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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years_(up_to_1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_years_(up_to_1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Foundation and early years (up to 1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years_(up_to_1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946_to_1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946_to_1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1946 to 1993</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946_to_1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_World_Championship_challenge_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_World_Championship_challenge_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Birth of the World Championship challenge cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_World_Championship_challenge_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bobby_Fischer_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bobby_Fischer_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Bobby Fischer controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bobby_Fischer_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_1970s_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_1970s_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Other 1970s controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_1970s_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_expansion_of_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_expansion_of_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Rapid expansion of membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_expansion_of_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Championship,_1983–1985" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Championship,_1983–1985"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>World Championship, 1983–1985</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Championship,_1983–1985-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993_to_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_to_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>1993 to 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_to_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Championship_divided,_1993–2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Championship_divided,_1993–2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>World Championship divided, 1993–2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Championship_divided,_1993–2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IOC_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IOC_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>IOC recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IOC_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_agreement_with_Agon_and_World_Chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_agreement_with_Agon_and_World_Chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Commercial agreement with Agon and World Chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_agreement_with_Agon_and_World_Chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FIDE_and_Agon/World_Chess_contract_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FIDE_and_Agon/World_Chess_contract_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>FIDE and Agon/World Chess contract controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FIDE_and_Agon/World_Chess_contract_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>2018 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_election_of_Arkady_Dvorkovich_and_the_end_of_the_Ilyumzhinov_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_election_of_Arkady_Dvorkovich_and_the_end_of_the_Ilyumzhinov_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>The election of Arkady Dvorkovich and the end of the Ilyumzhinov era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_election_of_Arkady_Dvorkovich_and_the_end_of_the_Ilyumzhinov_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions_on_transgender_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions_on_transgender_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Restrictions on transgender players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_on_transgender_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FIDE_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FIDE_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>FIDE presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FIDE_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">FIDE</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="الاتحاد الدولي للشطرنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد الدولي للشطرنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_d%27Axedrez" title="Federación Internacional d'Axedrez – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Federación Internacional d'Axedrez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B0DE" title="FİDE – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="FİDE" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87" title="ফিদে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিদে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Халыҡ-ара шахмат федерацияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Халыҡ-ара шахмат федерацияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87" title="फीडे – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फीडे" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Световна шахматна федерация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Световна шахматна федерация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3_Internacional_d%27Escacs" title="Federació Internacional d'Escacs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Federació Internacional d'Escacs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_%C5%A1achov%C3%A1_federace" title="Mezinárodní šachová federace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní šachová federace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Διεθνής Σκακιστική Ομοσπονδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνής Σκακιστική Ομοσπονδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_de_Ajedrez" title="Federación Internacional de Ajedrez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federación Internacional de Ajedrez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_Xake_Federakuntza" title="Nazioarteko Xake Federakuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko Xake Federakuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87" title="فیده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_internationale_des_%C3%A9checs" title="Fédération internationale des échecs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fédération internationale des échecs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%B0%EB%A7%B9" title="국제 체스 연맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 체스 연맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Շախմատի միջազգային ֆեդերացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շախմատի միջազգային ֆեդերացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="फाइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फाइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetska_%C5%A1ahovska_federacija" title="Svjetska šahovska federacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svjetska šahovska federacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0a_sk%C3%A1ksambandi%C3%B0" title="Alþjóða skáksambandið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóða skáksambandið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Internazionale_degli_Scacchi" title="Federazione Internazionale degli Scacchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federazione Internazionale degli Scacchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%93%22%D7%94" title="פיד"ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיד"ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="ფიდე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიდე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%94%D0%95" title="ФИДЕ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ФИДЕ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81_%C5%A0aha_feder%C4%81cija" title="Starptautiskā Šaha federācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskā Šaha federācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_Sakksz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9g" title="Nemzetközi Sakkszövetség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi Sakkszövetség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%94%D0%95" title="ФИДЕ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ФИДЕ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86" title="ഫിഡെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിഡെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="जागतिक बुद्धिबळ महासंघ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जागतिक बुद्धिबळ महासंघ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persekutuan_Catur_Antarabangsa" title="Persekutuan Catur Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persekutuan Catur Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Олон Улсын Шатрын Холбоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон Улсын Шатрын Холбоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_%C3%89checs" title="Fédération Internationale des Échecs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fédération Internationale des Échecs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E9%80%A3%E7%9B%9F" title="国際チェス連盟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際チェス連盟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_internationale_des_%C3%A9checs" title="Fédération internationale des échecs – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fédération internationale des échecs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdssjakkforbundet" title="Verdssjakkforbundet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verdssjakkforbundet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowa_Federacja_Szachowa" title="Międzynarodowa Federacja Szachowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowa Federacja Szachowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Internacional_de_Xadrez" title="Federação Internacional de Xadrez – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Federação Internacional de Xadrez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C8%9Bia_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_%C8%98ah" title="Federația Internațională de Șah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Federația Internațională de Șah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международная шахматная федерация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международная шахматная федерация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federata_Bot%C3%ABrore_e_Shahut" title="Federata Botërore e Shahut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Federata Botërore e Shahut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_%C5%A1achov%C3%A1_feder%C3%A1cia" title="Medzinárodná šachová federácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodná šachová federácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetovna_%C5%A1ahovska_federacija" title="Svetovna šahovska federacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svetovna šahovska federacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC" title="فیدراسیۆنی جیھانیی شەتڕەنج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیدراسیۆنی جیھانیی شەتڕەنج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailman_shakkiliitto" title="Maailman shakkiliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailman shakkiliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasyong_Pandaigdig_ng_Ahedres" title="Pederasyong Pandaigdig ng Ahedres – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pederasyong Pandaigdig ng Ahedres" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பன்னாட்டு சதுரங்கக் கூட்டமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு சதுரங்கக் கூட்டமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%86%D0%94%D0%95" title="ФІДЕ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ФІДЕ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="FIDE" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International chess governing body</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fide" redirects here. For the community in Sweden, see <a href="/wiki/Fide,_Gotland" title="Fide, Gotland">Fide, Gotland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">International Chess Federation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="fr"><i>Fédération Internationale des Échecs</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fidelogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Fidelogo.svg/200px-Fidelogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Fidelogo.svg/300px-Fidelogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Fidelogo.svg/400px-Fidelogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="87" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">FIDE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">July 20, 1924<span class="noprint">; 100 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1924-07-20</span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">203 national associations <sup id="cite_ref-ratings.fide.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratings.fide.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Dvorkovich" title="Arkady Dvorkovich">Arkady Dvorkovich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Budget </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>17.56 million</span> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fide.com">fide<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102178#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>International Chess Federation</b> or <b>World Chess Federation</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly referred to by its French <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> <b>FIDE</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FEE</span>-day</i></a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fédération Internationale des Échecs</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an international organization based in Switzerland that connects the various national <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> federations and acts as the <a href="/wiki/Sport_governing_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport governing body">governing body</a> of international chess competition. FIDE was founded in Paris, France, on July 20, 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-fide.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fide.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its motto is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Gens una sumus</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'We are one Family'. In 1999, FIDE was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC). As of December 21, 2023,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there are 201 <a href="/wiki/FIDE_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE Federations">member federations of FIDE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FIDE's most visible activity is organizing the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> since 1948. FIDE also organizes world championships for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">women</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">juniors</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">seniors</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another flagship event is the <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a>, a biennial chess tournament organized since 1924, in which national teams compete. In alternate years, FIDE also organizes the <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">World Team Championship</a>, in which the best teams from the previous Olympiad compete. </p><p>As part of the World Chess Championship cycle, FIDE also organizes the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a>, which determines who will challenge the reigning World Champion, and the qualifying tournaments for the Candidates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Swiss_Tournament_2019" title="FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2019">FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2019</a>. </p><p>FIDE is recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) as the supreme body responsible for the organization of chess and its championships at global and continental levels.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tournaments are not overseen directly by FIDE, but they generally observe FIDE rules and regulations. Some national chess organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/US_Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="US Chess Federation">US Chess Federation</a> use minor differences to FIDE rules. </p><p>FIDE defines the <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">rules of chess</a>, both for individual games (i.e. the board and moves) and for the conduct of international competitions. The international competition rules are the basis for local competitions, although local bodies are allowed to modify these rules to a certain extent. FIDE awards a number of organizational titles, including <a href="/wiki/International_Arbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="International Arbiter">International Arbiter</a>, which signifies that the recipient is competent and trusted to oversee top-class competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDEHandbookContents_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDEHandbookContents-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FIDE calculates the <a href="/wiki/Elo_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Elo rating">Elo ratings</a> of players<sup id="cite_ref-FIDERatingsPortal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDERatingsPortal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and awards <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles" title="FIDE titles">titles</a> for achievement in competitive play, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a> title. It also awards titles to composers and solvers of <a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">chess problems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess study">studies</a>. </p><p>FIDE funds and manages outreach programs, such as the Chess for Freedom program<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and awards such as, since 2020, the Svetozar Gligoric Award for fair play.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a> (chess played by post, email or on online servers) is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">International Correspondence Chess Federation</a>, an independent body that cooperates with FIDE where appropriate. </p><p>The FIDE budget for 2022 was <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>12.84 million</span>, an increase from the 2021 budget which was <span class="nowrap">€4 million</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Income is primarily from rights to tournaments such as the Olympiad and World Championship, from various fees and commissions, and from corporate sponsorship and donations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-ratings.fide.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratings.fide.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental">Continental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Continental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/European_Chess_Union" title="European Chess Union">European Chess Union</a> (ECU) - 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Chess_Federation" title="Asian Chess Federation">Asian Chess Federation</a> (ACF)</li> <li>African Chess Confederation (ACC)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Confederation of Chess for Americas (CCA)</li> <li>Oceania Chess Confederation (OCC)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliated_Organizations">Affiliated Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Affiliated Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>African Chess Confederation (ACC)</li> <li>Arab Chess Federation (ACF)</li> <li>ASEAN Chess Confederation</li> <li>Asian Chess Federation</li> <li>Balkan Chess Federation (BCF)</li> <li>Chess Association of Black Sea Countries</li> <li>Commonwealth Chess Association</li> <li>Confederation of Chess for Americas (CCA)</li> <li>European Chess Union (ECU)</li> <li>Francophone Chess Association (AIDEF)</li> <li>Iberoamerican Chess Federation (FIBDA)</li> <li>International Braille Chess Association (IBCA)</li> <li>International Chess Committee of the Deaf (ICCD)</li> <li>International Computer Games Association (ICGA)</li> <li>International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF)</li> <li>International Physically Disabled Chess Association (IPCA)</li> <li>International School Chess Union</li> <li>Isle of Man Chess Association *Affiliated Member</li> <li>Mediterranean Chess Association (MCA)</li> <li>MITROPA Chess Association</li> <li>New Caledonia Chess Federation (LENC) *Affiliated Member</li> <li>Oceania Chess Confederation (OCC)</li> <li>Portuguese-speaking Federations Association</li> <li>Small Nations Chess Association</li> <li>South Asian Chess Council (SACC)</li> <li>World Federation for Chess Composition (WFCC)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's World Chess Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_years_(up_to_1939)"><span id="Foundation_and_early_years_.28up_to_1939.29"></span>Foundation and early years (up to 1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foundation and early years (up to 1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1904, L'union Amicale, a French chess association, attempted to establish an international chess federation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1914, an initiative was taken in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, to form an international chess federation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attempt was made in July 1914 during the <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> International Chess Tournament. Further efforts temporarily came to an end as a result of the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 1920, another attempt to organize an international federation was made at the <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> Tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-WallFIDEHistory_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WallFIDEHistory-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Players made the first attempt to produce rules for world championship matches—in 1922, world champion <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a> proposed the "London rules": the first player to win six games outright would win the match; playing sessions would be limited to five hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in 2.5 hours each; the champion would be obliged to defend his title within one year of receiving a challenge from a recognized master; the champion would decide the date of the match; the champion was not obliged to accept a challenge for a <a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">purse</a> of less than $10,000 (equivalent to $182,000 in 2023); 20% of the purse was to be paid to the title holder, with the remainder being divided, 60 percent to the winner of the match, and 40% to the loser; the highest purse bid must be accepted. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efim_Bogoljubow" title="Efim Bogoljubow">Bogoljubov</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Mar%C3%B3czy" title="Géza Maróczy">Maróczy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_R%C3%A9ti" title="Richard Réti">Réti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akiba_Rubinstein" title="Akiba Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savielly_Tartakower" title="Savielly Tartakower">Tartakower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Vidmar" title="Milan Vidmar">Vidmar</a> promptly signed them.<sup id="cite_ref-chessvilleLondonRules_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chessvilleLondonRules-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only match played under those rules was Capablanca vs Alekhine in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-WinterCapablancaVsAlekhine1927_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinterCapablancaVsAlekhine1927-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, the Russian master <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Znosko-Borovsky" title="Eugene Znosko-Borovsky">Eugene Znosko-Borovsky</a>, while participating in an international tournament in London, announced that a tournament would be held during the 8th Sports <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in Paris in 1924 and would be hosted by the <a href="/wiki/French_Chess_Federation" title="French Chess Federation">French Chess Federation</a>. On July 20, 1924, the participants at the Paris tournament founded FIDE as a kind of players' union.<sup id="cite_ref-WallFIDEHistory_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WallFIDEHistory-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FIDEHistory_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDEHistory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seirawan1998WhoseTitle_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seirawan1998WhoseTitle-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its early years, FIDE had little power, and it was poorly financed. </p><p>FIDE's congresses in 1925 and 1926 expressed a desire to become involved in managing the world championship. FIDE was largely happy with the "London Rules", but claimed that the requirement for a purse of $10,000 was impracticable and called upon Capablanca to come to an agreement with the leading masters to revise the Rules.<sup id="cite_ref-WinterChessNotesArchive17_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinterChessNotesArchive17-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FIDE's third congress, in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> in 1926, also decided to organize a <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a>. The invitations were, however, late in being sent, with the result that only four countries participated, and the competition was called the Little Olympiad. The winner was <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a>. In 1927, FIDE began organizing the First Chess Olympiad during its 4th Congress in London. The official title of the tournament was the "Tournament of Nations", or "World Team Championship", but "Chess Olympiad" became a more popular title. The event was won by Hungary, with 16 teams competing.<sup id="cite_ref-WallFIDEHistory_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WallFIDEHistory-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, FIDE recognized Bogoljubow as "Champion of FIDE" after he won a match against <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WinterChessNotesArchive17_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinterChessNotesArchive17-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alekhine, the reigning world champion, attended part of the 1928 Congress and agreed to place future matches for the world title under the auspices of FIDE, although any match with Capablanca should be under the same conditions as in Buenos Aires, 1927, i.e., including the requirement for a purse of at least $10,000. FIDE accepted this and decided to form a commission to modify the London Rules for future matches, though this commission never met; by the time of the 1929 Congress, a world championship match between Alekhine and Bogoljubow was under way, held neither under the auspices of FIDE nor in accordance with the London Rules.<sup id="cite_ref-WinterChessNotesArchive17_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinterChessNotesArchive17-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While negotiating his 1937 World Championship re-match with Alekhine, Euwe proposed that if he retained the title, FIDE should manage the nomination of future challengers and the conduct of championship matches. FIDE had been trying since 1935 to introduce rules on how to select challengers, and its various proposals favored selection by some sort of committee. While they were debating procedures in 1937 and Alekhine and Euwe were preparing for their re-match later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Chess Federation">Dutch Chess Federation</a> proposed that a super-tournament (AVRO) of ex-champions and rising stars should be held to select the next challenger. FIDE rejected this proposal and at their second attempt nominated <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a> as the official challenger. Euwe then declared that: if he retained his title against Alekhine he was prepared to meet Flohr in 1940 but he reserved the right to arrange a title match either in 1938 or 1939 with José Raúl Capablanca, who had lost the title to Alekhine in 1927; if Euwe lost his title to Capablanca then FIDE's decision should be followed and Capablanca would have to play Flohr in 1940. Most chess writers and players strongly supported the Dutch super-tournament proposal and opposed the committee processes favored by FIDE. While this confusion went unresolved: Euwe lost his title to Alekhine; the <a href="/wiki/AVRO_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="AVRO tournament">AVRO tournament</a> in 1938 was won by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> under a tie-breaking rule, with <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a> placed second and Capablanca and Flohr in the bottom places; and the outbreak of World War II in 1939 cut short the controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-WinterWorldChampionshipDisorder_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinterWorldChampionshipDisorder-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EndgameAVRO1938_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EndgameAVRO1938-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although competitive chess continued in many countries, including some that were under <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> occupation, there was no international competition and FIDE was inactive during the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946_to_1993">1946 to 1993</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1946 to 1993"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_of_the_World_Championship_challenge_cycle">Birth of the World Championship challenge cycle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Birth of the World Championship challenge cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the time of <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a>'s defeat of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a> in 1894, until 1946, a new World Champion had won the title by defeating the former champion in a match. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a>'s death created an <i><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">interregnum</a></i> that made the normal procedure impossible. The situation was confused, with many respected players and commentators offering different solutions. FIDE found it difficult to organize the early discussions on how to resolve the <i><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a></i>, because problems with money and travel in the aftermath of World War II prevented many countries from sending representatives, most notably the Soviet Union. The shortage of clear information resulted in otherwise responsible magazines publishing rumors and speculation, which only made the situation more confused.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter2003Interregnum_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">Interregnum of World Chess Champions</a> for more details. </p><p>This situation was exacerbated by the Soviet Union having long refused to join FIDE, and by this time it was clear that about half the credible contenders were Soviet citizens. The Soviet Union realized, however, it could not afford to be left out of the discussions regarding the vacant world championship, and in 1947 sent a telegram apologizing for the absence of Soviet representatives and requesting that the USSR be represented in future FIDE Committees.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter2003Interregnum_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eventual solution was similar to FIDE's initial proposal and to a proposal put forward by the Soviet Union (authored by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a>). The 1938 <a href="/wiki/AVRO_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="AVRO tournament">AVRO tournament</a> was used as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948 Championship Tournament</a>. The AVRO tournament had brought together the eight players who were, by general acclamation, the best players in the world at the time. Two of the participants at AVRO—Alekhine and former world champion Capablanca—had since died; but FIDE decided that the other six participants at AVRO would play a quadruple <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round-robin tournament</a>. These players were: <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a> (from The Netherlands); Botvinnik, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salo_Flohr" title="Salo Flohr">Salo Flohr</a> (from the Soviet Union); and <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fine" title="Reuben Fine">Reuben Fine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Reshevsky" title="Samuel Reshevsky">Samuel Reshevsky</a> (from the United States). FIDE soon accepted a Soviet request to substitute <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a> for Flohr, and Fine withdrew in order to continue his degree studies in <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, so five players competed, in a quintuple round robin. Botvinnik won, thus becoming world champion, ending the <i>interregnum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter2003Interregnum_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposals which led to the 1948 Championship Tournament also specified the procedure by which challengers for the World Championship would be selected in a three-year cycle: countries affiliated with FIDE would send players to Zonal tournaments (the number varied depending on the number of strong players each country had); the players who gained the top places in these would compete in an Interzonal tournament (later split into two, then three tournaments as the number of countries and eligible players increased<sup id="cite_ref-WeeksWorldChampionshipEvents1948to1990_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeeksWorldChampionshipEvents1948to1990-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the highest-placed players from the Interzonal would compete in the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a>, along with the loser of the previous title match and the runner-up in the previous Candidates Tournament; and the winner of the Candidates played a title match against the champion.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter2003Interregnum_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter2003Interregnum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1950 until 1962 inclusive, the Candidates Tournament was a multi-round round-robin—how and why it was changed are described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bobby_Fischer_controversies">Bobby Fischer controversies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bobby Fischer controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FIDE found itself embroiled in some controversies relating to the American player <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a>. The first controversy took place when Fischer alleged that, at the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, the Soviet players <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keres" title="Paul Keres">Paul Keres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efim_Geller" title="Efim Geller">Efim Geller</a> had pre-arranged draws in their games played amongst themselves, and that <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a>, another Soviet player, had been instructed to lose to them (Fischer had <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1963" title="World Chess Championship 1963">placed 4th</a>, well behind Petrosian, Keres and Geller). Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh" title="Yuri Averbakh">Yuri Averbakh</a>, a member of the Soviet delegation at the tournament, confirmed in 2002 that Petrosian, Keres and Geller privately agreed to draw their games.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingston2002AverbakhInterview2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingston2002AverbakhInterview2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FIDE responded by changing the format of Candidates Tournaments from a multi-round round-robin to a series of elimination matches, initially 10–12 games in duration; however, by the 1970s, the Candidates final would be as long as 24 games. </p><p>Then, in 1969, Fischer refused to play in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Chess Championship">U.S. Championship</a> because of disagreements about the tournament's format and prize fund. Since that event was being treated as a <a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Zonal tournament</a>, Fischer forfeited his right to compete for the right to challenge World Champion <a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a> in 1972. Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Pal_Benko" title="Pal Benko">Pal Benko</a> agreed to relinquish his qualifying place at the Interzonal in Fischer's favor, and the other participants waived their right to claim the spot. FIDE president Max Euwe interpreted the rules very flexibly to allow Fischer to play in the 1970 Interzonal at <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, which he won convincingly. Fischer then crushed <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taimanov" title="Mark Taimanov">Mark Taimanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bent_Larsen" title="Bent Larsen">Bent Larsen</a> (both 6–0) and Tigran Petrosian in the 1971 Candidates Tournament and won the title match with Spassky to become world champion.<sup id="cite_ref-Sosonko2001RememberingEuwePart1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sosonko2001RememberingEuwePart1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After winning the world championship, Fischer criticized the existing championship match format (24 games; the champion retained the title if the match was tied) on the grounds that it encouraged whoever got an early lead to play for draws. While this dispute was going on, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a> won the right to challenge in 1975. Fischer refused to accept any match format other than the one he proposed. Among Fischer's demands was a requirement that the challenger must beat him by at least two games in order to take his title (Fischer proposed a match format in which the first player to win 10 games wins, with draws not counting, but if the result is 9–9 it is considered a tie). The FIDE argued that it was unfair for a challenger to be able to beat the world champion, yet not take his title. Fischer would not back down, and eventually FIDE awarded the title to Karpov by default.<sup id="cite_ref-WeeksFischerForfeitsToKarpov_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeeksFischerForfeitsToKarpov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators have questioned whether FIDE president Max Euwe did as much as he could have to prevent Fischer from forfeiting his world title.<sup id="cite_ref-Sosonko2001RememberingEuwePart1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sosonko2001RememberingEuwePart1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_1970s_controversies">Other 1970s controversies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other 1970s controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FIDE had a number of conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Chess Federation">Soviet Chess Federation</a>. These conflicts included:<sup id="cite_ref-Sosonko2001RememberingEuwePart1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sosonko2001RememberingEuwePart1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The defection of grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Gennadi_Sosonko" title="Gennadi Sosonko">Gennadi Sosonko</a> in 1972. The Soviets demanded that Sosonko be excluded from competitive chess, television or any other event that might publicize his defection. FIDE refused, and no Soviet players took part in the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Wijk_aan_Zee" title="Wijk aan Zee">Wijk aan Zee</a> tournament in The Netherlands because Sosonko was playing in it.</li> <li>In 1976 world championship contender <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a> sought <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a> in The Netherlands. In a discussion a few days earlier Euwe told Korchnoi, "...of course you will retain all your rights..." and later opposed Soviet efforts to prevent Korchnoi from challenging for <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a>'s title in 1978.</li> <li>FIDE decided to hold the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> in Israel despite the Soviet Chess Federation announced its boycott of Israel as the site of the Olympiad and the congress because of what it described as Israeli aggression against Arab states.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rapid_expansion_of_membership">Rapid expansion of membership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rapid expansion of membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his period as president of FIDE (1970–1978) Max Euwe strove to increase the number of member countries, and <a href="/wiki/Florencio_Campomanes" title="Florencio Campomanes">Florencio Campomanes</a> (president 1982–1995) continued this policy, with each member nation receiving one vote. Former world champion Anatoly Karpov later said this was a mixed blessing, as the inclusion of so many small, poor countries led to a "leadership vacuum at the head of the world of chess......"<sup id="cite_ref-Sosonko2001RememberingEuwePart1_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sosonko2001RememberingEuwePart1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbundoCampomanesLegacy_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbundoCampomanesLegacy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh" title="Yuri Averbakh">Yuri Averbakh</a> said the presence of so many weak countries made it easy to manipulate decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-KingstonAverbakhInterview2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingstonAverbakhInterview2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Championship,_1983–1985"><span id="World_Championship.2C_1983.E2.80.931985"></span>World Championship, 1983–1985</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World Championship, 1983–1985"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events leading to <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>'s winning the world championship involved FIDE in two controversies. While arranging the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a> semi-final matches to be played in 1983, FIDE accepted bids to host Kasparov versus <a href="/wiki/Victor_Korchnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Korchnoi">Victor Korchnoi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>. The Soviet Union refused to accept this, either because it feared Kasparov would <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defect</a> or because it thought Kasparov was the greater threat to reigning champion Anatoly Karpov. Their refusal would have meant that Kasparov forfeited his chance of challenging for the title. FIDE president <a href="/wiki/Florencio_Campomanes" title="Florencio Campomanes">Florencio Campomanes</a> negotiated with the Soviet Union, and the match was played in London.<sup id="cite_ref-AbundoCampomanesLegacy_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbundoCampomanesLegacy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1983CrisisLooming_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1983CrisisLooming-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1984 world championship match between Karpov and Kasparov the winner was to be the first to win six games. In the first 27 games Karpov gained a 5–0 lead but by the end of the 48th Kasparov had reduced this to 5–3.<sup id="cite_ref-weeksKarpovKasparov1984_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weeksKarpovKasparov1984-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point the match had lasted for 159 days (from September 1984 to February 1985). Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the World Chess Federation, and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match. Kasparov won the second match and became world champion.<sup id="cite_ref-AbundoCampomanesLegacy_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbundoCampomanesLegacy-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timesonline2007WhiteKnight_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesonline2007WhiteKnight-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aboutWorldChampionship1948to1990_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutWorldChampionship1948to1990-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_to_2018">1993 to 2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1993 to 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Championship_divided,_1993–2006"><span id="World_Championship_divided.2C_1993.E2.80.932006"></span>World Championship divided, 1993–2006</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World Championship divided, 1993–2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unbalanced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">unbalanced</a> toward certain viewpoints</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:FIDE" title="Talk:FIDE">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Short" title="Nigel Short">Nigel Short</a> emerged as the official challenger for Kasparov's world title after winning the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a>. FIDE promptly accepted a bid from Manchester, England, to host the 1993 title match, but without consulting Short, as its rules required; Short was traveling to Greece at the time. Upon learning of this, Short reached out to Kasparov, who had harbored distrust for FIDE and its president, <a href="/wiki/Florencio_Campomanes" title="Florencio Campomanes">Florencio Campomanes</a>, since the abrupt end of his 1984 title match against Anatoly Karpov. Kasparov and Short concluded that FIDE had not secured the best financial deal for them and announced their decision to play under a new organization, the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Chess_Association" title="Professional Chess Association">Professional Chess Association</a> (PCA). In response, FIDE stripped Kasparov of his title, removed both Kasparov and Short from the official rating list, and announced a title match between Karpov and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Timman" title="Jan Timman">Jan Timman</a>, whom Short had defeated in the Candidates Tournament. Both Kasparov and Karpov won their respective matches, both claiming the title of world champion.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutchessSchism1993to1996_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutchessSchism1993to1996-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1994, Kasparov realized that separating from FIDE had been a mistake, as the split in the world championship was unpopular among commercial sponsors and most grandmasters.<sup id="cite_ref-chessbase2005KasparovInterviewPart2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chessbase2005KasparovInterviewPart2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began efforts to mend relations with FIDE and supported Campomanes's re-election bid as FIDE president. However, many FIDE delegates viewed Campomanes as corrupt, and he agreed to resign in 1995, provided his successor was <a href="/wiki/Kirsan_Ilyumzhinov" title="Kirsan Ilyumzhinov">Kirsan Ilyumzhinov</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kalmykia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kalmykia">Republic of Kalmykia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutChessUnification_1994to2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutChessUnification_1994to2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several attempts to reunify the world championship in the following years failed for various reasons, including financial constraints and Kasparov's opposition to any plan requiring him to play in a qualifying series. In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a> defeated Kasparov in a match for the now-renamed Braingames World Chess Championship, as the PCA had dissolved by then. Kramnik, like Kasparov, was unwilling to play in a qualifying series and strongly objected to FIDE's attempt to decide the world championship through annual knockout tournaments and to shorten game time limits.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutChessUnification_1994to2006_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutChessUnification_1994to2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kramnik2005CivilizedDialogue_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kramnik2005CivilizedDialogue-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, a reunification match was held between Kramnik and <a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Veselin Topalov</a>, which Kramnik won amidst a controversy that resulted in one game being awarded to Topalov.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutChessUnification_1994to2006_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutChessUnification_1994to2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chessgames2006Toiletgate_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chessgames2006Toiletgate-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the split in the world title had lingering effects, as evidenced by FIDE's complex regulations for the 2007-2009 world championship cycle. FIDE decided to grant Topalov a "fast track" entry into the 2007-2009 cycle due to his inability to compete in the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2007" title="World Chess Championship 2007">2007 World Chess Championship Tournament</a>. Additionally, FIDE decided that if Kramnik did not win the 2007 championship tournament, he would play a championship match in 2008 against the winner. This provision came into effect when <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a> won the tournament and became the world champion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IOC_recognition">IOC recognition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: IOC recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, FIDE was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC). Two years later, it introduced the IOC's anti-drugs rules to chess, as part of its campaign for chess to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu2001IOCMedicalCode_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu2001IOCMedicalCode-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_agreement_with_Agon_and_World_Chess">Commercial agreement with Agon and World Chess</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Commercial agreement with Agon and World Chess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012 FIDE entered into a commercial agreement, initially planned to last until 2021, with the company Agon Limited. This company was given rights to organize and commercially exploit the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> and the associated events in the World Championship cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-fide-contract_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fide-contract-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tournament it organized was the London <a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2012%E2%80%9313" title="FIDE Grand Prix 2012–13">FIDE Grand Prix</a> event in September 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-interview_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the London <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a> in March 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Chennai <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> in November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agon subsequently organized the four events in the <a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2014%E2%80%9315" title="FIDE Grand Prix 2014–15">FIDE Grand Prix 2014–15</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a> in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agon had been founded in 2012 in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Paulson" title="Andrew Paulson">Andrew Paulson</a> as the sole shareholder.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 20, 2012, an agreement between Agon and FIDE was made, subject to approval by the 2012 FIDE General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-fide-contract_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fide-contract-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approval was forthcoming in September 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2014, Agon was sold to its current CEO <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Merenzon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Merenzon (page does not exist)">Ilya Merenzon</a> for the sum of one pound.<sup id="cite_ref-interview_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interview-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the September 2016 FIDE General Assembly, it was resolved that Agon should institute a corporate presence in a locale with more transparency. Merenzon said that they would register in the United Kingdom within a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a new company, World Chess Limited, was registered shortly after, replacing Agon as the rights holder in the agreement with FIDE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FIDE_and_Agon/World_Chess_contract_controversy"><span id="FIDE_and_Agon.2FWorld_Chess_contract_controversy"></span>FIDE and Agon/World Chess contract controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: FIDE and Agon/World Chess contract controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kirsan_Ilyumzhinov" title="Kirsan Ilyumzhinov">Kirsan Ilyumzhinov</a> was happy with the agreement on the basis that now FIDE itself did not have to expend resources to find organizers for its premier events. The issue of financial guarantees was also important, though as explained below, these have not always materialized. His estimation of 10–12 million euros to FIDE from the coming cycles has not yet come to fruition either.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The condition that Agon would be the sole organizer of Championship events was disputed originally by principally the Bulgarian Chess Federation, with respect to the Candidates matches for 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-2012ga_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012ga-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2014, a purported agreement between Paulson and FIDE President <a href="/wiki/Kirsan_Ilyumzhinov" title="Kirsan Ilyumzhinov">Kirsan Ilyumzhinov</a> was leaked, and then published by Chess.com (and others), which allegedly indicated that Paulson was simply a front man with Ilyumzhinov the ultimate benefactor of Agon.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that Chess.com article <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Pein" title="Malcolm Pein">Malcolm Pein</a> is quoted as having twice been told by Paulson that Ilyuzmhinov owned Agon, and in a <i>New In Chess</i> article <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Short" title="Nigel Short">Nigel Short</a> asserted he had also been told this personally by Paulson.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, FIDE's deputy vice president <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Makropoulos" title="Georgios Makropoulos">Georgios Makropoulos</a> pointed out that the purported contract was a draft document.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FIDE Ethics Commission ruled in September 2015 that Ilyumzhinov did not violate the FIDE Code of Ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_to_present">2018 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2018 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_election_of_Arkady_Dvorkovich_and_the_end_of_the_Ilyumzhinov_era">The election of Arkady Dvorkovich and the end of the Ilyumzhinov era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The election of Arkady Dvorkovich and the end of the Ilyumzhinov era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2018, <a href="/wiki/Kirsan_Ilyumzhinov" title="Kirsan Ilyumzhinov">Kirsan Ilyumzhinov</a> was ousted as FIDE President, after having been in office for 23 years, since 1995. Being subjected to US sanctions for his business dealings with the Syrian government, Ilyumzhinov was forced out and did not run for re-election in the 2018 FIDE elections. The Greek Georgios Makropoulos, who had been General Secretary since 1990 and number two in the organization under Kirsan's presidency, was the first to announce his ticket. He was followed by the Englishman <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Short" title="Nigel Short">Nigel Short</a>, a world title contender in the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">World Chess Championship 1993</a> against <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a>. The last to announce his candidacy was <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Dvorkovich" title="Arkady Dvorkovich">Arkady Dvorkovich</a>, an economist who had served as Russian deputy prime minister and was also a member of the supervisory board of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Chess Federation">Russian Chess Federation</a>. Dvorkovich was also one of the chief organizers of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>. Dvorkovich was placed in the US Treasury pre-sanctions list in 2018 as a top Russian government employee.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the elections, held in <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> (Georgia) in October 2018, Dvorkovich won by 103 votes to 78<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against Makropoulos, after <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Short" title="Nigel Short">Nigel Short</a> withdrew his candidacy at the last minute and expressed his support to the Russian candidate. </p><p>After the 2018 FIDE elections and the appointment of a new FIDE President, the new management took regaining control over the World Championship cycle as one of their top priorities. In January 2019, FIDE Director-General <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sutovsky" title="Emil Sutovsky">Emil Sutovsky</a> announced that a new contract has been signed that continues a scaled-back relationship with World Chess (formerly known as AGON) through 2021. In virtue of this new agreement, FIDE reasserted control over the 2020 Candidates and the World Championship match, which from now on will undergo an open bidding procedure. Agon/World Chess only retained organizational and commercial rights over the FIDE Grand Prix Series, limited until 2021. </p><p>At FIDE's general assembly in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India, in August 2022 Dvorkovich got re-elected by 157 votes to 16 against Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Baryshpolets" title="Andrey Baryshpolets">Andrii Baryshpolets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2022Russian_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2022Russian-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 27, 2022, FIDE issued an official statement condemning the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. As a consequence, Russia and Belarus were forbidden from hosting official FIDE events. The decision to hold the <a href="/wiki/44th_Chess_Olympiad" title="44th Chess Olympiad">2022 Chess Olympiad</a> and the 2022 FIDE congress in Moscow was also revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian and Belarusian national teams were banned from participating in FIDE tournaments, although individual players could compete if they complied with strict regulations, in which case their federation and flag was replaced with FIDE and its banner.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 22, 2022, FIDE decided to issue a six-month ban from competing in rated tournaments against Russian grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Karjakin" title="Sergey Karjakin">Sergey Karjakin</a>. Karjakin had posted controversial statements on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> in which he declared his support for the invasion of Ukraine and for President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s characterization of the war as a fight against Nazism. FIDE argued that Karjakin's statements had shed a negative light on chess and on the federation and found that he had violated the FIDE code of ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shipov" title="Sergei Shipov">Sergei Shipov</a>, who also publicly commented in favor of Russia, was not sanctioned, because FIDE decided that his statements were less provocative.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restrictions_on_transgender_players">Restrictions on transgender players</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Restrictions on transgender players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2023, FIDE implemented a ban on trans women from playing chess in official women's tournaments organised by them, as well as tournaments providing qualification spots to the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_World_Cup" title="Women's Chess World Cup">Women's Chess World Cup</a>. Additionally, they implemented rules stripping trans men of any <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles#Women's_titles" title="FIDE titles">women's titles</a> they might have earned while competing as women.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulation affects those who changed their gender identity after being assigned a FIDE identification number.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Chess_Federation" title="French Chess Federation">French Chess Federation</a> announced that France will not respect the banishment of transgender people, considering the FIDE decision transphobic.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little later, the <a href="/wiki/German_Chess_Federation" title="German Chess Federation">German Chess Federation</a> said in a statement that they do not exclude transgender women from women's tournaments. They also said that no one should have to experience violence and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar statements were also released by the English, Finnish and US chess federations.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FIDE_presidents">FIDE presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: FIDE presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1924–1939 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rueb" title="Alexander Rueb">Alexander Rueb</a></li> <li>1939–1946 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_de_Muro" title="Augusto de Muro">Augusto De Muro</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1946–1949 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rueb" title="Alexander Rueb">Alexander Rueb</a></li> <li>1949–1970 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Folke_Rogard" title="Folke Rogard">Folke Rogard</a></li> <li>1970–1978 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a></li> <li>1978–1982 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_%C3%93lafsson" title="Friðrik Ólafsson">Friðrik Ólafsson</a></li> <li>1982–1995 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Florencio_Campomanes" title="Florencio Campomanes">Florencio Campomanes</a></li> <li>1995–2018 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirsan_Ilyumzhinov" title="Kirsan Ilyumzhinov">Kirsan Ilyumzhinov</a></li> <li>2018–present <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Dvorkovich" title="Arkady Dvorkovich">Arkady Dvorkovich</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKazicKeeneLim1985" class="citation book cs1">Kazic, Bozidar; <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Keene" title="Raymond Keene">Keene, Raymond</a>; Lim, Kok Ann (1985). <i>The Official Laws of Chess</i>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-4802-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-4802-4"><bdi>0-7134-4802-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Laws+of+Chess&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7134-4802-4&rft.aulast=Kazic&rft.aufirst=Bozidar&rft.au=Keene%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Lim%2C+Kok+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIDE2000" class="citation book cs1">FIDE (2000). <i>The Official Laws of Chess</i> (2nd ed.). Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-028540-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-028540-X"><bdi>0-02-028540-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Laws+of+Chess&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-02-028540-X&rft.au=FIDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/42px-Chess.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/56px-Chess.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Online_Arena" title="FIDE Online Arena">FIDE Online Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess around the world">Chess around the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE World Rankings">FIDE World Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">International Correspondence Chess Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_FIDE_chess_world_number_ones" title="List of FIDE chess world number ones">List of FIDE chess world number ones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles" title="FIDE titles">FIDE titles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/news/148">"FIDE new office in Lausanne is now fully operational"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+new+office+in+Lausanne+is+now+fully+operational&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fnews%2F148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratings.fide.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ratings.fide.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratings.fide.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.fide.com/fide_directory.phtml">"World Chess Federation FIDE Directory"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Chess+Federation+FIDE+Directory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Ffide_directory.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/files/handbook/FIDECharter2020.pdf">"FIDE Charter, Art. 1 FIDE – Name, legal status and seat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FIDE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427145151/https://handbook.fide.com/files/handbook/FIDECharter2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIDE&rft.atitle=FIDE+Charter%2C+Art.+1+FIDE+%E2%80%93+Name%2C+legal+status+and+seat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Ffiles%2Fhandbook%2FFIDECharter2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIDE1989" class="citation book cs1">FIDE (1989). <i>The Official Laws of Chess</i>. Collier Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-028540-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-028540-X"><bdi>0-02-028540-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Laws+of+Chess&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-02-028540-X&rft.au=FIDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>The Oxford Companion to Chess</i></a> (second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3"><bdi>0-19-280049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.pages=133&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-280049-3&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fide.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fide.com_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/fide.html">World Chess Federation</a>. FIDE (April 8, 2009). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fide.com/directory/member-federations">"Member Federations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Federations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffide.com%2Fdirectory%2Fmember-federations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114084601/https://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/9126-world-chess-championship-for-disabled-2015-has-come-to-an-end.html">"International Chess Federation – FIDE"</a>. <i>fide.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/9126-world-chess-championship-for-disabled-2015-has-come-to-an-end.html">the original</a> on November 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fide.com&rft.atitle=International+Chess+Federation+%E2%80%93+FIDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1-fide-news%2F9126-world-chess-championship-for-disabled-2015-has-come-to-an-end.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122114531/https://www.arisf.sport/members.aspx">"ARISF Association of IOC Recognized International Sports Federations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arisf.sport/members.aspx">the original</a> on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARISF+Association+of+IOC+Recognized+International+Sports+Federations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arisf.sport%2Fmembers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIDEHandbookContents-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIDEHandbookContents_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/info/handbook">"FIDE Handbook"</a>. FIDE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+Handbook&rft.pub=FIDE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Finfo%2Fhandbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span> (contents page)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIDERatingsPortal-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIDERatingsPortal_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ratings.fide.com/">"FIDE Ratings"</a>. FIDE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+Ratings&rft.pub=FIDE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span> (portal to other FIDE ratings-related pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chessforfreedom.fide.com/">"About the Chess for Freedom program"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Chess+for+Freedom+program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchessforfreedom.fide.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fide.com/news/205">"Svetozar Gligoric Award for fair play"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svetozar+Gligoric+Award+for+fair+play&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffide.com%2Fnews%2F205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fide.com/news/1506">"92nd FIDE General Assembly: results and decisions"</a>. 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Retrieved on 2008-12-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesonline2007WhiteKnight-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timesonline2007WhiteKnight_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Daniel (November 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/book_extracts/article2811637.ece">"White knight who brought down the Red king"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fide.com&rft.atitle=International+Chess+Federation+%E2%80%93+FIDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1-fide-news%2F7045-world-championship-match-press-release.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/FIDE_GP_Regulations_2014_2015.pdf">"FIDE Grand Prix 2014–15 Regulations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912013630/http://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/FIDE_GP_Regulations_2014_2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+Grand+Prix+2014%E2%80%9315+Regulations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2FFIDE%2Fhandbook%2FFIDE_GP_Regulations_2014_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023222840/http://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/regscandidates2014.pdf">"2014 Candidates Regulations, Section 4.8"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/regscandidates2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Candidates+Regulations%2C+Section+4.8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2FFIDE%2Fhandbook%2Fregscandidates2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232107/http://www.sochi2014.fide.com/organizers">"Sochi 2014 Organizers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sochi2014.fide.com/organizers">the original</a> on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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from the original on August 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agon+Corporate+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphics8.nytimes.com%2Fpackages%2Fpdf%2Fworld%2F2012%2F2014%2FAgoncorporaterecords.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2012/Congress/Minutes_of_FIDE_General_Assembly_2012.pdf">"Minutes of 2012 FIDE General Assembly, Section 4.3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623130645/https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2012/Congress/Minutes_of_FIDE_General_Assembly_2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+2012+FIDE+General+Assembly%2C+Section+4.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FNEWS_2012%2FCongress%2FMinutes_of_FIDE_General_Assembly_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2016/FIDE_News/GA_Agenda_2016/2016_General_Assembly_Minutes_Baku.pdf">2016 FIDE General Assembly Minutes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714134208/https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2016/FIDE_News/GA_Agenda_2016/2016_General_Assembly_Minutes_Baku.pdf">Archived</a> July 14, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Section 4.2, page 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2012-02-20/15_1/">Ilyumzhinov interview</a> (SportExpress)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessintranslation.com/2012/02/ilyumzhinov-on-the-london-candidates-and-grand-prix">English Translation of Ilyumzhinov interview</a> (Chess In Translation)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012ga-58"><span 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/7713-the-truth-about-the-fide-agon-contract.html">the original</a> on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fide.com&rft.atitle=International+Chess+Federation+%E2%80%93+FIDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1-fide-news%2F7713-the-truth-about-the-fide-agon-contract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2015/FIDE_News/2015_EB_Agenda__Annexes/Annex_52.pdf">"2015 FIDE Ethics Commission report, case 7/2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714130636/https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2015/FIDE_News/2015_EB_Agenda__Annexes/Annex_52.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+FIDE+Ethics+Commission+report%2C+case+7%2F2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FNEWS_2015%2FFIDE_News%2F2015_EB_Agenda__Annexes%2FAnnex_52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethics.fide.com/images/stories/Ethics_Decision_case_7_2014.pdf">"FIDE Ethics decision, case 7/2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623130601/http://ethics.fide.com/images/stories/Ethics_Decision_case_7_2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIDE+Ethics+decision%2C+case+7%2F2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethics.fide.com%2Fimages%2Fstories%2FEthics_Decision_case_7_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessdom.com/arkady-dvorkovich-in-the-pre-sanctions-list-of-the-us-treasury-new-problems-for-fide/">"Arkady Dvorkovich in the pre-sanctions list of the US Treasury: New problems for FIDE? | Chessdom"</a>. 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March 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Sergey+Karjakin+banned+from+chess+for+supporting+invasion+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2022%2Fmar%2F21%2Fsergey-karjakin-banned-chess-fide-russia-invasion-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-belarus-chess-ban/31756039.html">"Chess Federation Bans Russia, Belarus From Tournaments Over Ukraine Invasion"</a>. <i>rferl.org</i>. March 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rferl.org&rft.atitle=Chess+Federation+Bans+Russia%2C+Belarus+From+Tournaments+Over+Ukraine+Invasion&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-belarus-chess-ban%2F31756039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2022" class="citation web cs1">McKinnon, Kyle (March 22, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/dwcom-en-checkmate-russias-war-on-ukraine-fractures-tight-knit-world-of-chess-a-61158979/a-61212688#:~:text=FIDE's%20executive%20council%20met%20on,it%20had%20not%20been%20moved.">"Russian chessmaster banned by world chess federation over support for Ukraine invasion"</a>. <i>dw.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Russian+chessmaster+banned+by+world+chess+federation+over+support+for+Ukraine+invasion&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fdwcom-en-checkmate-russias-war-on-ukraine-fractures-tight-knit-world-of-chess-a-61158979%2Fa-61212688%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFIDE%27s%2520executive%2520council%2520met%2520on%2Cit%2520had%2520not%2520been%2520moved.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/trans-gender-chess-players-lose-titles-biological-birth-jhfdckm0c">"Trans women banned from top level female chess"</a>. <i>The Times UK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+UK&rft.atitle=Trans+women+banned+from+top+level+female+chess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Ftrans-gender-chess-players-lose-titles-biological-birth-jhfdckm0c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themarysue.com/transgender-chess-fide-transphobia/">"Oh Great, Now I Can't Play Chess Because I'm Trans"</a>. <i>The Mary Sue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mary+Sue&rft.atitle=Oh+Great%2C+Now+I+Can%27t+Play+Chess+Because+I%27m+Trans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarysue.com%2Ftransgender-chess-fide-transphobia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122224709/https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/TransgenderRegulations">"B. Permanent Commissions / 03. Regulations on Registration & Licensing of Players / Transgender Registration Regulations / FIDE Handbook"</a>. <i>International Chess Federation (FIDE)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/TransgenderRegulations">the original</a> on January 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Chess+Federation+%28FIDE%29&rft.atitle=B.+Permanent+Commissions+%2F+03.+Regulations+on+Registration+%26+Licensing+of+Players+%2F+Transgender+Registration+Regulations+%2F+FIDE+Handbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Fchapter%2FTransgenderRegulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosesMcCarthy2023" class="citation news cs1">Moses, Claire; McCarthy, Lauren (August 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/sports/chess-transgender-women-ban-fide.html">"Some Transgender Women May Be Barred From Women's Chess Competitions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Some+Transgender+Women+May+Be+Barred+From+Women%27s+Chess+Competitions&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F08%2F17%2Fsports%2Fchess-transgender-women-ban-fide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/sports/femmes-trans-exclues-des-competitions-dechec-feminines-en-france-nous-nallons-pas-suivre-la-decision-de-la-federation-internationale-20230818_O55VKALM7RAUFHET73QVYAMKEI/">"Femmes trans exclues des compétitions d'échec féminines : «En France nous n'allons pas suivre la décision de la fédération internationale»"</a>. <i>Libération</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Femmes+trans+exclues+des+comp%C3%A9titions+d%27%C3%A9chec+f%C3%A9minines+%3A+%C2%ABEn+France+nous+n%27allons+pas+suivre+la+d%C3%A9cision+de+la+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+internationale%C2%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fsports%2Ffemmes-trans-exclues-des-competitions-dechec-feminines-en-france-nous-nallons-pas-suivre-la-decision-de-la-federation-internationale-20230818_O55VKALM7RAUFHET73QVYAMKEI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/Schachbund/status/1692480523954790481">"Statement of the German Chess Federation on the "@FIDE_chess Policy on Transgender Chess Players Registration"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Twitter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Statement+of+the+German+Chess+Federation+on+the+%22%40FIDE_chess+Policy+on+Transgender+Chess+Players+Registration%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FSchachbund%2Fstatus%2F1692480523954790481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaska2023" class="citation web cs1">Baska, Maggie (August 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/08/20/english-chess-federation-fide-trans-women-policy/">"English Chess Federation 'will not exclude trans women' despite international ban"</a>. Pink News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Chess+Federation+%27will+not+exclude+trans+women%27+despite+international+ban&rft.pub=Pink+News&rft.date=2023-08-20&rft.aulast=Baska&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinknews.com%2F2023%2F08%2F20%2Fenglish-chess-federation-fide-trans-women-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fide.com/news/2359">"1st FIDE Council Meeting 2023: List of decisions"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1st+FIDE+Council+Meeting+2023%3A+List+of+decisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fide.com%2Fnews%2F2359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFIDE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=FIDE&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fide.com">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102178#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chessarena.com/">Official Online Platform: Fide Online Arena</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/fideprehistory.html">"FIDE: The Prehistory" by Edward Winter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/fidehistory.html">"Chess: The 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Championship">World Chess Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List of World Chess Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championships_(1998%E2%80%932004)" title="FIDE World Chess Championships (1998–2004)">Knockout format (1998–2004)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Swiss_Tournament" title="FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament">FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interzonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interzonal">Interzonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1886" title="World Chess Championship 1886">1886</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1889" title="World Chess Championship 1889">1889</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1890%E2%80%931891" title="World Chess Championship 1890–1891">1890–1891</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1892" title="World Chess Championship 1892">1892</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Steinitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1894" title="World Chess Championship 1894">1894</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1896%E2%80%931897" title="World Chess Championship 1896–1897">1896–1897</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1907" title="World Chess Championship 1907">1907</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1908" title="World Chess Championship 1908">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Schlechter)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Schlechter)">1910 (Jan–Feb)</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Janowski)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Janowski)">1910 (Nov–Dec)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Lasker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1921" title="World Chess Championship 1921">1921</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">Capablanca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1927" title="World Chess Championship 1927">1927</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1929" title="World Chess Championship 1929">1929</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1934" title="World Chess Championship 1934">1934</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1935" title="World Chess Championship 1935">1935</a> (<a href="/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Euwe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1937" title="World Chess Championship 1937">1937</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alekhine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FIDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1951" title="World Chess Championship 1951">1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1954" title="World Chess Championship 1954">1954</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1957" title="World Chess Championship 1957">1957</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Smyslov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1958" title="World Chess Championship 1958">1958</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1960" title="World Chess Championship 1960">1960</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Tal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961" title="World Chess Championship 1961">1961</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Botvinnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1963" title="World Chess Championship 1963">1963</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1966" title="World Chess Championship 1966">1966</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Petrosian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1969" title="World Chess Championship 1969">1969</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Spassky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">1972</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Fischer</a>)</li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1975" title="World Chess Championship 1975">1975</a></s>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1978" title="World Chess Championship 1978">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1981" title="World Chess Championship 1981">1981</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1984%E2%80%931985" title="World Chess Championship 1984–1985">1984–1985</a> (no result)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985" title="World Chess Championship 1985">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1986" title="World Chess Championship 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1987" title="World Chess Championship 1987">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1990" title="World Chess Championship 1990">1990</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Split title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_Chess_Association" title="Professional Chess Association">PCA/Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_1995" title="Classical World Chess Championship 1995">1995</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Kasparov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1996" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1998" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1998">1998</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Karpov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1999" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1999">1999</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Khalifman" title="Alexander Khalifman">Khalifman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2002" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2002">2002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariov" title="Ruslan Ponomariov">Ponomariov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanov" title="Rustam Kasimdzhanov">Kasimdzhanov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2005" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2005">2005</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Topalov</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIDE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2006" title="World Chess Championship 2006">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2007" title="World Chess Championship 2007">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2008" title="World Chess Championship 2008">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010" title="World Chess Championship 2010">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2012" title="World Chess Championship 2012">2012</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="World Chess Championship 2013">2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2014" title="World Chess Championship 2014">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2016" title="World Chess Championship 2016">2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2018" title="World Chess Championship 2018">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Chess Championship 2021">2021</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Carlsen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Chess Championship 2023">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ding_Liren" title="Ding Liren">Ding</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2024" title="World Chess Championship 2024">2024</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2026" title="World Chess Championship 2026">2026</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other world championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2019" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2022" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Rapid Chess Championship 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2021" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2022" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship_2023" title="World Blitz Chess Championship 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Correspondence_Chess_Championship" title="World Correspondence Chess Championship">Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess960_Championship" title="World Chess960 Championship">Chess960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Fischer_Random_Chess_Championship_2019" title="FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_World_Fischer_Random_Chess_Championship_2022" title="FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:World_Chess_Championships" title="Category:World Chess Championships">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women&#039;s_World_Chess_Championships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_World_Chess_Championships" title="Template:Women's World Chess Championships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_World_Chess_Championships" title="Template talk:Women's World Chess Championships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_World_Chess_Championships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's World Chess Championships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_World_Chess_Championships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women's World Chess Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship#List_of_Women's_World_Chess_Championships" title="Women's World Chess Championship">List of Women's World Chess Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Development of the Women's World Chess Championship">Development</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix">FIDE Women's Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_World_Cup" title="Women's Chess World Cup">Women's Chess World Cup‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Swiss_Tournament" title="FIDE Women's Grand Swiss Tournament">FIDE Women's Grand Swiss Tournament‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Candidates_Tournament" title="Women's Candidates Tournament">Women's Candidates Tournament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tournament format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1927" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1927">1927</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1930" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1930">1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1931" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1931">1931</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1933" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1933">1933</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1934_(non-FIDE)" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1934 (non-FIDE)">1934</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1935" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1935">1935</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1937_match" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1937 match">Jul 1937</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1937_tournament" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1937 tournament">Aug 1937</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1939" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1939">1939</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vera_Menchik" title="Vera Menchik">Menchik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1949%E2%80%9350" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1949–50">1949–50</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Rudenko" title="Lyudmila Rudenko">Rudenko</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Match format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1953" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1953">1953</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elisaveta_Bykova" title="Elisaveta Bykova">Bykova</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1956" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1956">1956</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olga_Rubtsova" title="Olga Rubtsova">Rubtsova</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1958" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1958">1958</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1959" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1959">1959</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elisaveta_Bykova" title="Elisaveta Bykova">Bykova</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1962" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1962">1962</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1965" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1965">1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1969" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1969">1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1972">1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1975" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1975">1975</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nona_Gaprindashvili" title="Nona Gaprindashvili">Gaprindashvili</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1978" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1978">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1981" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1981">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1984" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1984">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1986" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1988" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1988">1988</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maia_Chiburdanidze" title="Maia Chiburdanidze">Chiburdanidze</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1991" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1991">1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xie_Jun" title="Xie Jun">Xie Jun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1996" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1996">1996</a> (<a href="/wiki/Susan_Polgar" title="Susan Polgar">Su. Polgar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_1999" title="Women's World Chess Championship 1999">1999</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xie_Jun" title="Xie Jun">Xie Jun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Knock-out format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xie_Jun" title="Xie Jun">Xie Jun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2001" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2001">2001</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhu_Chen" title="Zhu Chen">Zhu Chen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antoaneta_Stefanova" title="Antoaneta Stefanova">Stefanova</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2006" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2006">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xu_Yuhua" title="Xu Yuhua">Xu Yuhua</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2008" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2008">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kosteniuk" title="Alexandra Kosteniuk">Kosteniuk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2010" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2010">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternating format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2011" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2011">2011</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2012" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2012">2012</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anna_Ushenina" title="Anna Ushenina">Ushenina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2013">2013</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2015" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2015">2015</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mariya_Muzychuk" title="Mariya Muzychuk">M. Muzychuk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2016" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2016">2016</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2017" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2017">2017</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tan_Zhongyi" title="Tan Zhongyi">Tan Zhongyi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2018_(May)" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2018 (May)">May 2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2018_(November)" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2018 (November)">Nov 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ju_Wenjun" title="Ju Wenjun">Ju Wenjun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Match format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2020" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2020">2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2023" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2023">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ju_Wenjun" title="Ju Wenjun">Ju Wenjun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2025" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2025"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_World_Chess_Championships" title="Category:Women's World Chess Championships">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="FIDE_Grand_Prix" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FIDE_Grand_Prix_series" title="Template:FIDE Grand Prix series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FIDE_Grand_Prix_series" title="Template talk:FIDE Grand Prix series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FIDE_Grand_Prix_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FIDE Grand Prix series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="FIDE_Grand_Prix" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2008%E2%80%932010" title="FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010">2008–10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levon_Aronian" title="Levon Aronian">Aronian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2012%E2%80%9313" title="FIDE Grand Prix 2012–13">2012–13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Topalov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2014%E2%80%9315" title="FIDE Grand Prix 2014–15">2014–15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana" title="Fabiano Caruana">Caruana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2017" title="FIDE Grand Prix 2017">2017</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakhriyar_Mamedyarov" title="Shakhriyar Mamedyarov">Mamedyarov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2019" title="FIDE Grand Prix 2019">2019</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grischuk" title="Alexander Grischuk">Grischuk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix_2022" title="FIDE Grand Prix 2022">2022</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamura" title="Hikaru Nakamura">Nakamura</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix">FIDE Women's Grand Prix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2009%E2%80%932011" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2009–2011">2009–11</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2011%E2%80%9312" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–12">2011–12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2013%E2%80%9314" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14">2013–14</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hou_Yifan" title="Hou Yifan">Hou Yifan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2015%E2%80%9316" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2015–16">2015–16</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ju_Wenjun" title="Ju Wenjun">Ju Wenjun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2019%E2%80%932021" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2019–2021">2019–21</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Goryachkina" title="Aleksandra Goryachkina">Goryachkina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2022%E2%80%9323" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2022–23">2022–23</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kateryna_Lagno" title="Kateryna Lagno">Lagno</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Women%27s_Grand_Prix_2024%E2%80%9325" title="FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2024–25">2024–25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chess_World_Cup" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess_World_Cups" title="Template:Chess World Cups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess_World_Cups" title="Template talk:Chess World Cups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess_World_Cups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess World Cups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess_World_Cup" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FIDE</a> tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2000" title="Chess World Cup 2000">2000</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2002" title="Chess World Cup 2002">2002</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Anand</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">WCC</a> cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2005" title="Chess World Cup 2005">2005</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levon_Aronian" title="Levon Aronian">Aronian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2007" title="Chess World Cup 2007">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gata_Kamsky" title="Gata Kamsky">Kamsky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2009" title="Chess World Cup 2009">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Gelfand" title="Boris Gelfand">Gelfand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2011" title="Chess World Cup 2011">2011</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Svidler" title="Peter Svidler">Svidler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2013" title="Chess World Cup 2013">2013</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Kramnik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2015" title="Chess World Cup 2015">2015</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sergey_Karjakin" title="Sergey Karjakin">Karjakin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2017" title="Chess World Cup 2017">2017</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levon_Aronian" title="Levon Aronian">Aronian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2019" title="Chess World Cup 2019">2019</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teimour_Radjabov" title="Teimour Radjabov">Radjabov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2021" title="Chess World Cup 2021">2021</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jan-Krzysztof_Duda" title="Jan-Krzysztof Duda">Duda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup_2023" title="Chess World Cup 2023">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Carlsen</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_World_Cup" title="Women's Chess World Cup">Women's Chess World Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_World_Cup_2021" title="Women's Chess World Cup 2021">2021</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kosteniuk" title="Alexandra Kosteniuk">Kosteniuk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_World_Cup_2023" title="Women's Chess World Cup 2023">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Goryachkina" title="Aleksandra Goryachkina">Goryachkina</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chess" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chess" title="Template:Chess"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chess" title="Template talk:Chess"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chess"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chess" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_chess_servers" title="List of Internet chess servers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li> <li><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_museums" title="Category:Chess museums">Chess museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen%27s_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs rook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strategy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other world championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li> <li>Computer chess championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess" title="Category:Films about chess">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess" title="Category:Novels about chess">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings" title="Category:Chess paintings">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess" title="Category:Poems about chess">poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess" title="Category:Short stories about chess">short stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/42px-Chess.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/56px-Chess.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess" title="Category:Chess">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_members_of_FIDE" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_members_of_FIDE" title="Template:National members of FIDE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_members_of_FIDE" title="Template talk:National members of FIDE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_members_of_FIDE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National members of FIDE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_members_of_FIDE" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_members_of_FIDE" title="Category:National members of FIDE">National members</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FIDE</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 orange;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Chess_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Chess Confederation (page does not exist)">Africa (ACC)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algerian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algerian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ALG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angolan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angolan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ANG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundi_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burundi Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Chess_Federation" title="Botswana Chess Federation">BOT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkinab%C3%A8_National_Committee_of_Chess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burkinabè National Committee of Chess (page does not exist)">BUR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Federation_of_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Federation of the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">CAF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congolese_Federation_of_Chess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congolese Federation of Chess (page does not exist)">CGO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivorian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivorian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">CIV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroon_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cameroon Chess Federation (page does not exist)">CMR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comoros_Islands_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comoros Islands Chess Federation (page does not exist)">COM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djiboutian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djiboutian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">DJI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyptian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">EGY</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethiopian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ETH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabonese_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabonese Chess Federation (page does not exist)">GAB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Gambia_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Gambia Chess Federation (page does not exist)">GAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghana Chess Association (page does not exist)">GHA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Kenya (page does not exist)">KEN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Libyan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Libyan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">LBA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesotho_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesotho Chess Federation (page does not exist)">LES</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Malagasy_Federation_of_Chess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Malagasy Federation of Chess (page does not exist)">MAD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Moroccan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Moroccan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MAR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Association_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Association of Malawi (page does not exist)">MAW</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malian_Federation_of_Chess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malian Federation of Chess (page does not exist)">MLI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozambique_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozambique Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritanian_Federation_of_Chess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritanian Federation of Chess (page does not exist)">MTN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritius_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritius Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MRI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namibian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigeria Chess Federation (page does not exist)">NGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_South_Africa" title="Chess South Africa">RSA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rwanda_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rwanda Chess Federation (page does not exist)">RWA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegalese_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senegalese Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SEN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seychelles_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seychelles Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SEY</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Federation_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Federation of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">SLE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somali Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SOM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sao_Tome_and_Principe_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sao Tome and Principe Chess Federation (page does not exist)">STP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SUD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaziland_National_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaziland National Chess Association (page does not exist)">SWZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanzania_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanzania Chess Association (page does not exist)">TAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togolese_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togolese Chess Federation (page does not exist)">TGO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">TUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Chess_Federation" title="Uganda Chess Federation">UGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Federation_of_Zambia" title="Chess Federation of Zambia">ZAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zimbabwe Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ZIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Chess_for_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Chess for America">Americas (CCA)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chess_Federation" title="Argentine Chess Federation">ARG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aruba_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aruba Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ARU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahamas_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahamas Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BAH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbados Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BAR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermuda Chess Association (page does not exist)">BER</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolivian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Chess_Confederation" title="Brazilian Chess Confederation">BRA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Virgin_Islands_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Virgin Islands Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Federation_of_Canada" title="Chess Federation of Canada">CAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_Chess_Federation_of_the_National_Sports_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean Chess Federation of the National Sports Federation (page does not exist)">CHI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colombian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colombian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">COL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Rican Chess Federation (page does not exist)">CRC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuban Chess Federation (page does not exist)">CUB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curacao_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curacao Chess Federation (page does not exist)">CUW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_Chess_Federation" title="Dominica Chess Federation">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuadorian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuadorian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ECU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvadoran_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salvadoran Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guatemala_National_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatemala National Chess Federation (page does not exist)">GUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_Chess_Federation" title="Guyana Chess Federation">GUY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Chess_Federation" title="Haitian Chess Federation">HAI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honduras_National_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honduras National Chess Federation (page does not exist)">HON</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_Islands_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgin Islands Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ISV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamaica Chess Federation (page does not exist)">JAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico_National_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mexico National Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MEX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaraguan_National_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicaraguan National Chess Federation (page does not exist)">NCA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_National_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panama National Chess Federation (page does not exist)">PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraguay_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraguay Chess Federation (page does not exist)">PAR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">PER</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puerto Rico Chess Federation (page does not exist)">PUR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suriname_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suriname Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SUR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidad_and_Tobago_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinidad and Tobago Chess Association (page does not exist)">TRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Chess_Federation" title="Uruguayan Chess Federation">URU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation" title="United States Chess Federation">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venezuelan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">VEN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Chess_Federation" title="Asian Chess Federation">Asia (ACF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afghanistan_National_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afghanistan National Chess Federation (page does not exist)">AFG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chess_Federation" title="Australian Chess Federation">AUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Chess_Federation" title="Bangladesh Chess Federation">BAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhutan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhutan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BHU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain_Mind_Sports_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahrain Mind Sports Association (page does not exist)">BRN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunei_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunei Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BRU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambodian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">CAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Chess_Association" title="Chinese Chess Association">CHN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Chess_Federation" title="Fiji Chess Federation">FIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guam_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guam Chess Federation (page does not exist)">GUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chess_Federation" title="Hong Kong Chess Federation">HKG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">INA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Chess_Federation" title="All India Chess Federation">IND</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Federation_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran (page does not exist)">IRI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi Chess Federation (page does not exist)">IRQ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Jordanian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Jordanian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">JOR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Chess_Society_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Chess Society of Japan (page does not exist)">JPN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Federation_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">KAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyzstan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">KGZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korea Chess Federation (page does not exist)">KOR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi Arabia Chess Federation (page does not exist)">KSA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait Chess Federation (page does not exist)">KUW</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lao_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lao Chess Federation (page does not exist)">LAO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebanese Chess Federation (page does not exist)">LIB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Chess Association (page does not exist)">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chess_Federation" title="Malaysian Chess Federation">MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldives_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldives Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MDV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongolian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mongolian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Chess_Federation" title="Myanmar Chess Federation">MYA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepal Chess Association (page does not exist)">NEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Chess_Federation" title="New Zealand Chess Federation">NZL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman_Chess_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oman Chess Committee (page does not exist)">OMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Federation_of_Pakistan" title="Chess Federation of Pakistan">PAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Chess_Federation_of_the_Philippines" title="National Chess Federation of the Philippines">PHI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestine Chess Federation (page does not exist)">PLE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palau_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palau Chess Federation (page does not exist)">PLW</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papua_New_Guinea_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papua New Guinea Chess Federation (page does not exist)">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Chess_Association" title="Qatar Chess Association">QAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Federation_of_Russia" title="Chess Federation of Russia">RUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Chess_Federation" title="Singapore Chess Federation">SIN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Islands_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon Islands Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SOL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Federation_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Federation of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Arab_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian Arab Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SYR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thailand Chess Association (page does not exist)">THA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">TJK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmenistan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">TKM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Timor Chess Federation (page does not exist)">TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Chess_Association" title="Chinese Taipei Chess Association">TPE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Arab Emirates Chess Federation (page does not exist)">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbekistan Chess Federation (page does not exist)">UZB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnam Chess Federation (page does not exist)">VIE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemen_Chess_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemen Chess Association (page does not exist)">YEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 blue;"><a href="/wiki/European_Chess_Union" title="European Chess Union">Europe (ECU)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albanian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ALB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andorran_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andorran Chess Federation (page does not exist)">AND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Federation_of_Armenia" title="Chess Federation of Armenia">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Chess_Federation" title="Austrian Chess Federation">AUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Chess_Federation" title="Azerbaijan Chess Federation">AZE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Belgian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Belgian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BEL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Union_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">BIH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarus_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarus Chess Federation (page does not exist)">BLR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_Chess_Federation_1928&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian Chess Federation 1928 (page does not exist)">BUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Chess_Federation" title="Croatian Chess Federation">CRO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyprus_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyprus Chess Federation (page does not exist)">CYP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Federation_of_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Federation of the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">CZE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Chess_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish Chess Union (page does not exist)">DEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Chess_Federation" title="English Chess Federation">ENG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ESP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Chess_Federation" title="Estonian Chess Federation">EST</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish Chess Federation (page does not exist)">FIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Chess_Federation" title="French Chess Federation">FRA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroese_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroese Chess Federation (page does not exist)">FRO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Chess_Federation" title="German Chess Federation">GER</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guernsey_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guernsey Chess Federation (page does not exist)">GGY</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek Chess Federation (page does not exist)">GRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Chess_Federation" title="Hungarian Chess Federation">HUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Chess_Union" title="Irish Chess Union">IRL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ISL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Chess_Federation" title="Italian Chess Federation">ITA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jersey Chess Federation (page does not exist)">JEY</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latvian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latvian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">LAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liechtenstein_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liechtenstein Chess Federation (page does not exist)">LIE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">LTU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxembourg Chess Federation (page does not exist)">LUX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moldova_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moldova Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Federation_of_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Federation of Macedonia (page does not exist)">MKD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Chess_Federation" title="Malta Chess Federation">MLT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegro_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montenegro Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MNE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monaco_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monaco Chess Federation (page does not exist)">MON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Chess_Federation" title="Royal Dutch Chess Federation">NED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Chess_Federation" title="Norwegian Chess Federation">NOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Chess_Federation" title="Polish Chess Federation">POL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Chess_Federation" title="Portuguese Chess Federation">POR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">ROU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Scotland" title="Chess Scotland">SCO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovenian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovenian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SLO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Marino_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Marino Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SMR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chess_Federation_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chess Federation of Serbia (page does not exist)">SRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Chess Federation">SUI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovak_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovak Chess Federation (page does not exist)">SVK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Chess_Federation" title="Swedish Chess Federation">SWE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Chess_Federation" title="Turkish Chess Federation">TUR</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Chess_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Chess Federation (page does not exist)">UKR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Chess_Union" title="Welsh Chess Union">WAL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_sports_federations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Sports_Federations" title="Template:International Sports Federations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Sports_Federations" title="Template talk:International Sports Federations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Sports_Federations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Sports Federations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_sports_federations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International sports federations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Summer_Olympic_International_Federations" title="Association of Summer Olympic International Federations">ASOIF</a> (30+2)<br /><i>Summer Olympics Federations</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Aquatics" title="World Aquatics">WAqu</a> (aquatic sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Archery Federation">WA</a> (archery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">WAth</a> (athletics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation" title="Badminton World Federation">BWF</a> (badminton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation" title="World Baseball Softball Confederation">WBSC</a> (baseball, softball and Baseball5) (associate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">FIBA</a> (basketball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Canoe_Federation" title="International Canoe Federation">ICF</a> (canoeing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">UCI</a> (cycling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_DanceSport_Federation" title="World DanceSport Federation">WDSF</a> (dance sport) (associate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">FEI</a> (equestrian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_d%27Escrime" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale d'Escrime">FIE</a> (fencing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> (football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Golf_Federation" title="International Golf Federation">IGF</a> (golf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gymnastics_Federation" title="International Gymnastics Federation">FIG</a> (gymnastics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Handball_Federation" title="International Handball Federation">IHF</a> (handball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hockey_Federation" title="International Hockey Federation">FIH</a> (field hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Judo_Federation" title="International Judo Federation">IJF</a> (judo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Internationale_de_Pentathlon_Moderne" title="Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne">UIPM</a> (modern pentathlon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Skate" title="World Skate">WSK</a> (roller sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rowing_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rowing Federation">FISA</a> (rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">WR</a> (rugby union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sailing" title="World Sailing">WS</a> (sailing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Shooting_Sport_Federation" title="International Shooting Sport Federation">ISSF</a> (shooting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sport_Climbing" title="International Federation of Sport Climbing">IFSC</a> (sport climbing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Surfing_Association" title="International Surfing Association">ISA</a> (surfing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Table_Tennis_Federation" title="International Table Tennis Federation">ITTF</a> (table tennis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo" title="World Taekwondo">WT</a> (taekwondo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">ITF</a> (tennis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Triathlon" title="World Triathlon">WT</a> (triathlon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Volleyball" title="Fédération Internationale de Volleyball">FIVB</a> (volleyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Weightlifting_Federation" title="International Weightlifting Federation">IWF</a> (weightlifting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_World_Wrestling" title="United World Wrestling">UWW</a> (wrestling)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_International_Olympic_Winter_Sports_Federations" title="Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations">AIOWF</a> (7)<br /><i>Winter Olympics Federations</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Biathlon_Union" title="International Biathlon Union">IBU</a> (biathlon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bobsleigh_and_Skeleton_Federation" title="International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation">IBSF</a> (bobsleigh and skeleton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Curling" title="World Curling">WC</a> (curling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation" title="International Ice Hockey Federation">IIHF</a> (ice hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Luge_Federation" title="International Luge Federation">FIL</a> (luge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">ISU</a> (skating sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ski_and_Snowboard_Federation" title="International Ski and Snowboard Federation">FIS</a> (skiing and snowboarding sports)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federations" title="Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations">ARISF</a> (39)<br /><i>Others recognised by <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a> (air sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">IFAF</a> (American football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> (auto racing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Bandy" title="Federation of International Bandy">FIB</a> (bandy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Baseball_Softball_Confederation" title="World Baseball Softball Confederation">WBSC</a> (baseball, softball and Baseball5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Basque_Pelota" title="International Federation of Basque Pelota">FIPV</a> (basque pelota)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Confederation_of_Billiards_Sports" title="World Confederation of Billiards Sports">WCBS</a> (billiards sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Sports_de_Boules" title="Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules">CMSB</a> (boules)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bowling_Federation" title="International Bowling Federation">IBF</a> (bowling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bridge_Federation" title="World Bridge Federation">WBF</a> (bridge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cheer_Union" title="International Cheer Union">ICU</a> (cheer)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FIDE</a> (chess)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">ICC</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_DanceSport_Federation" title="World DanceSport Federation">WDSF</a> (dance sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Floorball_Federation" title="International Floorball Federation">IFF</a> (floorball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flying_Disc_Federation" title="World Flying Disc Federation">WFDF</a> (flying disc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_Icestocksport" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation Icestocksport">IFI</a> (ice stock sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Karate_Federation" title="World Karate Federation">WKF</a> (karate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Kickboxing_Organizations" title="World Association of Kickboxing Organizations">WAKO</a> (kickboxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Korfball_Federation" title="International Korfball Federation">IKF</a> (korfball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Lacrosse" title="World Lacrosse">FIL</a> (lacrosse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">ILSF</a> (life saving)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme" title="Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme">FIM</a> (motorcycle sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">UIAA</a> (mountaineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Muaythai_Associations" title="International Federation of Muaythai Associations">IFMA</a> (muaythai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Netball" title="World Netball">WN</a> (netball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Orienteering_Federation" title="International Orienteering Federation">IOF</a> (orienteering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Polo" title="Federation of International Polo">FIP</a> (polo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Internationale_Motonautique" title="Union Internationale Motonautique">UIM</a> (powerboating)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Racquetball_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Racquetball Federation">IRF</a> (racquetball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Sambo" title="Fédération Internationale de Sambo">FIAS</a> (sambo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ski_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Ski Mountaineering Federation">ISMF</a> (ski mountaineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Squash_Federation" title="World Squash Federation">WSF</a> (squash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sumo_Federation" title="International Sumo Federation">IFS</a> (sumo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_War_International_Federation" title="Tug of War International Federation">TWIF</a> (tug-of-war)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS</a> (underwater sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_University_Sports_Federation" title="International University Sports Federation">FISU</a> (university sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Waterski_%26_Wakeboard_Federation" title="International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation">IWWF</a> (waterski and wakeboard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Wushu_Federation" title="International Wushu Federation">IWUF</a> (wushu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Independent_Recognised_Members_of_Sport" title="Alliance of Independent Recognised Members of Sport">AIMS</a> (20)<br /><i>Others in <a href="/wiki/SportAccord" title="SportAccord">SportAccord</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Aikido_Federation" title="International Aikido Federation">IAF</a> (aikido)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Armwrestling_Federation" title="World Armwrestling Federation">WAF</a> (arm wrestling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilding_and_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of BodyBuilding and Fitness">IFBB</a> (bodybuilding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Casting_Sport_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Casting Sport Federation">ICSF</a> (casting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Darts_Federation" title="World Darts Federation">WDF</a> (darts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Dragon_Boat_Federation" title="International Dragon Boat Federation">IDBF</a> (dragon boat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Draughts_Federation" title="World Draughts Federation">FMJD</a> (draughts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fistball_Association" title="International Fistball Association">IFA</a> (fistball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Go_Federation" title="International Go Federation">IGF</a> (go)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju-Jitsu_International_Federation" title="Ju-Jitsu International Federation">JJIF</a> (ju-jitsu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Kendo_Federation" title="International Kendo Federation">FIK</a> (kendo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Minigolf_Sport_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Minigolf Sport Federation">WMF</a> (minigolf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Powerlifting_Federation" title="International Powerlifting Federation">IPF</a> (powerlifting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Practical_Shooting_Confederation" title="International Practical Shooting Confederation">IPSC</a> (practical shooting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Internationale_de_Savate" title="Federation Internationale de Savate">FISav</a> (savate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sepaktakraw_Federation" title="International Sepaktakraw Federation">ISTAF</a> (sepak takraw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sleddog_Sports" title="International Federation of Sleddog Sports">ISFF</a> (sleddog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Soft_Tennis_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Soft Tennis Federation">ISTF</a> (soft tennis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_la_P%C3%AAche_Sportive" title="Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive">CIPS</a> (sport fishing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Teqball_Federation" title="International Teqball Federation">FITEQ</a> (teqball)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">former <a href="/wiki/Global_Association_of_International_Sports_Federations" title="Global Association of International Sports Federations">GAISF</a><br />observer members (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Dodgeball_Association" title="World Dodgeball Association">WDA</a> (dodgeball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_International_FootGolf" title="Federation for International FootGolf">FIFG</a> (footgolf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jump_Rope_Union" title="International Jump Rope Union">IJRU</a> (jump rope)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Kettlebell_Lifting" title="International Union of Kettlebell Lifting">IUKL</a> (kettlebell lifting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Obstacle" title="World Obstacle">FISO</a> (obstacle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Padel_Federation" title="International Padel Federation">IPF</a> (padel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Match_Poker" title="International Federation of Match Poker">IFMP</a> (poker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pole_Sports_Federation" title="International Pole Sports Federation">IPSF</a> (pole dance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rafting_Federation" title="International Rafting Federation">IRF</a> (rafting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_League" title="International Rugby League">IRL</a> (rugby league)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Table_Soccer_Federation" title="International Table Soccer Federation">ITSF</a> (table football/soccer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Eskrima_Kali_Arnis_Federation" title="World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation">WEKAF</a> (arnis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFL_Commission" title="AFL Commission">AFLC</a> (Australian rules football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Backgammon_Federation" title="World Backgammon Federation">WBGF</a> (backgammon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Street_and_Ball_Hockey_Federation" title="International Street and Ball Hockey Federation">ISBHF</a> (ball hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bodyboarding_Association" title="International Bodyboarding Association">IBA</a> (bodyboarding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bowls" title="World Bowls">WB</a> (bowls)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Association" title="International Boxing Association">IBA</a><sup>1</sup> (boxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Boxing" title="World Boxing">WB</a><sup>2</sup> (boxing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_Jiu-Jitsu_International_Federation" title="Sport Jiu-Jitsu International Federation">SJJIF</a> (Brazilian jiu-jitsu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Broomball_Associations" title="International Federation of Broomball Associations">IFBA</a> (broomball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Croquet_Federation" title="World Croquet Federation">WCF</a> (croquet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Dodgeball_Federation" title="World Dodgeball Federation">WDBF</a> (dodgeball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Fullbore_Rifle_Associations" title="International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations">ICFRA</a> (fullbore rifle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">IGAA</a> (Gaelic football and hurling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Terrain_Skate_Cross_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="All Terrain Skate Cross Federation">ATSX</a> (downhill ice cross)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Kabaddi_Federation" title="International Kabaddi Federation">IKF</a> (kabaddi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Kempo_Federation" title="International Kempo Federation">IKF</a> (kempo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Landsailing_Organisation" title="World Landsailing Organisation">FISLY</a> (landsailing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mixed_Martial_Arts_Federation" title="International Mixed Martial Arts Federation">IMMAF</a> (mixed martial arts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mountain_Running_Association" title="World Mountain Running Association">WMRA</a> (mountain running)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Rowing_Society_International" title="Ocean Rowing Society International">ORSI</a> (ocean rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Pickleball_Federation" title="International Pickleball Federation">IPF</a> (pickleball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Quidditch_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Quidditch Association">IQA</a> (quidditch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Model_Auto_Racing" title="International Federation of Model Auto Racing">IFMAR</a> (radio-controlled racing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rogaining_Federation" title="International Rogaining Federation">IRF</a> (rogaining)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Snowshoe_Federation" title="World Snowshoe Federation">WSSF</a> (snowshoe running)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Skyrunning_Federation" title="International Skyrunning Federation">ISF</a> (skyrunning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sport_Stacking_Association" title="World Sport Stacking Association">WSSA</a> (sport stacking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Table_Hockey_Federation" title="International Table Hockey Federation">ITHF</a> (table hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tent_Pegging_Federation" title="International Tent Pegging Federation">ITPF</a> (tent pegging)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Touch" title="Federation of International Touch">FIT</a> (touch football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trail_Running_Association" title="International Trail Running Association">ITRA</a> (trail running)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Ultrarunners" title="International Association of Ultrarunners">IAU</a> (ultra running)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Games_Association" title="International World Games Association">International World Games Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SportAccord" title="SportAccord">SportAccord</a></li></ul> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <i>IOC recognition withdrawn</i></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <i>Seeking IOC recognition</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102178#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102178#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102178#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121514527">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125119978">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1044932-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="World Chess Federation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50067918">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11988724c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11988724c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mezinárodní šachová federace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002152584&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269949505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027956091">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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