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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-관련_이론" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#관련_이론"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>관련 이론</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-관련_이론-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>관련 이론 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-관련_이론-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-맥스웰_방정식" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#맥스웰_방정식"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>맥스웰 방정식</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-맥스웰_방정식-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-맥스웰_이론의_예측" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#맥스웰_이론의_예측"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>맥스웰 이론의 예측</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-맥스웰_이론의_예측-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-아인슈타인의_특수_상대성_이론" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#아인슈타인의_특수_상대성_이론"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>아인슈타인의 특수 상대성 이론</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-아인슈타인의_특수_상대성_이론-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-측정_방법과_역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#측정_방법과_역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>측정 방법과 역사</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-측정_방법과_역사-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>측정 방법과 역사 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-측정_방법과_역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-고대부터_중세까지" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#고대부터_중세까지"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>고대부터 중세까지</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-고대부터_중세까지-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17세기에_들어서" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17세기에_들어서"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>17세기에 들어서</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17세기에_들어서-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-뢰머의_빛의_속력_측정" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#뢰머의_빛의_속력_측정"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>뢰머의 빛의 속력 측정</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-뢰머의_빛의_속력_측정-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-제임스_브래들리의_광행차" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#제임스_브래들리의_광행차"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>제임스 브래들리의 광행차</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-제임스_브래들리의_광행차-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-이폴리트_피조의_실험" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#이폴리트_피조의_실험"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>이폴리트 피조의 실험</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-이폴리트_피조의_실험-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-피조-푸코_장치" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#피조-푸코_장치"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>피조-푸코 장치</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-피조-푸코_장치-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-마이컬슨_몰리_실험" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#마이컬슨_몰리_실험"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>마이컬슨 몰리 실험</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-마이컬슨_몰리_실험-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-실험" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#실험"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>실험</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-실험-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-근현대의_빛의_속력" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#근현대의_빛의_속력"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>근현대의 빛의 속력</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-근현대의_빛의_속력-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-로렌츠와_아인슈타인" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#로렌츠와_아인슈타인"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>로렌츠와 아인슈타인</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-로렌츠와_아인슈타인-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-움직이는_광원에서_방출되는_빛의_속도_측정_제안" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#움직이는_광원에서_방출되는_빛의_속도_측정_제안"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>움직이는 광원에서 방출되는 빛의 속도 측정 제안</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-움직이는_광원에서_방출되는_빛의_속도_측정_제안-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-빛의_속도와_미터의_정의" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#빛의_속도와_미터의_정의"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>빛의 속도와 미터의 정의</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-빛의_속도와_미터의_정의-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-빛의_굴절과_빛의_속도" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#빛의_굴절과_빛의_속도"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>빛의 굴절과 빛의 속도</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-빛의_굴절과_빛의_속도-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>빛의 굴절과 빛의 속도 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-빛의_굴절과_빛의_속도-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-굴절률" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#굴절률"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>굴절률</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-굴절률-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-스넬의_법칙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#스넬의_법칙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>스넬의 법칙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-스넬의_법칙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-절대_굴절률" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#절대_굴절률"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>절대 굴절률</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-절대_굴절률-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-상대_굴절률" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#상대_굴절률"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>상대 굴절률</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-상대_굴절률-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-매질_속에서의_빛의_속도" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#매질_속에서의_빛의_속도"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>매질 속에서의 빛의 속도</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-매질_속에서의_빛의_속도-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">빛의 속력</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 131개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligsnelheid" title="Ligsnelheid – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ligsnelheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtgeschwindigkeit" title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit – 독일어(스위스)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="독일어(스위스)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ፍጥነት – 암하라어" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የብርሃን ፍጥነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="암하라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidat_d%27a_luz" title="Velocidat d'a luz – 아라곤어" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Velocidat d'a luz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="아라곤어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A1" title="سرعة الضوء – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرعة الضوء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سرعة النور – 이집트 아랍어" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرعة النور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="이집트 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97" title="পোহৰৰ বেগ – 아삼어" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোহৰৰ বেগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="아삼어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocid%C3%A1_de_la_lluz" title="Velocidá de la lluz – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Velocidá de la lluz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1q_s%C3%BCr%C9%99ti" title="İşıq sürəti – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşıq sürəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Яҡтылыҡ тиҙлеге – 바슈키르어" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҡтылыҡ тиҙлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="바슈키르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C4%97isas_veikis" title="Švėisas veikis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švėisas veikis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikas_nin_liwanag" title="Rikas nin liwanag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rikas nin liwanag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Скорасць святла – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скорасць святла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хуткасьць сьвятла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хуткасьць сьвятла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Скорост на светлината – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скорост на светлината" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="अँजोरिया के गतिवेग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अँजोरिया के गतिवेग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আলোর দ্রুতি – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোর দ্রুতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizh_ar_goulo%C3%B9" title="Tizh ar gouloù – 브르타뉴어" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tizh ar gouloù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="브르타뉴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brzina svjetlosti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гэрэлэй хурдан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гэрэлэй хурдан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitat_de_la_llum" title="Velocitat de la llum – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Velocitat de la llum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%8Fng-s%C3%B3k" title="Guŏng-sók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guŏng-sók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="خێراییی ڕووناکی – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خێراییی ڕووناکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rychlost_sv%C4%9Btla" title="Rychlost světla – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rychlost světla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82%C4%83_%D1%85%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95" title="Çутă хăвăртлăхĕ – 추바시어" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çутă хăвăртлăхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="추바시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflymder_golau" title="Cyflymder golau – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflymder golau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysets_hastighed" title="Lysets hastighed – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lysets hastighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtgeschwindigkeit" title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ταχύτητα του φωτός – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταχύτητα του φωτός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Speed of light" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumrapido" title="Lumrapido – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lumrapido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad_de_la_luz" title="Velocidad de la luz – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Velocidad de la luz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valguse_kiirus" title="Valguse kiirus – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valguse kiirus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argiaren_abiadura" title="Argiaren abiadura – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argiaren abiadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veloci%C3%A1_de_la_lus" title="Velociá de la lus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Velociá de la lus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سرعت نور – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرعت نور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonnopeus" title="Valonnopeus – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valonnopeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totolo_ni_rarama" title="Totolo ni rarama – 피지어" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Totolo ni rarama" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="피지어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitesse_de_la_lumi%C3%A8re" title="Vitesse de la lumière – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitesse de la lumière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faard_faan%27t_laacht" title="Faard faan't laacht – 북부 프리지아어" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Faard faan't laacht" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="북부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocit%C3%A2t_de_l%C3%BBs" title="Velocitât de lûs – 프리울리어" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Velocitât de lûs" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="프리울리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljochtfaasje" title="Ljochtfaasje – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ljochtfaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luas_an_tsolais" title="Luas an tsolais – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luas an tsolais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%A8s_di_limy%C3%A8" title="Vitès di limyè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vitès di limyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidade_da_luz" title="Velocidade da luz – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Velocidade da luz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesape_pya%27ekue" title="Tesape pya'ekue – 과라니어" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesape pya'ekue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="과라니어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%97" title="પ્રકાશનો વેગ – 구자라트어" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રકાશનો વેગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="구자라트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מהירות האור – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהירות האור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="प्रकाश का वेग – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश का वेग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkaas_ke_raftaar" title="Parkaas ke raftaar – 피지 힌디어" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Parkaas ke raftaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="피지 힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brzina svjetlosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%A8s_limy%C3%A8" title="Vitès limyè – 아이티어" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vitès limyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="아이티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nysebess%C3%A9g" title="Fénysebesség – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fénysebesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լույսի արագություն – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լույսի արագություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitate_de_lumine" title="Velocitate de lumine – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Velocitate de lumine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laju_cahaya" title="Laju cahaya – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laju cahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3shra%C3%B0i" title="Ljóshraði – 아이슬란드어" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóshraði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="아이슬란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Velocità della luce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光速" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiid_a_lait" title="Spiid a lait – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Spiid a lait" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nilsutra_lo_gusni" title="nilsutra lo gusni – 로반어" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nilsutra lo gusni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="로반어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="სინათლის სიჩქარე – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინათლის სიჩქარე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cung_sai" title="Cung sai – 티얍어" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Cung sai" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="티얍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Жарық жылдамдығы – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жарық жылдамдығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BF%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA" title="ល្បឿនពន្លឺ – 크메르어" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ល្បឿនពន្លឺ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="크메르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_golow" title="Tooth golow – 콘월어" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tooth golow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="콘월어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Жарык ылдамдыгы – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарык ылдамдыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeritas_lucis" title="Celeritas lucis – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Celeritas lucis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liichtvitess" title="Liichtvitess – 룩셈부르크어" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liichtvitess" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="룩셈부르크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Экуьнин зарбвал – 레즈기안어" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Экуьнин зарбвал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="레즈기안어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidia_de_lus" title="Rapidia de lus – 링구아 프랑카 노바" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rapidia de lus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="링구아 프랑카 노바" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_de_la_lus" title="Velocità de la lus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Velocità de la lus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0viesos_greitis" title="Šviesos greitis – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šviesos greitis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaismas_%C4%81trums" title="Gaismas ātrums – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaismas ātrums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laju_cahayo" title="Laju cahayo – 미낭카바우어" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Laju cahayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="미낭카바우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="좋은 글"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Брзина на светлината – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брзина на светлината" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശവേഗം – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശവേഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Гэрлийн хурд – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэрлийн хурд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="प्रकाशाचा वेग – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाशाचा वेग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelajuan_cahaya" title="Kelajuan cahaya – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelajuan cahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အလင်းအလျင် – 버마어" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းအလျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="버마어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtsnellheid" title="Lichtsnellheid – 저지 독일어" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lichtsnellheid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="저지 독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtsnelheid" title="Lichtsnelheid – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichtsnelheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljosfarten" title="Ljosfarten – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ljosfarten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysets_hastighet" title="Lysets hastighet – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lysets hastighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocitat_de_la_lutz" title="Velocitat de la lutz – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Velocitat de la lutz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffisa_ifaa" title="Saffisa ifaa – 오로모어" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Saffisa ifaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="오로모어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੌਸ਼ਨੀ ਦੀ ਗਤੀ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੌਸ਼ਨੀ ਦੀ ਗਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%99dko%C5%9B%C4%87_%C5%9Bwiat%C5%82a" title="Prędkość światła – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prędkość światła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="روشنی دی رفتار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روشنی دی رفتار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="د لمر سرعت – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د لمر سرعت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidade_da_luz" title="Velocidade da luz – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Velocidade da luz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viteza_luminii" title="Viteza luminii – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viteza luminii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Скорость света – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скорость света" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Швыдкость світла – 루신어" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Швыдкость світла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="루신어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilucitati_d%C3%A2_luci" title="Vilucitati dâ luci – 시칠리아어" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vilucitati dâ luci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="시칠리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_o_licht" title="Speed o licht – 스코틀랜드어" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Speed o licht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brzina svjetlosti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="ආලෝකයේ වේගය – 싱할라어" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආලෝකයේ වේගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="싱할라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Speed of light" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BDchlos%C5%A5_svetla_vo_v%C3%A1kuu" title="Rýchlosť svetla vo vákuu – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rýchlosť svetla vo vákuu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitrost_svetlobe" title="Hitrost svetlobe – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hitrost svetlobe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuov%C3%A2li%C3%A4htu" title="Čuovâliähtu – 이나리 사미어" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čuovâliähtu" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="이나리 사미어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xawaaraha_Ileyska" title="Xawaaraha Ileyska – 소말리아어" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xawaaraha Ileyska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="소말리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shpejt%C3%ABsia_e_drit%C3%ABs" title="Shpejtësia e dritës – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpejtësia e dritës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Брзина светлости – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брзина светлости" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtgauegaid" title="Luchtgauegaid – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Luchtgauegaid" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laju_cahaya" title="Laju cahaya – 순다어" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laju cahaya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="순다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljusets_hastighet" title="Ljusets hastighet – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ljusets hastighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasi_ya_nuru" title="Kasi ya nuru – 스와힐리어" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kasi ya nuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="스와힐리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளியின் வேகம் – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியின் வேகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="కాంతి వేగం – 텔루구어" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి వేగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="텔루구어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%80%D3%AF%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Суръати рӯшноӣ – 타지크어" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Суръати рӯшноӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="타지크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="อัตราเร็วของแสง – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัตราเร็วของแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilis_ng_liwanag" title="Bilis ng liwanag – 타갈로그어" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bilis ng liwanag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="타갈로그어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_h%C4%B1z%C4%B1" title="Işık hızı – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Işık hızı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Яктылык тизлеге – 타타르어" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яктылык тизлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="타타르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D3%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Югытлэн ӝоглыкез – 우드말트어" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Югытлэн ӝоглыкез" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="우드말트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Швидкість світла – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швидкість світла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="روشنی کی رفتار – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روشنی کی رفتار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorug%CA%BBlik_tezligi" title="Yorugʻlik tezligi – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yorugʻlik tezligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%82osit%C3%A0_de_%C5%82a_%C5%82uze" title="Vełosità de ła łuze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vełosità de ła łuze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauktusen_piguz" title="Vauktusen piguz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vauktusen piguz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%91c_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_%C3%A1nh_s%C3%A1ng" title="Tốc độ ánh sáng – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tốc độ ánh sáng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaksi_han_lamrag" title="Kalaksi han lamrag – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalaksi han lamrag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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공용</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2111" title="데이터 저장소에 연결된 항목을 가리키는 링크 [g]" accesskey="g"><span>위키데이터 항목</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="보이기"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="빛의 속도">빛의 속도</a>에서 넘어옴)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="3" style="width:20em; font-size:85%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cec;"><b>빛의 속력 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; width:6em;">종류: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EC%83%81%EC%88%98" title="물리 상수">물리 상수</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom;">값: </th> <td>299,792,458 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%84%B0_%EB%A7%A4_%EC%B4%88" title="미터 매 초">m/s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom;">오차: </th> <td>±0.0 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%84%B0_%EB%A7%A4_%EC%B4%88" title="미터 매 초">m/s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">출처: </th> <td>제15회 Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures(CGPM) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif/220px-Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif/330px-Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif/440px-Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption>지구로부터 달까지는 빛의 속력으로 1.3초가 걸린다. <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%"> <caption>빛의 속력과 관련된 값 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center">정확한 값 </th></tr> <tr> <td>m/s</td> <td>299,792,458 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" align="center">근사값 </th></tr> <tr> <td>km/s</td> <td>300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>km/h</td> <td>1,080,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>mile/s</td> <td>186,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>mile/h</td> <td>671,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Au/day</td> <td>173 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" align="center">거리에 따른 빛의 이동 시간 </th></tr> <tr> <td>거리</td> <td>시간 </td></tr> <tr> <td>보폭(약 30cm)</td> <td>1.0 ns </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 m</td> <td>3.3 ns </td></tr> <tr> <td>지구의 둘레</td> <td>134 ms </td></tr> <tr> <td>지구로부터 달까지의 거리</td> <td>1.3 s </td></tr> <tr> <td>지구로부터 태양까지의 거리</td> <td>8.3 min </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>빛의 속력</b>(빛의速力, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>: </span><span lang="en">speed of light</span>) 또는 <b>광속</b>(光速)은 진공에서 <b>299,792,458 m/s</b>라는 정확한 값이며, 국제적으로 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>라고 표기한다. 빛의 속력은 기본 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EC%83%81%EC%88%98" title="물리 상수">물리 상수</a>로, 길이 단위인 미터는 이것으로부터 정의되었다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="특수 상대성 이론">특수 상대성 이론</a>에 따르면, c는 우주의 모든 에너지, 물질, 정보가 가질 수 있는 속도의 최댓값이며, 최근 이론에 따르면 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%ED%8C%8C" title="중력파">중력파</a>의 속력이기도 하다. 질량이 없는 입자와 장(場; 빛과 같은 전자기 복사를 포함한다)은 c로 진행하며, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="관성계">관성계</a>에서는 관찰자의 속도와 관계없이 입자와 파동은 c로 진행한다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="상대성 이론">상대성 이론</a>에 따르면, c는 시간과 공간을 연관시키며, 질량-에너지 등식 <a href="/wiki/E%3Dmc%C2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="E=mc²">E=mc²</a>에도 등장한다. 특수 상대성 이론에 따르면 모든 움직임, 즉 물질의 이동 속도는 물론, 질량을 가진 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80_%EB%B3%B4%EC%86%90" title="게이지 보손">게이지 보손</a>도 빛의 속력보다 더 빨리 움직일 수 없다. 오직 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EB%B3%80_%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="불변 질량">불변 질량</a>이 0인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%B2%B4" title="물체">물체</a>(예를 들면 광자)만이 빛의 속력으로 전파될 수 있다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="관련_이론"><span id=".EA.B4.80.EB.A0.A8_.EC.9D.B4.EB.A1.A0"></span>관련 이론</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 관련 이론"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="맥스웰_방정식"><span id=".EB.A7.A5.EC.8A.A4.EC.9B.B0_.EB.B0.A9.EC.A0.95.EC.8B.9D"></span>맥스웰 방정식</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 맥스웰 방정식"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0" class="mw-disambig" title="맥스웰">맥스웰</a>은 그 이전에 물리학에서 따로 여겨졌던 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0" title="전기">전기</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0" title="자기">자기</a>를 묶어 통일적으로 설명할 수 있는 방정식을 만들었고, 이 방정식을 기 자신의 전자기장 이론을 확립하였다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 방정식">맥스웰 방정식</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="가우스 법칙">가우스 법칙</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="가우스 자기 법칙">가우스 자기 법칙</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="패러데이 전자기 유도 법칙">패러데이 전자기 유도 법칙</a>, 앙페르-맥스웰 회로 법칙으로 이루어져 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이는 원래 열 개가 넘었던 맥스웰 방정식들을 제자들이 4개로 정리한 것이다. </p><p>1.<a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="가우스 법칙">가우스 법칙</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/556841060462dafa6265eb2815d7cb4b52891c6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.101ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}"></span> <br /> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {D} \cdot d\mathbf {A} =\int _{V}\rho \cdot dV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {D} \cdot d\mathbf {A} =\int _{V}\rho \cdot dV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/171b93b1439ee7b65ad1876b3a8659f3010bd25b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.094ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {D} \cdot d\mathbf {A} =\int _{V}\rho \cdot dV}"></span> </p><p>2.<a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="가우스 자기 법칙">가우스 자기 법칙</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16ee950683349dacdd9e9c262ff6133812747edd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.777ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \cdot d\mathbf {A} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \cdot d\mathbf {A} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db7da961f3c9e6952ba64af0dc7ce1d77a1764cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.048ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \cdot d\mathbf {A} =0}"></span> </p><p>3.<a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="패러데이 전자기 유도 법칙">패러데이 전자기 유도 법칙</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2eb118e22c941e34f5537dbbdcaa3d7ba23603e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.495ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {l} =-\ {d \over dt}\int _{S}\mathbf {B} \cdot d\mathbf {A} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">l</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {l} =-\ {d \over dt}\int _{S}\mathbf {B} \cdot d\mathbf {A} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bbcb6fa1688d020d6abb2b984e0b6827e6521b44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.108ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \cdot d\mathbf {l} =-\ {d \over dt}\int _{S}\mathbf {B} \cdot d\mathbf {A} }"></span> </p><p>4.<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="앙페르 회로 법칙">앙페르-맥스웰 회로 법칙</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b1e547245786c1011ba70585139a832c95c3bfc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.391ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} +{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {H} \cdot d\mathbf {l} =\int _{S}\mathbf {J} \cdot d\mathbf {A} +{d \over dt}\int _{S}\mathbf {D} \cdot d\mathbf {A} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">l</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {H} \cdot d\mathbf {l} =\int _{S}\mathbf {J} \cdot d\mathbf {A} +{d \over dt}\int _{S}\mathbf {D} \cdot d\mathbf {A} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dbb8814dacc1615f213bfe2d3ef859d8f598f89a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:37.31ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {H} \cdot d\mathbf {l} =\int _{S}\mathbf {J} \cdot d\mathbf {A} +{d \over dt}\int _{S}\mathbf {D} \cdot d\mathbf {A} }"></span> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>맥스웰 방정식의 미분 형태 <b></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>이름 </th> <th>"미시적" 형태 </th> <th>"거시적" 형태 </th></tr> <tr> <th>전기장에 대한 가우스 법칙 </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff0076e721a4b485bda8ff427f00e73c6efb6006" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.444ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/556841060462dafa6265eb2815d7cb4b52891c6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.101ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>자기장에 대한 가우스 법칙 </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16ee950683349dacdd9e9c262ff6133812747edd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.777ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>맥스웰-패러데이 방정식<br />(<a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" class="mw-redirect" title="패러데이의 유도 법칙">패러데이의 유도 법칙</a>) </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2eb118e22c941e34f5537dbbdcaa3d7ba23603e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.495ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%98_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" class="mw-redirect" title="앙페르의 법칙">앙페르의 법칙</a><br />(맥스웰의 수정이 포함된 형태) </th> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} +\mu _{0}\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} +\mu _{0}\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/150c52942cb071ea55aefc63f7e99a6da26ba8e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:25.538ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} +\mu _{0}\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}\ }"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3259c98becc34ab9b054509d03271e60dbace602" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.528ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>맥스웰은 이 네 개의 식으로부터 전자기와 관련된 모든 것들은 유도되어 나올 수 있다는 것을 보였다. 이 방정식으로부터 그는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%8C%8C" title="전자기파">전자기파</a>의 전파 속력의 계산값이 빛의 속력과 같은 것으로부터 빛은 전자기파라고 주장했다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="맥스웰_이론의_예측"><span id=".EB.A7.A5.EC.8A.A4.EC.9B.B0_.EC.9D.B4.EB.A1.A0.EC.9D.98_.EC.98.88.EC.B8.A1"></span>맥스웰 이론의 예측</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 맥스웰 이론의 예측"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%ED%81%AC_%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0" title="제임스 클러크 맥스웰">맥스웰</a>의 이론에 의하면 빛의 속력은 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={1 \over {\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </msqrt> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={1 \over {\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c24daff784b2b2f14630183a56c8873fef73a32b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:11.332ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={1 \over {\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}}}}}"></span>이다. </p><p>여기서 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d2cae6289b0fe626d1f9472a3416ac73e87bc5a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.998ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}}"></span>과 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe2fd9b8decb38a3cd158e7b6c0c6e2d987fefcc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}"></span>은 각각 진공의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%A8" title="유전율">유전율</a>(permittivity)과 <a href="/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A8" title="투자율">투자율</a>(permeability)이고 다음과 같이 정의된다. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9C%A8" title="유전율">유전율</a>(permittivity)</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=10^{7}/4\pi c^{2}\quad \mathrm {(in~A^{2}\,s^{4}\,kg^{-1}\,m^{-3},\,or\,F\,m^{-1})} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=10^{7}/4\pi c^{2}\quad \mathrm {(in~A^{2}\,s^{4}\,kg^{-1}\,m^{-3},\,or\,F\,m^{-1})} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04178fb8a566f749e5b5034b2eb3159f7e091a44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.962ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=10^{7}/4\pi c^{2}\quad \mathrm {(in~A^{2}\,s^{4}\,kg^{-1}\,m^{-3},\,or\,F\,m^{-1})} }"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A8" title="투자율">투자율</a>(permeability)</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=4\pi \times 10^{-7}\quad \mathrm {(in~kg\,m\,s^{-2}\,A^{-2},\,or\,N\,A^{-2})} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=4\pi \times 10^{-7}\quad \mathrm {(in~kg\,m\,s^{-2}\,A^{-2},\,or\,N\,A^{-2})} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a2fccfe080b623d58406663ed005cc1ce325fb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.099ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}=4\pi \times 10^{-7}\quad \mathrm {(in~kg\,m\,s^{-2}\,A^{-2},\,or\,N\,A^{-2})} }"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>이는 움직이거나 정지한 관측자에 관계없이 일정하다. 이같은 사실에서 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="특수상대성이론">특수 상대론</a>이 출현했다. </p> <div class="mw-heading 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0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="특수 상대성이론">특수상대론</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:World_line.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The world line: a diagrammatic representation of spacetime"><img alt="The world line: a diagrammatic representation of spacetime" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/World_line.svg/200px-World_line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/World_line.svg/300px-World_line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/World_line.svg/400px-World_line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="상대성 원리">상대성 원리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="상대성이론">상대성이론</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><span style="font-size:115%;">기초</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%ED%95%99" title="운동학">상대운동</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%A2%8C%ED%91%9C%EA%B3%84" title="관성 좌표계">관성 좌표계</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">광속</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 방정식">맥스웰 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98" title="로런츠 변환">로런츠 변환</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><span style="font-size:115%;">결과</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84_%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="시간 팽창">시간 팽창</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Mass in special relativity">상대론적 질량(relativistic mass)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89%E2%80%93%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%93%B1%EA%B0%80" class="mw-redirect" title="질량–에너지 등가">질량–에너지 등가</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B8%EC%9D%B4%EC%88%98%EC%B6%95" class="mw-redirect" title="길이수축">길이수축</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%9C%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1" title="동시성의 상대성">동시성의 상대성</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" class="extiw" title="w:Relativistic Doppler effect">상대론적 도플러 효과(relativistic Doppler effect)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_precession" class="extiw" title="w:Thomas precession">토머스 세차 운동(Thomas precession)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0%EC%A0%81_%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98" title="상대론적 원반">상대론적 원반</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EC%9D%98_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4" title="벨의 우주선 역설">벨의 우주선 역설</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenfest_paradox" class="extiw" title="w:Ehrenfest paradox">에렌페스트 역설(Ehrenfest paradox)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="시공간">시공간</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="민코프스키 공간">민코프스키 시공간</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime_diagram" class="extiw" title="w:Spacetime diagram">시공간 다이어그램(Spacetime diagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%84%A0" title="세계선">세계선</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%B6%94" title="광추">광추</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="동역학">동역학</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84" title="고유 시간">고유 시간</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EB%B3%80%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="불변질량">불변질량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%B0%A8%EC%9B%90_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%9F%89" title="사차원 운동량">사차원 운동량</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><div class="hlist" style="font-size:110%;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="특수상대론의 역사">역사</a></li><li>선구자</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="갈릴레오 상대성">갈릴레오 상대성</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EA%B5%B0" title="갈릴레이 군">갈릴레오 변환</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_theories" class="extiw" title="w:Aether theories">에테르설(aether theories)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><span style="font-size:115%;">사람</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알베르트 아인슈타인">아인슈타인</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%86%80%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A1%B0%EB%A8%B8%ED%8E%A0%ED%8A%B8" title="아르놀트 조머펠트">조머펠트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%AC%ED%96%84_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%AC%EC%8A%A8" title="앨버트 에이브러햄 마이컬슨">마이컬슨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC" title="에드워드 몰리">몰리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%BC%EC%B8%A0%EC%A0%9C%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C" title="조지 프랜시스 피츠제럴드">피츠제럴드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%94%84_%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%B8%A0" title="구스타프 헤르글로츠">헤르글로츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0" title="헨드릭 로런츠">로런츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%A6%AC_%ED%91%B8%EC%95%B5%EC%B9%B4%EB%A0%88" title="앙리 푸앵카레">푸앵카레</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%EB%AF%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="헤르만 민코프스키">민코프스키</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%BC%EC%A1%B0" title="이폴리트 피조">피조</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%95%A8" title="막스 아브라함">아브라함</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%B8" title="막스 보른">보른</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC" title="막스 플랑크">플랑크</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%97%90" title="막스 폰 라우에">폰 라우에</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8_%EC%97%90%EB%A0%8C%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="파울 에렌페스트">에렌페스트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%86%A8%EB%A8%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="리처드 체이스 톨먼">톨먼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%94%94%EB%9E%99" title="폴 디랙">디랙</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity_(alternative_formulations)" class="extiw" title="w:Special relativity (alternative formulations)">특수 상대성 이론의<br />대안 공식화(alternative formulations)</a> <br /></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/21px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/28px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="포털:물리학">물리학 포털</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="분류"><img alt="분류" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="분류:특수 상대성이론">분류</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311309">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0" title="틀:특수상대론"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:특수상대론 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0" title="특수:문서편집/틀:특수상대론"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 방정식">맥스웰 방정식</a>은 갈릴레이-뉴턴의 상대성원리를 만족하지 않았고 이는 물리학의 난제였다. 이 모순을 해결하기 위해 노력하던 중, 1905년 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="아인슈타인">아인슈타인</a>은 맥스웰의 전자기학 이론과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="에테르">에테르</a>에 대한 증거 부족에 동기부여를 받아 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="특수 상대성 이론">특수 상대성 이론</a>을 정립했다. 특수상대성 이론은 불명확했던 전자기 이론들을 명확하게 하였다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="아인슈타인">아인슈타인</a>의 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="특수상대성이론">특수상대성이론</a>은 빛의 속력 불변의 원리<sup id="cite_ref-special1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>를 바탕으로 상대방에 대해 등속으로 움직이는 두 개의 기준 틀에서 고전 전자기 법칙이 변하지 않고 유지되는 새로운 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="시공간">시공간</a> 개념을 제시한다. 모든 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B1%EC%A2%8C%ED%91%9C%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="관성좌표계">관성좌표계</a>에서 빛의 속력이 일정하다고 가정하면, 서로 다른 속도를 가진 관성좌표계에서 자연 법칙은 동일한 형태로 기술될 수 있다. 일반적으로 기본 상수 c는 시공간 내에서 동일한 값을 가진다고 가정하고 있고 이것은 그것들은 위치나 시간에 비의존적임을 의미한다. 그러나 많은 이론에서 시간에 따라서 빛의 속력이 달라질 수 있다고 주장하고 있다. 아직 빛의 속력이 변한다는 결정적인 증거는 발견되지 않았지만 계속해서 연구가 진행 중이다. 일반적으로 빛의 속력은 등방성이라 가정한다. 이것은 빛의 속력을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B8%A1%EC%A0%95" title="측정">측정</a>하는 방향에 영향을 받지 않고 동일한 값을 갖는 것을 의미한다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>특수상대성 이론은 두 개의 가정에 기초한다. 첫 번째로 물리학의 법칙은 모든 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B1%EC%A2%8C%ED%91%9C%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="관성좌표계">관성좌표계</a>에서 일정하게 적용된다는 것이다.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>두 번째 가정은 빛의 속력의 불변의 원리이다. 빛의 속력은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%84%B1%EC%A2%8C%ED%91%9C%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="관성좌표계">관성좌표계</a>와 파원의 움직임과 관계없이 모든 관성좌표계에서 동일한 값(c = <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2.99792458*10^{8}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2.99792458</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2.99792458*10^{8}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2b36fcef42cfa99de33fb68b190afba0be4bd93a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:16.683ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2.99792458*10^{8}}"></span> m/s)을 갖는다. 이 두 개의 가정을 바탕으로 하여 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="특수 상대성 이론">특수 상대성 이론</a>은 반직관적이고 실험적으로 확인되는 예측을 가진다.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이는 시간 지연과 길이 수축을 포함한다. 시간 지연이란 움직임을 가지는 기준계에서의 시계는 시계에 대해 정지하고 있는 관찰자가 측정한 시간은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84" title="고유 시간">고유 시간</a>보다 천천히 간다는 것이다. 길이 역시 기준계에 대해 다르게 측정된다. 길이 수축이라는 것은 움직이는 기준계의 관찰자가 측정한 물체의 길이는 고유길이보다 짧다는 것이다. 고유길이란 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84" title="고유 시간">고유 시간</a>과 같이 그 물체에 대해 정지해 있는 관찰자가 측정한 길이를 말한다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%B8%A0" class="mw-disambig" title="로렌츠">로렌츠</a> 상수라고 알려진 길이 수축과 시간 지연 앞에 붙는 상수 γ의 식은 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{(1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}})^{\frac {1}{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{(1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}})^{\frac {1}{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e7121c7ba73d06437a65ef5dcde6bbf99aeee94c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:15.21ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {1}{(1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}})^{\frac {1}{2}}}}}"></span>으로 주어진다. 여기서 v는 물체의 속도를 말한다. 1과 γ의 차이는 일반적으로 무시할 수 있는데, 왜냐하면 대부분의 물체는 빛보다 훨씬 느리기 때문이다. 하지만 이것은 상대론적 속도에서 증가되고 v가 빛의 속력에 가까워지면, <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%9C" title="무한">무한</a>대로 발산하게 된다. </p><p>빛의 속력에는 일방속력(one –way speed)과 쌍방속력(two-way speed)이 존재한다. One-way speed of light의 예로는 빛이 광원에서 먼 관측자로 이동하는 경우의 속력이 있다. Two-way speed of light의 예로는 빛이 광원에서 나가서 거울에 반사되어 다시 돌아오는 경우의 속력이 있다. 실험적으로는 two- way speed of light만이 측정가능하다. 하지만, 시계가 광원과 관측자의 위치에서 동기화된다는 가정이 없다면 one- way speed of light는 측정 불가능하다. 그러나 아인슈타인의 시계의 동기화의 개념을 채택하면, 빛의 one- way speed of light는 빛의 two-way speed of light와 정의에 의해 같아진다.<sup id="cite_ref-special2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-special3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="측정_방법과_역사"><span id=".EC.B8.A1.EC.A0.95_.EB.B0.A9.EB.B2.95.EA.B3.BC_.EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>측정 방법과 역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 측정 방법과 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>현대 초기까지도 빛이 무한한 속도로 즉시 이동하는지, 굉장히 빠른 유한한 속도로 이동하는지 알려지지 않았다. 이 문제에 관한 최초의 기록은 고대 그리스에서 발견되었고, 고대 그리스인들 중 무슬림 학자들과 유럽의 고전 과학자들은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A2%B0%EB%A8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="뢰머">뢰머</a>가 최초로 빛의 속력을 계산하기 전까지 오랫동안 토론을 했다. 아인슈타인의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="상대성 이론">상대성 이론</a>에서는 빛의 속력이 일정하다고 말한다. 이때부터, 과학자들은 정확한 계산들을 제공하고 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="고대부터_중세까지"><span id=".EA.B3.A0.EB.8C.80.EB.B6.80.ED.84.B0_.EC.A4.91.EC.84.B8.EA.B9.8C.EC.A7.80"></span>고대부터 중세까지</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 고대부터 중세까지"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%A0%ED%8E%98%EB%8F%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="엠페도클레스">엠페도클레스</a>는 빛이 유한한 속도를 가진다고 주장한 첫 번째 사람이다. 그는 빛이 움직이고, 따라서 이동하는 데 약간의 시간이 필요하다고 주장했다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="아리스토텔레스">아리스토텔레스</a>는 반대로 빛이 움직임이 아닌 어떤 것의 존재 때문이라고 말했다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="에우클레이데스">에우클레이데스</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%ED%86%A8%EB%A0%88%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="프톨레마이오스">프톨레마이오스</a>는 빛이 눈으로부터 나와서 볼 수 있다는 emission theory of vision을 발전시켰다. 이 이론에 기초하여 알렉산드리아의 헤론은 별과 같이 떨어진 물체들을 눈을 뜨자마자 바로 볼 수 있기 때문에 빛의 속력이 무한하다고 주장했다. </p><p>초기 이슬람 철학자들은 처음에는 빛은 이동하는 시간이 없다는 아리스토텔레스적 의견에 동의했다. 1021년에, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%95%8C%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%BC" title="이븐 알하이삼">이븐 알하이삼</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%95%8C%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%BC#광학의_서" title="이븐 알하이삼">《광학의 서》</a>를 출판하였고, 그 책에서 그는 현재 인정되고 있는, 빛이 물체에서 눈으로 들어온다는 intromission theory of vision을 받아들였고, emission theory를 반박하였다. 알하젠은 빛의 속력이 반드시 유한하여야 하며, 이는 밀도가 높은 물체에서 감소하는 등 달라질 수 있다고 주장했다. 그는 또한 우리의 감각으로 알 수는 없어도 빛은 전달에 시간이 걸리는 실질적인 물질이라고 주장했다. <a href="/wiki/11%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="11세기">11세기</a>에는 Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī가 빛이 유한한 속도를 가지고 있다고 동의하였고, 소리의 속력보다 빛의 속력이 더 빠르다는 것을 관찰했다. <a href="/wiki/13%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="13세기">13세기</a>에는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A8" title="로저 베이컨">로저 베이컨</a>이 이븐 알하이삼과 아리스토텔레스의 저서로부터 철학적 논거를 사용하여 공기 중의 빛의 속력이 유한하지 않다고 말했다. <a href="/wiki/1279%EB%85%84" title="1279년">1279년</a>에는 위텔로가 진공상태에서 빛의 이동이 유한한 속도를 가지고 있다는 가능성을 고려했다. 그리고 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="밀도">밀도</a>가 높은 물체에서는 속력이 감소한다고 했다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17세기에_들어서"><span id="17.EC.84.B8.EA.B8.B0.EC.97.90_.EB.93.A4.EC.96.B4.EC.84.9C"></span>17세기에 들어서</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 17세기에 들어서"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>17세기에 들어서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BC%80%ED%94%8C%EB%9F%AC" title="요하네스 케플러">요하네스 케플러</a>가 빈 우주가 장애물이 없다는 것을 안 뒤부터 빛의 속력이 유한하다고 믿었다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="데카르트">데카르트</a>는 만약 빛의 속력이 유한하다면, 태양, 지구, 그리고 달이 월식 때 일렬에서 벗어날 것이라고 주장했다. 하지만 그 당시는 일렬이 아니라는 것을 관찰하지 못한 시기였기 때문에 데카르트는 빛의 속력이 무한하다고 결론지었다. 데카르트는 빛의 속력이 유한하다면, 그의 철학 전체가 붕괴될 것이라고 말했다. 1629년, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%B2%A0%ED%81%AC%EB%A7%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="아이작 베크만 (없는 문서)">아이작 베크만</a>은 빛의 속력을 측정하는 실험을 설계했다. 한 사람이 1.99999km 떨어져 있는 곳에서 거울에 반사되는 빛을 관찰하는 실험이었다. 1638년에는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4_%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="갈릴레오 갈릴레이">갈릴레오 갈릴레이</a>가 빛의 속력을 측정하기 위해서 두 개의 떨어진 랜턴의 빛이 도달하는 차를 이용하려고 했다. 하지만 그는 빛이 유한한 속도로, 또는 무한한 속도로 이동하는 것을 알지 못하였고, 빛의 속력이 유한하다면 그것은 굉장히 빠를 것이라고 결론지었다. 갈릴레오의 실험은 이탈리아 플로렌스의 Accaedmia del Cimento에서 1마일 떨어진 랜턴을 사용하여 시행되었으나 빛의 시간차는 보이지 않았다. 이 실험의 실질적인 시간차는 11마이크로초이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="뢰머의_빛의_속력_측정"><span id=".EB.A2.B0.EB.A8.B8.EC.9D.98_.EB.B9.9B.EC.9D.98_.EC.86.8D.EB.A0.A5_.EC.B8.A1.EC.A0.95"></span>뢰머의 빛의 속력 측정</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 뢰머의 빛의 속력 측정"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A2%B0%EB%A8%B8%EC%9D%98_%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84_%EC%B8%A1%EC%A0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="뢰머의 빛의 속도 측정">뢰머의 빛의 속도 측정</a>입니다.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Illustration_from_1676_article_on_Ole_R%C3%B8mer%27s_measurement_of_the_speed_of_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Illustration_from_1676_article_on_Ole_R%C3%B8mer%27s_measurement_of_the_speed_of_light.jpg/220px-Illustration_from_1676_article_on_Ole_R%C3%B8mer%27s_measurement_of_the_speed_of_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Illustration_from_1676_article_on_Ole_R%C3%B8mer%27s_measurement_of_the_speed_of_light.jpg/330px-Illustration_from_1676_article_on_Ole_R%C3%B8mer%27s_measurement_of_the_speed_of_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Illustration_from_1676_article_on_Ole_R%C3%B8mer%27s_measurement_of_the_speed_of_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>뢰머의 광속도 측정</figcaption></figure><p>1676년 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%A0%88_%EB%A2%B0%EB%A8%B8" title="올레 뢰머">올레 뢰머</a>는 첫 번째로 빛의 속도를 정성적인 측정값으로 구했다. 뢰머는 덴마크 천문학자로서 천문학적 방법을 사용해서 빛의 속도를 측정하였다. 그는 목성의 위성 중 ‘<a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4" class="mw-disambig" title="이오">이오</a>’가 식(목성의 그림자에 의해 가려지는 현상)이 발생할 때, 지구가 공전궤도에서 가까이 있을 때가 멀리 있을 때보다 22분 빨리 나타난다는 것을 관측했다. 지구에서 봤을 때, 이오의 식은 두 가지 방법으로 관측이 가능한데, 이오가 보이다가 안 보일 때, 이오가 목성의 그림자 안으로 들어갈 때가 immersion, 이오가 안 보이다가 보일 때, 이오가 목성의 그림자에서 나올 때가 emergence인데, 지구에서는 목성이 가로막기 때문에 동일한 식의 immersion과 emergence를 동시에 볼 수 없다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%B6%A9" title="충">충</a>의 위치에서는 둘 중 어느 것도 보지 못 한다. 목성이 충의 위치에 있을 때부터 4달이 지난 후(L부터 K까지)부터는 이오의 emergence를 볼 수 있고, 충의 위치에서 4달 전(F부터 G까지)는 이오의 immersion을 볼 수 있다. 이 시기가 아닌 5~6달은 식을 관찰할 수 없는데, 지구와 목성이 적절한 위치에 있더라도 지구의 어떤 지역에서는 이오의 식을 볼 수 없다. 이를 통해 그는 빛이 유한한 속도로 이동한다고 결론내릴 수 있었고, 빛이 지구 궤도의 지름을 가로지르는 데 22분(실제로는 16분 36초)이 걸린다는 것을 측정했다. 뢰머는 규모의 비교 증명(빛의 속력이 ‘지구 지름/1초’보다 훨씬 크다고 결론)과 누적 효과(빛의 유한한 속도의 영향이 많은 관측들을 통해 늘어날 것; 프랑스 과학 아카데미에서 발표) 등을 이용해서 이것이 빛이 지구에 오는 동안 지구가 공전하여 생기는 거리(지구가 목성과 가까워 질 때의 거리와 멀어질 때의 거리 차이)의 차이 때문이라고 예측하고 여러 번의 시행착오와 관측 결과를 이용하여 빛의 속력을 약 212 000 km/s으로 측정하였다. 뢰머는 자신의 방법을 공식적으로 서술한 적이 없지만, 그의 계산은 ‘지식인의 잡지’의 뉴스보도와 1676년 8월 22일 카시니의 발표로 알 수 있다. 이 값은 오늘날의 측정값인 2.997925*10^8 m/s와 비교하였을 때 오차(약 26%)가 상당하지만, 최초로 빛의 속력을 정밀하게 측정했다는 것에 큰 의의를 가진다. </p><p>뢰머가 쓴 논문들은 1728년 코펜하겐에서 불이 났을 때 대부분 없어졌지만, 1668년부터 1768년까지 발생한 60번의 이오 식의 관측결과를 담고 있는 한 개의 논문은 불타지 않았다. 뢰머는 1677년 9월 30일에 1671년부터 1673년의 관측 자료가 그의 계산의 기초를 만들었다고 하위헌스에게 편지를 썼다. 하위헌스의 Opticks(1704) 책을 보면 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4" title="아이작 뉴턴">아이작 뉴턴</a>이 뢰머의 빛의 속력 계산값을 기록했고, 태양으로부터 지구까지 빛이 이동하는 데 “7~8분”이 걸린다고 했다. 뉴턴은 뢰머의 식 현상의 그림자가 색을 띤다는 것에 대해 의문을 가졌고, 다른 색의 빛이 같은 속도로 이동한다고 결론지었다. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1"> <caption>1676년 뢰머의 이오의 식 관측 결과<br /><span style="font-weight:lighter; font-size:80%;line-height:0.8;">짝수 번째 열의 값은 뢰머의 관측 결과에서 계산되었다.</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>월</th> <th>일</th> <th>시간</th> <th>지구 위치</th> <th>궤도</th> <th>평균 식 시간 </th></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>13</td> <td>2:49:42</td> <td><b>C</b></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><small>2 750 789 s</small></td> <td></td> <td>18</td> <td colspan="2">42.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>13</td> <td>22:56:11</td> <td><b>C</b></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><small>4 747 719 s</small></td> <td></td> <td>31</td> <td colspan="2">42.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>7</td> <td>21:44:50</td> <td><b>D</b></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><small>612 065 s</small></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td colspan="2">42.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>14</td> <td>23:45:55</td> <td><b>D</b></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><small>764 718 s</small></td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td>42.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>23</td> <td>20:11:13</td> <td><b>D</b></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><small>6 906 272 s</small></td> <td></td> <td>45</td> <td>42.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>9</td> <td>17:35:45</td> <td><b>D</b></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="제임스_브래들리의_광행차"><span id=".EC.A0.9C.EC.9E.84.EC.8A.A4_.EB.B8.8C.EB.9E.98.EB.93.A4.EB.A6.AC.EC.9D.98_.EA.B4.91.ED.96.89.EC.B0.A8"></span>제임스 브래들리의 광행차</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 제임스 브래들리의 광행차"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1729년에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%98%EB%93%A4%EB%A6%AC" title="제임스 브래들리">제임스 브래들리</a>는 광행차를 발견했다. 광행차는 떨어진 광원으로부터 빛이 도달할 때, 빛의 속도의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B2%A1%ED%84%B0_%EA%B0%80%EB%B2%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="벡터 가법 (없는 문서)">벡터 가법</a>과 관측자로부터의 속도로 인해서 생긴다. 따라서 움직이는 관측자는 빛이 약간 다른 방향에서 오는 것처럼 보게 되고, 결과적으로 광원이 원래의 자리로부터 옮겨진 것처럼 생각하게 되는 것이다. 지구가 태양을 계속해서 돌 때 지구의 속도 방향 또한 바뀌므로 이 효과는 별의 방향이 바뀌는 것처럼 보이게 한다. 별의 각도차로 인해서(최대 20.5각초) 태양을 도는 지구의 속도를 빛의 속도로 나타내는 것이 가능한 것이다. 이미 알려진 태양에서 지구까지의 거리를 시간으로 바꿔서 풀면 된다. 효과로부터 그는 빛이 지구가 그 궤도 안에서 움직이는 것보다 10,210배 빨리, 또는 동등하게 태양부터 지구까지 이동하는 데 8분 12초가 걸리게 이동한다고 하였다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="이폴리트_피조의_실험"><span id=".EC.9D.B4.ED.8F.B4.EB.A6.AC.ED.8A.B8_.ED.94.BC.EC.A1.B0.EC.9D.98_.EC.8B.A4.ED.97.98"></span>이폴리트 피조의 실험</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 이폴리트 피조의 실험"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>19세기 무렵 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%BC%EC%A1%B0" title="이폴리트 피조">이폴리트 피조</a>는 지구에서의 비행시간 측정- 기간 발사체가 공기 중에 떠 있는 시간을 말하는 용어- 땅에서 발사된 입자의 초기속도를 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span> 라고 하고, 아래쪽을 향한 가속도를 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span>, 발사체의 발사각도를 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"></span> 라고 할 때 <br /> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=vt-{\frac {1}{2}}at^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> <msup> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=vt-{\frac {1}{2}}at^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dde5054efbe6f0167d4528479eb36559e264a8e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:14.119ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=vt-{\frac {1}{2}}at^{2}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t={\frac {2v\sin \theta }{a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>v</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t={\frac {2v\sin \theta }{a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e99cc0d81fa0742ee17ec5c8e700fb1923be0424" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.785ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t={\frac {2v\sin \theta }{a}}}"></span> <br /> 라는 식을 얻을 수 있다. 이를 이용한 방법이 바로 비행 시간 측정방법-에 기초한 빛의 속력 측정 방법을 개발하였으며 약 315 000 km/s로 보고하였다. 이때 시행된 실험을 피조의 실험이라고 부르며, 1851년에 움직이는 물에 대한 상대적 빛의 속도를 측정하는 실험이었다. 피조는 매질의 이동 효과를 측정하기 위한 특별한 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%84%AD%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="간섭계">간섭계</a>의 배열을 사용했다.<sup id="cite_ref-fiz1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiz1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fiz2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiz2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:%ED%94%BC%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ko/thumb/e/ee/%ED%94%BC%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95.png/700px-%ED%94%BC%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ko/e/ee/%ED%94%BC%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95.png 1.5x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="117" /></a><figcaption>피조의 실험기구(1851)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="광원">광원</a> S'에서 나오는 광선은 광선분열기에 반사 되며 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%8C%EC%A6%88" title="렌즈">렌즈</a> L 에 평행한 빛이 들어간다. O1 와 O2의 슬릿을 차례로 지나고 난 후 두 빛은 물이 화살표와 같이 흐르는 A1 과 A2 튜브를 따라 진행한다. 빛들이 렌즈 L'의 초점에 위치해 있는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%9A%B8" title="거울">거울</a> m에 반사되기 때문에 하나의 빛은 언제나 물의 흐름과 같은 방향으로 전파되며 다른 빛은 반대방향으로 전파된다. 튜브의 앞쪽, 그리고 뒤쪽으로 진행되고 난 후 두 빛은 S에서 합쳐진다. 이때 점 S에서는 접안렌즈를 통해 보여지는 간섭무늬를 만든다. 간섭무늬는 각각의 튜브를 오가는 빛의 속도 결정에 분석될 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="피조-푸코_장치"><span id=".ED.94.BC.EC.A1.B0-.ED.91.B8.EC.BD.94_.EC.9E.A5.EC.B9.98"></span>피조-푸코 장치</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 피조-푸코 장치"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Foucault_apparatus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Foucault_apparatus.JPG/300px-Foucault_apparatus.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Foucault_apparatus.JPG/450px-Foucault_apparatus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Foucault_apparatus.JPG/600px-Foucault_apparatus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>푸코 장치. 빛이 왼쪽의 회전되는 거울에서 위의 고정 거울로 반사된다. 고정거울에서 반사된 빛은 다시 회전 거울로 튕겨지고 이는 각θ 만큼의 이동이 있게된다. 망원경에서는 2θ만큼의 차이가 관측된다.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Fizeau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fizeau.JPG/300px-Fizeau.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Fizeau.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>피조 장치. 빛은 톱니를 지나 뒤쪽 거울에 반사되어 다른 톱니를 지나 관측된다</figcaption></figure> <p>피조-푸코 장치(1850) (Figure 1)는 빛의 속도를 측정하기 위해 프랑스 물리학자 이폴리트 피조와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%B9_%ED%91%B8%EC%BD%94" title="레옹 푸코">레옹 푸코</a>가 구상한 것이다. 이 장치는 빛이 회전하는 거울에 반사되어 20<a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%BC" title="마일">마일</a>(35 킬로미터) 뒤에 있는 정지되어 있는 거울을 향하게 만들어 놓았다. 정지거울에 반사되어오는 시간이 지남에 따라 회전거울이 약간씩 움직이면서 빛이 원래의 방향에서 미세한 각도 차로 빗나가게 된다.<sup id="cite_ref-Baierlenin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baierlenin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 만약 거울 사이의 거리를 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}"></span>라 하면, 정지거울에 반사되어 돌아오는 데 걸리는 시간은 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{c}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{c}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a5c9735565ebde618d8737cdef53c9b77f0a01" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.338ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{c}}}"></span>이다. 회전거울이 조절가능한 회전속도<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/edd965595f789c0ef0a773b57e9f0d8a03e1964a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.142ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}"></span>로 움직인다면 그 각도는 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab4938a18f9fed49e363cbe5db1ef29c745f7bfa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.331ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{c}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{c}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a5c9735565ebde618d8737cdef53c9b77f0a01" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.338ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{c}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>이 식으로 빛의 속도 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>는 측정값 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"></span> 회전거울의 회전속도, 측정값 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}"></span>로 계산 가능해진다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c821b8002ddffc212951d11949511ee095bcf2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.248ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\frac {d\theta }{dt}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{\theta }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mi>θ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{\theta }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf3ff75be65627aab0d4ae16ff39803432f2928d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.338ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {2h}{\theta }}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>탐지기는 빛의 근원으로부터 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/493f1772ffdb7096362a9de2d587b65a79f4b6f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.253ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\theta }"></span> 만큼인 각도에 위치하는데 그 이유는 법선을 기준으로 회전거울이 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"></span> 만큼 회전하고, 빛의 입사각과 그 반사각으로 인해 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"></span> 만큼 줄어들기 때문이다. </p><p>푸코는 피조의 두 정지거울로 된 실험을 토대로 이 장치를 구상하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Azzawi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Azzawi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>이 때 피조의 빛의 속도 값은 5% 정도 더 높았다고 한다. 물 속에서 빛의 속도를 측정한 피조의 실험에서 빛이 공기에서보다 물 속에서 더 느리다는 결과가 나오자 그의 업적은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%91_%EB%89%B4%ED%84%B4" title="아이작 뉴턴">아이작 뉴턴</a>의 입자설을 완전히 망쳐놓게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-newtonparticle_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newtonparticle-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>뉴턴은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88" title="굴절">굴절</a>을 중간 매개체 빛을 당기는 것이라 예상하였고, 그 매개체에서 빛의 속도가 상승할거라 생각했었다. 하지만, 피조는 간단하게 빛의 경로를 물 속으로 쏘아주면서 공기에서보다 물 속에서 빛의 속도가 더 느리다는 것을 보여줬다.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1856년, 빌헬름 베버와 루돌프 콜라우시는 레이덴 병을 방전하면서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="전자기">전자기</a>와 정전기적 전하의 단위의 비<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/97b2035139725216fbc74d1c72407762b513a04c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.199ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\sqrt {\epsilon _{0}\mu _{0}}})}"></span>를 구하였다. 그리고는 그것이 피조가 측정한 빛의 속도와 매우 비슷하다는 것을 깨달았다. 이듬해, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%94%84_%ED%82%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%9E%88%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84" title="구스타프 키르히호프">구스타프 키르히호프</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="저항">저항</a>이 없는 전선을 타고 흐르는 전기신호의 속도를 측정하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-graneau_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graneau-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="마이컬슨_몰리_실험"><span id=".EB.A7.88.EC.9D.B4.EC.BB.AC.EC.8A.A8_.EB.AA.B0.EB.A6.AC_.EC.8B.A4.ED.97.98"></span>마이컬슨 몰리 실험</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 마이컬슨 몰리 실험"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%AC%EC%8A%A8-%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98" title="마이컬슨-몰리 실험">마이컬슨-몰리 실험</a>입니다.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Michelson-Morley_experiment_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg/350px-Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg/525px-Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg/700px-Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>비록 이 실험장치는 레이저를 사용하고 있으나 마이컬슨의 초창기 간섭계와 원리는 동일하다</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%AC%EC%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="앨버트 마이컬슨">앨버트 마이컬슨</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC" title="에드워드 몰리">에드워드 몰리</a>(Edward Morley)는 1887년, 현재의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%80%EB%B8%8C_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="케이스 웨스턴 리저브 대학교">케이스 웨스턴 리저브 대학교</a>(Case Western Reserve University)에서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="물리학">물리학</a>의 역사상 가장 중요한 실험 중 하나인 <b>마이컬슨-몰리 실험</b>을 하였다. 이 실험의 결과는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC)" title="에테르 (물리)">광학적 에테르 이론</a>을 부정하는 최초의 유력한 증거가 되었다. 이 실험은 또한 두 번째 과학 혁명의 이론적 관점의 시발점이라고 불리기도 한다<sup id="cite_ref-michelson1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michelson1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 앨버트 마이컬슨은 이 실험으로 1907년에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 물리학상">노벨 물리학상</a>을 수여 받았다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="실험"><span id=".EC.8B.A4.ED.97.98"></span>실험</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 실험"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>마이컬슨은 에테르 바람을 측정할 수 있을 정도로 정교한 실험장치를 제작하였다. 추후 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%84%AD%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="간섭계">간섭계</a>(interferometer)라고 알려진 그의 장치는 백색광의 단일 광원을 반투명 거울(half-silvered mirror)을 통해 직각으로 나누어 두 개의 광선으로 만든다. 이 나눔계(splitter)를 지나고 나면, 광선은 길게 뻗은 팔(arm)을 지나 그 끝에 장착된 거울을 통해 다시 중간지점으로 반사되어 온다. 중간으로 반사된 파는 나눔계(splitter)를 통해 다시 결합이 되어 빛이 각 팔(arm)에서 이동한 시간차에 따라 보강 또는 상쇄 간섭 무늬가 일어난다. 미세한 시간차에 의해서도 간섭무늬의 주름(interference fringe)의 위치가 변화한다. 만약 에테르가 태양에 상대적으로 정지해 있다면, 지구의 운동은 간섭무늬 주름 한 개의 1/25배 크기만큼의 간섭무늬의 변화를 일으킬 것이다. </p><p>1881년 마이컬슨이 독일에서 상기 실험 장치를 이용하여 간섭무늬의 변화 값을 측정하였지만, 간섭무늬의 변화가 기대 값인 0.04값(간섭무늬 한 개의 0.04크기되는 만큼의 변화) 보다 작은 0.02 값을 얻었다.<sup id="cite_ref-michelson2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michelson2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 그의 초창기 실험장치는 에테르 바람의 존재에 대해 확신을 갖고 말하기에는 실험적 오차가 너무 컸다. 에테르 바람을 측정하기 위해서는 보다 정확하고 정교하게 통제된 실험이 필요하였다. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg/350px-Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg/525px-Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg/700px-Michelsonmorley-boxplot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>마이컬슨-몰리 실험의 데이터</figcaption></figure> <p>그 후 그는 에드워드 몰리와 합작하여, 에테르 바람에 의한 간섭무늬의 변화를 측정할 수 있을 정도로 정교한 실험장치를 제작하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-michelson3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michelson3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그들의 실험에서는 광선이 긴 팔(arm)을 앞 뒤로 반사하여 여러 번 왕복하게 설계되어 총 경로가 11 m가 되도록 하였다. 광선이 11 m 이동하면 이론적으로 간섭무늬의 변화가 주름 한 개의 0.4배의 크기만큼 나타나야 한다. 이를 보다 쉽고 정확히 측정하기 위해서, 실험은 열과 진동의 효과를 최소화할 수 있는 벽돌로 된 빌딩 지하의 폐쇄된 방에서 이루어졌다. 그리고 보다 진동에 의한 오차를 줄이기 위해 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9D%80" title="수은">수은</a>으로 채운 욕조에 대리석을 띄워 그 위에 실험장치를 설치하였다. 이 장치는 간섭무늬 한 개의 주름의 1/100배 크기의 변화를 측정할 수 있을 정도로 정교하였다. </p><p>수은 욕조에 의해 실험장치가 회전할 수 있어, 모든 각도에서 에테르 바람의 측정이 가능하였다. 짧은 측정 시간에도, 실험장치를 회전시킴으로 인해 실험오차 원인을 발견할 수 있다. 또한 보다 긴 낮과 밤의 사이클과 연간 사이클에 의한 영향도 쉽게 측정할 수 있다. </p><p>실험 장치가 한 바퀴를 도는 동안, 실험장치의 두 개의 팔(arm)은 각각 에테르 바람과 평행하게 두 번, 직각으로 두 번 나열되게 된다. 이에 의해 결과는 두 개의 최고값과 두 개의 최저값을 갖는 사인파 형태로 나타난다. 추가적으로 에테르 바람이 지구 자전운동에서만 발생한다면, 바람은 12시간의 주기로 그 방향이 동쪽에서 서쪽으로 바뀔 것이다. 이러한 이상적인 개념화에서는 사인파가 낮과 밤으로 서로 반대되는 위상을 가질 것이다. </p><p>지구의 공전 운동이 에테르 바람에 추가적인 성분을 제공할 것이므로, 에테르 바람의 크기 변화가 1년 단위의 주기를 가지고 일어날 것이라고 예측하였다. 앞으로 날아가는 헬리콥터가 이러한 예가 될 수 있다. 헬리콥터가 공중에 제자리에 떠 있을 때는 헬리콥터 날개의 끝 부분이 300 km/h의 속력으로 회전한다. 그러나 만약 헬리콥터가 150 km/h의 속력으로 앞으로 날아가고 있다면, 회전 날개의 끝부분이 공기를 150 km/h의 속력으로 통과하는 곳이 있고(아래방향 바람) 450 km/h의 속력으로 통과하는 곳이 있다(윗방향 바람). 이와 동일한 효과로 에테르 바람의 크기는 1년을 주기로 증감할 것이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="근현대의_빛의_속력"><span id=".EA.B7.BC.ED.98.84.EB.8C.80.EC.9D.98_.EB.B9.9B.EC.9D.98_.EC.86.8D.EB.A0.A5"></span>근현대의 빛의 속력</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 근현대의 빛의 속력"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="로렌츠와_아인슈타인"><span id=".EB.A1.9C.EB.A0.8C.EC.B8.A0.EC.99.80_.EC.95.84.EC.9D.B8.EC.8A.88.ED.83.80.EC.9D.B8"></span>로렌츠와 아인슈타인</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=15" title="부분 편집: 로렌츠와 아인슈타인"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg/220px-Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg/330px-Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg/440px-Einstein_en_Lorentz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>아인슈타인(왼쪽)과 로렌츠(오른쪽)</figcaption></figure> <p>측정된 운동 값은 항상 관찰된 오차보다 항상 작았다. 근대 실험들은 두 방향의 빛의 속도는 6 nm/s 안으로는 등방하다는 것을 가리키고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-french_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-french-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 실험 때문에, <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%B8%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="헨드릭 로렌츠">헨드릭 로렌츠</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="에테르">에테르</a>를 통하는 어떤 기구의 운동이 그 기구로 하여금 운동방향으로 그 길이가 축소하게 만든다 생각하였고, 더 나아가 그는 운동하는 계의 시간 변수 또한 그에 의해 바뀌어야 된다고 예상했다. 이는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%B8%A0_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98" class="mw-redirect" title="로렌츠 변환">로렌츠 변환</a>의 첫 걸음이었다. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%B8%A0" class="mw-disambig" title="로렌츠">로렌츠</a>의 에테르 이론을 바탕으로, 헨리 포니케어는 이 공간의 시간은 일정한 광속이라는 가정하에 동시성을 가지는 에테르안에서 움직이고 있는 시계에 의해 보여지고 있다고 말했다. 1904년, 그는 로렌츠의 이론이 모두 옳다는 가정하에 빛의 속도가 역학적인 최고의 속도가 아닐까 생각했다. 그 후 1905년, 포니케어는 로렌츠의 에테르이론을 상대성 원리를 이용하여 관측적인 이론(영: full observational agreement)으로 만들었다.<sup id="cite_ref-lorentz1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorentz1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lorentz2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorentz2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1905년, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="아인슈타인">아인슈타인</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EA%B3%B5" title="진공">진공</a>에서의 빛의 속도는 관찰자의 운동상태와 무관하다고 간주하였다. 이것과 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="상대성 원리">상대성 원리</a>를 바탕으로 그는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="특수 상대성 이론">특수 상대성 이론</a>을 이끌어내었다. 특수 상대성이론에서는 진공에서의 빛의 속도 c는 기본적인 상수로 간주되며, 빛과 무관하게 나온다. 이 특수 상대성이론에 의해 에테르이론의 개념들은 쓸모없게 되었고 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="시공간">시공간</a>적인 개념이 혁명을 이루게 되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-einstein1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-einstein2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="움직이는_광원에서_방출되는_빛의_속도_측정_제안"><span id=".EC.9B.80.EC.A7.81.EC.9D.B4.EB.8A.94_.EA.B4.91.EC.9B.90.EC.97.90.EC.84.9C_.EB.B0.A9.EC.B6.9C.EB.90.98.EB.8A.94_.EB.B9.9B.EC.9D.98_.EC.86.8D.EB.8F.84_.EC.B8.A1.EC.A0.95_.EC.A0.9C.EC.95.88"></span>움직이는 광원에서 방출되는 빛의 속도 측정 제안</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=16" title="부분 편집: 움직이는 광원에서 방출되는 빛의 속도 측정 제안"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>지금까지 빛의 속도는 광원에서 방출된 빛을 거울에 반사시키고 검출기로 검출하여 측정하였다. 빛은 광원의 원자에서 방출되고, 실험실에 놓인 거울의 원자에서 재방출된다. 빛을 입자라고 보고 원자에서 방출되는 빛의 속도가 원자에 대한 상대속도로 일정하다면, 그 원자가 실험실에 있는 한 측정값은 언제나 같을 수 밖에 없다. 어떤 별빛이라도 일단 거울에서 반사되는 순간 우리가 알고 있는 속도로 재방출된다. </p><p>우리는 자유 공간에서 이동하는 별빛의 속도를 한번도 측정해 본 적이 없다. 그런데, 자유 공간에서 이동하는 별빛의 속도를 직접 측정할 수 있는 방법이 있다. 달이나 우주정거장의 진공에서 하나의 셔터와 두 개의 광센서와 자와 시계만 있으면 된다. 셔터를 짧은 시간동안 열어서 별빛의 펄스를 만들고 펄스의 절반을 앞의 광센서로 나머지 절반을 뒤의 광센서로 흡수하여 시간차를 구한다. 각 광센서에 도달하기 전까지 별빛은 어떤 물체와도 상호작용하지 않아야 한다. 우리에게서 멀어지고 있다고 믿어지는 여러 은하에서 온 별빛의 속도들이 모두 알려진 c와 같은지 다른지는 측정해보면 알 것이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="빛의_속도와_미터의_정의"><span id=".EB.B9.9B.EC.9D.98_.EC.86.8D.EB.8F.84.EC.99.80_.EB.AF.B8.ED.84.B0.EC.9D.98_.EC.A0.95.EC.9D.98"></span>빛의 속도와 미터의 정의</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=17" title="부분 편집: 빛의 속도와 미터의 정의"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20세기 중반부터 말까지 빛의 속도를 점점 더 정확하게 측정한 실험들이 발표되었다. 1972년, 미국 NBS(Boulder) 연구실에서 레이저주파수 측정기술과 레이저의 간섭을 이용한 파장 측정기술로 빛의 속력을 측정하였다. NBS(Boulder) 연구실은 1960년 당시의 미터<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>의 정의를 이용하여 측정한 진공에서의 빛의 속력은 c= 299 792 456.2 ± 1.1 m/s 라 고 발표하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>이 측정값의 측정 불확도는 마이크로파 간섭계를 이용한 이전의 측정값의 측정 불확도 보다 백배 정도 작은 값이었다. </p><p>또, 각국의 다른 실험에서 파장 측정값의 측정 결과들이 보고되자, 1973년 미터정의자문위원회 CCDM 회의에서, 각국 표준연구기관의 연구실에서 측정한 메탄안정화 헬륨-네온 레이저의 진공 파장 값들의 평균값과 NBS(Boulder) 연구실에서 측정한 주파수 값으로부터, 빛의 속력을 c= 299 792 458 ± 1.1 m/s 로 할 것을 만장일치로 결정하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>그 후, 1975년, 국제도량형총회 CGPM 제15차 회의에서 빛의 속력의 권고 값 c= 299 792 458 m/s 을 결의하였다.<sup id="cite_ref-meter1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meter1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이 결의로 인해서, 진공에서의 빛의 속력은 정확히 299 792 458 m/s<sup id="cite_ref-nowmeter1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowmeter1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>이며, 측정 불확도가 없는 물리상수가 되었다. </p><p>이어, 1983년에 개최된 CGPM 제17차 회의에서 ‘미터는 빛이 진공에서 1/299,792,458초 동안 진행한 경로이다’ 라 고 재정의하였다. </p><p>2018년에 개최된, CGPM 제26차 회의에서, 자연의 물리상수의 값들을 고정하고 이들 물리상수에 기반한 국제단위계의 7개 단위들을 정의함과 더불어, 미터 정의에 대해서도, ‘빛의 속력’ 에 근거한 1983년의 “미터의 정의” 에서 자세하게 표현하지 않았던 “초” 의 정의에 관련된 문장이 더 첨부되어, 다음과 같이 온전한 문장으로 미터는 정의되었다. </p><p>‘미터(기호: m)는 길이의 SI 단위이다. 미터는 진공에서의 빛의 속력 c 를 m s<sup>–1</sup> 단위로 나타낼 때 그 수치를 299 792 458로 고정함으로써 정의한다. 여기서 초(기호: s)는 세슘 주파수 ∆ν<sub>Cs</sub> 로 부터 정의된다.‘<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="빛의_굴절과_빛의_속도"><span id=".EB.B9.9B.EC.9D.98_.EA.B5.B4.EC.A0.88.EA.B3.BC_.EB.B9.9B.EC.9D.98_.EC.86.8D.EB.8F.84"></span>빛의 굴절과 빛의 속도</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=18" title="부분 편집: 빛의 굴절과 빛의 속도"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>빛은 입자나 파동 두 가지 모두로 생각할 수 있지만, 광학에서는 파동으로 취급한다. 파동은 다른 매질을 통과할 때 다른 속도로 진행하며, 이에 따라 매질의 경계 면에서 파동의 경로가 꺾이게 된다. 이 현상을 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88" title="굴절">굴절</a>(refraction)이라고 한다. 단, 굴절이 일어날 때 파동의 진동수는 일정하게 유지되며 파장이 변화함으로써 속도가 변화한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="굴절률"><span id=".EA.B5.B4.EC.A0.88.EB.A5.A0"></span>굴절률</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=19" title="부분 편집: 굴절률"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>빛이 통과하는 매질의 종류에 따라 굴절의 정도가 다르다. 이를 객관적으로 나타낸 수치를 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88%EB%A5%A0" title="굴절률">굴절률</a>로 정의하고, <i>n</i>이라는 기호로 표시한다. 굴절률은 매질에서의 광속에 대한 진공에서의 광속의 비율로 정의된다. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33da8c421d52a437e59e6726572ed6d09cb6f3e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.457ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}"></span> </p><p>여기서 <i>c</i>는 진공에서의 빛의 속도이며, 299,792,458<a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%84%B0_%EB%A7%A4_%EC%B4%88" title="미터 매 초">m/s</a>라는 값을 갖는다. <i>v</i>는 매질 속에서의 빛의 속도를 의미한다. 빛의 속도는 일반적으로 진공에서 가장 빠르기 때문에 <i>n</i>은 일반적으로 1 이상이다. 그러나 빛의 위상속도는 정보를 전달하지 않아 광속보다 빨라도 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="상대성이론">상대성이론</a>에 위배 안되므로 굴절률이 1 미만일 수도 있다. 이 식으로부터 굴절률이 클수록 매질에서의 속도는 작으며, 굴절률이 작을수록 매질에서의 속도는 커진다는 것을 알 수 있다. </p><p>한 편, 광속과 파장의 관계로부터, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {v}{f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>v</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {v}{f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/197ad4644112fc4ee31b4116261b8e5d359934a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:6.568ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {v}{f}}}"></span> (<i>λ</i>는 빛의 파장, <i>f</i>는 빛의 진동수)이고, 굴절이 일어날 때 빛의 진동수는 일정하게 유지되므로, 파장이 길수록 굴절률은 작아지고 파장이 짧을수록 굴절률이 커진다는 것을 알 수 있다. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\propto }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>∝</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\propto }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/560002a7cf0fd49bd6e598b86f6e3288a9ee4e2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.848ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\propto }"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d496a9397007733fdbbb2f98433e7aab4e51ff4f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:2.191ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}}"></span> </p><p>이것은 오랜 인류 역사에 걸쳐 실험적으로 관찰되었다. 굴절 시에 진동수가 변하지 않는 이유는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Causality_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Causality principle (없는 문서)">인과의 원리</a>(Causality Principle)로 설명될 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="스넬의_법칙"><span id=".EC.8A.A4.EB.84.AC.EC.9D.98_.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99"></span>스넬의 법칙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=20" title="부분 편집: 스넬의 법칙"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Snells_law2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Snells_law2.svg/220px-Snells_law2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Snells_law2.svg/330px-Snells_law2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Snells_law2.svg/440px-Snells_law2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>공기(n1)에서 물(n2)로 진행하는 빛의 굴절</figcaption></figure> <p>매질1 속을 진행하던 빛이 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f84b9443d095623e02fd287cd095123d70b0278" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"></span>의 각도로 매질2에 입사하면, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ed6ea624b20b153403979ffaf5434fc36de2990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"></span>의 각도로 굴절하게 된다. 이 법칙을 수식으로 나타내면 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5806706d4a209681278f9ec9fcfa4d8689c06ea5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.387ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{1}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =n_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =n_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/efbc90a9e47ab2c90ce989782ebaf2d48a42d713" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.902ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =n_{2}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a9fcbb9637e9ff4290230b35dd4fc440699bd2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.387ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>여기서, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></span>과 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/840e456e3058bc0be28e5cf653b170cdbfcc3be4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"></span>는 각각 매질1, 매질2 에서의 굴절률을 나타내며, 이 관계를 굴절의 법칙 또는 스넬의 법칙이라고 한다. 1621년 네덜란드의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%AC" class="mw-disambig" title="스넬">스넬</a>(Willeord Snell,1591~1626)이 실험을 통해 밝혀냈다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="절대_굴절률"><span id=".EC.A0.88.EB.8C.80_.EA.B5.B4.EC.A0.88.EB.A5.A0"></span>절대 굴절률</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=21" title="부분 편집: 절대 굴절률"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>절대 굴절률은 진공에서의 굴절률에 대한 매질에서의 굴절률이다. 진공에서의 굴절률은 1이라 정의되며, 따라서 절대 굴절률은 매질 자체의 굴절률과 같다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="상대_굴절률"><span id=".EC.83.81.EB.8C.80_.EA.B5.B4.EC.A0.88.EB.A5.A0"></span>상대 굴절률</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=22" title="부분 편집: 상대 굴절률"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>절대 굴절률이 진공에 대한 물질의 굴절률이라면, 상대 굴절률은 두 매질의 굴절률의 대적 비를 의미한다. 이것은 스넬의 법칙으로도 표현되는데, 수식으로 나타내면 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3087839636a74a49919a497a37a6155d8025345" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:3.285ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49b1c3e0c5bfa21c715010d427ad269bd38202d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:8.677ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin \theta _{2}}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =n_{12}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =n_{12}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4ec66a94b4dab17ca137d1966236dba608dd650" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.724ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =n_{12}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>즉, 빛이 입사한 매질의 굴절률(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></span>)을 기준으로 굴절되어 들어간 매질의 굴절률(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/840e456e3058bc0be28e5cf653b170cdbfcc3be4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"></span>)을 표현한 것이 상대 굴절률(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{12}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{12}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c82bd1d033fb0af71dd435da3a5887e4e55afe32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.271ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{12}}"></span>)이다. 상대 굴절률은 두 매질에서의 빛의 속도의 상대적 비를 의미하기도 한다. 굴절률의 정의에 따라 두 매질의 굴절률의 비는 아래와 같은 수식으로 표현될 수 있다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{12}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{12}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c82bd1d033fb0af71dd435da3a5887e4e55afe32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.271ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{12}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/09abb42cd67a2e55eb755a505690d4da64557cc9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:5.738ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7fac4b9a0abba3314d9ad7e68c47a2b6c7e48667" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:5.471ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>이 식에 의해 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{12}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{12}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c82bd1d033fb0af71dd435da3a5887e4e55afe32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.271ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{12}}"></span>가 1보다 크면 입사한 매질에서의 빛의 속도(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98d33f5d498d528bd8c10edc8ac8c34347f32b3a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{1}}"></span>)가 굴절되어 들어간 매질에서의 빛의 속도(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb04c423c2cb809c30cac725befa14ffbf4c85f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{2}}"></span>보다 빠르고, 반대로 1보다 작으면 입사한 매질에서의 빛의 속도가 굴절되어 들어간 매질에서의 빛의 속도보다 느리다는 것을 알 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="매질_속에서의_빛의_속도"><span id=".EB.A7.A4.EC.A7.88_.EC.86.8D.EC.97.90.EC.84.9C.EC.9D.98_.EB.B9.9B.EC.9D.98_.EC.86.8D.EB.8F.84"></span>매질 속에서의 빛의 속도</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=23" title="부분 편집: 매질 속에서의 빛의 속도"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/220px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/330px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/440px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>파장에 따른 빛의 굴절. 프리즘을 통과한 백색광이 프리즘의 경계면에서 두 번 굴절하게 되어 무지개의 띠가 나타난다. 빨간색 계통의 빛은 적게 굴절되고, 파란색 계통의 빛은 많이 굴절된다. 즉, 프리즘 내부에서는 빨간색 계통의 빛이 파란색 계통의 빛보다 빨리 진행한다.</figcaption></figure> <p>위의 두 식을 통해 파장이 긴 빛일수록 굴절률이 작으며, 매질에서의 속도가 빠르다는 것을 알 수 있다. 빨간색 빛의 굴절률을 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{r}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{r}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6eb80b8d27c081a9f436cd327f481425e58c6b9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.368ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{r}}"></span>, 파란색 빛의 굴절률을 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb3645f1f5418cbf5e44f9f5ca21e3353d3258f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.332ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{b}}"></span>라고 하자. 파장이 긴 빛일수록 굴절률이 작기 때문에, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{b}>n_{r}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{b}>n_{r}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9ba4cc272ce300619fbfa530faa4e24c8138dce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.799ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{b}>n_{r}}"></span>이다. 따라서, 식 (1)에 의해 다음과 같은 수식이 성립한다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {c \over v_{b}}>{c \over v_{r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {c \over v_{b}}>{c \over v_{r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/145a8a5291077a22708686257de2dca13d5b6d60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:8.937ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {c \over v_{b}}>{c \over v_{r}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>따라서, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{b}<v_{r}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{b}<v_{r}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/768fcc219ba3605e0e4bd3a30913b8b163005aed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.265ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{b}<v_{r}}"></span>이고, 같은 빛이라도 특정 매질 속을 진행할 때에는 빨간색 빛이 파란색 빛보다 빨리 진행한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=24" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%B4%88" title="광초">광초</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%B6%84" title="광분">광분</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%8B%9C_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="광시 (단위)">광시</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%85%84" title="광년">광년</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&section=25" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">타케우치 아츠시. 《고교 수학으로 배우는 맥스웰의 방정식》. 도서출판 홍. 125쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/89-5517-125-0" title="특수:책찾기/89-5517-125-0"><bdi>89-5517-125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%90+%EC%88%98%ED%95%99%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C+%EB%B0%B0%EC%9A%B0%EB%8A%94+%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EC%B6%9C%ED%8C%90+%ED%99%8D&rft.isbn=89-5517-125-0&rft.au=%ED%83%80%EC%BC%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%B9%98+%EC%95%84%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%9C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-special1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-special1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John Stachel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA226&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">《Einstein from ‘B’ to ‘Z’》</a>. BIRKHAUSER.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+from+%E2%80%98B%E2%80%99+to+%E2%80%98Z%E2%80%99&rft.pub=BIRKHAUSER&rft.au=John+Stachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.kr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAsQ_hFjhrAC%26pg%3DPA226%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ellis, GFR; Uzan, J-P (2005). “<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>‘c’ is the speed of light, isn’t it?<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>”. American journal of physics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%E2%80%98c%E2%80%99+is+the+speed+of+light%2C+isn%E2%80%99t+it%3F%22&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Ellis%2C+GFR%3B+Uzan%2C+J-P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">d’Inverno (1992). 《Introducing Einstein’s Relativity》. Oxford University Press. 19-20쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-19-859686-3" title="특수:책찾기/0-19-859686-3"><bdi>0-19-859686-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Einstein%E2%80%99s+Relativity&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-859686-3&rft.au=d%E2%80%99Inverno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sriranjan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=FsRfMvyudlAC&pg=PA20&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">《The Special Theory to Relativity》</a>. PHI Learning. 20쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Special+Theory+to+Relativity&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=PHI+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Sriranjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.kr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFsRfMvyudlAC%26pg%3DPA20%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roberts, T ;Schleif, S (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html">《What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity?》</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+the+experimental+basis+of+Special+Relativity%3F&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Roberts%2C+T+%3BSchleif%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fphysics%2FRelativity%2FSR%2Fexperiments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-special2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-special2_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jong-Ping Hsu, Leonardo Hsu (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=amLqckyrvUwC&pg=PA428&redir_esc=y#">《A broader view of relativity》</a>. World Scientific Publishing Co. 427-8쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+broader+view+of+relativity&rft.pages=427-8&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Jong-Ping+Hsu%2C+Leonardo+Hsu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.kr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamLqckyrvUwC%26pg%3DPA428%26redir_esc%3Dy%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-special3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-special3_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Yuan Zhong Zhang (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/3180">《Special Relativity And Its Experimental Foundation》</a>. 172쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-981-02-2749-4" title="특수:책찾기/978-981-02-2749-4"><bdi>978-981-02-2749-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Relativity+And+Its+Experimental+Foundation&rft.pages=172&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-981-02-2749-4&rft.au=Yuan+Zhong+Zhang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fworldscibooks%2F10.1142%2F3180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiz1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fiz1_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fizeau, H. (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29901/f351.chemindefer">“Sur les hypothèses relatives à l’éther lumineux”</a>. 《Comptes Rendus》 <b>33</b>: 349–355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+les+hypoth%C3%A8ses+relatives+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9ther+lumineux&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=349-355&rft.date=1851&rft.au=Fizeau%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k29901%2Ff351.chemindefer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiz2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fiz2_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fizeau, H. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k347981/f381.table">“Sur les hypothèses relatives à l’éther lumineux”</a>. 《Ann. de Chim. et de Phys.》 <b>57</b>: 385–404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+de+Chim.+et+de+Phys.&rft.atitle=Sur+les+hypoth%C3%A8ses+relatives+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9ther+lumineux&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=385-404&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Fizeau%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k347981%2Ff381.table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baierlenin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baierlenin_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ralph Baierlein (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wrmZrcE0fPMC&pg=PA44">《Newton to Einstein: the trail of light : an excursion to the wave-particle duality and the special theory of relativity》</a>. Cambridge University Press. 44; Figure 2.6 and discussion쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-521-42323-6" title="특수:책찾기/0-521-42323-6"><bdi>0-521-42323-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newton+to+Einstein%3A+the+trail+of+light+%3A+an+excursion+to+the+wave-particle+duality+and+the+special+theory+of+relativity&rft.pages=44%3B+Figure+2.6+and+discussion&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-42323-6&rft.au=Ralph+Baierlein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrmZrcE0fPMC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Azzawi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Azzawi_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abdul Al-Azzawi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=H3dtlDZrfwkC&pg=PA9">《Photonics: principles and practices》</a>. CRC Press. 9쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8493-8290-4" title="특수:책찾기/0-8493-8290-4"><bdi>0-8493-8290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photonics%3A+principles+and+practices&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8493-8290-4&rft.au=Abdul+Al-Azzawi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3dtlDZrfwkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newtonparticle-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-newtonparticle_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">David Cassidy, Gerald Holton, James Rutherford (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rpQo7f9F1xUC&pg=PA382&dq=Foucault+speed-of-light+wave+theory">《Understanding Physics》</a>. Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-387-98756-8" title="특수:책찾기/0-387-98756-8"><bdi>0-387-98756-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Physics&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-387-98756-8&rft.au=David+Cassidy%2C+Gerald+Holton%2C+James+Rutherford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpQo7f9F1xUC%26pg%3DPA382%26dq%3DFoucault%2Bspeed-of-light%2Bwave%2Btheory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bruce H Walker (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Ccx9OM7iph8C&pg=PA13">《Optical Engineering Fundamentals》</a>. SPIE Press. 13쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8194-2764-0" title="특수:책찾기/0-8194-2764-0"><bdi>0-8194-2764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Optical+Engineering+Fundamentals&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=SPIE+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8194-2764-0&rft.au=Bruce+H+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCcx9OM7iph8C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graneau-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-graneau_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Graneau, P, Assis AKT (1994). “Kirchhoff on the motion of electricity in conductors”. 《Apeiron》 <b>19</b>: 19–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apeiron&rft.atitle=Kirchhoff+on+the+motion+of+electricity+in+conductors&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=19-25&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Graneau%2C+P%2C+Assis+AKT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michelson1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-michelson1_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Earl R. Hoover (1977). 《Cradle of Greatness: National and World Achievements of Ohio’s Western Reserve》. Cleveland: Shaker Savings Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cradle+of+Greatness%3A+National+and+World+Achievements+of+Ohio%E2%80%99s+Western+Reserve&rft.pub=Cleveland%3A+Shaker+Savings+Association&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Earl+R.+Hoover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michelson2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-michelson2_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Michelson, Albert Abraham, (1881). “The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether”. 《American Journal of Science》 <b>22</b>: 120–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Relative+Motion+of+the+Earth+and+the+Luminiferous+Ether&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=120-129&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Michelson%2C+Albert+Abraham%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michelson3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-michelson3_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Michelson, Albert Abraham & Morley, Edward Williams (1887). “On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether”. 《American Journal of Science》 <b>34</b>: 333–345.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+Relative+Motion+of+the+Earth+and+the+Luminiferous+Ether&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=333-345&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Michelson%2C+Albert+Abraham+%26+Morley%2C+Edward+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-french-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-french_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">French, AP (1983). 《Special relativity》. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 51-57쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-442-30782-9" title="특수:책찾기/0-442-30782-9"><bdi>0-442-30782-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+relativity&rft.pages=51-57&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-442-30782-9&rft.au=French%2C+AP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorentz1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lorentz1_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Darrigol, O. (2000). 《Electrodynamics from Ampére to Einstein》. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0198505938" title="특수:책찾기/978-0198505938"><bdi>978-0198505938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrodynamics+from+Amp%C3%A9re+to+Einstein&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0198505938&rft.au=Darrigol%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorentz2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lorentz2_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Galison, P. 《Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time》. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-393-32604-7" title="특수:책찾기/0-393-32604-7"><bdi>0-393-32604-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Clocks%2C+Poincar%C3%A9%27s+Maps%3A+Empires+of+Time&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.isbn=0-393-32604-7&rft.au=Galison%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-einstein1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-einstein1_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Miller, AI (1981). 《Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911)》. Addison–Wesley. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-201-04679-2" title="특수:책찾기/0-201-04679-2"><bdi>0-201-04679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%27s+special+theory+of+relativity.+Emergence+%281905%29+and+early+interpretation+%281905%E2%80%931911%29&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-201-04679-2&rft.au=Miller%2C+AI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-einstein2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-einstein2_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pars, A. (1982). 《Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein》. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-19-520438-7" title="특수:책찾기/0-19-520438-7"><bdi>0-19-520438-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subtle+is+the+Lord%3A+The+Science+and+the+Life+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-19-520438-7&rft.au=Pars%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pubilsher=</code> (추천: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|publisher=</code>) (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">《KRISS/SP—2020-011 국제단위계 (제9판-2019)》. 박현민, 한국표준과학연구원 발행. 2020. 53 & 65쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KRISS%2FSP%E2%80%942020-011+%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84%EA%B3%84+%28%EC%A0%9C9%ED%8C%90-2019%29&rft.pages=53+%26+65&rft.pub=%EB%B0%95%ED%98%84%EB%AF%BC%2C+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%9B%90+%EB%B0%9C%ED%96%89&rft.date=2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">K.M. Evenson, J. S. Wells, F. R. Peterson, B. L. Danielson and G. W. Day, R. L. Barger and J. L. Hall. “Speed of Light from Direct Frequency and Wavelength Measurements of the Methane-Stabilized Laser”. 《Phy. Rev. Lett. V29, 19, 1346, 1972》.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phy.+Rev.+Lett.+V29%2C+19%2C+1346%2C+1972&rft.atitle=Speed+of+Light+from+Direct+Frequency+and+Wavelength+Measurements+of+the+Methane-Stabilized+Laser&rft.au=K.M.+Evenson%2C+J.+S.+Wells%2C+F.+R.+Peterson%2C+B.+L.+Danielson+and+G.+W.+Day%2C+R.+L.+Barger+and+J.+L.+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">K.M. Evenson, J. S. Wells, F. R. Peterson, B. L. Danielson and G. W. Day. “K.M. Evenson, J. S. Wells, F. R. Peterson, B. L. Danielson and G. W. Day, Accurate frequencies of molecular transitions used in laser stabilization: the 3.39 μm transition in CH4 and the 9.33 μm and 10.18 μm transitions in CO2”. 《Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 22, No. 4, 192, 1972》.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appl.+Phys.+Lett.%2C+Vol.+22%2C+No.+4%2C+192%2C+1972&rft.atitle=K.M.+Evenson%2C+J.+S.+Wells%2C+F.+R.+Peterson%2C+B.+L.+Danielson+and+G.+W.+Day%2C+Accurate+frequencies+of+molecular+transitions+used+in+laser+stabilization%3A+the+3.39+%CE%BCm+transition+in+CH4+and+the+9.33+%CE%BCm+and+10.18+%CE%BCm+transitions+in+CO2&rft.au=K.M.+Evenson%2C+J.+S.+Wells%2C+F.+R.+Peterson%2C+B.+L.+Danielson+and+G.+W.+Day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J. Terrien. “Wavelength standards, optical frequency standards, and the velocity of light”. 《Nouv. Rev. Optique, 1973, t. 4, no 4, pp. 215-220, Bureau International des Poids et Meaures Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92310, Sevres》.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nouv.+Rev.+Optique%2C+1973%2C+t.+4%2C+no+4%2C+pp.+215-220%2C+Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Meaures+Pavillon+de+Breteuil%2C+F-92310%2C+Sevres&rft.atitle=Wavelength+standards%2C+optical+frequency+standards%2C+and+the+velocity+of+light&rft.au=J.+Terrien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">《Comite International des Poids et Mesures, Comite Consultatif pour La Definition du METRE, 5e Session-1973 (13-15 Juin),》. Bureau International des Poids et Meaures Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92310, Sevres.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comite+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures%2C+Comite+Consultatif+pour+La+Definition+du+METRE%2C+5e+Session-1973+%2813-15+Juin%29%2C&rft.pub=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Meaures+Pavillon+de+Breteuil%2C+F-92310%2C+Sevres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">서호성 (2022년 9월 29일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://horizon.kias.re.kr/22760/">“미터(m)의 정의와 레이저”</a>. 《과학의 지평 HORIZON》. 고등과학원(KIAS) 웹진.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%9D%98+%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%89+HORIZON&rft.atitle=%EB%AF%B8%ED%84%B0%28m%29%EC%9D%98+%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98%EC%99%80+%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.au=%EC%84%9C%ED%98%B8%EC%84%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhorizon.kias.re.kr%2F22760%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meter1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-meter1_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/15/2/">《Resolution 2 of the 15th CGPM》</a>. BIPM. 1975, Retrieved 2009-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resolution+2+of+the+15th+CGPM&rft.pub=BIPM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fen%2FCGPM%2Fdb%2F15%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#bad_date" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">《KRISS/SP--2020-011, 국제단위계 (제9판-2019)》. 박현민, 한국표준과학연구원 발행. 2020. 62쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KRISS%2FSP--2020-011%2C+%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84%EA%B3%84+%28%EC%A0%9C9%ED%8C%90-2019%29&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=%EB%B0%95%ED%98%84%EB%AF%BC%2C+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%9B%90+%EB%B0%9C%ED%96%89&rft.date=2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nowmeter1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nowmeter1_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Taylor, EF; Wheeler, JA (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=PDA8YcvMc_QC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q=">《Spacetime Physics: Introduction to Special Relativity(2nd ed)》</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-7167-2327-1" title="특수:책찾기/0-7167-2327-1"><bdi>0-7167-2327-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spacetime+Physics%3A+Introduction+to+Special+Relativity%282nd+ed%29&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7167-2327-1&rft.au=Taylor%2C+EF%3B+Wheeler%2C+JA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DPDA8YcvMc_QC%26pg%3DPA59%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (<a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">링크</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">《KRISS/SP—2020-011 국제단위계 (제9판-2019)》. 박현민, 한국표준과학연구원 발행. 2020. 19쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KRISS%2FSP%E2%80%942020-011+%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84%EA%B3%84+%28%EC%A0%9C9%ED%8C%90-2019%29&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=%EB%B0%95%ED%98%84%EB%AF%BC%2C+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%9B%90+%EB%B0%9C%ED%96%89&rft.date=2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EB%B9%9B%EC%9D%98+%EC%86%8D%EB%A0%A5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480479">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="상대론" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0" title="틀:상대론"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:상대론 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0" title="특수:문서편집/틀:상대론"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="상대론" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="상대성 이론">상대론</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="특수 상대성이론">특수<br />상대론</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">배경</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="상대성 원리">상대성 원리</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EB%B6%88%EB%B3%80%EC%84%B1" title="갈릴레이 불변성">갈릴레이 상대론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%EA%B5%B0" title="갈릴레이 군">갈릴레이 군</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="특수 상대성이론">특수 상대성이론</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Doubly special relativity">이중 특수 상대성이론(doubly special relativity)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">근본<br />개념</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%A4%80%ED%8B%80" title="기준틀">기준틀</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">빛의 속력</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_orthogonality" class="extiw" title="w:Hyperbolic orthogonality">쌍곡선 직교성(hyperbolic orthogonality)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="신속도">신속도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 방정식">맥스웰 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0_%EA%B8%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="고유 길이">고유 길이</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%9C%A0_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84" title="고유 시간">고유 시간</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Mass in special relativity">상대론적 질량(relativistic mass)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">공식화</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98" title="로런츠 변환">로런츠 변환</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">현상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84_%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="시간 팽창">시간 팽창</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89-%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%93%B1%EA%B0%80" title="질량-에너지 등가">질량-에너지 등가</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B8%EC%9D%B4_%EC%88%98%EC%B6%95" title="길이 수축">길이 수축</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%9C%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1" title="동시성의 상대성">동시성의 상대성</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" class="extiw" title="w:Relativistic Doppler effect">상대론적 도플러 효과</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_precession" class="extiw" title="w:Thomas precession">토마스 세차운동(Thomas precession)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_paradox" class="extiw" title="w:Ladder paradox">사다리 역설(ladder paradox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8C%8D%EB%91%A5%EC%9D%B4_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4" title="쌍둥이 역설">쌍둥이 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%A0%90_%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84" title="테렐 회전">테렐 회전</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="시공간">시공간</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%B6%94" title="광추">광추</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%84%A0" title="세계선">세계선</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_diagram" class="extiw" title="w:Minkowski diagram">민코프스키 다이아그램(Minkowski diagram)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquaternion" class="extiw" title="w:Biquaternion">쌍사원수(biquaternion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="민코프스키 공간">민코프스키 공간</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Spacetime_curvature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/150px-Spacetime_curvature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/225px-Spacetime_curvature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/300px-Spacetime_curvature.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반 상대성이론">일반<br />상대론</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">배경</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0_%EA%B0%9C%EB%A1%A0" title="일반상대론 개론">개론</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Mathematics of general relativity">수학적 공식화(mathematical formulation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">근본<br />개념</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EA%B0%80_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="등가 원리">등가 원리</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%8C_%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%98%ED%95%99" title="리만 기하학">리만 기하학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC" title="펜로즈 그림">펜로즈 그림</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Geodesics in general relativity">측지선(geodesics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%9D%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC" title="마흐의 원리">마흐의 원리</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">공식화</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D" title="ADM 형식">ADM 형식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D%ED%99%94" title="BSSN 형식화">BSSN 형식화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="아인슈타인 방정식">아인슈타인 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0-%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="피에르츠-파울리 작용">선형화 중력</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" class="extiw" title="w:Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">포스트 뉴톤 형식주의(post-Newtonian formalism)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" class="extiw" title="w:Raychaudhuri equation">레이쇼두리 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" class="extiw" title="w:Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">해밀턴-자코비-아이슈타인 방정식(Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="에른스트 방정식">에른스트 방정식</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">현상</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99_%ED%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="블랙 홀">블랙 홀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4_%EC%A7%80%ED%8F%89%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="사건 지평선">사건 지평선</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5_%ED%8A%B9%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90" title="중력 특이점">특이점</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Two-body problem in general relativity">이체 문제(two-body problem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%ED%8C%8C" title="중력파">중력파</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" class="extiw" title="w:Gravitational-wave astronomy">천문학(astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" class="extiw" title="w:Gravitational-wave observatory">탐지기(detectors)</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO" class="mw-redirect" title="LIGO">LIGO</a>와 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" class="extiw" title="w:LIGO Scientific Collaboration">협업(collaboration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIRGO_%EA%B0%84%EC%84%AD%EA%B3%84" title="VIRGO 간섭계">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" class="extiw" title="w:LISA Pathfinder">LISA 패스파인더(LISA Pathfinder)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO600" class="extiw" title="w:GEO600">GEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="extiw" title="w:Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor 쌍성(Hulse–Taylor binary)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Tests of general relativity">기타 테스트(other tests)</a>: 수성의 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsidal_precession" class="extiw" title="w:Apsidal precession">세차운동</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5_%EB%A0%8C%EC%A6%88" class="mw-redirect" title="중력 렌즈">중력 렌즈</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%8B%AD%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80" title="아인슈타인 십자가">아인슈타인 십자가</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="아인슈타인 고리">아인슈타인 고리</a>와 함께)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%ED%8E%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="중력적색편이">적색편이</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro_time_delay" class="extiw" title="w:Shapiro time delay">샤피로 지연(Shapiro delay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80_%EB%81%8C%EB%A6%BC" title="틀 끌림">틀 끌림</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/geodetic_effect" class="extiw" title="w:geodetic effect">측지 효과(geodetic effect)</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" class="extiw" title="w:Lense–Thirring precession">렌스-티링 세차 운동(Lense–Thirring precession)</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulsar_timing_array" class="extiw" title="w:pulsar timing array">펄서 타이밍 어레이(pulsar timing array)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">고급<br />이론</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4-%EB%94%95_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="브랜스-딕 이론">브랜스-딕 이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%B0%A8%E2%80%93%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="칼루차–클레인 이론">칼루차–클레인</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="양자 중력">양자 중력</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%84%EB%B0%80_%ED%95%B4" title="일반 상대성 이론의 엄밀 해">해</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>우주론적 해: <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%8C-%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4-%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%8A%A8-%EC%9B%8C%EC%BB%A4_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="프리드만-르메트르-로버트슨-워커 계량">프리드만-르메트르-로버트슨-워커</a> (<a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%8C_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="프리드만 방정식">프리드만 방정식</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4-%ED%86%A8%EB%A8%BC_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="르메트르-톨먼 계량">르메트르-톨만</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="카스너 계량">카스너</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKL_singularity" class="extiw" title="w:BKL singularity">BKL 특이점(BKL singularity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%B4%EB%8D%B8_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="괴델 계량">괴델</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne_model" class="extiw" title="w:Milne model">밀른(Milne)</a></li> <li>구체 해: <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="슈바르츠실트 계량">슈바르츠실트</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" class="extiw" title="w:Interior Schwarzschild metric">인테리어(interior)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" class="extiw" title="w:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">톨만-오펜하이머-볼코프 방정식(Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88-%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%80_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="라이스너-노르드스트룀 계량">라이스너-노르드스트룀</a></li> <li>선대칭 해: <a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%A4_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="커 계량">커</a> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%BB%A4-%EB%89%B4%EB%A8%BC_%EA%B3%84%EB%9F%89" title="커-뉴먼 계량">커-뉴먼</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="extiw" title="w:Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">바일-루이스-파파페트로(Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%B8%8C-%EB%84%88%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="토브-너트 공간">토브-너트</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/van_Stockum_dust" class="extiw" title="w:van Stockum dust">반스토쿰 먼지(van Stockum dust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0%EC%A0%81_%EC%9B%90%EB%B0%98" title="상대론적 원반">상대론적 원반</a></li></ul> <ul><li>기타 해: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pp-wave_spacetime" class="extiw" title="w:pp-wave spacetime">pp 파(pp-wave)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" class="extiw" title="w:Ozsváth–Schücking metric">오즈바트-슈킹(Ozsváth–Schücking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%81%90%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90%EB%A0%88_%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C" title="알큐비에레 드라이브">알큐비에레(Alcubierre)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>전산 물리학에서: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:Numerical relativity">수치적 상대성(numerical relativity)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">과학자</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%A6%AC_%ED%91%B8%EC%95%B5%EC%B9%B4%EB%A0%88" title="앙리 푸앵카레">푸앵카레</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A1%9C%EB%9F%B0%EC%B8%A0" title="헨드릭 로런츠">로런츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알베르트 아인슈타인">아인슈타인</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%B9%84%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9E%90%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="다비트 힐베르트">힐베르트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%B8%A0%EC%8B%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="카를 슈바르츠실트">슈바르츠실트</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%9F%BC_%EB%8D%94_%EC%8B%9C%ED%84%B0%EB%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="빌럼 더 시터르">더 시터르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%BC" title="헤르만 바일">바일</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%97%90%EB%94%A9%ED%84%B4" title="아서 스탠리 에딩턴">에딩턴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%8C" title="알렉산드르 프리드만">프리드만</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC_%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4" title="조르주 르메트르">르메트르</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" class="extiw" title="w:Edward Arthur Milne">밀른(Milne)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" class="extiw" title="w:Howard P. Robertson">로버트슨(Robertson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%88_%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="수브라마니안 찬드라세카르">찬드라세카르</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0_%EC%B8%A0%EB%B9%84%ED%82%A4" title="프리츠 츠비키">츠비키</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%95%84%EC%B9%98%EB%B3%BC%EB%93%9C_%ED%9C%A0%EB%9F%AC" title="존 아치볼드 휠러">휠러</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" class="extiw" title="w:Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">쇼케 브루야(Choquet-Bruhat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4_%EC%BB%A4" title="로이 커">커</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84_%EC%A0%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98" title="야코프 젤도비치">젤도비치</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EB%93%9C%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%88%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98_%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84" title="이고리 드미트리예비치 노비코프">노비코프</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EB%A5%B4%EA%B2%90_%EC%97%98%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="위르겐 엘러스">엘러스</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Geroch" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Geroch">게록(Geroch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" title="로저 펜로즈">펜로즈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%ED%98%B8%ED%82%B9" title="스티븐 호킹">호킹</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." class="extiw" title="w:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">테일러(Taylor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%85%80_%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%ED%97%90%EC%8A%A4" title="러셀 앨런 헐스">헐스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%EB%B3%B8%EB%94%94" title="헤르만 본디">본디</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="찰스 미스너">미스너</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8B%B1%ED%89%81" title="야우싱퉁">야우</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%82%B5_%EC%86%90" title="킵 손">손</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%88_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="라이너 바이스">바이스</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="w:List of contributors to general relativity">기타</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="분류"><img alt="분류" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="분류:상대성이론">분류</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%84%EA%B1%B0_%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="위키백과:전거 통제">전거 통제</a>: 국가 <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111#identifiers" title="위키데이터에서 편집하기"><img alt="위키데이터에서 편집하기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Lichtgeschwindigkeit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4167583-6">독일</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529354105171">이스라엘</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Light--Speed"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85076878">미국</a></abbr></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">원본 주소 "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=빛의_속력&oldid=38161706">https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=빛의_속력&oldid=38161706</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98" title="특수:분류">분류</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EB%B9%9B" title="분류:빛">빛</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%86%8D%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84" title="분류:속도의 단위">속도의 단위</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="분류:상대성이론">상대성이론</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EC%83%81%EC%88%98" title="분류:물리 상수">물리 상수</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99_%EC%83%81%EC%88%98" title="분류:광학 상수">광학 상수</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EA%B0%9C%EB%85%90" title="분류:물리학 개념">물리학 개념</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">숨은 분류: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%ED%95%B4%EA%B2%B0%EB%90%98%EC%A7%80_%EC%95%8A%EC%9D%80_%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4_%EC%9E%88%EB%8A%94_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="분류:해결되지 않은 속성이 있는 문서">해결되지 않은 속성이 있는 문서</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:CS1_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_-_%EC%97%AC%EB%9F%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84" title="분류:CS1 관리 - 여러 이름">CS1 관리 - 여러 이름</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_-_%EC%A7%80%EC%9B%90%EB%90%98%EC%A7%80_%EC%95%8A%EB%8A%94_%EB%B3%80%EC%88%98_%EB%AC%B4%EC%8B%9C%EB%90%A8" title="분류:인용 오류 - 지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨">인용 오류 - 지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_-_%EB%82%A0%EC%A7%9C" title="분류:인용 오류 - 날짜">인용 오류 - 날짜</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1_P373%EC%9D%84_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="분류:위키데이터 속성 P373을 사용하는 문서">위키데이터 속성 P373을 사용하는 문서</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1_P227%EC%9D%84_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="분류:위키데이터 속성 P227을 사용하는 문서">위키데이터 속성 P227을 사용하는 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