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</button> <ul id="toc-Chess_career_(through_1881)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_debut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_debut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 International debut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_debut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Match_against_Anderssen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Match_against_Anderssen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Match against Anderssen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Match_against_Anderssen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_match_play_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_match_play_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Continued match play success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_match_play_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradually_improves_tournament_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradually_improves_tournament_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gradually improves tournament results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradually_improves_tournament_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_style,_introduces_positional_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_style,_introduces_positional_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Changes style, introduces positional school </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_style,_introduces_positional_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiatus_from_competitive_chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiatus_from_competitive_chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Hiatus from competitive chess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiatus_from_competitive_chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chess_journalist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chess_journalist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Chess journalist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chess_journalist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry_with_Zukertort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_Zukertort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Rivalry with Zukertort </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_Zukertort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comeback_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comeback_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Comeback success </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comeback_success-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comeback success subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comeback_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visits_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visits_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Visits the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visits_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Return to London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settles_in_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settles_in_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Settles in United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settles_in_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Championship_match" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Championship_match"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 World Championship match </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Championship_match-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeats_Chigorin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeats_Chigorin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Defeats Chigorin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeats_Chigorin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_1889_tournament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_1889_tournament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 New York 1889 tournament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_1889_tournament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wins_rematch_against_Chigorin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wins_rematch_against_Chigorin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Wins rematch against Chigorin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wins_rematch_against_Chigorin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loses_title_to_Lasker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loses_title_to_Lasker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Loses title to Lasker </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loses_title_to_Lasker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increased_tournament_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_tournament_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Increased tournament activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_tournament_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rematch_with_Lasker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rematch_with_Lasker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 Rematch with Lasker </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rematch_with_Lasker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_on_the_beginning_of_Steinitz's_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_on_the_beginning_of_Steinitz's_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Controversy on the beginning of Steinitz's success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_on_the_beginning_of_Steinitz's_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Assessment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Influence on the game </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playing_strength_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_strength_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Playing strength and style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playing_strength_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Competitive record </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competitive_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Competitive record subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Competitive_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tournament_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournament_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Tournament results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tournament_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Match_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Match_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Match results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Match_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wilhelm Steinitz</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="ويليام شتاينيتز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام شتاينيتز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Steynits" title="Vilhelm Steynits – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilhelm Steynits" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Вильгельм Стейниц – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вильгельм Стейниц" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86" title="Вільгельм Стэйніц – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельм Стэйніц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86" title="Вільгельм Стэйніц – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вільгельм Стэйніц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Вилхелм Щайниц – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилхелм Щайниц" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Βίλελμ Στάινιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίλελμ Στάινιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ویلهلم اشتاینیتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلهلم اشتاینیتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%B8%A0" title="빌헬름 슈타이니츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌헬름 슈타이니츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81" title="Վիլհելմ Ստեյնից – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլհելմ Ստեյնից" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A5" title="וילהלם שטייניץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילהלם שטייניץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ვილჰელმ სტეინიცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილჰელმ სტეინიცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Вильгельм Стейниц – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вильгельм Стейниц" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Стейниц, Вильгельм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стейниц, Вильгельм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelms_Steinics" title="Vilhelms Steinics – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vilhelms Steinics" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Вилхелм Штајниц – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилхелм Штајниц" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വിൽഹെം സ്റ്റീനിറ്റ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൽഹെം സ്റ്റീനിറ്റ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="विल्हेल्म श्टाइनिट्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्हेल्म श्टाइनिट्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="ويليام شتاينيتز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام شتاينيتز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%84" title="ヴィルヘルム・シュタイニッツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルヘルム・シュタイニッツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Стейниц, Вильгельм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стейниц, Вильгельм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Вилхелм Штајниц – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилхелм Штајниц" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilgelm_Ste%C3%BDnis" title="Wilgelm Steýnis – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wilgelm Steýnis" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86" title="Вільгельм Стейніц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельм Стейніц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wilhelm Steinitz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="威廉·斯坦尼茨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·斯坦尼茨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="威廉·斯坦尼茨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·斯坦尼茨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q102648#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian-American chess player (1836–1900)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Wilhelm Steinitz</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg/220px-Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Wilhelm_Steinitz2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> → <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1836-05-14)May 14, 1836 <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 12, 1900(1900-08-12) (aged 64) New York City, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Champion</a></th><td class="infobox-data note">1886–1894</td></tr></tbody></table> William Steinitz (born Wilhelm Steinitz; May 14, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was a Bohemian-Austrian, and later American, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> player. From 1886 to 1894, he was the first <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Champion</a>. He was also a highly influential writer and <a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">chess theoretician</a>. When discussing chess history from the 1850s onwards, commentators have debated whether Steinitz could be effectively considered the champion from an earlier time, perhaps as early as 1866. Steinitz lost his title to <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> in 1894, and lost a rematch in 1896–97. Statistical rating systems give Steinitz a rather low ranking among world champions, mainly because he took several long breaks from competitive play. However, an analysis based on one of these rating systems shows that he was one of the most dominant players in the history of the game. Steinitz was unbeaten in match play for 32 years, from 1862 to 1894. Although Steinitz became "world number one" by winning in the all-out attacking style that was common in the 1860s, he unveiled in 1873 a new <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#positional_play" title="Glossary of chess">positional</a></dfn> style of play, and demonstrated that it was superior to the previous style. His new style was controversial and some even branded it as "cowardly", but many of Steinitz's games showed that it could also set up attacks as ferocious as those of the old school. Steinitz was also a prolific writer on chess, and defended his new ideas vigorously. The debate was so bitter and sometimes abusive that it became known as the "Ink War". By the early 1890s, Steinitz's approach was widely accepted, and the next generation of top players acknowledged their debt to him, most notably his successor as world champion, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a>. Traditional accounts of Steinitz's character depict him as ill-tempered and aggressive, but more recent research shows that he had long and friendly relationships with some players and chess organizations. Most notably from 1888 to 1889 he co-operated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Chess_Congress" title="American Chess Congress">American Chess Congress</a> in a project to define rules governing the conduct of future world championships. Steinitz was unskilled at managing money, and lived in poverty all his life. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Steinitz was born on May 14, 1836, in the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (now capital of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>; then in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>). The youngest of tailor Josef-Salomon Steinitz's thirteen sons by his first wife, he learned to play chess at age 12.<a href="#cite_note-SchoenbergGrandmasters-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> After studying Talmud in his youth,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> he began playing serious chess in his twenties, after leaving Prague in 1857 to study <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a><a href="#cite_note-SchoenbergGrandmasters-1">[1]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna University of Technology">Vienna Polytechnic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Steinitz spent two years at the university.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chess_career_(through_1881)">Chess career (through 1881)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chess career (through 1881)">edit</a>]</div> Steinitz improved rapidly in chess during the late 1850s, progressing from third place in the 1859 Vienna City championship to first in 1861, with a score of 30/31.<a href="#cite_note-ScoresRomanticEra-6">[6]</a> During this period he was nicknamed "the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Morphy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> This achievement meant that he had become the strongest player in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz,_p._20-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_debut">International debut</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International debut">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinitz1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Steinitz1866.jpg/200px-Steinitz1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Steinitz1866.jpg/300px-Steinitz1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Steinitz1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Steinitz in 1866</figcaption></figure> Steinitz was then sent to represent Austria in the <a href="/wiki/London_1862_chess_tournament" title="London 1862 chess tournament">London 1862 chess tournament</a>. He placed sixth, but his win over <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Mongredien" title="Augustus Mongredien">Augustus Mongredien</a> was awarded the tournament's brilliancy prize.<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He immediately challenged the fifth-placed contestant, the strong veteran Italian Master <a href="/wiki/Serafino_Dubois" title="Serafino Dubois">Serafino Dubois</a>, to a match, which Steinitz won (five wins, one <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draw</a>, three losses).<a href="#cite_note-ScoresRomanticEra-6">[6]</a> This encouraged him to turn professional, and he took up residence in London.<a href="#cite_note-Horowitz,_p._20-8">[8]</a> In 1862–63 Steinitz scored a crushing win in a match with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Blackburne" title="Joseph Henry Blackburne">Joseph Henry Blackburne</a>, who went on to be one of the world's top ten for 20 years, but who had only started playing chess two years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-ChessmetricsPlayerProfileBlackburne-11">[11]</a> Steinitz then beat some leading UK players in matches: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Deacon" title="Frederick Deacon">Frederick Deacon</a> and the aforementioned Mongredien in 1863 followed by Valentine Green in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-SilmanSteinitz-12">[12]</a> This charge up the rankings had a price: in March 1863 Steinitz apologized in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Kolisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignác Kolisch">Ignác Kolisch</a> for not repaying a loan, because while Steinitz had been beating Blackburne, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harrwitz" title="Daniel Harrwitz">Daniel Harrwitz</a> had "taken over" all of Steinitz's clients at the London Chess Club, who had provided Steinitz's main source of income.<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Match_against_Anderssen">Match against Anderssen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Match against Anderssen">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdolphAnderssen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/AdolphAnderssen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a> was recognized as the world's top player until 1866, when Steinitz won a match against him.</figcaption></figure> These successes established Steinitz as one of the world's top players, and he was able to arrange a match in 1866 in London against <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a>, who was regarded as the world's strongest active player because he had won the 1851 and 1862 London International Tournaments and his one superior, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Paul Morphy</a>, had retired from competitive chess.<a href="#cite_note-SchoenbergGrandmasters-1">[1]</a> Steinitz won with eight wins and six losses (there were no draws), but it was a hard fight; after 12 games the scores were level at 6–6, then Steinitz won the last two games.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> As a result of this match victory, Steinitz was generally regarded as the world's best player.<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> The prize money for this match was £100 to the winner (Steinitz) and £20 for the loser (Anderssen). The winner's prize was a large sum by the standards of the times, equivalent to about £57,500 in 2007's money.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_match_play_success">Continued match play success</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continued match play success">edit</a>]</div> In the years following his victory over Anderssen, Steinitz beat <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bird_(chess_player)" title="Henry Bird (chess player)">Henry Bird</a> in 1866 (seven wins, five losses, five draws). He also comfortably beat <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a> in 1872 (seven wins, four draws, one loss; Zukertort had proved himself one of the elite by beating Anderssen by a large margin in 1871).<a href="#cite_note-SilmanSteinitz-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradually_improves_tournament_results">Gradually improves tournament results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gradually improves tournament results">edit</a>]</div> It took longer for Steinitz to reach the top in tournament play. In the next few years he took: third place at Paris 1867 behind <a href="/wiki/Ignatz_Kolisch" title="Ignatz Kolisch">Ignatz Kolisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Winawer" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Winawer">Simon Winawer</a>; and second place at <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> (1867; <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Neumann" title="Gustav Neumann">Gustav Neumann</a> won), and <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden_1870_chess_tournament" title="Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament">Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament</a>; behind Anderssen but ahead of Blackburne, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Paulsen" title="Louis Paulsen">Louis Paulsen</a> and other strong players.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> His first victory in a strong tournament was London 1872, ahead of Blackburne and Zukertort;<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker-18">[18]</a> and the first tournament in which Steinitz finished ahead of Anderssen was the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_1873_chess_tournament" title="Vienna 1873 chess tournament">Vienna 1873 chess tournament</a>, when Anderssen was 55 years old.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_style,_introduces_positional_school">Changes style, introduces positional school</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Changes style, introduces positional school">edit</a>]</div> All of Steinitz's successes up to 1872 were achieved in the attack-at-all-costs "<a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic</a>" style exemplified by Anderssen. But in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_1873_chess_tournament" title="Vienna 1873 chess tournament">Vienna 1873 chess tournament</a>, Steinitz unveiled a new "positional" style of play which was to become the basis of modern chess.<a href="#cite_note-SilmanSteinitz-12">[12]</a> He tied for first place with Blackburne, ahead of Anderssen, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rosenthal" title="Samuel Rosenthal">Samuel Rosenthal</a>, Paulsen and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bird_(chess_player)" title="Henry Bird (chess player)">Henry Bird</a>, and won the play-off against Blackburne. Steinitz made a shaky start, but won his last 14 games in the main tournament (including 2–0 results over Paulsen, Anderssen, and Blackburne<a href="#cite_note-SilmanSteinitz-12">[12]</a>) plus the two play-off games – this was the start of a 25-game winning streak in serious competition.<a href="#cite_note-endgameNLWorldExhibitions-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiatus_from_competitive_chess">Hiatus from competitive chess</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hiatus from competitive chess">edit</a>]</div> Between 1873 and 1882 Steinitz played no tournaments and only one match (a 7–0 win against Blackburne in 1876). His other games during this period were in <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">simultaneous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blindfold_chess" title="Blindfold chess">blindfold</a> exhibitions,<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] which contributed an important part of a professional chess-player's income in those days (for example in 1887 Blackburne was paid 9 <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(coin)" title="Guinea (coin)">guineas</a> for two simultaneous exhibitions and a blindfold exhibition hosted by the Teesside Chess Association;<a href="#cite_note-ClevelandChessAssocHist-20">[20]</a> this was equivalent to about £4,800 at 2007 values<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chess_journalist">Chess journalist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chess journalist">edit</a>]</div> Instead, Steinitz concentrated on his work as a chess journalist, notably for <a href="/wiki/The_Field_(magazine)" title="The Field (magazine)">The Field</a>, which was Britain's leading sports magazine.<a href="#cite_note-chessarchSteinitzWroteForTheField-22">[22]</a> Some of Steinitz's commentaries aroused heated debates, notably from Zukertort and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Hoffer" title="Leopold Hoffer">Leopold Hoffer</a> in The Chess Monthly (which they founded in 1879).<a href="#cite_note-WinterKKSCotch-23">[23]</a> This "Ink War" escalated sharply in 1881, when Steinitz mercilessly criticized Hoffer's annotations of games in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_1881_chess_tournament" title="Berlin 1881 chess tournament">1881 Berlin Congress</a> (won by Blackburne ahead of Zukertort). Steinitz was eager to settle the analytical debates by a second match against Zukertort, whose unwillingness to play provoked scornful comments from Steinitz. In mid-1882 <a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(chess_player)" title="James Mason (chess player)">James Mason</a>, a consistently strong player,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> challenged Steinitz to a match, and accused Steinitz of cowardice when Steinitz insisted the issue with Zukertort should be settled first. Steinitz responded by inviting Mason to name a sufficiently high stake for a match, at least £150 per player (equivalent to £19,083 in 2023), but Mason was unwilling to stake more than £100. Mason later agreed to play a match with Zukertort for a stake of £100 per player, but soon "postponed" that match, writing that "circumstances having arisen that make it highly inconvenient for me to proceed ..."<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rivalry_with_Zukertort">Rivalry with Zukertort</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rivalry with Zukertort">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Zukertort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Johannes_Zukertort.jpg/190px-Johannes_Zukertort.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Johannes_Zukertort.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Steinitz's rival and bitter enemy <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a> lost matches to him in 1872 and 1886. The second match made Steinitz the undisputed <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">world champion</a>.</figcaption></figure> Steinitz's long lay-off caused some commentators to suggest that Zukertort, who had scored some notable tournament victories, should be regarded as the world chess champion.<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> As an example, The Chess Player's Chronicle in July 1883 opined that 'Steinitz was, at one time, fairly entitled to the position of champion...He has just taken an inferior place to Zukertort, in a tournament, and for the time being Zukertort, in the opinion of some, becomes champion'.<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> Zukertort, the son of Jewish converts to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> who missionized among Polish Jews,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> told Steinitz: "You are not a chessplayer, but a Jew".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comeback_success">Comeback success</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comeback success">edit</a>]</div> Steinitz returned to serious competitive chess in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_1882_chess_tournament" title="Vienna 1882 chess tournament">Vienna 1882 chess tournament</a>, which has been described as the strongest chess tournament of all time at that point. Despite a shaky start he took equal first place with <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Winawer" title="Szymon Winawer">Szymon Winawer</a>, ahead of <a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(chess_player)" title="James Mason (chess player)">James Mason</a>, Zukertort, <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Mackenzie" title="George Henry Mackenzie">George Henry Mackenzie</a>, Blackburne, <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Englisch" title="Berthold Englisch">Berthold Englisch</a>, Paulsen and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a>, and drew the play-off match.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-chessbaseVienna1882-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visits_the_United_States">Visits the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Visits the United States">edit</a>]</div> Steinitz visited the United States, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> area, from December 1882 to May 1883. He was given an enthusiastic reception. Steinitz played several exhibitions, many casual games, and a match for stakes of £50 with a wealthy amateur. He also won three more serious matches with two New World professionals, Alexander Sellman (Steinitz won both) and the Cuban champion <a href="/wiki/Celso_Golmayo_Z%C3%BApide" title="Celso Golmayo Zúpide">Celso Golmayo Zúpide</a>. The match with Golmayo was abandoned when Steinitz was leading (eight wins, one draw, one loss). His hosts even arranged a visit to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, where Paul Morphy lived.<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_London">Return to London</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Return to London">edit</a>]</div> Later in 1883, Steinitz took second place in the extremely strong <a href="/wiki/London_1883_chess_tournament" title="London 1883 chess tournament">London 1883 chess tournament</a> behind Zukertort, who made a brilliant start, faded at the end but finished three points ahead.<a href="#cite_note-chesscornerWorldchampsSteinitz-29">[29]</a> Steinitz finished 2½ points ahead of the third-placed competitor, Blackburne.<a href="#cite_note-WeeksLondon1883-30">[30]</a> Zukertort's victory again led some commentators to suggest that Zukertort should be regarded as the world chess champion, while others said the issue could only be resolved by a match between Steinitz and Zukertort.<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settles_in_United_States">Settles in United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Settles in United States">edit</a>]</div> In 1883, shortly after the London tournament, Steinitz decided to leave England and moved to New York City, where he lived for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-chessbaseVienna1882-28">[28]</a> This did not end the "Ink War": his enemies persuaded some of the American press to publish anti-Steinitz articles,<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz-31">[31]</a> and in 1885 Steinitz founded the International Chess Magazine, which he edited until 1895. In his magazine he chronicled the lengthy negotiations for a match with Zukertort. He also managed to find supporters in other sections of the American press including Turf, Field and Farm and the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Globe-Democrat" title="St. Louis Globe-Democrat">St. Louis Globe-Democrat</a>, both of which reported Steinitz's offer to forgo all fees, expenses or share in the stake and make the match "a benefit performance, solely for Mr Zukertort's pecuniary profit".<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Championship_match">World Championship match</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World Championship match">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1886" title="World Chess Championship 1886">World Chess Championship 1886</a></div> Eventually it was agreed that in 1886 Steinitz and Zukertort would play a <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1886" title="World Chess Championship 1886">match</a> in New York, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and New Orleans, and that the victor would be the player who first won 10 games. At Steinitz's insistence the contract said it would be "for the Championship of the World".<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-LandsbergBiographySteinitz-32">[32]</a> After the five games played in New York, Zukertort led by 4–1, but in the end Steinitz won decisively by 12½–7½ (ten wins, five draws, five losses), becoming the first official world champion on March 29.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The collapse by Zukertort, who won only one of the last 15 games, has been described as "perhaps the most thoroughgoing reversal of fortune in the history of world championship play."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Though not yet officially an American citizen, Steinitz wanted the United States flag to be placed next to him during the match. He became a US citizen on November 23, 1888, having resided for five years in New York, and changed his first name from Wilhelm to William.<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] In 1887 the <a href="/wiki/American_Chess_Congress" title="American Chess Congress">American Chess Congress</a> started work on drawing up regulations for the future conduct of world championship contests. Steinitz actively supported this endeavor, as he thought he was becoming too old to remain world champion – he wrote in his own magazine "I know I am not fit to be the champion, and I am not likely to bear that title for ever".<a href="#cite_note-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeats_Chigorin">Defeats Chigorin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defeats Chigorin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1889" title="World Chess Championship 1889">World Chess Championship 1889</a></div> In 1888 the <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> Chess Club offered to sponsor a match between Steinitz and whomever he would select as a worthy opponent. Steinitz nominated the Russian <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] on the condition that the invitation should not be presented as a challenge from him. There is some doubt about whether this was intended to be a match for the world championship: both Steinitz's letters and the publicity material just before the match conspicuously avoided the phrase. The proposed match was to have a maximum of 20 games,<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] and Steinitz had said that fixed-length matches were unsuitable for world championship contests because the first player to take the lead could then play for draws; and Steinitz was at the same time supporting the American Chess Congress's world championship project.<a href="#cite_note-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot-35">[35]</a> Whatever the status of the match, it was played in Havana in January to February 1889, and won by Steinitz (ten wins, one draw, six losses).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_1889_tournament">New York 1889 tournament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: New York 1889 tournament">edit</a>]</div> The American Chess Congress's final proposal was that the winner of a tournament to be held in New York in 1889 should be regarded as world champion for the time being, but must be prepared to face a challenge from the second or third placed competitor within a month.<a href="#cite_note-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot-35">[35]</a> Steinitz wrote that he would not play in the tournament and would not challenge the winner unless the second and third placed competitors failed to do so.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The tournament was duly played, but the outcome was not quite as planned: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Weiss" title="Max Weiss">Max Weiss</a> tied for first place; their play-off resulted in four draws, and Weiss then wanted to get back to his work for the <a href="/wiki/S._M._von_Rothschild" title="S. M. von Rothschild">Rothschild Bank</a>, conceding the title to Chigorin[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. However, the third prize-winner <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Gunsberg" title="Isidor Gunsberg">Isidor Gunsberg</a> was prepared to play for the title. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1890%E2%80%931891" title="World Chess Championship 1890–1891">World Chess Championship 1890–1891</a></div> A Steinitz-Gunsberg match was played in New York in 1890 and ended in a 10½–8½ victory for Steinitz. The American Chess Congress's experiment was not repeated, and Steinitz's last three matches were private arrangements between the players.<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>]<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wins_rematch_against_Chigorin">Wins rematch against Chigorin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wins rematch against Chigorin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1892" title="World Chess Championship 1892">World Chess Championship 1892</a></div> In 1891 the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> Chess Society and the Havana Chess Club offered to organize another Steinitz–Chigorin match for the world championship. Steinitz played against Chigorin in Havana in 1892, and won narrowly (ten wins, five draws, eight losses).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] German Dr. <a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a> turned down an opportunity in 1892 to challenge Steinitz in a world championship match, because of the demands of his medical practice.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loses_title_to_Lasker">Loses title to Lasker</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Loses title to Lasker">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1894" title="World Chess Championship 1894">World Chess Championship 1894</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lasker-Steinitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lasker-Steinitz.jpg/220px-Lasker-Steinitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lasker-Steinitz.jpg/330px-Lasker-Steinitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Lasker-Steinitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> (right) playing Steinitz for the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a>, New York 1894</figcaption></figure> Around this time Steinitz publicly spoke of retiring, but changed his mind when <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a>, 32 years younger and comparatively untested at the top level, challenged him. Lasker had been earlier that year refused a non-title challenge by fellow German, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a>, who was at the time the world's most dominant tournament player.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Initially, Lasker wanted to play for $5,000 a side, and a match was agreed at stakes of $3,000 a side, but Steinitz agreed to a series of reductions when Lasker found it difficult to raise the money, and the final figure was $2,000 each, which was less than for some of Steinitz's earlier matches (the final combined stake of $4,000 would be worth about $114,000 at 2016 values<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>). Although this was publicly praised as an act of sportsmanship on Steinitz's part,<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker-18">[18]</a> Steinitz may have desperately needed the money.<a href="#cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzPapers-39">[39]</a> The match was played in 1894, at venues in New York, Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada. The 32-year age difference between the combatants was the largest in the history of world championship play, and remains so today.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Steinitz had previously declared he would win without doubt, so it came as a shock when Lasker won the first game. Steinitz responded by winning the second, and was able to maintain the balance until the sixth. However, Lasker won all the games from the seventh to the 11th, and Steinitz asked for a one-week rest. When the match resumed, Steinitz looked in better shape and won the 13th and 14th games. Lasker struck back in the 15th and 16th, and Steinitz was unable to compensate for his losses in the middle of the match. Hence Lasker <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1894" title="World Chess Championship 1894">won</a> with ten wins, five losses and four draws.<a href="#cite_note-Giffard394-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzLasker1894-42">[42]</a> Some commentators thought Steinitz's habit of playing "experimental" moves in serious competition was a major factor in his downfall.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Increased_tournament_activity">Increased tournament activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Increased tournament activity">edit</a>]</div> After losing the title, Steinitz played in tournaments more frequently than he had previously. He won at New York City 1894, and was fifth at <a href="/wiki/Hastings_1895_chess_tournament" title="Hastings 1895 chess tournament">Hastings 1895</a> (winning the first brilliancy prize for his game with <a href="/wiki/Curt_von_Bardeleben" title="Curt von Bardeleben">Curt von Bardeleben</a>). At <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_1895-96_chess_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg 1895-96 chess tournament">Saint Petersburg 1895</a>, a super-strong four player, multi-round-robin event, with Lasker, Chigorin and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Pillsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Pillsbury">Pillsbury</a>, he took second place behind Lasker. Later his results began to decline: 6th in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> 1896, 5th in Cologne 1898, 10th in London 1899.<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>]<a href="#cite_note-sympatico19thCentMatchesTournaments-44">[44]</a> In early 1896, Steinitz defeated the Russian <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Schiffers" title="Emanuel Schiffers">Emanuel Schiffers</a> in a match (winning 6 games, drawing 1, losing 4).<a href="#cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzPapers-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rematch_with_Lasker">Rematch with Lasker</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rematch with Lasker">edit</a>]</div> In November, 1896 to January, 1897 Steinitz played a return match with Lasker in Moscow, but won only 2 games, drawing 5, and losing 10.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This was the last world chess championship match for eleven years. Shortly after the match, Steinitz had a mental breakdown and was confined for 40 days in a Moscow sanatorium, where he played chess with the inmates.<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_on_the_beginning_of_Steinitz's_success">Controversy on the beginning of Steinitz's success</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Controversy on the beginning of Steinitz's success">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JHBlackburne_c1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/JHBlackburne_c1890.jpg/170px-JHBlackburne_c1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/JHBlackburne_c1890.jpg/255px-JHBlackburne_c1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/JHBlackburne_c1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blackburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Blackburne">Joseph Blackburne</a>. Steinitz beat him 7–0 in 1876, but <a href="/wiki/George_Alcock_MacDonnell" title="George Alcock MacDonnell">George Alcock MacDonnell</a> hailed Blackburne as "World Champion" for his win in the 1881 Berlin Tournament.</figcaption></figure> There is a long-running debate among chess writers about whether Steinitz's reign as <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a> began in 1866, when he beat Anderssen, or in 1886, when he beat Zukertort.<a href="#cite_note-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-DateStartSteinitzReign-46">[46]</a> In April 1894 the <a href="/wiki/British_Chess_Magazine" title="British Chess Magazine">British Chess Magazine</a> described Steinitz as holding "the chess championship of the world for 28 years".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> However, there is no evidence that he claimed the title for himself in 1866, although in the 1880s he claimed to have been the champion since his win over Anderssen.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> It has been suggested that Steinitz could not make such a claim while <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Paul Morphy</a> was alive.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Morphy had defeated Anderssen by a far wider margin, 8–3, in 1858, but retired from chess competition soon after he returned to the US in 1859, and died in 1884. The 1886 Steinitz vs. Zukertort match was the first that was explicitly described as being for the World Championship,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a> and Paul Morphy had been unofficially described as "World Chess Champion" around the middle of the 19th century. In fact one of the organizers of the <a href="/wiki/London_1851_chess_tournament" title="London 1851 chess tournament">1851 London International tournament</a> had said the contest was for "the baton of the World's Chess Champion", and in mid-1840s <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Bledow" title="Ludwig Bledow">Ludwig Bledow</a> wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Tassilo_von_Heydebrand_und_der_Lasa" title="Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa">Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa</a> suggesting they should organize a world championship tournament in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Spinrad2006EarlyWorldRankings-51">[51]</a> Some commentators described Steinitz as "the champion" in the years following his 1872 match victory against Zukertort. In the late 1870s and early 1880s some regarded Steinitz as the champion and others supported Johannes Zukertort, and the 1886 match was not regarded as creating the title of World Champion, but as resolving conflicting claims to the title.<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> On the other hand <a href="/wiki/George_Alcock_MacDonnell" title="George Alcock MacDonnell">George Alcock MacDonnell</a> hailed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blackburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Blackburne">Joseph Blackburne</a> as "World Champion" for his win in the 1881 Berlin Tournament, <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Mackenzie" title="George Henry Mackenzie">George Henry Mackenzie</a> as having "won the Chess Championship of the World" in 1887, and <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Gunsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidore Gunsberg">Isidore Gunsberg</a> as "among the champions of the world" following his win at "Bradford Place" in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> However, Steinitz regarded G.A. MacDonnell as "one of my bitterest and most untruthful persecutors".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Steinitz lived with Caroline Golder (born 1846) in the 1860s, and their only daughter Flora was born in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-WinterChessNotes29-54">[54]</a> Flora died in 1888 at the age of 21,<a href="#cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzPapers-39">[39]</a> and Caroline died in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">[13]</a> He married his second wife a few years later, and had two children by her. In 1897 he dedicated a pamphlet to the memory of his first wife and their daughter.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900-43">[43]</a> In February 1897, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> prematurely reported his death in a New York mental asylum.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1897ChessAndBrainDisease-55">[55]</a> Some authors claim that he contracted <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kmoch-56">[56]</a> which may have been a cause of the mental breakdowns he suffered in his last years. In the months prior to his death, he spent some time in institutions as a result of his failing mental health.<a href="#cite_note-BaltimoreAmerican1900SteinitzFreeOnceMore-57">[57]</a> Before his confinement, Steinitz had been attempting to publish an essay calling for the emancipation of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Jews">Austrian Jews</a>, and Steinitz himself attributed his symptoms entirely to mental fatigue.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> His chess activities had not yielded any great financial rewards, and he died a pauper in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center" title="Manhattan Psychiatric Center">Manhattan State Hospital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wards_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards Island">Wards Island</a>) on August 12, 1900, of a heart attack. Steinitz is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Evergreens" title="Cemetery of the Evergreens">Cemetery of the Evergreens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> His second wife and their two young children were still alive at the time of his death.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900-43">[43]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Assessment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Steinitz_plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wilhelm_Steinitz_plaque.JPG/220px-Wilhelm_Steinitz_plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wilhelm_Steinitz_plaque.JPG/330px-Wilhelm_Steinitz_plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wilhelm_Steinitz_plaque.JPG/440px-Wilhelm_Steinitz_plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in honor of Wilhelm Steinitz, in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>'s Josefov district</figcaption></figure> The book of the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_1895_chess_tournament" title="Hastings 1895 chess tournament">Hastings 1895 chess tournament</a>, written collectively by the players, described Steinitz as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Hastings1895TournamentBook-60">[60]</a> <blockquote>Mr. Steinitz stands high as a theoretician and as a writer; he has a powerful pen, and when he chooses can use expressive English. He evidently strives to be fair to friends and foes alike, but appears sometimes to fail to see that after all he is much like many others in this respect. Possessed of a fine intellect, and extremely fond of the game, he is apt to lose sight of all other considerations, people and business alike. Chess is his very life and soul, the one thing for which he lives.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_game">Influence on the game</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Influence on the game">edit</a>]</div> Steinitz's play up to and including 1872 was similar to that of his contemporaries: sharp, aggressive, and full of <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">sacrificial</a> play. This was the style in which he became "world number one" by beating <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a> in 1866 and confirmed his position by beating <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Zukertort</a> in 1872 and winning the 1872 London International tournament (Zukertort had claimed the rank of number two by beating Anderssen in 1871).<a href="#cite_note-SilmanSteinitz-12">[12]</a> In 1873, however, Steinitz's play suddenly changed, giving priority to what is now called the positional elements in chess: <a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">pawn structure</a>, space, outposts for knights, the advantage of the two bishops, etc. Although Steinitz often accepted unnecessarily difficult defensive positions in order to demonstrate the superiority of his theories, he also showed that his methods could provide a platform for crushing attacks.<a href="#cite_note-SilmanSteinitzBook-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Steinitz's successor as world champion, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a>, summed up the new style as: "In the beginning of the game ignore the search for <a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">combinations</a>, abstain from violent moves, aim for small advantages, accumulate them, and only after having attained these ends search for the combination – and then with all the power of will and intellect, because then the combination must exist, however deeply hidden."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Although Steinitz's play changed abruptly, he said he had been thinking along such lines for some years: <blockquote>Some of the games which I saw <a href="/wiki/Louis_Paulsen" title="Louis Paulsen">Paulsen</a> play during the London Congress of 1862 gave a still stronger start to the modification of my own opinions, which has since developed, and I began to recognize that Chess genius is not confined to the more or less deep and brilliant finishing strokes after the original balance of power and position has been overthrown, but that it also requires the exercise of still more extraordinary powers, though perhaps of a different kind to maintain that balance or respectively to disturb it at the proper time in one's own favor.<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergBiographySteinitz-32">[32]</a></blockquote> During his nine-year layoff from tournament play (1873–1882) and later in his career, Steinitz used his chess writings to present his theories – while in the UK he wrote for The Field;<a href="#cite_note-chessarchSteinitzWroteForTheField-22">[22]</a> in 1885 after moving to New York he founded the "International Chess Magazine", of which he was the chief editor;<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and in 1889 he edited the book of the great <a href="/wiki/American_Chess_Congress#Sixth_American_Chess_Congress_(1889)" title="American Chess Congress">New York 1889 tournament</a> (won by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Weiss" title="Max Weiss">Max Weiss</a>),<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> in which he did not compete as the tournament was designed to produce his successor as World Champion.<a href="#cite_note-endgameNLNewYork1889And1924-67">[67]</a> Many other writers found his new approach incomprehensible, boring or even cowardly; for example <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a> said, "<a href="/wiki/Ignatz_Kolisch" title="Ignatz Kolisch">Kolisch</a> is a highwayman and points the pistol at your breast. Steinitz is a pick-pocket, he steals a pawn and wins a game with it."<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz-31">[31]</a> But when he contested the first World Championship match in 1886 against <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a>, it became evident that Steinitz was playing on another level. Although Zukertort was at least Steinitz's equal in spectacular attacking play, Steinitz often outmaneuvered him fairly simply by the use of positional principles.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> By the time of his match in 1890–91 against Gunsberg, some commentators showed an understanding of and appreciation for Steinitz's theories.<a href="#cite_note-chessarchGunsbergSteinitzMatch1890To91-69">[69]</a> Shortly before the 1894 match with Emanuel Lasker, even the New York Times, which had earlier published attacks on his play and character,<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1888TheoryAndPractice-70">[70]</a> paid tribute to his playing record, the importance of his theories, and his sportsmanship in agreeing to the most difficult match of his career despite his previous intention of retiring.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker-18">[18]</a> By the end of his career, Steinitz was more highly esteemed as a theoretician than as a player. The comments about him in the book of the Hastings 1895 chess tournament focus on his theories and writings,<a href="#cite_note-Hastings1895TournamentBook-60">[60]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> was more explicit: "He was a thinker worthy of a seat in the halls of a University. A player, as the world believed he was, he was not; his studious temperament made that impossible; and thus he was conquered by a player ..."<a href="#cite_note-Lasker1925ManualOnSteinitz-71">[71]</a> As a result of his play and writings Steinitz, along with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Paul Morphy</a>, is considered by many chess commentators to be the founder of modern chess.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Lasker, who took the championship from Steinitz, wrote, "I who vanquished him must see to it that his great achievement, his theories should find justice, and I must avenge the wrongs he suffered."<a href="#cite_note-Lasker1925ManualOnSteinitz-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a> emphasizes Steinitz's importance as a pioneer in the field of chess theory: "Steinitz was the first to realise that chess, despite being a complicated game, obeys some common principles. ... But as often happens the first time is just a try. ... I can't say he was the founder of a chess theory. He was an experimenter and pointed out that chess obeys laws that should be considered."<a href="#cite_note-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Literary_Steinitz_Gambit" class="extiw" title="wikisource:A Literary Steinitz Gambit">A Literary Steinitz Gambit</a></div></div></div> </div> Steinitz was the main chess correspondent of <a href="/wiki/The_Field_(magazine)" title="The Field (magazine)">The Field</a> (in London) from 1873 to 1882, and used this to present his ideas about chess strategy.<a href="#cite_note-chessarchSteinitzWroteForTheField-22">[22]</a> In 1885 he founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Chess_Magazine" title="International Chess Magazine">International Chess Magazine</a> in New York City and edited it until 1891. In addition to game commentaries and blow-by-blow accounts of the negotiations leading to his 1886 match with <a href="/wiki/Johann_Zukertort" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Zukertort">Johann Zukertort</a> and of the American Chess Congress's world championship project, he wrote a long series of articles about <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Paul Morphy</a>, who had died in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-InternationalChessMagazine-74">[74]</a> He wrote the book of the 1889 New York tournament, in which he annotated all 432 of the games,<a href="#cite_note-endgameNLNewYork1889And1924-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-CollectedWorksOfSteinitz-75">[75]</a> and in 1889 he published a textbook, The Modern Chess Instructor.<a href="#cite_note-CollectedWorksOfSteinitz-75">[75]</a> Steinitz also allegedly wrote a pamphlet entitled Capital, Labor, and Charity while confined at <a href="/wiki/River_Crest_Sanitarium" title="River Crest Sanitarium">River Crest Sanitarium</a> in New York during the final months of his life.<a href="#cite_note-BaltimoreAmerican1900SteinitzFreeOnceMore-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Playing_strength_and_style">Playing strength and style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Playing strength and style">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px">Steinitz vs. von Bardeleben, 1895 </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8" style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit"><div class="chess-board notheme" style="position:relative"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="a8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="c8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:0px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="e8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="a7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="b7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="d7 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/22px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/33px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/44px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="e7 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/22px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/33px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/44px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:22px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="h7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="f6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:44px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="g6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:66px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="d5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/22px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/33px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/44px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:66px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="g5 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/22px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/33px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/44px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:88px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="g4 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/22px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/33px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/44px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:0px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="a2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:22px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:110px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:132px;left:154px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="h2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:44px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="c1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:88px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="e1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div><div style="position:absolute;z-index:3;top:154px;left:132px;width:22px;height:22px"><img alt="g1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div></div></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">7</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">6</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">4</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">3</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">2</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:22px">1</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:middle"><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center;height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td style="vertical-align:inherit;padding:0"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:left; height:auto;font-weight:normal;"><div style="margin-right:4em;line-height:125%;height:auto;">White to move. Steinitz produced this <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#brilliancy" title="Glossary of chess">brilliancy</a></dfn> at age 59. </div></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> 22.Rxe7+ Kf8 23.Rf7+ Kg8 24.Rg7+ Kh8 25.Rxh7+ and Black <a href="/wiki/Resign_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resign (chess)">resigned</a>, as White gets a huge advantage or <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#forced_mate" title="Glossary of chess">forces mate</a></dfn> in 10 moves.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steintiz_VanBardeleben_Hastings1895-76">[76]</a></div></div> </div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div role="note" class="side-box metadata side-box-right algebraic-notation"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This example uses <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic notation</a>.</div></div> </div> Statistical rating systems are unkind to Steinitz. "Warriors of the Mind" gives him a ranking of 47th, below several obscure Soviet grandmasters;<a href="#cite_note-WarriorsOfTheMind-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chessmetrics" title="Chessmetrics">Chessmetrics</a> places him only 15th on its all-time list.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Chessmetrics penalizes players who play infrequently;<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> opportunities for competitive chess were infrequent in Steinitz's best years,<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a> and Steinitz had a few long absences from competitive play (1873–1876, 1876–1882, 1883–1886, 1886–1889). However, in 2005, Chessmetrics' author, Jeff Sonas, wrote an article which examined various ways of comparing the strength of "world number one" players, using data provided by Chessmetrics, and found that: Steinitz was further ahead of his contemporaries in the 1870s than <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a> was in his peak period (1970–1972); that Steinitz had the third-highest total number of years as the world's top player, behind <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>; and that Steinitz placed 7th in a comparison of how long players were ranked in the world's top three.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Between his victory over Anderssen (1866) and his loss to Emanuel Lasker (1894), Steinitz won all his "normal" matches, sometimes by wide margins; and his worst tournament performance in that 28-year period was third place in Paris (1867).<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a> (He also lost two handicap matches and a match by telegraph in 1890 against <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a>, where Chigorin was allowed to choose the openings in both games and won both.)<a href="#cite_note-silmanCollectedWorksOfSteinitz-81">[81]</a> The Edo rating system<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>that covers the years from 1821 to 1937 places Steinitz 3rd in top peak rating; behind Jose Capablanca and Paul Morphy but ahead of Emanuel Lasker and Alexander Alekhine. Initially Steinitz played in the all-out attacking style of contemporaries like Anderssen, and then changed to the positional style with which he dominated competitive chess in the 1870s and 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-SilmanSteinitz-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> wrote, "Steinitz aimed at positions with clear-cut features, to which his theory was best applicable."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> However, he retained his capacity for brilliant attacks right to the end of his career; for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Hastings_1895_chess_tournament" title="Hastings 1895 chess tournament">1895 Hastings tournament</a> (when he was 59), he beat <a href="/wiki/Curt_von_Bardeleben" title="Curt von Bardeleben">von Bardeleben</a> in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1132699">spectacular game</a> in which in the closing stages Steinitz deliberately exposed all his pieces to attack simultaneously (except his king, of course).<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a> His most significant weaknesses were his habits of playing "experimental" moves and getting into unnecessarily difficult defensive positions in top-class competitive games.<a href="#cite_note-SilmanSteinitz-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality">Personality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Personality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Steinitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Wilhelm_Steinitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Steinitz</figcaption></figure> "Traditional" accounts of Steinitz describe him as having a sharp tongue and violent temper, perhaps partly because of his short stature (barely five feet) and congenital lameness.<a href="#cite_note-SchoenbergGrandmasters-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a> He admitted that "Like the Duke of Parma, I always hold the sword in one hand and the olive branch in the other",<a href="#cite_note-WinterSteinitzQuotes-84">[84]</a> and under severe provocation he could become abusive in published articles.<a href="#cite_note-WinterChessWithViolence-85">[85]</a> He was aware of his own tendencies and said early in his career, "Nothing would induce me to take charge of a chess column ...Because I should be so fair in dispensing blame as well as praise that I should be sure to give offence and make enemies."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> When he embarked on chess journalism, his brutally frank review of Wormald's The Chess Openings in 1875 proved him right on both counts.<a href="#cite_note-WinterChessNotesArchive15-87">[87]</a> His personal correspondence, his own articles and some third-party articles, however, show that he had long and friendly relationships with many people and groups in the chess world, including <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Kolisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignác Kolisch">Ignác Kolisch</a> (one of his earliest sponsors), <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nelson_Pillsbury" title="Harry Nelson Pillsbury">Harry Nelson Pillsbury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzPapers-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Horwitz" title="Bernhard Horwitz">Bernhard Horwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Burn" title="Amos Burn">Amos Burn</a><a href="#cite_note-WinterSteinitzQuotes-84">[84]</a> and the Cuban and Russian chess communities.<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzPapers-39">[39]</a> He even co-operated with the American Chess Congress in its project to regulate future contests for the world title that he had earned.<a href="#cite_note-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot-35">[35]</a> Steinitz strove to be objective in his writings about chess competitions and games; for example, he attributed to sheer bad luck a poor tournament score by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Edward Bird">Henry Edward Bird</a>, whom he considered no friend of his,<a href="#cite_note-WinterSteinitzQuotes-84">[84]</a> and was generous in his praise of great play by even his bitter enemies.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> He could poke fun at some of his own rhetoric; for example: "I remarked that I would rather die in America than live in England. ... I added that I would rather lose a match in America than win one in England. But after having carefully considered the subject in all its bearings, I have come to the conclusion that I neither mean to die yet nor to lose the match."<a href="#cite_note-WinterSteinitzQuotes-84">[84]</a> At a joint simultaneous display in Russia around the time of the 1895–96 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> tournament, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> and Steinitz formed an impromptu comedy double act.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Although he had a strong sense of honour about repaying debts,<a href="#cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzPapers-39">[39]</a> Steinitz was poor at managing his finances: he let a competitor "poach" many of his clients in 1862–63,<a href="#cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzPapers-39">[39]</a> offered to play the 1886 world title match against <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a> for free,<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> and died in poverty in 1900, leaving his widow to survive by running a small shop.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitive_record">Competitive record</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Competitive record">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournament_results">Tournament results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tournament results">edit</a>]</div> Sources:<a href="#cite_note-ScoresRomanticEra-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>]<a href="#cite_note-endgameNLWorldExhibitions-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-sympatico19thCentMatchesTournaments-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-storiascacchiTorneiAl1879-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-storiascacchiTorneiAl1880To1899-91">[91]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Place</th> <th>Score</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1859</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> chess society</td> <td>3rd</td> <td>?</td> <td align="left">Behind <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hamppe" title="Carl Hamppe">Carl Hamppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Jenay" title="Eduard Jenay">Eduard Jenay</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860</td> <td align="left">Vienna chess society</td> <td>2nd</td> <td>?</td> <td align="left">Hamppe won. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861</td> <td align="left">Vienna chess society</td> <td>3rd</td> <td>?</td> <td align="left">Behind Hamppe and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harrwitz" title="Daniel Harrwitz">Daniel Harrwitz</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862</td> <td align="left">Vienna chess society</td> <td>1st</td> <td>30/31</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_1862_chess_tournament" title="London 1862 chess tournament">1862</a></td> <td align="left">London International Tournament</td> <td>6th</td> <td>8/13</td> <td align="left">Behind <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Paulsen" title="Louis Paulsen">Louis Paulsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(chess_player)" title="John Owen (chess player)">John Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Alcock_MacDonnell" title="George Alcock MacDonnell">George Alcock MacDonnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serafino_Dubois" title="Serafino Dubois">Serafino Dubois</a>. Draws were not scored in this tournament. Steinitz was awarded the brilliancy prize for his win over <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Mongredien" title="Augustus Mongredien">Augustus Mongredien</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862</td> <td align="left">London championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>7/7</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></td> <td>1st–2nd</td> <td>3½/4</td> <td align="left">Won play-off after tie with G. A. MacDonnell. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866</td> <td align="left">London handicap tournament</td> <td>1st</td> <td>8/9</td> <td align="left">Steinitz won against <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Valentine_De_Vere" title="Cecil Valentine De Vere">Cecil Valentine De Vere</a> (2–1), MacDonnell (2–0), Mocatta (2–0) – Steinitz gave odds of pawn and move, and in the final S. Green (2–0) – Steinitz gave odds of pawn and two moves. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> handicap tournament</td> <td>1st–2nd</td> <td>3/3</td> <td align="left">Tied with J.C. Fraser. Steinitz won against MacDonnell (1–0), Keating (1–0) – Steinitz gave odds of a knight, and Scott (1–0) – Steinitz gave odds of a knight. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867</td> <td align="left">Dundee</td> <td>2nd</td> <td>7/9</td> <td align="left">Behind Neumann (7½/9); ahead of MacDonnell, De Vere, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Blackburne" title="Joseph Henry Blackburne">Joseph Henry Blackburne</a>, Robertson, J.C. Fraser, G.B. Fraser, Hamel and Spens. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris_1867_chess_tournament" title="Paris 1867 chess tournament">1867</a></td> <td align="left">Paris</td> <td>3rd</td> <td>+18−3=3</td> <td align="left">Draws counted as zero; third behind <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Kolisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignác Kolisch">Ignaz von Kolisch</a> (+20−2=2) and <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Winawer" title="Szymon Winawer">Szymon Winawer</a> (+19−4=1); ahead of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Neumann" title="Gustav Neumann">Gustav Neumann</a>, De Vere, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Arnous_de_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Jules Arnous de Rivière">Jules Arnous de Rivière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Czarnowski" title="Hieronim Czarnowski">Hieronim Czarnowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celso_Golmayo_Z%C3%BApide" title="Celso Golmayo Zúpide">Celso Golmayo Zúpide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rosenthal" title="Samuel Rosenthal">Samuel Rosenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Loyd" title="Sam Loyd">Sam Loyd</a>, D'Andre, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Severin_From" title="Martin Severin From">Martin Severin From</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rousseau_(chess_player)" title="Eugène Rousseau (chess player)">Eugène Rousseau</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden_1870_chess_tournament" title="Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament">1870</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a></td> <td>2nd</td> <td>12½/18</td> <td align="left">Behind Anderssen (13/18); ahead of Neumann, Blackburne, Louis Paulsen, De Vere, <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Winawer" title="Szymon Winawer">Szymon Winawer</a>, Rosenthal and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Minckwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes von Minckwitz">Johannes von Minckwitz</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872</td> <td align="left">London</td> <td>1st</td> <td>7½/8</td> <td align="left">Ahead of Blackburne (5/8), <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a>, MacDonnell and De Vere. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna_1873_chess_tournament" title="Vienna 1873 chess tournament">1873</a></td> <td align="left">Vienna</td> <td>1st–2nd</td> <td>10/11: 20½/25</td> <td align="left">Tied with Blackburne (10/11: 22½/30) and won the play-off 2–0; ahead of Anderssen (8½/11: 19/30), Rosenthal (7½/11: 17/28), Louis Paulsen, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Edward Bird">Henry Edward Bird</a>, Heral, <a href="/wiki/Max_Fleissig" title="Max Fleissig">Max Fleissig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Meitner" title="Philipp Meitner">Philipp Meitner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Schwarz" title="Adolf Schwarz">Adolf Schwarz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gelbfuhs" title="Oscar Gelbfuhs">Oscar Gelbfuhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pitschel" title="Karl Pitschel">Karl Pitschel</a>. This tournament had a very unusual scoring system: each player played a 3-game mini-match with each of the others and scored 1 for a won mini-match and ½ for a drawn mini-match. Steinitz won his last 14 games and therefore completed his mini-matches by playing fewer games than anyone else. The numbers before the colons (:) are the points awarded; the other 2 numbers are the usual "games won / games played" scoring. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna_1882_chess_tournament" title="Vienna 1882 chess tournament">1882</a></td> <td align="left">Vienna</td> <td>1st–2nd</td> <td>24/34</td> <td align="left">Tied with Winawer and drew the play-off; ahead of Mason (23/34), Zukertort (22½/34), Mackenzie, Blackburne, <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Englisch" title="Berthold Englisch">Berthold Englisch</a>, Paulsen and others including <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a> and Bird. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td align="left">London</td> <td>2nd</td> <td>19/26</td> <td align="left">Behind Zukertort (22/26); ahead of Blackburne (16½/24), Chigorin 16/24, Englisch (15½/24), Mackenzie (15½/24), Mason (15½/24), Rosenthal, Winawer, Bird and four others. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894</td> <td align="left">New York City championship</td> <td>1st</td> <td>8½/10</td> <td align="left">After losing the world title to Emanuel Lasker. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hastings_1895_chess_tournament" title="Hastings 1895 chess tournament">1895</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a></td> <td>5th</td> <td>13/21</td> <td align="left">Behind <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nelson_Pillsbury" title="Harry Nelson Pillsbury">Harry Nelson Pillsbury</a> (16½/21), Chigorin (16/21), <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> (15½/21), <a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a> (14/21); ahead of <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Schiffers" title="Emanuel Schiffers">Emanuel Schiffers</a> (12/21), <a href="/wiki/Curt_von_Bardeleben" title="Curt von Bardeleben">Curt von Bardeleben</a> (11½/21), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teichmann" title="Richard Teichmann">Richard Teichmann</a> (11½/21), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schlechter" title="Carl Schlechter">Carl Schlechter</a> (11/21), Blackburne (10½/21), <a href="/wiki/Carl_August_Walbrodt" title="Carl August Walbrodt">Carl August Walbrodt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Burn" title="Amos Burn">Amos Burn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawid_Janowski" title="Dawid Janowski">Dawid Janowski</a>, Mason, Bird, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Gunsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidore Gunsberg">Isidore Gunsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Albin" title="Adolf Albin">Adolf Albin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Marco" title="Georg Marco">Georg Marco</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Pollock_(chess_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pollock (chess player)">William Pollock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mieses" title="Jacques Mieses">Jacques Mieses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tinsley" title="Samuel Tinsley">Samuel Tinsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Vergani" title="Beniamino Vergani">Beniamino Vergani</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1895–96</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></td> <td>2nd</td> <td>9½/18</td> <td align="left">Behind Emanuel Lasker (11½/18); ahead of Pillsbury (8/18) and Chigorin (7/18). The world's top 4 players played 6 games against each of the others. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_1896_chess_tournament" title="Nuremberg 1896 chess tournament">1896</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></td> <td>6th</td> <td>11/18</td> <td align="left">Behind Emanuel Lasker 13½/18, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Mar%C3%B3czy" title="Géza Maróczy">Géza Maróczy</a> (12½/18), Pillsbury (12/18), Tarrasch (12/18), Janowski (11½/18); ahead of Walbrodt, Schiffers, Chigorin, Blackburne, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Charousek" title="Rudolf Charousek">Rudolf Charousek</a>, Marco, Albin, Winawer, <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Showalter" title="Jackson Showalter">Jackson Showalter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Porges" title="Moritz Porges">Moritz Porges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Schallopp" title="Emil Schallopp">Emil Schallopp</a> and Teichmann. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td align="left">New York</td> <td>1st–2nd</td> <td>2½/4</td> <td align="left">A triangular "Thousand Islands" tournament; tied with <a href="/wiki/S._Lipsch%C3%BCtz" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Lipschütz">S. Lipschütz</a> and ahead of <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Napier" title="William Ewart Napier">William Ewart Napier</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna_1898_chess_tournament" title="Vienna 1898 chess tournament">1898</a></td> <td align="left">Vienna</td> <td>4th</td> <td>23½/36</td> <td align="left">Behind Tarrasch (27½/36), Pillsbury (27½/36), Janowski (25½/36); ahead of Schlechter, Chigorin, Burn, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lipke" title="Paul Lipke">Paul Lipke</a>, Maroczy, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Alapin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Alapin">Simon Alapin</a>, Blackburne, Schiffers, Marco, Showalter, Walbrodt, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Halprin" title="Alexander Halprin">Alexander Halprin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Caro" title="Horatio Caro">Horatio Caro</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Graham_Baird" title="David Graham Baird">David Graham Baird</a> and Herbert William Trenchard. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1898</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></td> <td>5th</td> <td>9½/15</td> <td align="left">Behind Burn, Charousek, Chigorin and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Cohn" title="Wilhelm Cohn">Wilhelm Cohn</a>; ahead of Schlechter, Showalter, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Berger" title="Johann Berger">Johann Berger</a>, Janowski and Schiffers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899</td> <td align="left">London</td> <td>10–11th</td> <td>11½/27</td> <td align="left">Behind Emanuel Lasker (23½/27), Janowski (19/27), Maróczy (19/27), Pillsbury (19/27), Schlechter (18/27), Blackburne (16½/27), Chigorin (16/27), Showalter (13½/27), Mason (13/27). This was the first time he had not won any prize money since 1859. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Match_results">Match results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Match results">edit</a>]</div> Sources:<a href="#cite_note-ScoresRomanticEra-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>]<a href="#cite_note-sympatico19thCentMatchesTournaments-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Opponent</th> <th>Result</th> <th class="unsortable">Location</th> <th class="unsortable" colspan="2">Score</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1860</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Jenay" title="Eduard Jenay">Eduard Jenay</a></td> <td>Drew</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></td> <td>2/4</td> <td>2 : 2</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860</td> <td>Lang</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Vienna</td> <td>3/3</td> <td>+3−0=0</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serafino_Dubois" title="Serafino Dubois">Serafino Dubois</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>5½/9</td> <td>+5−3=1</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a></td> <td>Lost</td> <td>London</td> <td>1/3</td> <td>+1−2=0</td> <td align="left">Offhand games </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862–63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Blackburne" title="Joseph Henry Blackburne">Joseph Henry Blackburne</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>8/10</td> <td>+7−1=2</td> <td align="left">Only 2 years after Blackburne started playing chess </td></tr> <tr> <td>1863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Deacon" title="Frederick Deacon">Frederick Deacon</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>5½/7</td> <td>+5−1=1</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Mongredien" title="Augustus Mongredien">Augustus Mongredien</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>7/7</td> <td>+7−0=0</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1863–64</td> <td>Valentine Green</td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>8/9</td> <td>+7−0=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865</td> <td>James Robey</td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>4/5</td> <td>4 : 1</td> <td>Probably not a formal match </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>8/14</td> <td>+8−6=0</td> <td align="left">As a result of this win Steinitz was generally regarded as the world's best player.<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Edward Bird">Henry Edward Bird</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>9½/17</td> <td>+7−5=5</td> <td align="left">Bird was forced to discontinue match when sent on business to America. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867</td> <td>George Brunton Fraser</td> <td>Won</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></td> <td>4/6</td> <td>+3−1=2</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870</td> <td>Blackburne</td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>1½/2</td> <td>+1−0=1</td> <td align="left"> <a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>9/12</td> <td>+7−1=4</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1873</td> <td>Blackburne</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Vienna</td> <td>2/2</td> <td>+2−0=0</td> <td align="left">Play-off match </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876</td> <td>Blackburne</td> <td>Won</td> <td>London</td> <td>7/7</td> <td>+7−0=0</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szymon_Winawer" title="Szymon Winawer">Szymon Winawer</a></td> <td>Drew</td> <td>Vienna</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1 : 1</td> <td align="left">Play-off match </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dion_Martinez" title="Dion Martinez">Dion Martinez</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></td> <td>7/7</td> <td>+7−0=0</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882</td> <td>Alexander Sellman</td> <td>Won</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></td> <td>3½/5</td> <td>+2−0=3</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Mackenzie" title="George Henry Mackenzie">George Henry Mackenzie</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>New York City</td> <td>4/6</td> <td>+3−1=2</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td>Martinez</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Philadelphia</td> <td>4½/7</td> <td>+3−1=3</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celso_Golmayo_Z%C3%BApide" title="Celso Golmayo Zúpide">Celso Golmayo Zúpide</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td> <td>9/11</td> <td>9 : 2</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883</td> <td>Martinez</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Philadelphia</td> <td>10/11</td> <td>10 : 1</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885</td> <td>Alexander Sellman</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Baltimore</td> <td>3/3</td> <td>+3−0=0</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886</td> <td>Zukertort</td> <td>Won</td> <td>New York, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></td> <td>12½/20</td> <td>+10−5=5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1886" title="World Chess Championship 1886">World Chess Championship 1886</a>; the contract for this match said it was "for the Championship of the World".<a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888</td> <td>Alberto Ponce</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Havana</td> <td>4/5</td> <td>4 : 1</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888</td> <td>Andrés Vásquez</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Havana</td> <td>5/5</td> <td>+5−0=0</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888</td> <td>Golmayo</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Havana</td> <td>5/5</td> <td>+5−0=0</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889</td> <td>Vicente Carvajal</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Havana</td> <td>4/5</td> <td>4 : 1</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>Havana</td> <td>10½/17</td> <td>+10−6=1</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1889" title="World Chess Championship 1889">World Chess Championship 1889</a>; often described as a World Championship match, but may not have been<a href="#cite_note-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890–91</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Gunsberg" title="Isidor Gunsberg">Isidor Gunsberg</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td>New York</td> <td>10½/19</td> <td>+6−4=9</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1891" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Championship 1891">World Chess Championship 1891</a> match </td></tr> <tr> <td>1892</td> <td>Chigorin</td> <td>Won</td> <td>Havana</td> <td>12½/23</td> <td>+10−8=5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1892" title="World Chess Championship 1892">World Chess Championship 1892</a> match </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></td> <td>Lost</td> <td>New York, Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></td> <td>7/19</td> <td>+5−10=4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1894" title="World Chess Championship 1894">World Chess Championship 1894</a> match; Steinitz's first recorded defeat in a serious match </td></tr> <tr> <td>1896</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Schiffers" title="Emanuel Schiffers">Emanuel Schiffers</a></td> <td>Won</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></td> <td>6½/11</td> <td>+6−4=1</td> <td align="left">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1896–97</td> <td>Lasker</td> <td>Lost</td> <td>Moscow</td> <td>4½/17</td> <td>+2−10=5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Championship 1897">World Chess Championship 1897</a> match </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S._Lipsch%C3%BCtz" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Lipschütz">S. Lipschütz</a></td> <td>Drew</td> <td>New York</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1 : 1</td> <td align="left">Play-off match </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_games">Notable games</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notable games">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Steinitz vs. Augustus Mongredien, London 1862.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Awarded the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#brilliancy_prize" title="Glossary of chess">brilliancy prize</a></dfn> at the 1862 London International Tournament.<a href="#cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>]</li> <li>Adolf Anderssen vs. Steinitz; 13th match game, London 1866.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> regarded this well-prepared attack as a precursor of the positional approach that Steinitz later advocated.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>Johannes Zukertort vs. Steinitz, WCH (9th game of the match) 1886, Queen's Gambit Declined: Vienna. Quiet Variation (D37), <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#0–1" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">0–1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Steinitz exchanges his powerful centre to create two weak <a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">hanging pawns</a> on White's queenside and creates strong pressure against them. Zukertort eventually tries to slug his way out of trouble, but Steinitz wins with a sharp counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Steinitz vs. Mikhail Chigorin, Havana WCH 1892 (16th game of the match), Ruy Lopez, <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)#1–0" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">1–0</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Steinitz weakens Chigorin's pawns, gains superior mobility then forces a pawn promotion with the aid of a little combination.<a href="#cite_note-Golombek1954GameOfChess-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Steinitz vs. Mikhail Chigorin, Havana WCH 1892 (4th game of the match), Spanish Game: General (C65), 1–0.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Positional preparation creates the opportunity for a swift attack leading to mate on the 29th move.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Steinitz vs. Curt von Bardeleben, Hastings 1895, Italian Game: Classical Variation. Greco Gambit Traditional Line (C54), 1–0.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> A great attacking combination in the old 1860s style. After White's 22nd move, all the white pieces are <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#en_prise" title="Glossary of chess">en prise</a></dfn> but Black is lost. The game won the first brilliancy prize of the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">[62]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steinitz_Memorial" title="Steinitz Memorial">Steinitz Memorial</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Blitz_chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Blitz chess">blitz chess</a> tournament held from May 15 to May 17, 2020, in honor of Wilhelm Steinitz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_chess_players" title="List of Jewish chess players">List of Jewish chess players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinitz_Variation" title="Steinitz Variation">Steinitz Variation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SchoenbergGrandmasters-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchoenbergGrandmasters_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchoenbergGrandmasters_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchoenbergGrandmasters_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchoenbergGrandmasters_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchoenberg1981" class="citation book cs1">Schoenberg, Harold C. (1981). Grandmasters of Chess (Rev. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grandmasters+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Schoenberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2016" class="citation book cs1">Schulz, Andre (2016-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4NUlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">The Big Book of World Chess Championships: 46 Title Fights - from Steinitz to Carlsen</a>. New In Chess. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-636-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-636-7"><bdi>978-90-5691-636-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Book+of+World+Chess+Championships%3A+46+Title+Fights+-+from+Steinitz+to+Carlsen&rft.pub=New+In+Chess&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.isbn=978-90-5691-636-7&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4NUlDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2020" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Tim (2020-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dc7xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Steinitz in London: A Chess Biography with 623 Games</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6953-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6953-3"><bdi>978-1-4766-6953-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steinitz+in+London%3A+A+Chess+Biography+with+623+Games&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6953-3&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDc7xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsberger2006" class="citation book cs1">Landsberger, Kurt (2006). William Steinitz, Chess Champion. McFarland & Co. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2846-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-2846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Steinitz%2C+Chess+Champion&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2846-5&rft.aulast=Landsberger&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The World Chess Championship, by <a href="/wiki/I.A._Horowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="I.A. Horowitz">I.A. Horowitz</a>, Macmillan, New York, 1973, p. 19; Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 72-80175 </li> <li id="cite_note-ScoresRomanticEra-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScoresRomanticEra_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScoresRomanticEra_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScoresRomanticEra_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScoresRomanticEra_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528014326/http://www.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/~spin/chessmatches.html">"Scores of various important chess results from the Romantic era"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/~spin/chessmatches.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scores+of+various+important+chess+results+from+the+Romantic+era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vuse.vanderbilt.edu%2F~spin%2Fchessmatches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibut2014" class="citation book cs1">Shibut, Macon (May 7, 2014). Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486435749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486435749"><bdi>978-0486435749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Morphy+and+the+Evolution+of+Chess+Theory&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0486435749&rft.aulast=Shibut&rft.aufirst=Macon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horowitz,_p._20-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz,_p._20_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz,_p._20_8-1">b</a> Horowitz, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-WallProfileSteinitz-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WallProfileSteinitz_9-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Wall" class="citation web cs1">Bill Wall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billwall.phpwebhosting.com/articles/steinitz.htm">"William Steinitz"</a>. Bill Wall's Chess Page. Retrieved 2023-03-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bill+Wall%27s+Chess+Page&rft.atitle=William+Steinitz&rft.au=Bill+Wall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbillwall.phpwebhosting.com%2Farticles%2Fsteinitz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov2003" class="citation book cs1">Kasparov, Garry (2003). My great predecessors: Part I. Everyman Chess. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85744-330-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85744-330-6"><bdi>1-85744-330-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+great+predecessors%3A+Part+I&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85744-330-6&rft.aulast=Kasparov&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChessmetricsPlayerProfileBlackburne-11"><a href="#cite_ref-ChessmetricsPlayerProfileBlackburne_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S012785000000111000000000000010100">"Chessmetrics Player Profile: Joseph Blackburne"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chessmetrics+Player+Profile%3A+Joseph+Blackburne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessmetrics.com%2Fcm%2FCM2%2FPlayerProfile.asp%3FParams%3D199510SSSSS3S012785000000111000000000000010100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SilmanSteinitz-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SilmanSteinitz_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilmanSteinitz_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilmanSteinitz_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilmanSteinitz_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilmanSteinitz_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilmanSteinitz_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SilmanSteinitz_12-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilman,_Jeremy" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Silman" title="Jeremy Silman">Silman, Jeremy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619024745/http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_history/grt_plyr_w_steinitz.html">"Wilhelm Steinitz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_history/grt_plyr_w_steinitz.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz&rft.au=Silman%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeremysilman.com%2Fchess_history%2Fgrt_plyr_w_steinitz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergerSteinitzPapers_13-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsberger,_K.2002" class="citation book cs1">Landsberger, K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NltT4BinugsC&q=steinitz+%22the+field%22+hoffer&pg=PA28">The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1193-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-1193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steinitz+Papers%3A+Letters+and+Documents+of+the+First+World+Chess+Champion&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1193-1&rft.au=Landsberger%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNltT4BinugsC%26q%3Dsteinitz%2B%2522the%2Bfield%2522%2Bhoffer%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The World Chess Championship, by <a href="/wiki/I.A._Horowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="I.A. Horowitz">I.A. Horowitz</a>, 1973, Macmillan, New York, pp. 23–24, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-80175 </li> <li id="cite_note-WinterWorldChessChampion-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterWorldChessChampion_15-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E." class="citation web cs1">Winter, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/champion.html">"Early Uses of 'World Chess Champion'"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Uses+of+%27World+Chess+Champion%27&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fchampion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Conversion based on average incomes, which are the most appropriate measure for a few weeks' hard work. If we use average prices for the conversion, the result is about £6,500. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145224/http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=DEFIND&use%5B%5D=WAGE&use%5B%5D=GDPCP&use%5B%5D=GDPC&year_early=1866&pound71=100&shilling71=0&pence71=0&amount=100&year_source=1866&year_result=2008">"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound Amount, 1830 to Present"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=DEFIND&use%5B%5D=WAGE&use%5B%5D=GDPCP&use%5B%5D=GDPC&year_early=1866&pound71=100&shilling71=0&pence71=0&amount=100&year_source=1866&year_result=2008">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+U.K.+Pound+Amount%2C+1830+to+Present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2Fresult.php%3Fuse%255B%255D%3DCPI%26use%255B%255D%3DDEFIND%26use%255B%255D%3DWAGE%26use%255B%255D%3DGDPCP%26use%255B%255D%3DGDPC%26year_early%3D1866%26pound71%3D100%26shilling71%3D0%26pence71%3D0%26amount%3D100%26year_source%3D1866%26year_result%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026085730/http://www.endgame.nl/bad1870.htm">"Baden-Baden 1870"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endgame.nl/bad1870.htm">the original</a> on 2008-10-26. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baden-Baden+1870&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endgame.nl%2Fbad1870.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1894PreSteinitzLasker_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/11/106900358.pdf">"Ready for a big chess match"</a> (PDF). New York Times. 11 March 1894. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ready+for+a+big+chess+match&rft.date=1894-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1894%2F03%2F11%2F106900358.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Note this article implies that the final combined stake was US $4,500, but Lasker's financial analysis says it was $4,000: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuel_Lasker1905" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> (January 1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lasker%27s_Chess_Magazine/Volume_1">"From the Editorial Chair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lasker%27s_Chess_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasker's Chess Magazine">Lasker's Chess Magazine</a>. 1. Retrieved 2008-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lasker%27s+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=From+the+Editorial+Chair&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1905-01&rft.au=Emanuel+Lasker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLasker%2527s_Chess_Magazine%2FVolume_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endgameNLWorldExhibitions-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endgameNLWorldExhibitions_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endgameNLWorldExhibitions_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619170844/http://www.endgame.nl/wfairs.htm">"World Exhibitions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endgame.nl/wfairs.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Exhibitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endgame.nl%2Fwfairs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClevelandChessAssocHist-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ClevelandChessAssocHist_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217031526/http://www.clevelandchessassociation.org.uk/cca/history/index.htm">"History of the CCA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandchessassociation.org.uk/cca/history/index.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+CCA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandchessassociation.org.uk%2Fcca%2Fhistory%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Conversion based on average incomes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145235/http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=DEFIND&use%5B%5D=WAGE&use%5B%5D=GDPCP&use%5B%5D=GDPC&year_early=1887&pound71=9&shilling71=9&pence71=0&amount=9.45&year_source=1887&year_result=2008">"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound Amount, 1830 to Present"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=DEFIND&use%5B%5D=WAGE&use%5B%5D=GDPCP&use%5B%5D=GDPC&year_early=1887&pound71=9&shilling71=9&pence71=0&amount=9.45&year_source=1887&year_result=2008">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+U.K.+Pound+Amount%2C+1830+to+Present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2Fresult.php%3Fuse%255B%255D%3DCPI%26use%255B%255D%3DDEFIND%26use%255B%255D%3DWAGE%26use%255B%255D%3DGDPCP%26use%255B%255D%3DGDPC%26year_early%3D1887%26pound71%3D9%26shilling71%3D9%26pence71%3D0%26amount%3D9.45%26year_source%3D1887%26year_result%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessarchSteinitzWroteForTheField-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chessarchSteinitzWroteForTheField_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessarchSteinitzWroteForTheField_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessarchSteinitzWroteForTheField_22-2">c</a> From 1873 to 1882, Steinitz was a regular chess columnist for The Field, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803195031/http://geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/steinitz.htm">"Bill Wall's Chess Master Profiles – Steinitz"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/steinitz.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bill+Wall%27s+Chess+Master+Profiles+%E2%80%93+Steinitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FSiliconValley%2FLab%2F7378%2Fsteinitz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] For example, he wrote commentaries on the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216151510/http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/000B_blac_stei/1876blst.shtml">"Blackburne-Steinitz Match, London 1876"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/000B_blac_stei/1876blst.shtml">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackburne-Steinitz+Match%2C+London+1876&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessarch.com%2Fexcavations%2F000B_blac_stei%2F1876blst.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> in collaboration with his opponent and on the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121043803/http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/000E_rose_zuke/1880rozu.shtml">"Rosenthal–Zukertort Match, London 1880"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/000E_rose_zuke/1880rozu.shtml">the original</a> on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosenthal%E2%80%93Zukertort+Match%2C+London+1880&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessarch.com%2Fexcavations%2F000E_rose_zuke%2F1880rozu.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinterKKSCotch-23"><a href="#cite_ref-WinterKKSCotch_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E." class="citation web cs1">Winter, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/scotch.html">"Kasparov, Karpov and the Scotch"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kasparov%2C+Karpov+and+the+Scotch&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fscotch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmetrics.com/cm/PL/PL25209.htm">"Chessmetrics: Career ratings for Mason, James"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chessmetrics%3A+Career+ratings+for+Mason%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessmetrics.com%2Fcm%2FPL%2FPL25209.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomańskiLissowskiMacieja2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Domański, Cezary W.; Lissowski, Tomasz; Macieja, Bartłomiej (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy1wAAAAMAAJ">Arcymistrz z Lublina: prawda i legenda o Janie Hermanie Zukertorcie, wybitnym szachiście XIX wieku, uczestniku meczu o mistrzostwo świata</a> (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Szachowe "Penelopa".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arcymistrz+z+Lublina%3A+prawda+i+legenda+o+Janie+Hermanie+Zukertorcie%2C+wybitnym+szachi%C5%9Bcie+XIX+wieku%2C+uczestniku+meczu+o+mistrzostwo+%C5%9Bwiata&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Szachowe+%22Penelopa%22&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Doma%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Cezary+W.&rft.au=Lissowski%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Macieja%2C+Bart%C5%82omiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJy1wAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Stadtler, Bea. "For the Young Reader: Is Chess a Jewish Game." Jewish Advocate (1909-1990), Jun 15 1989, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145316/http://www.endgame.nl/wien.htm">"Vienna 1882 and 1898"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endgame.nl/wien.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vienna+1882+and+1898&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endgame.nl%2Fwien.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessbaseVienna1882-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chessbaseVienna1882_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessbaseVienna1882_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2117">"International Chess Tournament Vienna 1882"</a>. 2005-01-03. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chess+Tournament+Vienna+1882&rft.date=2005-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D2117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chesscornerWorldchampsSteinitz-29"><a href="#cite_ref-chesscornerWorldchampsSteinitz_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/steinitz/steinitz.htm">"World Chess Champions: Wilhelm Steinitz"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Champions%3A+Wilhelm+Steinitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscorner.com%2Fworldchamps%2Fsteinitz%2Fsteinitz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksLondon1883-30"><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksLondon1883_30-0">^</a> Mark Weeks' Chess Pages: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/y3lon-ix.htm">"1883 London Tournament"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1883+London+Tournament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2Fy3lon-ix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1887OnSteinitz_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1887/01/23/104007957.pdf">"Steinitz, the chess champion"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. January 23, 1887. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Steinitz%2C+the+chess+champion&rft.date=1887-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1887%2F01%2F23%2F104007957.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LandsbergBiographySteinitz-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergBiographySteinitz_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LandsbergBiographySteinitz_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Landsberg, K. (1993). William Steinitz: A biography of the Bohemian Caesar. McFarland & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Steinitz%3A+A+biography+of+the+Bohemian+Caesar&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Landsberg&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=53788">"Steinitz - Zukertort World Championship Match (1886)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steinitz+-+Zukertort+World+Championship+Match+%281886%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchess.pl%3Ftid%3D53788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Horowitz, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thulin1899WorldChampionshipMatchOrNot_35-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThulin,_A.2007" class="citation web cs1">Thulin, A. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anders.thulin.name/SUBJECTS/CHESS/SteinitzChigorin1889.pdf">"Steinitz—Chigorin, Havana 1899 – A World Championship Match or Not?"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2008-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steinitz%E2%80%94Chigorin%2C+Havana+1899+%E2%80%93+A+World+Championship+Match+or+Not%3F&rft.date=2007-08&rft.au=Thulin%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anders.thulin.name%2FSUBJECTS%2FCHESS%2FSteinitzChigorin1889.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsberger,_K.2002" class="citation book cs1">Landsberger, K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NltT4BinugsC&q=steinitz+%22the+field%22+hoffer&pg=PA28">The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1193-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-1193-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Steinitz+Papers%3A+Letters+and+Documents+of+the+First+World+Chess+Champion&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1193-1&rft.au=Landsberger%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNltT4BinugsC%26q%3Dsteinitz%2B%2522the%2Bfield%2522%2Bhoffer%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm_Steinitz1887" class="citation journal cs1">Wilhelm Steinitz (December 1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anders.thulin.name/SUBJECTS/CHESS/SteinitzChigorin1889.pdf">"(title unknown)"</a> (PDF). International Chess Magazine. 3: 370–71. Retrieved 2008-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=%28title+unknown%29&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=370-71&rft.date=1887-12&rft.au=Wilhelm+Steinitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anders.thulin.name%2FSUBJECTS%2FCHESS%2FSteinitzChigorin1889.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The World Chess Championship, by <a href="/wiki/I.A._Horowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="I.A. Horowitz">I.A. Horowitz</a>, New York, Macmillan, 1973, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Using incomes for the adjustment factor, as the outcome depended on a few months' hard work by the players; if prices are used for the conversion, the result is about $114,000 – see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/">"Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present"</a>. Retrieved 2017-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+U.S.+Dollar+Amount%2C+1774+to+Present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fuscompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> However, Lasker later published an analysis showing that the winning player got $1,600 and the losing player $600 out of the $4,000, as the backers who had bet on the winner got the rest: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuel_Lasker1905" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> (January 1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lasker%27s_Chess_Magazine/Volume_1">"From the Editorial Chair"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lasker%27s_Chess_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasker's Chess Magazine">Lasker's Chess Magazine</a>. 1. Retrieved 2008-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lasker%27s+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=From+the+Editorial+Chair&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1905-01&rft.au=Emanuel+Lasker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLasker%2527s_Chess_Magazine%2FVolume_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzPapers-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chessvilleSteinitzPapers_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessvilleSteinitzPapers_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessvilleSteinitzPapers_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessvilleSteinitzPapers_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessvilleSteinitzPapers_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessvilleSteinitzPapers_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessvilleSteinitzPapers_39-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124072844/http://chessville.com/reviews/SteinitzPapers.htm">"The Steinitz Papers – review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessville.com/reviews/SteinitzPapers.htm">the original</a> on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Steinitz+Papers+%E2%80%93+review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessville.com%2Freviews%2FSteinitzPapers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The World Chess Championship by <a href="/wiki/I.A._Horowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="I.A. Horowitz">I.A. Horowitz</a>, Macmillan, New York, 1973, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Giffard394-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Giffard394_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiffard,_Nicolas1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giffard, Nicolas (1993). Le Guide des Échecs (in French). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Robert_Laffont" title="Éditions Robert Laffont">Éditions Robert Laffont</a>. p. 394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Guide+des+%C3%89checs&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Robert+Laffont&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Giffard%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessvilleSteinitzLasker1894-42"><a href="#cite_ref-chessvilleSteinitzLasker1894_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessville.com/instruction/Lasker_v_Steinitz/instr_annogames_laskervsteinitz1894.htm">"Lasker v. Steinitz – World Championship Match 1894"</a>. Retrieved 2008-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lasker+v.+Steinitz+%E2%80%93+World+Championship+Match+1894&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessville.com%2Finstruction%2FLasker_v_Steinitz%2Finstr_annogames_laskervsteinitz1894.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTimesSteinitzObit1900_43-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E4DC1039E733A25757C1A96E9C946197D6CF">"William Steinitz dead"</a>. New York Times. August 14, 1900. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+Steinitz+dead&rft.date=1900-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9E06E4DC1039E733A25757C1A96E9C946197D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Also available in 2 parts at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145221/http://www.rookhouse.com/blog/?p=177">"Steinitz Obituary (Part 1 of 2)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rookhouse.com/blog/?p=177">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steinitz+Obituary+%28Part+1+of+2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rookhouse.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145225/http://www.rookhouse.com/blog/?p=182">"Steinitz Obituary (Part 2 of 2)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rookhouse.com/blog/?p=182">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steinitz+Obituary+%28Part+2+of+2%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rookhouse.com%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sympatico19thCentMatchesTournaments-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sympatico19thCentMatchesTournaments_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sympatico19thCentMatchesTournaments_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sympatico19thCentMatchesTournaments_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221345/http://www3.sympatico.ca/g.giffen/19thcent.htm">"Major Chess Matches and Tournaments of the 19th century"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.sympatico.ca/g.giffen/19thcent.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Chess+Matches+and+Tournaments+of+the+19th+century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.sympatico.ca%2Fg.giffen%2F19thcent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_M." class="citation web cs1">Weeks, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/z6ls$wix.htm">"World Chess Championship: 1896 Lasker – Steinitz Title Match"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Championship%3A+1896+Lasker+%E2%80%93+Steinitz+Title+Match&rft.au=Weeks%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2Fz6ls%24wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DateStartSteinitzReign-46"><a href="#cite_ref-DateStartSteinitzReign_46-0">^</a> Dating the start of Steinitz's reign to 1886: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGligoric,_S.Wade,_R.G.1972" class="citation book cs1">Gligoric, S. & Wade, R.G. (1972). The World Chess Championship. Harper & Row. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-011573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-011573-9"><bdi>978-0-06-011573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Chess+Championship&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-06-011573-9&rft.au=Gligoric%2C+S.&rft.au=Wade%2C+R.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazic,_B.M.1974" class="citation book cs1">Kazic, B.M. (1974). International Championship Chess: A Complete Record of FIDE Events. Pitman Publishing Corporation. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-07078-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-07078-8"><bdi>978-0-273-07078-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Championship+Chess%3A+A+Complete+Record+of+FIDE+Events&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Pitman+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-273-07078-8&rft.au=Kazic%2C+B.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper,_D.Whyld,_K.1992" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, D. & Whyld, K. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop">The Oxford Companion to Chess</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop/page/450">450</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866164-1"><bdi>978-0-19-866164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.pages=450&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866164-1&rft.au=Hooper%2C+D.&rft.au=Whyld%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000hoop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Supporting 1866: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/11/106900358.pdf">"Ready for a big chess match"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 11 March 1894.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ready+for+a+big+chess+match&rft.date=1894-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1894%2F03%2F11%2F106900358.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/champion.html">"(unknown)"</a>. British Chess Magazine. April 1894. Retrieved 2008-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=%28unknown%29&rft.date=1894-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fchampion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevide1974" class="citation book cs1">Devide, C. (1974) [1901]. William Steinitz: Selected Chess Games. Dover. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23025-2"><bdi>978-0-486-23025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Steinitz%3A+Selected+Chess+Games&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-486-23025-2&rft.aulast=Devide&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasker,_Em.1908" class="citation journal cs1">Lasker, Em. (May 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/champion.html">"(unknown)"</a>. Lasker's Chess Magazine. Retrieved 2008-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lasker%27s+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=%28unknown%29&rft.date=1908-05&rft.au=Lasker%2C+Em.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fchampion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine,_R.1952" class="citation book cs1">Fine, R. (1952). The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Chess+Games&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutsch&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Fine%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolombek,_H.1977" class="citation book cs1">Golombek, H. (1977). Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess. Crown. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-53146-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-53146-4"><bdi>978-0-517-53146-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golombek%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Chess&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-517-53146-4&rft.au=Golombek%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne,_R.1989" class="citation news cs1">Byrne, R. (December 17, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7DB123DF934A25751C1A96F948260">"Pastimes; Chess"</a>. New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pastimes%3B+Chess&rft.date=1989-12-17&rft.au=Byrne%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D950DE7DB123DF934A25751C1A96F948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivinsky,_N.1990" class="citation book cs1">Divinsky, N. (1990). The Batsford Chess Encyclopedia. Batsford. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6214-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-6214-2"><bdi>978-0-7134-6214-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Batsford+Chess+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-6214-2&rft.au=Divinsky%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washtimes.com/news/2003/may/16/20030516-102232-1025r/">"Unsound but irresistible fun"</a>. Washington Times. May 16, 2003. Retrieved 2008-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Unsound+but+irresistible+fun&rft.date=2003-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washtimes.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fmay%2F16%2F20030516-102232-1025r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Wilhelm Steinitz". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5229/is_2003/ai_n19151966">UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography</a>. 2003. Retrieved 2008-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz&rft.btitle=UXL+Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_gx5229%2Fis_2003%2Fai_n19151966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene,_R.2007" class="citation web cs1">Keene, R. (September 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.impalapublications.com/blog/index.php?/archives/2147-THE-WORLD-CHESS-CHAMPIONS,-by-GM-Raymond-Keene-OBE.html">"The World Chess Champions, by GM Raymond Keene OBE"</a>. Retrieved 2008-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Chess+Champions%2C+by+GM+Raymond+Keene+OBE&rft.date=2007-09-29&rft.au=Keene%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.impalapublications.com%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3F%2Farchives%2F2147-THE-WORLD-CHESS-CHAMPIONS%2C-by-GM-Raymond-Keene-OBE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Undecided: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunnucks,_A.1970" class="citation book cs1">Sunnucks, A. (1970). The Encyclopaedia of Chess. pp. 441–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Chess&rft.pages=441-42&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Sunnucks%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E.1894" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, E. (April 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/champion.html">"(unknown)"</a>. British Chess Magazine: 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=%28unknown%29&rft.pages=163&rft.date=1894-04&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fchampion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> supported this view: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E.1908" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, E. (May 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/champion.html">"(article title unknown)"</a>. Lasker's Chess Magazine: 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lasker%27s+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=%28article+title+unknown%29&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1908-05&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fchampion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Likewise <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine,_R.1952" class="citation book cs1">Fine, R. (1952). The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Chess+Games&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutsch+%28now+as+paperback+from+Dover%29&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Fine%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> See the extracts from contemporary documents at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E." class="citation web cs1">Winter, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/champion.html">"Early Uses of 'World Chess Champion'"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Uses+of+%27World+Chess+Champion%27&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fchampion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> The 1882 quote from Steinitz, two years before Morphy's death, might be interpreted as claiming that he was champion from 1866, but the 1888 extract is his first absolutely unambiguous claim to have been champion since 1866. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeneGoodman1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Keene" title="Raymond Keene">Keene, Raymond</a>; Goodman, David (1986). The Centenary Match, Kasparov–Karpov III. Collier Books. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-028700-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-028700-1"><bdi>978-0-02-028700-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Centenary+Match%2C+Kasparov%E2%80%93Karpov+III&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-02-028700-1&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Goodman%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1886" class="citation magazine cs1">Winter, E (January 1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/champion.html">"Early Uses of 'World Chess Champion'"</a>. Chess Monthly. Chess History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chess+Monthly&rft.atitle=Early+Uses+of+%27World+Chess+Champion%27&rft.date=1886-01&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fchampion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinrad2006EarlyWorldRankings-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Spinrad2006EarlyWorldRankings_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinrad,_J.P.2006" class="citation web cs1">Spinrad, J.P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/spinrad06.pdf">"Early World Rankings"</a> (PDF). chesscafe.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+World+Rankings&rft.pub=chesscafe.com&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Spinrad%2C+J.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fspinrad06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonnell,_G.A.1894" class="citation book cs1">MacDonnell, G.A. (1894). The Knights and Kings of Chess. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+and+Kings+of+Chess&rft.place=London&rft.date=1894&rft.au=MacDonnell%2C+G.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>): <ul><li>pages 7 and 10–11: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blackburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Blackburne">Joseph Blackburne</a> "won the championship of the world"</li> <li>page 31: "... 1887, just after <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Mackenzie" title="George Henry Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a> had won the Chess Championship of the World"</li> <li>page 78: <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Gunsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidore Gunsberg">Isidore Gunsberg</a> "... by his victory at Bradford Place [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] in 1888, ...won a place among the champions of the world"</li></ul> Extracts are published at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E." class="citation web cs1">Winter, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter15.html#3967._Benko_and_b5_C.N._3957">"Chess Note 3968: Nineteenth-century world champions"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Note+3968%3A+Nineteenth-century+world+champions&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fwinter15.html%233967._Benko_and_b5_C.N._3957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinitz,_W.1891" class="citation journal cs1">Steinitz, W. (May 1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter15.html#3974._The_Steinitz-Wormald-MacDonnell_">"(unknown)"</a>. International Chess Magazine: 146–47. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=%28unknown%29&rft.pages=146-47&rft.date=1891-05&rft.au=Steinitz%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fwinter15.html%233974._The_Steinitz-Wormald-MacDonnell_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-WinterChessNotes29-54"><a href="#cite_ref-WinterChessNotes29_54-0">^</a> See extracts from UK census records for 1871 and 1881 at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Winter" class="citation web cs1">Edward Winter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter29.html#4754._Chess_and_warfare_C.N._4745">"Chess Note 4756: Census information"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Note+4756%3A+Census+information&rft.au=Edward+Winter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fwinter29.html%234754._Chess_and_warfare_C.N._4745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes1897ChessAndBrainDisease-55"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1897ChessAndBrainDisease_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/02/23/102485855.pdf">"Chess and Brain Disease"</a> (PDF). New York Times. February 23, 1897. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chess+and+Brain+Disease&rft.date=1897-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1897%2F02%2F23%2F102485855.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> The key passage is also quoted at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/spinrad20.pdf">"Obituaries"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fspinrad20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kmoch-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Kmoch_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Kmoch" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kmoch" title="Hans Kmoch">Hans Kmoch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kmoch06.pdf">"Grandmasters I Have Known – Emanuel Lasker"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/ChessCafe.com" title="ChessCafe.com">ChessCafe.com</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grandmasters+I+Have+Known+%E2%80%93+Emanuel+Lasker&rft.pub=ChessCafe.com&rft.au=Hans+Kmoch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscafe.com%2Ftext%2Fkmoch06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> (see last sentence) </li> <li id="cite_note-BaltimoreAmerican1900SteinitzFreeOnceMore-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BaltimoreAmerican1900SteinitzFreeOnceMore_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaltimoreAmerican1900SteinitzFreeOnceMore_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NOlBAAAAIBAJ&dq=steinitz%20-chess%20-yuval&pg=4450%2C6685109">"Steinitz free once more"</a> (PDF). Baltimore American. April 10, 1900. Retrieved 2011-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+American&rft.atitle=Steinitz+free+once+more&rft.date=1900-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DNOlBAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dsteinitz%2520-chess%2520-yuval%26pg%3D4450%252C6685109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinitz1900" class="citation book cs1">Steinitz, William (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INjglaRIMdgC&pg=PP22">My Advertisement to Antisemites in Vienna and Elsewhere by "a Schacherjude" (mercenary Jew), Or, An Essay on Capital, Labor, and Charity</a>. W.Steinitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Advertisement+to+Antisemites+in+Vienna+and+Elsewhere+by+%22a+Schacherjude%22+%28mercenary+Jew%29%2C+Or%2C+An+Essay+on+Capital%2C+Labor%2C+and+Charity&rft.pub=W.Steinitz&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Steinitz&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINjglaRIMdgC%26pg%3DPP22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.chessbase.com/post/visiting-steinitz-and-lasker-at-their-final-resting-places">ChessBase: Visiting Steinitz and Lasker at Their Final Resting Places</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings1895TournamentBook-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings1895TournamentBook_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings1895TournamentBook_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickard,_Sid1995" class="citation book cs1">Pickard, Sid, ed. (1995). Hastings 1895: The Centennial Edition. Pickard and Son. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886846-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886846-01-2"><bdi>978-1-886846-01-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hastings+1895%3A+The+Centennial+Edition&rft.pub=Pickard+and+Son&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-886846-01-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SilmanSteinitzBook-61"><a href="#cite_ref-SilmanSteinitzBook_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilman,_J." class="citation web cs1">Silman, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619024745/http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_history/grt_plyr_w_steinitz.html">"Wilhelm Steinitz"</a>. Jeremy Silman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_history/grt_plyr_w_steinitz.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz&rft.pub=Jeremy+Silman&rft.au=Silman%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeremysilman.com%2Fchess_history%2Fgrt_plyr_w_steinitz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Several examples of Steinitz testing his theories in top-class play. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1952WorldsGreatChessGames_62-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine,_R.1952" class="citation book cs1">Fine, R. (1952). "Wilhelm Steinitz". The World's Great Chess Games. Andre Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover). pp. 30–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Chess+Games&rft.pages=30-37&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch+%28now+as+paperback+from+Dover%29&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Fine%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> The "Notable games" section contains two examples of positional play leading to powerful attacks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1132645">Johannes Zukertort vs Wilhelm Steinitz, 9th game of their 1886 World Championship match</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1036342">4th game of his 1892 match</a> against <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasker,_Emanuel1947" class="citation book cs1">Lasker, Emanuel (1947). "The Evolution of the Theory of Steinitz". Lasker's Manual of Chess. David McKay. p. 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Theory+of+Steinitz&rft.btitle=Lasker%27s+Manual+of+Chess&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=David+McKay&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Lasker%2C+Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_J.2004" class="citation web cs1">Watson, J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216150220/http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jw/jw_intl_chess_magazine.html">"International Chess Magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jw/jw_intl_chess_magazine.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chess+Magazine&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeremysilman.com%2Fbook_reviews_jw%2Fjw_intl_chess_magazine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinitz,_W.1982" class="citation book cs1">Steinitz, W., ed. (1982) [1891]. The book of the Sixth American Chess Congress. Edition Olms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-283-00152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-283-00152-0"><bdi>978-3-283-00152-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+the+Sixth+American+Chess+Congress&rft.pub=Edition+Olms&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-283-00152-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endgameNLNewYork1889And1924-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endgameNLNewYork1889And1924_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endgameNLNewYork1889And1924_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619023938/http://www.endgame.nl/newyork.htm">"New York 1889 and 1924"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endgame.nl/newyork.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+1889+and+1924&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endgame.nl%2Fnewyork.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> For example in <a href="#Notable_games">the 9th game</a> of Steinitz vs Zukertort 1886. </li> <li id="cite_note-chessarchGunsbergSteinitzMatch1890To91-69"><a href="#cite_ref-chessarchGunsbergSteinitzMatch1890To91_69-0">^</a> See the individual game reports by 3 US journals, linked to in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216151515/http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/000C_guns_stei/1890gust.shtml">"Gunsberg–Steinitz Match, World Championship 1890–91"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/000C_guns_stei/1890gust.shtml">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunsberg%E2%80%93Steinitz+Match%2C+World+Championship+1890%E2%80%9391&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessarch.com%2Fexcavations%2F000C_guns_stei%2F1890gust.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes1888TheoryAndPractice-70"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1888TheoryAndPractice_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F02EEDA173AEF33A25750C1A9639C94699FD7CF">"A New Chess Book"</a>. New York Times. May 13, 1888. p. 13. Retrieved 2008-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Chess+Book&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1888-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9F02EEDA173AEF33A25750C1A9639C94699FD7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lasker1925ManualOnSteinitz-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lasker1925ManualOnSteinitz_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lasker1925ManualOnSteinitz_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuel_Lasker1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> (1960) [1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/z4ls$wix.htm">Lasker's Manual of Chess</a>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20640-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20640-0"><bdi>978-0-486-20640-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lasker%27s+Manual+of+Chess&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20640-0&rft.au=Emanuel+Lasker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mark-weeks.com%2Fchess%2Fz4ls%24wix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Also at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_Morphy">"WikiQuote: Paul Morphy"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WikiQuote%3A+Paul+Morphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiquote.org%2Fwiki%2FPaul_Morphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasker1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Lasker, Emanuel</a> (1947). Lasker's Manual of Chess (2d ed.). New York: David McKay Co. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lasker%27s+Manual+of+Chess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=David+McKay+Co.&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Lasker&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a> wrote: "He has learned of the game only as much as a second-class player – the rest he has done from his own means. The whole of the modern conduct of the game, or at least by far the greatest part of it, is his work": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Winter" class="citation web cs1">Edward Winter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter29.html#4772._Nimzowitsch_v">"Chess Note 4773: Tarrasch parody of Steinitz"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Note+4773%3A+Tarrasch+parody+of+Steinitz&rft.au=Edward+Winter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fwinter29.html%234772._Nimzowitsch_v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov-73"><a href="#cite_ref-KramnikSteinitzToKasparov_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramnik,_V." class="citation web cs1">Kramnik, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512052013/http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61">"Kramnik Interview: From Steinitz to Kasparov"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61">the original</a> on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kramnik+Interview%3A+From+Steinitz+to+Kasparov&rft.pub=Vladimir+Kramnik&rft.au=Kramnik%2C+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kramnik.com%2Feng%2Finterviews%2Fgetinterview.aspx%3Fid%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InternationalChessMagazine-74"><a href="#cite_ref-InternationalChessMagazine_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinitz,_W.1885–1891" class="citation book cs1">Steinitz, W. (1885–1891). Fiala, V. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520221127/http://moravian-chess.cz/katalog.php?idkat=12">InternationalChessMagazine</a>. Moravian Chess. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moravian-chess.cz/katalog.php?idkat=12">the original</a> on 2008-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=InternationalChessMagazine&rft.pub=Moravian+Chess&rft.date=1885%2F1891&rft.au=Steinitz%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moravian-chess.cz%2Fkatalog.php%3Fidkat%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Reviewed at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_J.2004" class="citation web cs1">Watson, J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216150220/http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jw/jw_intl_chess_magazine.html">"International Chess Magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jw/jw_intl_chess_magazine.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chess+Magazine&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeremysilman.com%2Fbook_reviews_jw%2Fjw_intl_chess_magazine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollectedWorksOfSteinitz-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CollectedWorksOfSteinitz_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CollectedWorksOfSteinitz_75-1">b</a> Available as part of the CD collection <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickard,_S." class="citation book cs1">Pickard, S. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028165018/http://www.chesscentral.com/wilhelm-steinitz/collected_works_steinitz.htm">The Collected Works of Wilhelm Steinitz</a>. Chess Central. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscentral.com/wilhelm-steinitz/collected_works_steinitz.htm">the original</a> on 2008-10-28. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Wilhelm+Steinitz&rft.pub=Chess+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesscentral.com%2Fwilhelm-steinitz%2Fcollected_works_steinitz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steintiz_VanBardeleben_Hastings1895-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Steintiz_VanBardeleben_Hastings1895_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1132699">"Steinitz vs. van Bardeleben, Hastings 1895"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Steinitz+vs.+van+Bardeleben%2C+Hastings+1895&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1132699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WarriorsOfTheMind-77"><a href="#cite_ref-WarriorsOfTheMind_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeneDivinsky1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Keene" title="Raymond Keene">Keene, Raymond</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Divinsky" title="Nathan Divinsky">Divinsky, Nathan</a> (1989). Warriors of the Mind. Brighton, UK: Hardinge Simpole.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+the+Mind&rft.place=Brighton%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hardinge+Simpole&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Divinsky%2C+Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> See the summary list at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091126000035/http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html">"All Time Rankings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chess.eusa.ed.ac.uk/Chess/Trivia/AlltimeList.html">the original</a> on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2008-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Time+Rankings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchess.eusa.ed.ac.uk%2FChess%2FTrivia%2FAlltimeList.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp">"Peak Average Ratings: 3 year peak range"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peak+Average+Ratings%3A+3+year+peak+range&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessmetrics.com%2Fcm%2FCM2%2FPeakList.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonas,_Jeff" class="citation web cs1">Sonas, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/Formulas.asp">"Chessmetrics: Formulas"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chessmetrics%3A+Formulas&rft.au=Sonas%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchessmetrics.com%2Fcm%2FCM2%2FFormulas.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonas,_J.2005" class="citation web cs1">Sonas, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2345">"The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part I"</a>. Chessbase. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Chess+Player+of+All+Time+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.pub=Chessbase&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Sonas%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D2345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Part IV gives links to all 3 earlier parts: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonas,_J.2005" class="citation web cs1">Sonas, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2409">"The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV"</a>. Chessbase. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Chess+Player+of+All+Time+%E2%80%93+Part+IV&rft.pub=Chessbase&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Sonas%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessbase.com%2Fnewsdetail.asp%3Fnewsid%3D2409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-silmanCollectedWorksOfSteinitz-81"><a href="#cite_ref-silmanCollectedWorksOfSteinitz_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_J.2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Watson" title="John L. Watson">Watson, J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419061207/http://jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jw/jw_cllctd_wrks_w_stntz.html">"The Collected Works of Wilhelm Steinitz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Silman" title="Jeremy Silman">Jeremy Silman</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_jw/jw_cllctd_wrks_w_stntz.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2008-04-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Wilhelm+Steinitz&rft.pub=Jeremy+Silman&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeremysilman.com%2Fbook_reviews_jw%2Fjw_cllctd_wrks_w_stntz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> review of a book edited by Sid Pickard </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719033738/http://www.edochess.ca/top.graphs/g1820.1937.html">"Edo Ratings - Top Players Peak Average Ratings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edochess.ca/top.graphs/g1820.1937.html">the original</a> on 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2023-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edo+Ratings+-+Top+Players+Peak+Average+Ratings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edochess.ca%2Ftop.graphs%2Fg1820.1937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuwe1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Euwe, Max</a> (1976). From Steinitz to Fischer. Belgrade: Chess Informant.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Steinitz+to+Fischer&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Chess+Informant&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Euwe&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinterSteinitzQuotes-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WinterSteinitzQuotes_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterSteinitzQuotes_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterSteinitzQuotes_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WinterSteinitzQuotes_84-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E." class="citation web cs1">Winter, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/steinitz.html">"Steinitz Quotes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steinitz+Quotes&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fsteinitz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinterChessWithViolence-85"><a href="#cite_ref-WinterChessWithViolence_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E." class="citation web cs1">Winter, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/violence.html">"Chess with Violence"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+with+Violence&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fextra%2Fviolence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonnell,_G.A.1894" class="citation book cs1">MacDonnell, G.A. (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter15.html#3974._The_Steinitz-Wormald-MacDonnell_">The Knights and Kings of Chess</a>. London. pp. 39–40. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+and+Kings+of+Chess&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39-40&rft.date=1894&rft.au=MacDonnell%2C+G.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fwinter15.html%233974._The_Steinitz-Wormald-MacDonnell_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-WinterChessNotesArchive15-87"><a href="#cite_ref-WinterChessNotesArchive15_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinitz,_W.1875" class="citation journal cs1">Steinitz, W. (November 1875). "(review of Wormald's The Chess Openings)". City of London Chess Magazine: 297–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+of+London+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=%28review+of+Wormald%27s+The+Chess+Openings%29&rft.pages=297-304&rft.date=1875-11&rft.au=Steinitz%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinitz,_W.1875" class="citation journal cs1">Steinitz, W. (December 1875). "(review of Wormald's The Chess Openings)". City of London Chess Magazine: 331–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+of+London+Chess+Magazine&rft.atitle=%28review+of+Wormald%27s+The+Chess+Openings%29&rft.pages=331-36&rft.date=1875-12&rft.au=Steinitz%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Extracts at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter,_E." class="citation web cs1">Winter, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter15.html#3974._The_Steinitz-Wormald-MacDonnell_">"Chess Note 3974: The Steinitz–Wormald–MacDonnell controversy"</a>. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chess+Note+3974%3A+The+Steinitz%E2%80%93Wormald%E2%80%93MacDonnell+controversy&rft.au=Winter%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chesshistory.com%2Fwinter%2Fwinter15.html%233974._The_Steinitz-Wormald-MacDonnell_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Winter concludes his commentary with, "If instances can be identified of Steinitz being wrong in his denunciation of Wormald, we should like to be informed." </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> for example he described Zukertort's win over Blackburne in the London 1883 tournament (where Steinitz finished second behind Zukertort) as "one of the most brilliant games on record", and Blackburne's win over Schwarz in Berlin, 1881, with the words "White's design, especially from the 21st move in combination with the brilliant finish, belongs to the finest efforts of chess genius in modern match play." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine,_R.1952" class="citation book cs1">Fine, R. (1952). The World's Great Chess Games. Andre Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Great+Chess+Games&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch+%28now+as+paperback+from+Dover%29&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Fine%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Zukertort's win is at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1001854">"Zukertort's Immortal: Johannes Zukertort vs Joseph Henry Blackburne, London, 1883"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zukertort%27s+Immortal%3A+Johannes+Zukertort+vs+Joseph+Henry+Blackburne%2C+London%2C+1883&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1001854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> Blackburne's win is at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1029022">"Joseph Henry Blackburne vs Jacques Schwarz, Berlin, 1881"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Henry+Blackburne+vs+Jacques+Schwarz%2C+Berlin%2C+1881&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1029022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025202325/http://www.chessville.com/reviews/QCH19993.htm">"Wilhelm Steinitz in Russia 1895–96"</a>. Quarterly for Chess History (3). 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessville.com/reviews/QCH19993.htm">the original</a> on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2008-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+for+Chess+History&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz+in+Russia+1895%E2%80%9396&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessville.com%2Freviews%2FQCH19993.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-storiascacchiTorneiAl1879-90"><a href="#cite_ref-storiascacchiTorneiAl1879_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145235/http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/tornei/pagine/itorneifino1880.htm">"I tornei di scacchi fino al 1879"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/tornei/pagine/itorneifino1880.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+tornei+di+scacchi+fino+al+1879&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxoomer.alice.it%2Fcserica%2Fscacchi%2Fstoriascacchi%2Ftornei%2Fpagine%2Fitorneifino1880.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-storiascacchiTorneiAl1880To1899-91"><a href="#cite_ref-storiascacchiTorneiAl1880To1899_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216145230/http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/tornei/pagine/itornei1880-99.htm">"I tornei di scacchi dal 1880 al 1899"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/tornei/pagine/itornei1880-99.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+tornei+di+scacchi+dal+1880+al+1899&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxoomer.alice.it%2Fcserica%2Fscacchi%2Fstoriascacchi%2Ftornei%2Fpagine%2Fitornei1880-99.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edochess.ca/players/p34.html">Edo Historical Chess Ratings</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524085111/http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/matches/1880-99.htm">"I matches dal 1880 al 1899"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/matches/1880-99.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+matches+dal+1880+al+1899&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxoomer.alice.it%2Fcserica%2Fscacchi%2Fstoriascacchi%2Fmatches%2F1880-99.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Tim Harding, Joseph Henry Blackburne: A Chess Biography (McFarland 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7473-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7473-8">978-0-7864-7473-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1001497">"Wilhelm Steinitz vs. Augustus Mongredien, London 1862"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz+vs.+Augustus+Mongredien%2C+London+1862&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1001497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1019315">"Adolf Anderssen vs. Wilhelm Steinitz, London 1866"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Adolf+Anderssen+vs.+Wilhelm+Steinitz%2C+London+1866&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1019315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasker,_Emanuel1947" class="citation book cs1">Lasker, Emanuel (1947). "The Evolution of the Theory of Steinitz". Lasker's Manual of Chess. David McKay. pp. 200–02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Theory+of+Steinitz&rft.btitle=Lasker%27s+Manual+of+Chess&rft.pages=200-02&rft.pub=David+McKay&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Lasker%2C+Emanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1132645">"Johannes Zukertort vs. Wilhelm Steinitz, WCH 1886"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Johannes+Zukertort+vs.+Wilhelm+Steinitz%2C+WCH+1886&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1132645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1036356">"Wilhelm Steinitz vs. Mikhail Chigorin, Havana WCH 1892"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz+vs.+Mikhail+Chigorin%2C+Havana+WCH+1892&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1036356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golombek1954GameOfChess-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Golombek1954GameOfChess_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolombek,_H.1954" class="citation book cs1">Golombek, H. (1954). "The Great Masters: Steinitz". The Game of Chess. Penguin Books. pp. 209–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Masters%3A+Steinitz&rft.btitle=The+Game+of+Chess&rft.pages=209-12&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Golombek%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1036342">"Wilhelm Steinitz vs. Mikhail Chigorin, Havana WCH 1892"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz+vs.+Mikhail+Chigorin%2C+Havana+WCH+1892&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1036342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1132699">"Wilhelm Steinitz vs. Curt von Bardeleben, Hastings 1895"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chessgames.com&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Steinitz+vs.+Curt+von+Bardeleben%2C+Hastings+1895&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chessgames.com%2Fperl%2Fchessgame%3Fgid%3D1132699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward G. Winter">Winter, Edward G.</a> (1981). World chess champions. Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-024094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-024094-7"><bdi>978-0-08-024094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+chess+champions&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-08-024094-7&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparov2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov, Garry</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/My_Great_Predecessors" title="My Great Predecessors">My Great Predecessors, part I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Everyman_Chess" title="Everyman Chess">Everyman Chess</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85744-330-1"><bdi>978-1-85744-330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Great+Predecessors%2C+part+I&rft.pub=Everyman+Chess&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85744-330-1&rft.aulast=Kasparov&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Steinitz" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Games of Wilhelm Steinitz, ed. Pickard & Son 1995. A collection of 1,022 Steinitz's games with annotations.</li> <li>Steinitz, primo campione del mondo, Jakov Nejstadt, ed. Prisma 2000. (in Italian)</li> <li>From Steinitz to Fischer, ed. Sahovski Informator, Belgrade 1976.</li> <li>Steinitz Chess Champion by Landsberger, McFarland pub.</li> <li>Steinitz Papers by Soltis, McFarland pub.</li> <li>The Games of Wilhelm Steinitz, first world chess champion by Sid Pickard (in Algebraic notation) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886846-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-886846-00-6">1-886846-00-6</a>, Pickard & Son publishers in 1995.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Steinitz&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wilhelm_Steinitz" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1900 <a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Steinitz,_William" class="extiw" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Steinitz, William">Wilhelm Steinitz</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=10421">Wilhelm Steinitz</a> player profile and games at <a href="/wiki/Chessgames.com" title="Chessgames.com">Chessgames.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/steinitzgod.html">"Steinitz versus God" by Edward Winter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060527101733/http://www.souvenirworldja.com/chessworld/playbetter/Technical_Articles/worldchamps/steinitz/william_steinitz_1836.htm">Steinitz biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/steinitz/steinitz.htm">Chesscorner bio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1070&letter=S&search=william%20steinitz">Jewish Encyclopedia bio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/wcc-indz.htm">World Chess Championship Pre-FIDE Events</a> – details of World Championship matches from Steinitz's era</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">(unofficial)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Champion</a> 1886–1894 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></div> 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Chess_Championships" title="Template:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Chess_Championships" title="Template talk:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Chess_Championships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Chess Championships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Chess_Championships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List of World Chess Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championships_(1998%E2%80%932004)" title="FIDE World Chess Championships (1998–2004)">Knockout format (1998–2004)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Swiss_Tournament" title="FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament">FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1886" title="World Chess Championship 1886">1886</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1889" title="World Chess Championship 1889">1889</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1890%E2%80%931891" title="World Chess Championship 1890–1891">1890–1891</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1892" title="World Chess Championship 1892">1892</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steinitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1894" title="World Chess Championship 1894">1894</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1896%E2%80%931897" title="World Chess Championship 1896–1897">1896–1897</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1907" title="World Chess Championship 1907">1907</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1908" title="World Chess Championship 1908">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Schlechter)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Schlechter)">1910 (Jan–Feb)</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Janowski)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Janowski)">1910 (Nov–Dec)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Lasker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1921" title="World Chess Championship 1921">1921</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">Capablanca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1927" title="World Chess Championship 1927">1927</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1929" title="World Chess Championship 1929">1929</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1934" title="World Chess Championship 1934">1934</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1935" title="World Chess Championship 1935">1935</a> (<a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Euwe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1937" title="World Chess Championship 1937">1937</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1951" title="World Chess Championship 1951">1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1954" title="World Chess Championship 1954">1954</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1957" title="World Chess Championship 1957">1957</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Smyslov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1958" title="World Chess Championship 1958">1958</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1960" title="World Chess Championship 1960">1960</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Tal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961" title="World Chess Championship 1961">1961</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1963" title="World Chess Championship 1963">1963</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1966" title="World Chess Championship 1966">1966</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Petrosian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1969" title="World Chess Championship 1969">1969</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Spassky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">1972</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Fischer</a>)</li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1975" title="World Chess Championship 1975">1975</a></s>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1978" title="World Chess Championship 1978">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1981" title="World Chess Championship 1981">1981</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1984%E2%80%931985" title="World Chess Championship 1984–1985">1984–1985</a> (no result)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985" title="World Chess Championship 1985">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1986" title="World Chess Championship 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1987" title="World Chess Championship 1987">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1990" title="World Chess Championship 1990">1990</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Split title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_Chess_Association" title="Professional Chess Association">PCA/Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_1995" title="Classical World Chess Championship 1995">1995</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1996" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1998" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1998">1998</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1999" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1999">1999</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khalifman" title="Alexander Khalifman">Khalifman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2002" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2002">2002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariov" title="Ruslan Ponomariov">Ponomariov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanov" title="Rustam Kasimdzhanov">Kasimdzhanov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2005" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2005">2005</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Topalov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2006" title="World Chess Championship 2006">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2007" title="World Chess Championship 2007">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2008" title="World Chess Championship 2008">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010" title="World Chess Championship 2010">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2012" title="World Chess Championship 2012">2012</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="World Chess Championship 2013">2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2014" title="World Chess Championship 2014">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2016" title="World Chess Championship 2016">2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2018" title="World Chess Championship 2018">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Chess Championship 2021">2021</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Carlsen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Chess Championship 2023">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ding_Liren" title="Ding Liren">Ding</a>), <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2024" title="World Chess Championship 2024">2024</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2026" title="World Chess Championship 2026">2026</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other world championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2019" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2022" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2022" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Correspondence_Chess_Championship" title="World Correspondence Chess Championship">Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess960_Championship" title="World Chess960 Championship">Chess960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Fischer_Random_Chess_Championship_2019" title="FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Fischer_Random_Chess_Championship_2022" title="FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Chess_Championships" title="Category:World Chess Championships">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chess" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess" title="Template:Chess"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess" title="Template talk:Chess"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_chess_servers" title="List of Internet chess servers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li> <li><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess">Score sheets</a></dfn></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_museums" title="Category:Chess museums">Chess museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen%27s_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs rook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strategy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other world championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li> <li>Computer chess championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess" title="Category:Films about chess">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess" title="Category:Novels about chess">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings" title="Category:Chess paintings">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess" title="Category:Poems about chess">poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess" title="Category:Short stories about chess">short stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess">Oxford Companion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/42px-Chess.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:steinitz.wilhelm">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1110220">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118617532.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118617532">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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