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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Court cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Free trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_trade-sublist" 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href="#Global_Innovation_Policy_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Global Innovation Policy Center </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Innovation_Policy_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Търговска палата на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Търговска палата на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Chamber of Commerce" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_de_Comercio_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Cámara de Comercio de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara de Comercio de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اتاق بازرگانی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتاق بازرگانی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Chambre de commerce des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chambre de commerce des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamar_Dagang_Amerika_Serikat" title="Kamar Dagang Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamar Dagang Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_di_commercio_degli_Stati_Uniti" title="Camera di commercio degli Stati Uniti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camera di commercio degli Stati Uniti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perniagaan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Dewan Perniagaan Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dewan Perniagaan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Chamber of Commerce" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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handelskammare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s handelskammare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Торгова палата США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торгова палата США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%95%86%E6%9C%83" title="美國商會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國商會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">United States Chamber of Commerce</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_logo.svg/220px-United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_logo.svg/330px-United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_logo.svg/440px-United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce_Building-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of United States Chamber of Commerce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce_Building-4.jpg/220px-U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce_Building-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce_Building-4.jpg/330px-U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce_Building-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce_Building-4.jpg/440px-U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce_Building-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">U.S. Chamber of Commerce building facade</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">April 22, 1912; 112 years ago (1912-04-22)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nagel" title="Charles Nagel">Charles Nagel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">business association</a> & <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">53-0045720<a href="#cite_note-990-2015-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(6)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(6)">501(c)(6)</a><a href="#cite_note-990-2015-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-990-2015-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Method</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">Political lobbying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_P._Clark" title="Suzanne P. Clark">Suzanne P. Clark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data">US Chamber of Commerce Foundation <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a>, National Chamber Foundation <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">$174,119,090<a href="#cite_note-990-2015-1">[1]</a> (2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">$175,893,100<a href="#cite_note-990-2015-1">[1]</a> (2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">470<a href="#cite_note-990-2015-1">[1]</a> (2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uschamber.com">www.uschamber.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1800288#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The United States Chamber of Commerce (USCC) is a business association advocacy group. It is the largest <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbying group">lobbying group</a> in the United States. The group was founded in April 1912 out of local chambers of commerce at the urging of President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and his Secretary of Commerce and Labor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nagel" title="Charles Nagel">Charles Nagel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It was Taft's belief that the "government needed to deal with a group that could speak with authority for the interests of business."<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The U.S. Chamber of Commerce claims to represent 3 million small business owners, but this claim is disputed<a href="#cite_note-toplobby-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-toplobbynyt-6">[6]</a> because it is funded primarily by the largest corporations in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-toplobby-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-toplobbynyt-6">[6]</a> The current president and CEO of the Chamber is <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_P._Clark" title="Suzanne P. Clark">Suzanne P. Clark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> She worked for USCC from 1997 to 2007<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and returned in 2014, holding multiple executive roles before being named its first female CEO in February 2021.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. Chamber of Commerce was founded at a meeting of delegates on April 22, 1912.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> An important catalyst for the creation of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce were two prior business engagements between the U.S. and Japan. In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Shibusawa_Eiichi" title="Shibusawa Eiichi">Eiichi Shibusawa</a> invited the first official, modern day U.S. business delegation to visit Japan. This delegation was led by the prominent banker/economist <a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Vanderlip" title="Frank A. Vanderlip">Frank A. Vanderlip</a> accompanied by sixty business representatives from the West coast states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The goal was to bridge their nations diplomatically and to promote increased business and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiana_limestone_-_the_nation%27s_building_stone,_v._2_-_DPLA_-_34ab77899a0747d1465810a8da6f02d7_(page_22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Indiana_limestone_-_the_nation%27s_building_stone%2C_v._2_-_DPLA_-_34ab77899a0747d1465810a8da6f02d7_%28page_22%29.jpg/220px-Indiana_limestone_-_the_nation%27s_building_stone%2C_v._2_-_DPLA_-_34ab77899a0747d1465810a8da6f02d7_%28page_22%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Indiana_limestone_-_the_nation%27s_building_stone%2C_v._2_-_DPLA_-_34ab77899a0747d1465810a8da6f02d7_%28page_22%29.jpg/330px-Indiana_limestone_-_the_nation%27s_building_stone%2C_v._2_-_DPLA_-_34ab77899a0747d1465810a8da6f02d7_%28page_22%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Indiana_limestone_-_the_nation%27s_building_stone%2C_v._2_-_DPLA_-_34ab77899a0747d1465810a8da6f02d7_%28page_22%29.jpg/440px-Indiana_limestone_-_the_nation%27s_building_stone%2C_v._2_-_DPLA_-_34ab77899a0747d1465810a8da6f02d7_%28page_22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4030" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>Night view of the Chamber of Commerce building, c. 1925.</figcaption></figure> In 1909, in appreciation for the hospitality shown to the 1908 Vanderlip business delegation during their visit to Japan, an invitation was now sent to Japanese business leaders to tour the U.S. This invitation came from the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, whose membership included eight principal cities from western coastal states of California, Oregon and Washington. Their invitation was accepted by the Japanese, and in 1909, Shibusawa, accompanied by his delegation of over fifty of Japan's most prominent business leaders and notables spent three months visiting 53 cities across America.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-15">[15]</a> Their travels were highlighted in many newspapers as they journeyed in a specially outfitted 'Million Dollar Train,' provided by the American industrial community. The U.S. government recognized the significance of their visit and sent U.S. representatives to accompany and assist them during their trip. Six representatives of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast also accompanied them, to help facilitate the events along the way.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-15">[15]</a> Their meetings included many chambers of commerce, tours of factories, power plants, fire departments, port facilities, mines, farms, schools, universities, libraries, theaters, churches, hospitals, and many other facilities. Their main goals to develop friendship and familiarity between the two nations while encouraging bilateral trade and commerce. An important influence of their visit was that it connected chambers of commerce across U.S., which likely motivated them to recognize the benefits of becoming a national organization. President Taft was one of the U.S. leaders that Shibusawa and his delegates met with during their visit.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Chamber was created by <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">President Taft</a> as a counterbalance to the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> of the time.<a href="#cite_note-Verini2-18">[18]</a> John H. Fahey was the first <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-opensoffice-19">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Wheeler" title="Harry A. Wheeler">Harry A. Wheeler</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/President_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="President (corporation)">president</a><a href="#cite_note-indorse-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Hersey_Goodwin" title="Elliot Hersey Goodwin">Elliot Hersey Goodwin</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Secretary_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary (corporation)">secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-earnestly-21">[21]</a> It opened its first office in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/1420+New+York+Ave+NW,+Washington,+DC+20005/@38.8987713,-77.0330426,19z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7b796308f2d41:0x1a18ef80d0db6b7b!8m2!3d38.8987703!4d-77.0324954?hl=en">Evans Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-opensoffice-19">[19]</a> In 1913, President Taft spoke at its first banquet at the <a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a>, where he called for the organization to <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">lobby</a> for comprehensive currency legislation and to support the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Economy_and_Efficiency" title="Commission on Economy and Efficiency">Commission on Economy and Efficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thirdtermer-22">[22]</a> During its first year in existence, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's membership consisted of 297 commercial organizations and 165,000 firms and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-fifteennew-23">[23]</a> The U.S. Chamber's staff grew drastically in just ten years of being created. In 1912, there were only four employees. However, by the time 1921 came along, the number of employees had risen to three hundred.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Nagel,_1849%E2%80%931940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Charles_Nagel%2C_1849%E2%80%931940.jpg/220px-Charles_Nagel%2C_1849%E2%80%931940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Charles_Nagel%2C_1849%E2%80%931940.jpg/330px-Charles_Nagel%2C_1849%E2%80%931940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Charles_Nagel%2C_1849%E2%80%931940.jpg/440px-Charles_Nagel%2C_1849%E2%80%931940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Charles Nagel, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor">United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor</a> and founder of the United States Chamber of Commerce</figcaption></figure>During the 1919 U.S. Chamber board meeting, Harry A. Wheeler proposed an idea that surprised many in the Chamber itself. The idea was to create a national headquarters. Wheeler stated during this proposal that the Board of Directors should take this vote very seriously in deciding whether or not to make a national headquarters due to having to pay for it with their own money. Nevertheless, the Board of Directors didn't hesitate with their answer and they began the process to create the headquarters. Wheeler and Edson already had a planned location for where they believed the headquarters should be. The location was facing the White House on the corner of Lafayette Square. The only thing that was stopping them from building were two 19th-century mansions: the Corcoran House and the Slidell house. Nevertheless, the mansions were purchased for $775,000.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Washington, D.C., headquarters of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce occupies land that was formerly the home of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promoting_business">Promoting business</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Promoting business">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The Chamber's first referendum in January 1913 called for the planning of a National Budget. This calling for a National Budget created The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. From there, the Chamber worked to aid the U.S. Government during both World Wars and through the Great Depression. During the 1960s, the Chamber thought of the business community in a different way. They didn't have a World War to fight, however, a war against crime and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-auto-27">[27]</a> During the oil crisis of 1973, the Chamber pushed for expanding domestic production. This entailed oil and gas exploration, as well as coal mining, and the Trans Alaska Pipeline. In 1981, the Chamber launched the Let's Rebuild America campaign to help support President Reagan's Economic Recovery and Tax Act. With increased globalization in the 1990s, the Chamber promoted expanding opportunities for the export of American goods and services in hopes of creating jobs for Americans.<a href="#cite_note-auto-27">[27]</a> Although various chambers of commerce can work with all levels of government, they tend to concentrate their efforts on specific levels: Local chambers of commerce tend to focus on local issues, state chambers on state issues, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce focuses on national issues at the federal government level.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1993, the Chamber lost several members over its support for <a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Clinton's healthcare reform efforts</a>. The Chamber had chosen to support healthcare reform at that time due to the spiraling healthcare costs experienced by its members. However, House Republicans retaliated by urging boycotts of the organization. By the time health care reform became a major issue again in 2010–2012, the organization opposed such efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Verini2-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Donohue" title="Thomas J. Donohue">Thomas J. Donohue</a> led the U.S. Chamber from 1997 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> Though the Chamber claims to represent over 3 million American businesses, according to data, 94% of its income comes from about 1,500 big businesses.<a href="#cite_note-Brodwin-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_Building.jpg/220px-United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_Building.jpg/330px-United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_Building.jpg/440px-United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Chamber_of_Commerce_Building" title="U.S. Chamber of Commerce Building">U.S. Chamber of Commerce Building</a> at 1615 H Street NW in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> In late 2011 it was revealed that the Chamber's computer system was breached from November 2009 to May 2010 by Chinese hackers. The purpose of the breach appeared to be gain information related to the Chamber's lobbying regarding Asian trade policy.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Since a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell,_Jr.#Powell_Memorandum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis F. Powell, Jr.">1971 internal memo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis F. Powell, Jr.">Lewis Powell</a> advocating a more active role in cases before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>, the Chamber has found increasing success in litigation. Under the <a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">Burger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">Rehnquist Courts</a> the Chamber was on the prevailing side 43% and 56% of the time, respectively, but under the <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a>, the Chamber's success rate rose to 68% as of June 21, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In the 2008 election cycle, aggressive ads paid for by the USCC attacked a number of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> congressional candidates (such as Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party">DFL</a> Senate candidate <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a>) and supported a number of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> candidates including <a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John Sununu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Smith (politician)">Gordon Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Roger Wicker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">Saxby Chambliss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a>. The Chamber of Commerce was an opponent of the Obama administration during Barack Obama's eight years in power.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> During the 2010 campaign cycle, the Chamber spent $32 million, 93 percent of which was to help Republican candidates.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Chamber's spending out of its general funds was criticized as illegal under campaign finance laws.<a href="#cite_note-politico-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In a front-page article titled "Large Donations Aid U.S. Chamber in Election Drive", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that the Chamber used contributions in campaigns without separating foreign and domestic contributions, which if true would appear to contravene prohibitions on lobbying by foreign nations and groups. In question was the Chamber's international branches, "AmChams", whose funds are unaccounted for and perhaps mix into the general collection.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> All branches, corporations, and members of the Chamber pay dues; the question is how they divide the money for expenses in national campaigns. The truth of these allegations is unknown. The Chamber has refused to provide any concrete evidence to refute the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-factcheck_foreign-41">[41]</a> In reference to the matter, Tom Donohue wrote his council and members on October 12, 2010. He stated, "Let me be clear. The Chamber does not use any foreign money to fund voter education activities—period. We have strict financial controls in place to ensure this. The funds we receive from American Chambers of Commerce abroad, bilateral business councils, and non-U.S.-based global companies represent a small fraction of our more than $200 million annual revenues. Under our accounting system, these revenues are never used to support any political activities. We are in full compliance with all laws and regulations."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Organizations <a href="/wiki/Moveon.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Moveon.org">Moveon.org</a>, <a href="/wiki/Think_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Think Progress">Think Progress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a> rallied against the Chamber at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> to start an injunction for a criminal investigation.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Chamber is not required to produce fundraising records.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> asked the <a href="/wiki/IRS" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS">IRS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> to ensure that the foreign funds that the Chamber receives are not used for political activities.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Obama criticized the Chamber for not disclosing its contributors.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Chamber has responded that "No foreign money is used to fund political activities."<a href="#cite_note-blogs.abcnews.com-51">[51]</a> After the election, the Chamber reiterated the nature of Obama's policy dictated action from the Chamber, however the conflict would not be made "personal".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Despite more than $33 million spent supporting candidates in the 2012 Congressional races, Chamber-backed candidates lost 36 out of the 50 elections in which the Chamber participated.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In late 2013 the Chamber announced it would distribute campaign contributions in "tens" of Republican primary elections to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> for the purpose of creating a "more governable Republican party."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In early 2014 Tom Donohue clarified that the push would be to elect "pro-business" members of Congress "who favor trade, energy development and immigration reform".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> During Donohue's tenure as head of the Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber formed an alliance with the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> Donohue retired in February 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> In recent years, as Republicans have backed more <a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">trade restrictions</a> and anti-immigration policies and more Democrats have embraced immigration, free trade, and other pro-business policies, the composition of the Chamber's political support has shifted.<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> In 2019, the Chamber updated the formula for its scorecard used to determine endorsements, to "more fully reward members of Congress for helping to advance pro-business policies, while simultaneously encouraging members to reach the compromises necessary for effective governing."<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> After Donald Trump refused to concede following the 2020 presidential election, and most Republican members of Congress supported attempts to overturn the election results based on false claims of fraud, the Chamber of Commerce released a memo to its members, stating it would "review the totality of actions of its members" and "take into consideration... future conduct that erodes our democratic institutions".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 2021, Chamber lobbyist Neil Bradley said there would be a "political price" to pay for any lawmakers who supported the <a href="/wiki/PRO_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="PRO Act">PRO Act</a>, which the Chamber called a "litany of almost every failed idea from the past 30 years of labor policy."<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions_taken">Positions taken</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Positions taken">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">W. Bush presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Congressional caucuses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Prayer" title="Patriot Prayer">Patriot Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Social media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Politically, the US Chamber of Commerce is considered to be on the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">political right</a> and promotes <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscally conservative</a> policies. However, it is known to take positions that many Republicans (particularly <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">populists</a>) do not support such as <a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reform in the United States">immigration reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The US Chamber is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">establishment</a> wing of the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In recent years the US Chamber has endorsed some congressional Democrats for re-election.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Campaigned against portions of the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> (Introduced 02/14/2002) (07/30/2002 Became Public Law)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Supported the SAFETY Act.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> (Passed 2002)</li> <li>Supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Verini2-18">[18]</a> (Introduced 01/26/2009) (02/17/2009 Became Public Law)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>Supported the Food Safety Modernization Act.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> (Introduced 03/03/2009)</li> <li>In April 2009, the Chamber began an ad campaign against the proposed <a href="/wiki/Employee_Free_Choice_Act" title="Employee Free Choice Act">Employee Free Choice Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Critics such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers" title="National Association of Manufacturers">National Association of Manufacturers</a> have contended that additional use of card check elections will lead to overt coercion on the part of union organizers. Opponents of the Employee Free Choice Act also claim, referring to perceived lack of access to a secret ballot, that the measure would not protect employee privacy. For this reason the Chamber argued the act would reduce workers' rights.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Opposed the <a href="/wiki/American_Clean_Energy_and_Security_Act" title="American Clean Energy and Security Act">American Clean Energy and Security Act</a> climate change bill.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> (Introduced 05/15/2009)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> "[H]elped kill several attempts to pass climate-change legislation" between 1997 and 2010, but did not oppose efforts by Senators Kerry, Graham, and Lieberman in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-:02-72">[72]</a></li> <li>In November 2009, the Chamber was reported to be seeking to spend $50,000 to hire a "respected economist" to produce a study that could be used to portray health-care legislation as a job killer and threat to the nation's economy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>The Chamber views some reform as necessary, but opposed the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd/Frank legislation</a> that was passed, asserting that it would damage loan availability.<a href="#cite_note-Verini2-18">[18]</a> (Introduced 12/02/2009) (07/21/2010 Became Public Law) <a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Supported the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> (SOPA).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> (Introduced in House 10/26/2011)<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Supported the Jobs Act of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> (Introduced 12/08/2011) (04/05/2012 Became Public Law)</li> <li>Supported the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> (Introduced 02/25/2013) (07/22/2014 Became Public Law)</li> <li>Supported the Electronic Communications Privacy Act.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> (Introduced 02/04/2015)</li> <li>Actively lobbies against anti-tobacco policies implemented in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In particular, it opposes attempts to carve out tobacco from the <a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state dispute settlement</a> mechanism negotiated under the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> (TPP) agreement.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> (The TPP was not ratified)</li> <li>Supported the Ozone Implementation Act of 2017<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> (Introduced 02/01/2017)</li> <li>Supported the Furthering Asbestos Claim Transparency Act.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> (Introduced 02/07/2017)</li> <li>Supported the Fairness in Class Action Litigation Act.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> (Introduced 02/09/2017)</li> <li>Supported the SAFE Act.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> (Introduced 03/16/2017)</li> <li>Opposed the <a href="/wiki/American_Health_Care_Act_of_2017" title="American Health Care Act of 2017">American Health Care Act of 2017</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Verini2-18">[18]</a> (Introduced 03/20/2017)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Opposed the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> (added new bullet point) (On March 28, 2017)<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Supported the Reauthorization Act.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> (Introduced 04/25/2017)</li> <li>Supported the Self Drive Act.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> (Introduced 07/25/2017)</li> <li>Supported the Tribal Tax and Investment Reform Act of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> (Introduced 10/05/2017)</li> <li>Opposes the <a href="/wiki/DISCLOSE_Act" title="DISCLOSE Act">DISCLOSE Act</a>, which aims to limit foreign influence on U.S. elections.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> (House - 06/27/2018)<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Opposed to using the government shutdown and <a href="/wiki/Debt_limit" title="Debt limit">debt ceiling</a> limit as negotiating tactics.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>Qualified opposition to financial regulation.<a href="#cite_note-Verini2-18">[18]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_cases">Court cases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Court cases">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Argued against mandatory immigration status checks by employers in Arizona including in a Supreme Court case.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li>Filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus brief</a> to the U.S. Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission">Citizens United v FEC</a> to urge the court to overrule Austin and restore "free corporate speech."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Its position is opposed by some advocates for independent businesses.<a href="#cite_note-amiba-98">[98]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> Until 2019, the U.S. Chamber rejected the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-99">[99]</a> Historically, the organization has promoted the work of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denier" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change denier">climate change deniers</a> and sought to stymie efforts to combat climate change.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2019, the organization acknowledged that humans contribute to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:3-99">[99]</a> The Chamber's senior vice president for environment, technology, and regulatory affairs William L. Kovacs threatened to sue the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> in order to have what he termed "the <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Monkey_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Monkey Trial">Scopes monkey trial</a> of the 21st century" on climate science before any federal climate regulation was passed in October 2009.<a href="#cite_note-latimes_climate-102">[102]</a> Chamber CEO Tom Donohue disavowed the comment, but the Chamber strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/American_Clean_Energy_and_Security_Act" title="American Clean Energy and Security Act">American Clean Energy and Security Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In response to this position, several companies quit the Chamber, including <a href="/wiki/Exelon" title="Exelon">Exelon Corp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company" title="Pacific Gas and Electric Company">PG&E Corp</a>, <a href="/wiki/PNM_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="PNM Resources">PNM Resources</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple Inc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_climate-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike, Inc">Nike, Inc</a> resigned from their board of directors position, but continued their membership. Nike stated that they believe they can better influence the policy by being part of the conversation.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Peter Darbee, CEO of former chamber member <a href="/wiki/PG%26E" class="mw-redirect" title="PG&E">PG&E</a> (a natural gas and electric utility company in California), said, "We find it dismaying that the Chamber neglects the indisputable fact that a decisive majority of experts have said the data on global warming are compelling... In our view, an intellectually honest argument over the best policy response to the challenges of climate change is one thing; disingenuous attempts to diminish or distort the reality of these challenges are quite another."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In response to an online campaign of <a href="/wiki/Prius" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius">Prius</a> owners organized by <a href="/wiki/Moveon.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Moveon.org">Moveon.org</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> stated that it would not leave the Chamber.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The Aspen Chamber Resort Association of <a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen, Colorado</a> left the U.S. Chamber because of its views on climate change, in light of how climate change could hurt Aspen's winter tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-aspentimes-108">[108]</a> In 2010, U.S. Chamber president Tom Donohue agreed to work with Senators <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> as they crafted legislation to address climate change; the effort fell apart and failed to produce a bill.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a> The climate campaign organization <a href="/wiki/350.org" title="350.org">350.org</a> estimated that 94% of US Chamber of Commerce political contributions during the 2010 midterm elections went to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">candidates denying the scientific consensus on climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In March 2017, before President Trump withdrew the US from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, the Chamber funded a report that said the US commitments under the international agreement would significantly reduce industrial sector jobs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[112]</a> In October 2017, Karen Harbert, CEO of the U.S. Chamber's Global Energy Institute, published an op-ed in USA Today criticizing the EPA's <a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a>, saying, "The plan's fundamental flaw was that it would have intentionally raised the cost of energy without regard to the impact on families and businesses." Harbert added, "To be clear, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce believes that the climate is changing, and that man is contributing to these changes. We also believe that technology and innovation, rather than sweeping federal mandates, offer the best approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In November 2019, the U.S. Chamber adopted the following policy <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">addressing climate change</a>: "The climate is changing and humans are contributing to these changes. We believe that there is much common ground on which all sides of this discussion could come together to address climate change with policies that are practical, flexible, predictable, and durable. We believe in a policy approach that acknowledges the costs of action and inaction and the competitiveness of the U.S. economy."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> They recommended that the US rejoin the Paris Agreement<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and summarized that an effective climate policy should: <ul><li>Leverage the power of business (rely primarily on private sector)</li> <li>Maintain U.S. leadership in climate science</li> <li>Embrace technology and innovation</li> <li>Aggressively pursue greater energy efficiency</li> <li>Promote climate resilient infrastructure</li> <li>Support trade in U.S. technologies and products</li> <li>Encourage international cooperation</li></ul> In 2019, the organization said it had no position on a carbon tax.<a href="#cite_note-:3-99">[99]</a> On January 19, 2021, the day before President Trump's term ended, the Chamber said it wanted Congress to pass "durable climate policy" while also encouraging "a market-based approach" to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_trade">Free trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Free trade">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. Chamber has supported free trade agreements in recent years, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> It opposed former President <a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States#Donald_Trump" title="Protectionism in the United States">Trump's protectionist policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_reform">Immigration reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Immigration reform">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. Chamber opposed President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s executive order ending the <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a> program. The U.S. Chamber's Chief Policy Officer Neil Bradley said, "With approximately 700,000 DACA recipients working for all sorts of businesses across the country, terminating their employment eligibility runs contrary to the president's goal of growing the U.S. economy."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The Chamber of Commerce has come under attack by populist conservatives and others for its support of "amnesty" for illegal immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2014, Tom Donohue stated the Chamber will "pull out all stops" for the passage of immigration reform in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> According to The Washington Post, Donohue did not offer specifics with regard to provisions or bills on the matter, speaking generally about the impact that immigration reform would have on the U.S. economy.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-compete_agreements">Non-compete agreements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-compete agreements">edit</a>]</div> The Chamber of Commerce has lobbied against bans of <a href="/wiki/Non-compete_clause" title="Non-compete clause">non-compete agreements</a>, as well as threatened to sue the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> if it bans non-compete agreements.<a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a> Non-compete agreements restrict the ability of workers to leave their jobs and work elsewhere or work independently.<a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a> The Chamber has argued, "noncompete agreements are an important tool in fostering innovation and preserving competition."<a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lobbying_expenditures">Lobbying expenditures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lobbying expenditures">edit</a>]</div> The Chamber ranked first in American <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> expenditures each year from 2001 through 2019. As of 2022, the organization continues to be ranked first in cumulative, lobbying dollars (complete years beginning with 1998), surpassing the second-biggest spender, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Realtors" title="National Association of Realtors">National Association of Realtors</a>, by more than $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>US Chamber Lobbying 2002-2022<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>US Cham. Rank</th> <th>US Cham. Spending</th> <th>Next Highest Spender</th> <th>Next Highest Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>$81,030,000 </td> <td>National Assn of Realtors </td> <td>$81,738,132 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>$66,410,000 </td> <td>National Assn of Realtors </td> <td>$44,004,025 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>$81,940,000 </td> <td>National Assn of Realtors </td> <td>$84,113,368 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>$77,245,000 </td> <td>National Assn of Realtors </td> <td>$41,241,006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>$94,800,000 </td> <td>National Assn of Realtors </td> <td>$72,808,648 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>$82,260,000 </td> <td>National Assn of Realtors </td> <td>$54,530,861 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>$103,950,000 </td> <td>National Assn of Realtors </td> <td>$64,821,111 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>1</td> <td>$64,190,000</td> <td>American Medical Assn</td> <td>$23,910,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>1</td> <td>$124,080,000</td> <td>National Assn of Realtors</td> <td>$55,057,053 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>1</td> <td>$74,470,000</td> <td>National Assn of Realtors</td> <td>$38,584,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>1</td> <td>$136,300,000</td> <td>National Assn of Realtors</td> <td>$41,464,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>1</td> <td>$66,370,000</td> <td>General Electric</td> <td>$26,340,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>1</td> <td>$157,187,500</td> <td>PG&E Corp</td> <td>$45,510,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>1</td> <td>$144,606,000</td> <td>Exxon Mobil</td> <td>$27,430,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>1</td> <td>$91,955,000</td> <td>Exxon Mobil</td> <td>$29,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>1</td> <td>$53,082,500</td> <td>Pharmaceutical Rsrch & Mfrs of America</td> <td>$22,733,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>1</td> <td>$72,995,000</td> <td>AT&T Inc</td> <td>$27,445,497 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>1</td> <td>$39,805,000</td> <td>AARP</td> <td>$36,302,064 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>1</td> <td>$53,380,000</td> <td>American Medical Assn</td> <td>$18,820,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>1</td> <td>$34,602,640</td> <td>AARP</td> <td>$20,880,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>1</td> <td>$41,560,000</td> <td>Philip Morris</td> <td>$15,200,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure_and_membership">Organizational structure and membership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organizational structure and membership">edit</a>]</div> US Chamber Members, USPBC 2021<a href="#cite_note-USPBC-127">[127]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Abbott</li> <li>AEAI</li> <li>Bayer</li> <li>Cargill</li> <li>Caterpillar, Inc.</li> <li>Citi</li> <li>The Coca-Cola Company</li> <li>Excelerate Energy L.P.</li> <li>ExxonMobil</li> <li>Facebook</li> <li>General Electric</li> <li>Gilead Sciences, Inc.</li> <li>Global Logistics Providers</li> <li>Google</li> <li>Hecate Energy</li> <li>Jamil & Jamil USA</li> <li>Netsol Technologies</li> <li>North Shore Medical Labs</li> <li>PepsiCo</li> <li>Pfizer</li> <li>PMI Global Services, Inc.</li> <li>Procter & Gamble</li> <li>S&P Global</li> <li>Target</li> <li>The Resource Group</li> <li>Uber</li> <li>Visionet Systems Inc</li></ul> </div> As of October 2010, the Chamber had a worldwide network of 115 American Chamber of Commerce affiliates located in 108 countries.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The US Chamber says that a relative handful of the Chamber's 300,000 members are "non-U.S.-based (foreign) companies." It claims that, "No foreign money is used to fund political activities." A US Chamber executive has said that the organization has had "foreign multinationals" (foreign companies) as members for "over a century, many for decades."<a href="#cite_note-blogs.abcnews.com-51">[51]</a> The US Chamber states that it receives approximately $100,000 annually in membership dues from its foreign affiliates, out of an annual budget of $200 million.<a href="#cite_note-blogs.abcnews.com-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> On its LINKEDIN Page the Chamber states: "The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is the world’s largest business organization representing the interests of more than three million businesses of every size, sector, and region."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Likewise on its own Website it states: "For over 100 years, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce has represented the unified interests of the U.S. business community....the U.S. Chamber of Commerce is the world's largest business federation representing the interests of more than 3 million businesses of all sizes, sectors, and regions, as well as state and local chambers and industry associations."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliate_organizations">Affiliate organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Affiliate organizations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Americans for Transportation Mobility</li> <li>Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness</li> <li>Center for International Private Enterprise</li> <li>Global Energy Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Legal_Reform" title="Institute for Legal Reform">Institute for Legal Reform</a></li> <li>Institute for Organization Management (IOM)</li> <li>U.S. Chamber Litigation Center</li> <li>U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation (previously the National Chamber Foundation)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Innovation_Policy_Center">Global Innovation Policy Center</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Global Innovation Policy Center">edit</a>]</div> The Global Innovation Policy Center (formerly the Global Intellectual Property Center, and commonly known as GIPC<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>) is the principal institution of the Chamber of Commerce handling all issues relating to innovation and creativity through advocating for strong intellectual property standards.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> It aims to: <ul><li>strengthen the protection and enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">IP rights</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and abroad,</li> <li>promote and defend the system of IP rights and norms in the United States, key countries, and multilateral forums,</li> <li>increase support for IP rights as a driver of <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation and creativity</a>.</li></ul> The Global Innovation Policy Center was launched in October 2007 at the U.S. Chamber’s 4th Annual <a href="/wiki/Anti-counterfeiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-counterfeiting">Anti-Counterfeiting</a> and Piracy Summit. The GIPC was formed as an expansion of the existing efforts of the U.S. Chamber’s Global Anti-Counterfeiting and Piracy Initiative. Leaders are, of have been:<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_J._Donohue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom J. Donohue">Thomas J. Donohue</a>, President & CEO, U.S. Chamber of Commerce</li> <li>David Hirschmann, President & CEO, GIPC</li> <li>Patrick Kilbride, Senior Vice President, GIPC<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> Several organizations have attacked the Chamber for its advocacy, including Chamber Watch (a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Public_Citizen" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a>). Advocates for independent business, like the <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Business_Alliance" title="American Independent Business Alliance">American Independent Business Alliance</a> (AMIBA) and <a href="/wiki/Green_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Green business">green businesses</a>, like the American Sustainable Business Council, have fought the Chamber on multiple issues. Among major divisions between the Chamber and these business advocates is allowing corporations to engage in <a href="/wiki/Electioneering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electioneering">electioneering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Diaz_Jr." title="Oliver E. Diaz Jr.">Oliver E. Diaz Jr.</a> says one example of this was when the Chamber spent $1,000,000+ to fund negative campaign ads against him and have judicial candidate <a href="/wiki/Keith_Starrett" title="Keith Starrett">Keith Starrett</a> elected instead.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Some in the business community have criticized the Chamber's approach to public issues as overly aggressive. <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Rosen" title="Hilary Rosen">Hilary Rosen</a>, former CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a>, added that "Their aggressive ways are out of step with a new generation of business leadership who are looking for more cooperative relationship with Washington."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/18px-Plato-raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/27px-Plato-raphael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/36px-Plato-raphael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="262" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Political_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Political science">Political science</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Intellectual_Property_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Intellectual Property Center">Global Intellectual Property Center</a>, US Chamber of Commerce institution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">National Federation of Independent Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Women%27s_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Women's Chamber of Commerce">U.S. Women's Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Hispanic_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce">United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Salzman" title="Anthony D. Salzman">Anthony D. Salzman</a></li></ul> General: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Advocacy group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">Lobbying in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-990-2015-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-990-2015_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2015_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2015_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2015_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2015_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2015_1-5">f</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2015/530/045/2015-530045720-0d6c2b1e-9O.pdf">Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax</a>". Chamber of Commerce of the USA. <a href="/wiki/Guidestar" class="mw-redirect" title="Guidestar">Guidestar</a>. December 31, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJudis2001" class="citation book cs1">Judis, John B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l5jwgYsemPcC&dq=%22chamber+of+commerce%22+%22taft%22+1912+founded&pg=PA38">The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of Public Trust</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93026-0"><bdi>978-0-415-93026-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paradox+of+American+Democracy%3A+Elites%2C+Special+Interests%2C+and+the+Betrayal+of+Public+Trust&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93026-0&rft.aulast=Judis&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl5jwgYsemPcC%26dq%3D%2522chamber%2Bof%2Bcommerce%2522%2B%2522taft%2522%2B1912%2Bfounded%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Chamber+of+Commerce" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information" class="citation web cs1">Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/io/unesco/members/48811.htm">"U.S. Chamber of Commerce"</a>. 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001-2009.state.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.aulast=Department+Of+State.+The+Office+of+Electronic+Information&rft.aufirst=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fp%2Fio%2Funesco%2Fmembers%2F48811.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Chamber+of+Commerce" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1971" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Karl A. 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October 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Barack+Obama+says+foreign+funds+received+by+the+US+Chamber+may+be+helping+to+fund+attack+ads&rft.pub=PolitiFact%2C+St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitifact.com%2Ftruth-o-meter%2Fstatements%2F2010%2Foct%2F11%2Fbarack-obama%2Fpresident-barack-obama-says-foreign-money-coming-u%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Chamber+of+Commerce" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah2010" class="citation news cs1">Abdullah, Halimah (October 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sohanroy.com">"Democratic Partisans Up in Arms Against US Chamber Donations"</a>. Kansas City Star. Retrieved October 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Democratic+Partisans+Up+in+Arms+Against+US+Chamber+Donations&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft.aulast=Abdullah&rft.aufirst=Halimah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohanroy.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Chamber+of+Commerce" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/u-s--chamber-of-commerce/">https://www.linkedin.com/company/u-s--chamber-of-commerce/</a> LINKEDIN, Feb. 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uschamber.com/about/history">"https://www.uschamber.com/about/history" (Feb. 2023).</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobalipcenter.com/about/mission-and-goals/">"Who We Are"</a>. www.theglobalipcenter.com. 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Docurama Films </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStier2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Stier, Ken (October 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101090540/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1932979,00.html">"Is the Chamber of Commerce Its Own Worst Enemy?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1932979,00.html">the original</a> on November 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Is+the+Chamber+of+Commerce+Its+Own+Worst+Enemy%3F&rft.date=2009-10-31&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1932979%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Chamber+of+Commerce" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Davis, Cory, "The Political Economy of Commercial Associations: Building the National Board of Trade, 1840-1868," Business History Review, 88 (Winter 2014), 761–83.</li> <li>Heald, Morrell. "Business thought in the twenties: Social responsibility." American Quarterly (1961): 126–139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2710548">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Lesher, Richard and Dave Scheiber. Voice of Business: The Man Who Transformed the United States Chamber of Commerce (2017), Richard Lesher was president of the US Chamber of Commerce from 1975 to 1997.</li> <li>Werking, Richard Hume. "Bureaucrats, businessmen, and foreign trade: the origins of the United States Chamber of Commerce." Business History Review 52#03 (1978) pp: 321–341.</li> <li>Kinderman, Daniel. "The US chamber and chambers of commerce respond to Black Lives Matter: Cheap talk, progressive neoliberalism, or transformative change?" Business and Politics 24(4), 491-516.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uschamber.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1800288#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobalipcenter.com">Global IP Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/530045720">"United States Chamber of Commerce"</a>. 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