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width:225px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="float:left; margin-top: 0.0em; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px lightgray; margin-bottom:3px; background-color: white; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em; font-size: 110%; border:0px;"><span style="font-size: larger;font-weight: bold;">«</span> <b><a href="/Election_results,_2022:_Wave_elections" title="Election results, 2022: Wave elections">2022</a></b> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><big><a href="/Election_results,_2024" title="Election results, 2024">View all 2024 election results</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Election_results,_2024" title="Election results, 2024"><img alt="Ballotpedia Election Coverage Badge.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/92/Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png/125px-Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/92/Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png/188px-Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/92/Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png/250px-Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="792" /></a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#2d4299; color:#ee971e">Results by office type </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><b>Federal</b></big><br /><small><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._Congress" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._Senate" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._House" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. House">U.S. House</a></small><hr /><big><b>State</b></big><br /><small><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_executive_officials" title="Election results, 2024: State executive officials">State executive officials</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Governors" title="Election results, 2024: Governors">Governors</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_government_trifectas" title="Election results, 2024: State government trifectas">State government trifectas</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_government_triplexes" title="Election results, 2024: State government triplexes">State government triplexes</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislatures" title="Election results, 2024: State legislatures">State legislatures</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Attorneys_General" title="Election results, 2024: Attorneys General">Attorneys General</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Secretaries_of_State" title="Election results, 2024: Secretaries of State">Secretaries of State</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_financial_officers" title="Election results, 2024: State financial officers">State financial officers</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_supreme_courts" title="Election results, 2024: State supreme courts">State supreme courts</a><br /><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Partisan_balance_of_mayors_of_the_100_largest_cities_by_population" title="Election results, 2024: Partisan balance of mayors of the 100 largest cities by population">Mayors</a></small><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#2d4299; color:#ee971e">Election analysis </th></tr> <tr> <td><small> </small><p><small><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Pivot_Counties_in_the_2024_presidential_election" title="Election results, 2024: Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election">Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_New_members_elected_to_Congress" title="Election results, 2024: New members elected to Congress">New members elected to Congress</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Comparison_of_state_delegations_to_the_118th_and_119th_Congresses" title="Election results, 2024: Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses">Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_margin_of_victory_analysis" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional margin of victory analysis">Congressional margin of victory analysis</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_elections_decided_by_10_percentage_points_or_fewer" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer">Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer</a><br /> <a href="/Incumbents_defeated_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024">Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_veto-proof_majorities" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative veto-proof majorities">State legislative veto-proof majorities</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_races_decided_by_fewer_than_100_votes" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes">State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes</a><br /> <a href="/Margin_of_victory_analysis_for_the_2024_state_legislative_elections" title="Margin of victory analysis for the 2024 state legislative elections">State legislative margin of victory analysis</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_seats_that_changed_party_control" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative seats that changed party control">State legislative seats that changed party control</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Minor_party_candidates_who_won_more_than_the_margin_of_victory" title="Election results, 2024: Minor party candidates who won more than the margin of victory">Minor party candidates who won more than the margin of victory</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Results_of_elected_officials_seeking_other_offices" title="Election results, 2024: Results of elected officials seeking other offices">Results of elected officials seeking other offices</a><br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wave elections</a><br /> <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election</a><br /> <a href="/Candidates_with_the_same_last_names,_2024" title="Candidates with the same last names, 2024">Candidates with the same last names</a><br /></small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#2d4299; color:#ee971e">Elections by state </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="SingleDropdown"><select id="dropdownOne" class="styled-dropdown"><option value="Alabama elections, 2024">Alabama</option><option value="Alaska elections, 2024">Alaska</option><option value="Arizona elections, 2024">Arizona</option><option value="Arkansas elections, 2024">Arkansas</option><option value="California elections, 2024">California</option><option value="Colorado elections, 2024">Colorado</option><option value="Connecticut elections, 2024">Connecticut</option><option value="Delaware elections, 2024">Delaware</option><option value="Florida elections, 2024">Florida</option><option value="Georgia elections, 2024">Georgia</option><option value="Hawaii elections, 2024">Hawaii</option><option value="Idaho elections, 2024">Idaho</option><option value="Illinois elections, 2024">Illinois</option><option value="Indiana elections, 2024">Indiana</option><option value="Iowa elections, 2024">Iowa</option><option value="Kansas elections, 2024">Kansas</option><option value="Kentucky elections, 2024">Kentucky</option><option value="Louisiana elections, 2024">Louisiana</option><option value="Maine elections, 2024">Maine</option><option value="Maryland elections, 2024">Maryland</option><option value="Massachusetts elections, 2024">Massachusetts</option><option value="Michigan elections, 2024">Michigan</option><option value="Minnesota elections, 2024">Minnesota</option><option value="Mississippi elections, 2024">Mississippi</option><option value="Missouri elections, 2024">Missouri</option><option value="Montana elections, 2024">Montana</option><option value="Nebraska elections, 2024">Nebraska</option><option value="Nevada elections, 2024">Nevada</option><option value="New Hampshire elections, 2024">New Hampshire</option><option value="New Jersey elections, 2024">New Jersey</option><option value="New Mexico elections, 2024">New Mexico</option><option value="New York elections, 2024">New York</option><option value="North Carolina elections, 2024">North Carolina</option><option value="North Dakota elections, 2024">North Dakota</option><option value="Ohio elections, 2024">Ohio</option><option value="Oklahoma elections, 2024">Oklahoma</option><option value="Oregon elections, 2024">Oregon</option><option value="Pennsylvania elections, 2024">Pennsylvania</option><option value="Rhode Island elections, 2024">Rhode Island</option><option value="South Carolina elections, 2024">South Carolina</option><option value="South Dakota elections, 2024">South Dakota</option><option value="Tennessee elections, 2024">Tennessee</option><option value="Texas elections, 2024">Texas</option><option value="Utah elections, 2024">Utah</option><option value="Vermont elections, 2024">Vermont</option><option value="Virginia elections, 2024">Virginia</option><option value="Washington elections, 2024">Washington</option><option value="West Virginia elections, 2024">West Virginia</option><option value="Wisconsin elections, 2024">Wisconsin</option><option value="Wyoming elections, 2024">Wyoming</option></select><button value="Submit" class="form-control" text="Submit">Submit</button></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Wave_elections_(1918-2016)/Full_report" title="Wave elections (1918-2016)/Full report">Wave elections (1918-2016)</a></i></dd></dl> <p><i><b>Last updated: Nov. 18, 2024</b></i> </p><p>The term <b>wave election</b> is frequently used to describe an election cycle in which one party makes significant electoral gains. In 2018, Ballotpedia <a href="/Wave_elections_(1918-2016)/Full_report" title="Wave elections (1918-2016)/Full report">published a study</a> in which we examined the results of the 50 election cycles between 1918 and 2016—spanning President Woodrow Wilson’s (D) second midterm in 1918 to <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>’s (R) first presidential election in 2016. We defined wave elections as <b>the 20 percent of elections in that period resulting in the greatest swing against the president’s party</b>. In our study, we examined four election categories: U.S. House, U.S. Senate, gubernatorial elections, and state legislative elections. </p><p>Under Ballotpedia's definition, the 2024 elections <b>did not</b> qualify as a wave election in any category: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._House" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. House">U.S. House</a>: Democrats needed to lose 48 U.S. House seats to qualify historically as a wave election against the president's party, and they <b>lost one</b>. The president's party lost an average of 14 House seats across the 50 election cycles and gained an average of two U.S. House seats in presidential election years. In presidential elections where the president's party lost like in 2024, the president's party lost an average of 21 U.S. House seats.</li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._Senate" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>: Democrats needed to lose seven U.S. Senate seats to qualify historically as a wave election against the president's party, and they <b>lost one</b>. The president's party lost an average of two Senate seats across the 50 election cycles and neither lost nor gained Senate seats on average in presidential election years. In presidential elections where the president's party lost like in 2024, the president's party lost an average of three U.S. Senate seats.</li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Governors" title="Election results, 2024: Governors">Governors</a>: Democrats needed to lose seven gubernatorial seats to qualify historically as a wave election against the president's party, and they <b>neither gained nor lost seats</b>. The president's party lost an average of three governorships across the 50 election cycles and an average of one governorship in presidential election years. In presidential elections where the president's party lost like in 2024, the president's party lost an average of four governorships.</li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislatures" title="Election results, 2024: State legislatures">State legislative seats</a>: Democrats needed to lose 494 state legislative seats to qualify historically as a wave election against the president's party, and they <b>lost 94</b>. The president's party lost an average of 169 state legislative seats across the 50 election cycles and gained an average of 29 state legislative seats in presidential election years. In presidential elections where the president's party lost like in 2024, the president's party lost an average of 200 state legislative seats.</li></ul> <p>On this page you'll find a 2024 comparison against historical wave elections for: </p> <ul><li><a href="#Congress">U.S. Congress</a></li> <li><a href="#Governorships">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="#State_legislative_seats">State legislatures</a></li></ul> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Congress"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Congress</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#U.S._House"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">U.S. House</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#U.S._Senate"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">U.S. Senate</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Governorships"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Governorships</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#State_legislative_seats"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">State legislative seats</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#What_is_a_wave"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">What is a wave</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Congress">Congress</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._House">U.S. House</span></h3> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._House" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. House">Election results, 2024: U.S. House</a></i></dd></dl> <p>For 2024 to qualify historically as a wave election in the U.S. House, Democrats had to lose <b>48</b> U.S. House seats.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> As a result of the election, Democrats <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._House" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. House">lost <b>one seat</b></a>, which did not qualify as a wave election against the president's party. </p><p>The president's party lost 48 or more U.S. House seats in 11 of the 50 elections since 1918, ranging from 97 seats lost under President <a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in 1932 to 48 seats lost under Presidents <a href="/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> (1966) and <a href="/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1974). </p><p>Two of the 11 wave elections happened in a presidential election the president's party lost. </p><p>The median number of seats lost by the presidential party is six. The average number of seats lost is about 14. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="background:none; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="background-color: #424949; color:white"><b>U.S. House wave elections</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Year</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>President</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Party</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Election type</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>House seats change</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>House majority<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1932</td> <td><a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-97</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td><a href="/Warren_Harding" title="Warren Harding">Harding</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-76</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938</td> <td><a href="/Franklin_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Second midterm</td> <td>-70</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td><a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-63</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td><a href="/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-59</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td><a href="/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Truman</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-54</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-54</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td><a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-53</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942</td> <td><a href="/Franklin_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Third midterm</td> <td>-50</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td><a href="/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm<sup id="cite_ref-LBJ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJ-3">[3]</a></sup></td> <td>-48</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Second midterm<sup id="cite_ref-RMN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMN-4">[4]</a></sup></td> <td>-48</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._Senate">U.S. Senate</span></h3> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._Senate" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. Senate">Election results, 2024: U.S. Senate</a></i></dd></dl> <p>For 2024 to qualify historically as a wave election in the U.S. Senate, Democrats had to lose <b>seven</b> U.S. Senate seats. As a result of the election, Democrats <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_U.S._Senate" title="Election results, 2024: U.S. Senate"><b>lost one</b> seat</a> in the U.S. Senate, meaning the 2024 general election was not a wave election. </p><p>The president's party lost seven or more U.S. Senate seats in 10 of the 48 Senate elections since 1918, ranging from seven seats lost under Presidents <a href="/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1926) and <a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1930) to 13 seats lost under President <a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in 1932. </p><p>Three of the 10 wave elections happened in a presidential election the president's party lost. </p><p>The median number of seats lost by the president’s party is one. The average number of seats lost is about two. </p><p>The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 10 wave elections. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="background:none; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="background-color: #424949; color:white"><b>U.S. Senate wave elections</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Year</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>President</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Party</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><i>Election type'</i> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Senate seats change</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Senate majority<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1932</td> <td><a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-13</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td><a href="/Dwight_Eisenhower" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Second midterm</td> <td>-12</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-11</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td><a href="/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Truman</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-10</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942</td> <td><a href="/Franklin_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Third midterm</td> <td>-9</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td><a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Second midterm</td> <td>-9</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986</td> <td><a href="/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Second midterm</td> <td>-8</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D (flipped)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-8</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td><a href="/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm<sup id="cite_ref-CC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-6">[6]</a></sup></td> <td>-7</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td><a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-7</td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governorships">Governorships</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Governors" title="Election results, 2024: Governors">Election results, 2024: Governors</a></i></dd></dl> <p>For 2024 to qualify historically as a wave election at the state executive level, Democrats had to lose <b>seven</b> gubernatorial seats. As a result of the election, Democrats <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Governors" title="Election results, 2024: Governors"><b>neither gained nor lost</b></a> gubernatorial seats, meaning the 2024 general election was not a wave election. This was the first election since 2000 in which no gubernatorial seats changed partisan control. </p><p>The president's party lost seven or more gubernatorial seats in 11 of the 50 elections since 1918, ranging from seven seats lost under Presidents <a href="/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1986) and <a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2010) to 12 seats lost under President <a href="/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in 1970. </p><p>Two of the 11 wave elections happened in a presidential election the president's party lost. </p><p>The median number of gubernatorial seats lost by the president’s party is two. The average number of seats lost is almost three. </p><p>The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 11 wave elections. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="background:none; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="background-color: #424949; color:white"><b>Gubernatorial wave elections</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Year</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>President</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Party</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Election type</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Gubernatorial seats change</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Elections analyzed</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td><a href="/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-12</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td><a href="/Warren_Harding" title="Warren Harding">Harding</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-11</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932</td> <td><a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-10</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td><a href="/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-10</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-10</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td><a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-9</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938</td> <td><a href="/Franklin_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Second midterm</td> <td>-9</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td><a href="/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm<sup id="cite_ref-LBJ_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJ-3">[3]</a></sup></td> <td>-9</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td><a href="/Dwight_Eisenhower" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-8</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td><a href="/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-7</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td><a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-7</td> <td>33 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislative_seats">State legislative seats</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislatures" title="Election results, 2024: State legislatures">Election results, 2024: State legislatures</a></i></dd></dl> <p>For 2024 to qualify historically as a wave election at the state legislative level, Democrats had to lose <b>494</b> state legislative seats. Democrats <a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2024" title="State legislative elections, 2024"><b>lost 94</b> state legislative seats</a>, 398 seats fewer than the number needed to make 2024 a wave election. </p><p>State legislative races occur every two or four years, depending on the state and the chamber. The number of state legislative seats we analyzed varied due to the changing size of state legislative chambers, states being added to the union, states changing their election years, and more. See our <a href="/Wave_elections_(1918-2016)/Full_report#Data" title="Wave elections (1918-2016)/Full report">data explanation section</a> to see how we accounted for different term lengths and odd-year elections. </p><p>The president's party lost 494 or more state legislative seats in 10 of the 50 elections since 1918, ranging from 494 seats lost under President <a href="/Dwight_Eisenhower" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> in 1954 to 1,022 seats lost under President <a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in 1932. </p><p>Two of the 10 wave elections happened in a presidential election the president's party lost. </p><p>The median number of seats lost by the president's party is 82. The average number of seats lost is about 169. </p><p>The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 10 wave elections. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="background:none; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" style="background-color: #424949; color:white"><b>State legislative wave elections</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Year</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>President</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Party</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Election type</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>State legislative seats change</b> </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#E5E7E9; border-radius:0px;"><b>Elections analyzed</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1932</td> <td><a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-1022</td> <td>7365 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td><a href="/Warren_Harding" title="Warren Harding">Harding</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-907</td> <td>6907 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td><a href="/Lyndon_Johnson" title="Lyndon Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm<sup id="cite_ref-LBJ_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LBJ-3">[3]</a></sup></td> <td>-782</td> <td>7561 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938</td> <td><a href="/Franklin_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Second midterm</td> <td>-769</td> <td>7179 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958</td> <td><a href="/Dwight_Eisenhower" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Second midterm</td> <td>-702</td> <td>7627 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td><a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-702</td> <td>7306 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>Second midterm<sup id="cite_ref-RMN_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMN-4">[4]</a></sup></td> <td>-695</td> <td>7481 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920</td> <td><a href="/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#000080; color: white;"><b>D</b></td> <td>Presidential</td> <td>-654</td> <td>6835 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td><a href="/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-640</td> <td>7361 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td><a href="/Dwight_Eisenhower" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#ff0000; color: white;"><b>R</b></td> <td>First midterm</td> <td>-494</td> <td>7513 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="What_is_a_wave">What is a wave</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Media_definitions_of_a_wave_election" title="Media definitions of a wave election">Media definitions of a wave election</a></i></dd></dl> <p>We define wave elections as the 20 percent of elections where the president's party lost the most seats during the last 100 years (50 election cycles). </p><p>While there is not an agreed-upon definition of waves in political science, a number of scholars and journalists have tried to define the concept focusing mostly on the House of Representatives. Most frequently, political scientists will set a specific seat gain as being necessary for an election to qualify as a wave. For example, Stu Rothenberg and Al Turchfarber classify elections as waves if a party gains at least 20 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Rothenberg’s definition also requires that the other party have minimal losses in the election.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p><p>Jacob Smith, an author of this report, previously defined a wave election as “a congressional election that (1) produces the potential for a political party to significantly affect the political status quo as (2) the result of a substantial increase in seats for that party.” Under this definition, elections are compared to recent previous years in terms of both seat swing and seat gain.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>In most cases, these definitions produce similar results to the definition presented here, although the 20-seat-swing standard means that many historical elections will be counted as waves given the high electoral volatility of that time period. </p><p>Here are a few more definitions of waves that have been offered by academics, election experts, and journalists: </p> <ul><li>Amy Walter of the <i>Cook Political Report</i> said that wave elections occur when the out-of-power party wins "significantly more seats than they [need] to win control" and that a Democratic gain of 35 House seats in 2018 would qualify as a wave. She also wrote that races her outlet rates as "Toss-up" disproportionately break toward one party during wave elections. She noted that Democrats won 55 percent of Republican-held "Toss-up" seats in 2006 and that Republicans won 65 percent of Democratic-held "Toss-up" seats in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Catholic University political scientist Matthew Green said that a wave election occurs when "an unusual magnitude of seats or offices switches from one party to another." However, he said that the exact magnitude is unclear and that he believes a wave election should be calculated by the seats a party wins, not the vote margins in the races.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Chris Cillizza of the <i>Washington Post</i> said that a wave could be said to occur when a party running on a nationalized message makes gains in House, Senate, and gubernatorial races.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></li></ul> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Wave_elections_(1918-2016)/Full_report" title="Wave elections (1918-2016)/Full report">Wave elections (1918-2016)/Full report</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Congress_elections,_2024" title="United States Congress elections, 2024">United States Congress elections, 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Senate_elections,_2024" title="United States Senate elections, 2024">United States Senate elections, 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2024" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 2024">United States House of Representatives elections, 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Gubernatorial_elections,_2024" title="Gubernatorial elections, 2024">Gubernatorial elections, 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2024" title="State legislative elections, 2024">State legislative elections, 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Analysis_Hub,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024">Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Republicans lost 47 seats in 1958, Eisenhower's second midterm. This fell just outside of our definition for a wave election and is not included.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denotes the party that had more seats in the U.S. House following the election.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LBJ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LBJ_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LBJ_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LBJ_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyndon Johnson's (D) first term began in November 1963 after the death of President John F. Kennedy (D), who was first elected in 1960. Before Johnson had his first midterm in 1966, he was re-elected president in 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RMN_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-RMN_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Ford's (R) first term began in August 1974 following the resignation of President Richard Nixon (R), who was first elected in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972. Because Ford only served for two full months before facing the electorate, this election is classified as Nixon's second midterm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denotes the party that had more seats in the U.S. House following the election.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvin Coolidge's (R) first term began in August 1923 after the death of President Warren Harding (R), who was first elected in 1920. Before he had his first midterm in 1926, Coolidge was re-elected as president in 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of gubernatorial seats up for election varies, with as many as 36 seats and as few as 12 seats being up in a single year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of state legislative seats available for analysis varied, with as many as 7,795 and as few as 6,835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/what-is-a-wave-in-the-senate/"><i>Larry Sabato's Crystal Ball</i>, "What Is a Wave in the Senate?" September 11, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/issues/56_75/-202977-1.html"><i>Roll Call</i>, "Are We Headed for Four Wave Elections in a Row?" January 31, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/how-to-tell-if-2016-is-a-wave-election/"><i>Larry Sabato's Crystal Ball</i>, "How to Tell if 2016 Is a Wave Election," August 25, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/how-define-wave"><i>Cook Political Report</i>, "How to Define a Wave," June 7, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/cua.edu/matthew-n-green/writings/legacy-blogs#WaveElection"><i>Matthew N. Green</i>, "Was 2014 a “Wave” Election?" November 17, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/30/is-this-a-wave-election-and-what-would-that-look-like-if-it-is/?utm_term=.28feaea17cd6"><i>Washington Post</i>, "Is this a wave election? And what would that look like if it is?" October 30, 2014</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. 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width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Analysis_HNT_2024" title="Template:Analysis HNT 2024"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Analysis_HNT_2024&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Analysis_Hub,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024">2024 Election Analysis</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>General Analysis</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Mid-Year_Recall_Report_(2024)" title="Ballotpedia's Mid-Year Recall Report (2024)">Ballotpedia's Mid-Year Recall Report (2024)</a> • <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Ballotpedia%27s_2024_Recall_Analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballotpedia's 2024 Recall Analysis (page does not exist)">Ballotpedia's 2024 Recall Analysis</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Elections_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024</a> • <a href="/Candidates_with_the_same_last_names,_2024" title="Candidates with the same last names, 2024">Candidates with the same last names, 2024</a> • <a href="/Rematches_in_2024_general_elections" title="Rematches in 2024 general elections">Rematches in 2024 general elections</a> • Third-party candidates who won more than the margin of victory • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Results_of_elected_officials_seeking_other_offices" title="Election results, 2024: Results of elected officials seeking other offices">Results of elected officials seeking other offices</a> • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Incumbent_win_rates_by_state" title="Election results, 2024: Incumbent win rates by state">Incumbent win rates by state</a> • Uncontested races by state • <a href="/Candidates_with_the_same_last_names,_2024" title="Candidates with the same last names, 2024">Candidates with the same last names, 2024</a> • <a href="/Analysis_of_uncontested_elections,_2024" title="Analysis of uncontested elections, 2024">Analysis of uncontested elections, 2024</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia_election_previews,_2024" title="Ballotpedia election previews, 2024">Ballotpedia election previews, 2024</a> • <a href="/Races_decided_by_10_votes_or_fewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Races decided by 10 votes or fewer">Races decided by 10 votes or fewer</a> • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">General election voter turnout</a> • <a href="/Incumbents_who_won_primaries_by_five_percentage_points_or_fewer_or_with_a_plurality,_2024" title="Incumbents who won primaries by five percentage points or fewer or with a plurality, 2024">Incumbents who won primaries by five percentage points or fewer or with a plurality, 2024</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Federal elections</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Congressional Competitiveness Report • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_New_members_elected_to_Congress" title="Election results, 2024: New members elected to Congress">New members elected to Congress</a> • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Comparison_of_state_delegations_to_the_118th_and_119th_Congresses" title="Election results, 2024: Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses">Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses</a> • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_elections_decided_by_10_percentage_points_or_fewer" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer">Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer</a> • Third-party candidates who won more than the margin of victory • <a href="/List_of_U.S._Congress_incumbents_who_are_not_running_for_re-election_in_2024" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. Congress incumbents who are not running for re-election in 2024">Incumbents who did not run for re-election</a> • <a href="/U.S._House_elections_without_a_Democratic_or_Republican_candidate,_2024" title="U.S. House elections without a Democratic or Republican candidate, 2024">U.S. House elections without a Democratic or Republican candidate</a> • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Results_of_elected_officials_seeking_other_offices" title="Election results, 2024: Results of elected officials seeking other offices">Results of elected officials seeking other offices</a> • <a href="/U.S._House_districts_represented_by_a_Democrat_in_2024_and_won_by_Donald_Trump_in_2020" title="U.S. House districts represented by a Democrat in 2024 and won by Donald Trump in 2020">U.S. House districts represented by a Democrat in 2024 and won by Donald Trump in 2020</a> • <a href="/U.S._House_districts_represented_by_a_Republican_in_2024_and_won_by_Joe_Biden_in_2020" title="U.S. House districts represented by a Republican in 2024 and won by Joe Biden in 2020">U.S. House districts represented by a Republican in 2024 and won by Joe Biden in 2020</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wave election analysis</a> • <a href="/Party_committee_fundraising,_2023-2024" title="Party committee fundraising, 2023-2024">Party committee fundraising</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>State legislatures</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Annual_State_Legislative_Competitiveness_Report:_Vol._14,_2024" title="Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 14, 2024">Competitiveness report</a> • <a href="/Impact_of_term_limits_on_state_legislative_elections_in_2024" title="Impact of term limits on state legislative elections in 2024">Impact of term limits on state legislative elections in 2024</a> • <a href="/Incumbents_defeated_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024">Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024</a> • <a href="/Contested_state_legislative_primaries,_2024" title="Contested state legislative primaries, 2024">Contested state legislative primaries, 2024</a> • Primary election competitiveness in state government, 2024 • <a href="/State_legislative_incumbents_without_general_election_challengers,_2024" title="State legislative incumbents without general election challengers, 2024">State legislative incumbents without general election challengers, 2024</a> • <a href="/Major_party_competition_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Major party competition in state legislative elections, 2024">Major party competition in state legislative elections, 2024</a> • <a href="/Open_seats_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Open seats in state legislative elections, 2024">Open seats in state legislative elections, 2024</a> • <a href="/State_legislative_incumbents_in_contested_primaries,_2024" title="State legislative incumbents in contested primaries, 2024">State legislative incumbents in contested primaries, 2024</a> • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_veto-proof_majorities" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative veto-proof majorities">State legislative veto-proof majorities</a> • <a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_races_decided_by_fewer_than_100_votes" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes">State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes</a> • <a href="/Margin_of_victory_analysis_for_the_2024_state_legislative_elections" title="Margin of victory analysis for the 2024 state legislative elections">Margin of victory analysis for the 2024 state legislative elections</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>State executives</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Annual_State_Executive_Competitiveness_Report,_2024" title="Annual State Executive Competitiveness Report, 2024">Competitiveness report</a> • States with two or more statewide offices up for election in 2024 • <a href="/Trifecta_vulnerability_in_the_2024_elections" title="Trifecta vulnerability in the 2024 elections">Trifecta vulnerability in the 2024 elections</a> • <a href="/Impact_of_term_limits_on_state_executive_elections_in_2024" title="Impact of term limits on state executive elections in 2024">Impact of term limits on state executive elections in 2024</a> • Number of Democratic and Republican candidates on the ballot for state offices, 2024 • <a href="/Veto-proof_state_legislatures_and_opposing_party_governors_in_the_2024_elections" title="Veto-proof state legislatures and opposing party governors in the 2024 elections">Veto-proof state legislatures and opposing party governors in the 2024 elections</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Ballot measures</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Ballotpedia%27s_top_10_ballot_measures_to_watch,_2024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballotpedia's top 10 ballot measures to watch, 2024 (page does not exist)">Ballotpedia's top 10 ballot measures to watch, 2024</a> • <a href="/Ballot_measure_readability_scores,_2024" title="Ballot measure readability scores, 2024">Ballot measure readability scores, 2024</a> • <a href="/Ballot_measure_signature_costs,_2024" title="Ballot measure signature costs, 2024">Ballot measure signature costs, 2024</a> • <a href="/Ballot_measure_campaign_finance,_2024" title="Ballot measure campaign finance, 2024">Ballot measure campaign finance, 2024</a> • Analysis of the 2024 local ballot measures in the largest U.S. cities and state capitals</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Local</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; 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