳ නිව්ටන් නියම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="싱할라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Newton's laws of motion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonove_pohybov%C3%A9_z%C3%A1kony" title="Newtonove pohybové zákony – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Newtonove pohybové zákony" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="نیوٹن دا پہلا قنون – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="نیوٹن دا پہلا قنون" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonovi_zakoni_gibanja" title="Newtonovi zakoni gibanja – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Newtonovi zakoni gibanja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitemo_yaNewton_paMuhambo" title="Mitemo yaNewton paMuhambo – 쇼나어" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mitemo yaNewton paMuhambo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="쇼나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligjet_e_Njutonit" title="Ligjet e Njutonit – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ligjet e Njutonit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Њутнови закони – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њутнови закони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_gerak_Newton" title="Hukum gerak Newton – 순다어" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hukum gerak Newton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="순다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_r%C3%B6relselagar" title="Newtons rörelselagar – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Newtons rörelselagar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நியூட்டனின் இயக்க விதிகள் – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூட்டனின் இயக்க விதிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="న్యూటన్ సూత్రాలు – 텔루구어" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="న్యూటన్ సూత్రాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="텔루구어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="กฎการเคลื่อนที่ของนิวตัน – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎการเคลื่อนที่ของนิวตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_batas_ng_mosyon_ni_Newton" title="Mga batas ng mosyon ni Newton – 타갈로그어" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga batas ng mosyon ni Newton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="타갈로그어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27un_hareket_yasalar%C4%B1" title="Newton'un hareket yasaları – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Newton'un hareket yasaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ньютон законнары – 타타르어" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ньютон законнары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="타타르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Закони Ньютона – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закони Ньютона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA" title="نیوٹن کے قوانین حرکت – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیوٹن کے قوانین حرکت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_qonunlari" title="Newton qonunlari – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Newton qonunlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_lu%E1%BA%ADt_v%E1%BB%81_chuy%E1%BB%83n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_c%E1%BB%A7a_Newton" title="Các định luật về chuyển động của Newton – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các định luật về chuyển động của Newton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaod_nga_mosyon_ha_Newton" title="Balaod nga mosyon ha Newton – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balaod nga mosyon ha Newton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛顿运动定律 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="牛顿运动定律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%B2fin_%C3%ACm%C3%BAr%C3%ACn_Newton" title="Àwọn òfin ìmúrìn Newton – 요루바어" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn òfin ìmúrìn Newton" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="요루바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛顿运动定律 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="牛顿运动定律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛頓定律 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="牛頓定律" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛頓運動定律 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牛頓運動定律" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imithetho_yomdiki_kaNewton" title="Imithetho yomdiki kaNewton – 줄루어" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imithetho yomdiki kaNewton" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="줄루어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38433#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Newtons_laws_in_latin.jpg/200px-Newtons_laws_in_latin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Newtons_laws_in_latin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>라틴어로 된 <a href="/wiki/1687%EB%85%84" title="1687년">1687년</a>판 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%EC%9D%98_%EC%88%98%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="자연철학의 수학적 원리">자연철학의 수학적 원리</a>의 뉴턴의 제1,2 법칙</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="고전역학">고전역학</a>에서 <b>뉴턴 운동 법칙</b>(Newton運動法則, <span lang="en">Newton's laws of motion</span>)은 물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="운동 (물리학)">운동</a>을 다루는 세 개의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" class="mw-redirect" title="물리 법칙">물리 법칙</a>이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4" title="아이작 뉴턴">아이작 뉴턴</a>이 도입한 이 법칙들은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="고전 역학">고전 역학</a>의 바탕을 이룬다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사적_배경"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC.EC.A0.81_.EB.B0.B0.EA.B2.BD"></span>역사적 배경</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 역사적 배경"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>중세를 거치면서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%84%ED%8E%98%ED%88%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="임페투스">임페투스</a>라는 관성과 유사한 개념이 도입되었다. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4_%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="갈릴레오 갈릴레이">갈릴레오 갈릴레이</a>(Galileo Galilei)는 17세기 초에 관성의 개념을 완성하고, 실험을 통해 오늘날 뉴턴 제1운동 법칙으로 불리는 관성의 법칙을 증명하였다. </p><p>오늘날의 세 개의 뉴턴 운동 법칙은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4" title="아이작 뉴턴">아이작 뉴턴</a>(Sir Isaac Newton)이 1687년에 《<a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%EC%9D%98_%EC%88%98%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="자연철학의 수학적 원리">자연철학의 수학적 원리</a>》 제1권에 처음 서술하였다. 뉴턴은 이 책에서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%9C%A0%EC%9D%B8%EB%A0%A5%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="만유인력의 법칙">만유인력의 법칙</a>과 뉴턴 운동 법칙을 사용하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%ED%94%8C%EB%9F%AC_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" class="mw-redirect" title="케플러 법칙">케플러 법칙</a>을 비롯한 당시 알려진 모든 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="천체역학">천체역학</a>을 수학적으로 유도하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 뉴턴의 운동법칙은 처음으로 회전체의 운동, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="유체">유체</a> 안에서의 운동, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%B2%B4" title="발사체">발사체</a>의 운동, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%97%EB%A9%B4" title="빗면">빗면</a>에서의 운동, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EC%9E%90" title="진자">진자</a>의 운동, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%9D" title="조석">조석</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%AC" title="달">달</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4" title="천체">천체</a>의 궤도와 같은 물리학적 현상들에 대한 광범위한 설명을 가능하게 하였다. 또한, 뉴턴이 제2법칙과 제3법칙을 써서 유도한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%9F%89" title="운동량">운동량</a> 보존법칙은 물리학사상 최초의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B4%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" class="mw-redirect" title="보존법칙">보존법칙</a>으로 여겨진다. </p><p>뉴턴의 법칙들은 200년이 넘게 실험과 (10<sup>−6</sup>~10<sup>4</sup>m의 길이에서 0~10<sup>8</sup>m/s의 속도를 갖는 척도)에서 일어나는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%ED%95%99" title="운동학">운동학</a>을, 관측 결과보다 더욱 정확하게 설명해 주고 있다. 즉, 대략 모든 속도들이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="빛의 속도">빛의 속도</a>의 1/3 이하라면 뉴턴의 법칙은 대부분의 경우 그 오차를 무시할 수 있는 정도로 정확하다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="제1법칙:_관성의_법칙"><span id=".EC.A0.9C1.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99:_.EA.B4.80.EC.84.B1.EC.9D.98_.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99"></span>제1법칙: 관성의 법칙</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 제1법칙: 관성의 법칙"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>제1법칙은 <b>관성의 법칙</b>이나 <b><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98" class="mw-redirect" title="갈릴레이 변환">갈릴레이의 법칙</a>으로도 불린다.</b> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="질량 중심">질량 중심</a>은 외부 힘이 작용하지 않는 한 일정한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="속도">속도</a>로 움직인다. </p></blockquote> <p>즉, 물체에 가해진 알짜힘이 0일 때 물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="질량 중심">질량 중심</a>의 가속도는 0이다. </p><p>제1법칙은 단순히 제2법칙에서 알짜힘이 0인 경우를 설명하는 것이 아니다. 근본적으로 제2법칙과 제3법칙이 암묵적으로 가정하는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%A4%80%ED%8B%80" title="기준틀">기준틀</a>의 개념을 정의한다. 이러한 기준틀은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B1%EA%B8%B0%EC%A4%80%ED%8B%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="관성기준틀 (없는 문서)">관성기준틀</a>이라고 부르며, 가속도가 0인 상태로 등속 직선 운동을 하는 관찰자의 기준틀이다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%86%8D_%EC%9B%90%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" class="mw-redirect" title="등속 원운동">등속 원운동</a>은 등속력 운동이지만 속도의 방향이 바뀌므로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC" title="지구">지구</a>와 같은, 등속 원운동을 하는 관찰자의 기준틀은 엄밀히 말해 관성기준틀이 아니다. 그러나 지구의 운동으로 인한 오차는 (지구의 궤도 및 크기가 매우 크므로) 일반적인 실험에서는 무시할 수 있을 정도로 작다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4_%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="갈릴레오 갈릴레이">갈릴레오 갈릴레이</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%97%EB%A9%B4" title="빗면">빗면</a>을 따라 공을 굴리는 실험을 통해 만약 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0%EB%A0%A5" title="마찰력">마찰력</a>이 무시할 수 있을 정도로 작다면 외부 힘이 가해지지 않는 모든 물체는 일정한 속도로 움직인다는 사실을 증명하였다. 즉, 가만히 있는 물체는 (외부 힘이 가해지지 않는 이상) 계속 가만히 있고, 일정한 속도로 움직이는 물체는 계속 그 속도로 움직이게 된다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="아리스토텔레스">아리스토텔레스</a>의 이론으로부터 갈릴레이의 이론(뉴턴의 제1법칙)으로 생각이 전환된 것은 물리학의 역사에 있어서 가장 심오하고 중요한 발견이라 할 수 있다. 우리의 일상에서, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0%EB%A0%A5" title="마찰력">마찰력</a>은 모든 움직이는 물체에 작용하여 물체를 느리게 하고 결국엔 정지하게 만든다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4" title="아이작 뉴턴">아이작 뉴턴</a>은 모든 물체의 운동을 이끌어내는 원인을 힘으로 보고, 이에 기반을 둔 수학적 모형을 제시하였다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="제1법칙:_관성의_법칙의_예"><span id=".EC.A0.9C1.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99:_.EA.B4.80.EC.84.B1.EC.9D.98_.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99.EC.9D.98_.EC.98.88"></span>제1법칙: 관성의 법칙의 예</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 제1법칙: 관성의 법칙의 예"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>이불을 두드리는 경우</li> <li>망치 자루를 바닥에 치는 경우</li> <li>흙을 퍼서 던지는 경우</li> <li>달리다가 급브레이크를 밟을 때 앞으로 쏠리는 경우</li> <li>뛰어 가던 사람의 발에 돌부리가 걸려 넘어지는 경우</li> <li>버스가 갑자기 출발하는 경우</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="제2법칙:_가속도의_법칙"><span id=".EC.A0.9C2.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99:_.EA.B0.80.EC.86.8D.EB.8F.84.EC.9D.98_.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99"></span>제2법칙: 가속도의 법칙</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 제2법칙: 가속도의 법칙"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%9F%89" title="운동량">운동량</a>의 시간에 따른 변화율은 그 물체에 작용하는 힘과 (크기와 방향에 있어서) 같다. </p></blockquote> <p>다시 말해, 물체에 더 큰 알짜힘이 가해질수록 물체의 운동량의 변화는 더 커진다. 한 물체 A가 다른 물체 B에 힘을 가하면 이에 따라 B의 운동량을 바꿀 수 있다. (제3법칙에 의하여, 이런 경우는 A의 운동량이 감소하는 만큼 B의 운동량이 증가하므로, 두 물체가 힘을 통해 운동량을 서로 교환한다고 생각할 수 있다.) </p><p>제2법칙을 수식으로 쓰면 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {d}{dt}}\mathbf {p} ={\frac {d}{dt}}(m\mathbf {v} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {d}{dt}}\mathbf {p} ={\frac {d}{dt}}(m\mathbf {v} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10ecd1cf74adfc37c66fddf6ec284b3b84be8e90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:20.409ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {d}{dt}}\mathbf {p} ={\frac {d}{dt}}(m\mathbf {v} )}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>만약 물체의 질량 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span>이 변하지 않는다면 다음과 같이 쓸 수 있다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m{\frac {d\mathbf {v} }{dt}}=m\mathbf {a} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m{\frac {d\mathbf {v} }{dt}}=m\mathbf {a} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3fa4b01bab96f20fa7dbcefb396b8fc8615fc7c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.723ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m{\frac {d\mathbf {v} }{dt}}=m\mathbf {a} }"></span> [N] [kgㆍm/sec^2]</dd></dl> <p>여기서 </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da18bef8c979f3548bb0d8976f5844012d7b8256" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.683ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"></span>는 물체에 작용하는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%98_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="힘 (물리)">알짜힘</a>이고,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> 은 물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="질량">질량</a>이며,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a957216653a9ee0d0133dcefd13fb75e36b8b9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.299ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }"></span>는 물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="가속도">가속도</a>이고,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35c1866e359fbfd2e0f606c725ba5cc37a5195d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.411ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }"></span>는 물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="속도">속도</a>이며,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a271a96e7b925fd39686375167c76d406e87c813" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.035ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} }"></span> 은 물체의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%9F%89" title="운동량">운동량</a>으로 정의된 물리량이다.</li></ul> <p>위의 방정식에서 물체의 질량은 물체 고유의 성질이다. 일정한 질량 <i>m</i>을 가진 물체에 대해서만, 그 물체에 더 큰 알짜힘을 가할수록 운동량의 변화가 커진다. 그러므로 이 방정식을 통해 간접적으로 질량의 개념을 정의할 수 있다. </p><p>또한 <b>F</b> = <i>m</i><b>a</b>에서, <b>a</b>는 직접 측정이 가능하지만 <b>F</b>는 측정할 수 있는 물리량이 아니다. 제2법칙은 단지 우리가 <b>F</b>의 값을 계산할 수 있다는 것만을 의미할 뿐이다. 이러한 힘의 계산법은 뉴턴의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%9C%A0%EC%9D%B8%EB%A0%A5%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="만유인력의 법칙">만유인력의 법칙</a> 또한 포함하고 있다. </p><p>하지만 물체의 질량이 변할 수 있다면 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d0c60fab89e8c3193952047dc565bcf8d233d115" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.121ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =m\mathbf {a} }"></span>을 적용할 수 없고, 좀 더 일반적인 다음과 같은 식을 쓴다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {d}{dt}}(m\mathbf {v} )=m{\frac {d\mathbf {v} }{dt}}+\mathbf {v} {\frac {dm}{dt}}=m\mathbf {a} +\mathbf {v} {\frac {dm}{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">a</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {d}{dt}}(m\mathbf {v} )=m{\frac {d\mathbf {v} }{dt}}+\mathbf {v} {\frac {dm}{dt}}=m\mathbf {a} +\mathbf {v} {\frac {dm}{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9e93a5c1b351ca03ce994b845c73c82939e5eda" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:44.661ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {d}{dt}}(m\mathbf {v} )=m{\frac {d\mathbf {v} }{dt}}+\mathbf {v} {\frac {dm}{dt}}=m\mathbf {a} +\mathbf {v} {\frac {dm}{dt}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>운동량을 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\gamma m\mathbf {v} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\gamma m\mathbf {v} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ea98b7ffc4ea6fcf02cc0ab23a6a8ca014d1719" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.297ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\gamma m\mathbf {v} }"></span>와 같이 표현하는 경우 (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span>는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9E%90" title="로런츠 인자">로런츠 인자</a>), 이 방정식은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="특수 상대성 이론">특수 상대성 이론</a>에서도 유효하다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="제3법칙:_작용과_반작용의_법칙"><span id=".EC.A0.9C3.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99:_.EC.9E.91.EC.9A.A9.EA.B3.BC_.EB.B0.98.EC.9E.91.EC.9A.A9.EC.9D.98_.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99"></span>제3법칙: 작용과 반작용의 법칙</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 제3법칙: 작용과 반작용의 법칙"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>물체 A가 다른 물체 B에 힘을 가하면, 물체 B는 물체 A에 크기는 같고 방향은 반대인 힘을 동시에 가한다. </p></blockquote> <p>전통적으로, 제3법칙은 "모든 작용에 대해 크기는 같고 방향은 반대인 반작용이 존재한다"라고 쓴다. </p><p>이 설명들은, 누군가가 물체를 200 N의 힘으로 때리면 그 물체 또한 같은 힘으로 그 사람을 때린다는 결과를 내포하고 있다. 예를 들어, 행성만 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1" title="항성">항성</a>에 이끌리는 것이 아니라 항성 또한 행성에 이끌리고 있다. 반작용력은 작용의 반대 방향을 가지고, 그 크기는 동일하다. 하지만 작용력과 반작용력이 항상 일직선상에 위치할 필요는 없다. 두 쌍극자가 점전하와 쌍극자를 잇는 선에 수직하게 위치한 경우, 점전하가 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8C%8D%EA%B7%B9%EC%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="전기 쌍극자">전기 쌍극자</a>에 가하는 힘을 예로 들 수 있다. 그 힘이 점전하와 쌍극자를 잇는 선에 수직인 경우 점전하에 대한 반작용력은 반대 방향을 취하겠지만, 작용력과 반작용력이 서로 평행한 경우에는 공간 내에서 서로 겹쳐지지 않게 된다. </p><p>힘은 운동량의 시간 변화율이므로, 제3법칙에 따르면 A의 운동량이 줄어드는 만큼 B의 운동량이 늘어나게 된다. 즉, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="계 (물리학)">계</a>의 총 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%9F%89" title="운동량">운동량</a>의 보존을 의미한다. 반대로, 운동량 보존 법칙으로부터 제3법칙을 유도할 수 있다. </p><p>때때로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EB%A0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="전자기력">전자기력</a>에서는 제3법칙이 성립하지 않는 것처럼 보이는 경우가 있다. 즉, 물체 A가 B에 가하는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0_%ED%9E%98" title="로런츠 힘">로런츠 힘</a>은 B가 A에 가하는 힘과 일반적으로 다르다. 이는 A와 B가 생성하는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="전자기장">전자기장</a>이 가진 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%9F%89" title="운동량">운동량</a> 교환을 고려하지 않았기 때문이다. 전자기장이 가진 운동량을 계산에 포함시키면 계의 총 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%9F%89" title="운동량">운동량</a>은 보존되며, 이에 따라 제3법칙이 성립하게 된다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="제3법칙의_약한_형태와_강한_형태"><span id=".EC.A0.9C3.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99.EC.9D.98_.EC.95.BD.ED.95.9C_.ED.98.95.ED.83.9C.EC.99.80_.EA.B0.95.ED.95.9C_.ED.98.95.ED.83.9C"></span>제3법칙의 약한 형태와 강한 형태</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 제3법칙의 약한 형태와 강한 형태"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>위에 인용한 제3법칙은 엄밀히 말해 제3법칙의 '약한 형태<b>(<span lang="en">weak form</span>)다. 이에 따르면, 작용력과 반작용력은 크기가 같고 방향은 서로 반대지만, 그 방향이 어느 방향인지는 서술하지 않는다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 즉, 입자로 이루어진 계에서, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f6746b15edeb788117d3110cea127e639f75b44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.49ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}}"></span>가 입자 b에 의한 입자 a에 대한 힘이라고 쓰면 제3법칙의 약한 형태는 다음과 같다.</b> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}=-\mathbf {F} _{ba}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}=-\mathbf {F} _{ba}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92a44280e79c8d86de245f9030972169dc627c4d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.887ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}=-\mathbf {F} _{ba}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>모든 고전 역학적 힘은 이 조건을 만족한다. 이로써 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC" title="질량 중심">질량 중심</a>과 같은 개념을 정의할 수 있다. </p><p>반면, 제3법칙의 <b>강한 형태</b>(<span lang="en">strong form</span>)에 따르면, 작용력과 반작용력은 크기가 같고 방향이 서로 반대일 뿐만 아니라 두 힘의 방향이 두 입자를 잇는 직선과 평행해야 한다. 즉, 만약 a가 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f36c56cee3fb3e3283822571ec541d0a33ac665" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.204ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{a}}"></span>에, b가 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/caa7bb9d01608f3d714ee26d0c6679734999c173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.04ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{b}}"></span>에 위치해 있다면 두 힘은 다음과 같은 꼴을 취한다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}=F{\frac {\mathbf {r} _{a}-\mathbf {r} _{b}}{\Vert \mathbf {r} _{a}-\mathbf {r} _{b}\rVert }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}=F{\frac {\mathbf {r} _{a}-\mathbf {r} _{b}}{\Vert \mathbf {r} _{a}-\mathbf {r} _{b}\rVert }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e5d44a7eac1829e48688fec82e75a1aa4a25a769" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:18.574ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ab}=F{\frac {\mathbf {r} _{a}-\mathbf {r} _{b}}{\Vert \mathbf {r} _{a}-\mathbf {r} _{b}\rVert }}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ba}=F{\frac {\mathbf {r} _{b}-\mathbf {r} _{a}}{\Vert \mathbf {r} _{b}-\mathbf {r} _{a}\rVert }}=-\mathbf {F} _{ab}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ba}=F{\frac {\mathbf {r} _{b}-\mathbf {r} _{a}}{\Vert \mathbf {r} _{b}-\mathbf {r} _{a}\rVert }}=-\mathbf {F} _{ab}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/744c8a6f3574f183d3aa1f88532875ad88468ea6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.971ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{ba}=F{\frac {\mathbf {r} _{b}-\mathbf {r} _{a}}{\Vert \mathbf {r} _{b}-\mathbf {r} _{a}\rVert }}=-\mathbf {F} _{ab}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%9C%A0%EC%9D%B8%EB%A0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="만유인력">만유인력</a>은 제3법칙의 강한 형태도 만족하지만, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="전자기학">전자기학</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0_%ED%9E%98" title="로런츠 힘">로런츠 힘</a>은 제3법칙의 약한 형태만 만족하고, 강한 형태는 만족하지 않는다. 예를 들어 점전하와 쌍극자를 잇는 직선에 수직으로 위치한 점전하와 완전쌍극자 사이의 상호작용은 제3법칙의 강한 형태를 따르지 않는다. </p><p><br /> 또한 예시로 대포, 총 등을 쏠때 탄환과 반동을 들 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="유효_범위"><span id=".EC.9C.A0.ED.9A.A8_.EB.B2.94.EC.9C.84"></span>유효 범위</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 유효 범위"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1916%EB%85%84" title="1916년">1916년</a>에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알베르트 아인슈타인">알베르트 아인슈타인</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="특수 상대성 이론">특수 상대성 이론</a>은 인류가 이때까지 해왔던 모든 예상 척도를 뛰어넘는 설명을 가능하게 해주었다. 하지만 빛의 속도에 비해 매우 낮은 속도에서는 아인슈타인의 상대론적 모형은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="고전역학">고전역학</a>으로 수렴한다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{{\frac {v}{c}}\rightarrow 0^{+}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>v</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </munder> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{{\frac {v}{c}}\rightarrow 0^{+}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f3e0952af82ee0f7d9ca46630269d67b1dfdba5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.143ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{{\frac {v}{c}}\rightarrow 0^{+}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=1}"></span></dd></dl> <p>즉, 속도가 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="빛의 속도">빛의 속도</a>에 비해 매우 작으면 속도의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9E%90" title="로런츠 인자">로런츠 인자</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span>는 1에 수렴한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480479">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%A9" title="위키미디어 공용">위키미디어 공용</a></b>에 관련된<br />미디어 분류가 있습니다.<div style="padding-left:1em;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Newton%27s_laws_of_motion?uselang=ko">뉴턴 운동 법칙</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-weight:bold;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="포털:물리학">물리학 포털</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84%EA%B3%84" title="국제단위계">SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="반작용">반작용</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="참고_문헌"><span id=".EC.B0.B8.EA.B3.A0_.EB.AC.B8.ED.97.8C"></span>참고 문헌</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 참고 문헌"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Marion, Jerry; Stephen Thornton (1995). 《Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems》. Harcourt College Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Dynamics+of+Particles+and+Systems&rft.pub=Harcourt+College+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Marion&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4+%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99+%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">더 이상 지원되지 않는 변수를 사용함 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#deprecated_params" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marion and Thorton, 1995, pp. 333-337</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://navercast.naver.com/science/physics/1199">네이버 캐스트 - 작용 반작용의 법칙</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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