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aria-controls="toc-Political_career_in_New_York-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political career in New York subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career_in_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sheriff_of_Erie_County" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheriff_of_Erie_County"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sheriff of Erie County </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheriff_of_Erie_County-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayor_of_Buffalo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_of_Buffalo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Mayor of Buffalo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor_of_Buffalo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Governor of New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1884" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1884"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Election of 1884 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_of_1884-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Election of 1884 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1884-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination_for_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_for_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nomination for president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_for_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_Blaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_Blaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Campaign against Blaine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_Blaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_presidency_(1885–1889)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_presidency_(1885–1889)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 First presidency (1885–1889) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_presidency_(1885–1889)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle First presidency (1885–1889) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-First_presidency_(1885–1889)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vetoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vetoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vetoes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vetoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Silver </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tariffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Tariffs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy,_1885–1889" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy,_1885–1889"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Foreign policy, 1885–1889 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy,_1885–1889-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_policy,_1885–1889" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_policy,_1885–1889"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Military policy, 1885–1889 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_policy,_1885–1889-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Civil rights and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Native American policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Marriage and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Administration and Cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Judicial appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1888_and_first_post-presidency_(1889–1893)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1888_and_first_post-presidency_(1889–1893)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Election of 1888 and first post-presidency (1889–1893) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_of_1888_and_first_post-presidency_(1889–1893)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Election of 1888 and first post-presidency (1889–1893) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1888_and_first_post-presidency_(1889–1893)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defeated_by_Harrison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeated_by_Harrison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Defeated by Harrison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeated_by_Harrison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_citizen_for_four_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_citizen_for_four_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Private citizen for four years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_citizen_for_four_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1892" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1892"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Election of 1892 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_of_1892-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Election of 1892 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1892-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination_for_president_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_for_president_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Nomination for president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_for_president_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_Harrison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_Harrison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Campaign against Harrison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_Harrison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Second presidency (1893–1897) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_presidency_(1893–1897)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second presidency (1893–1897) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_presidency_(1893–1897)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_panic_and_the_silver_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_panic_and_the_silver_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Economic panic and the silver issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_panic_and_the_silver_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tariff_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariff_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tariff reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariff_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Voting rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Labor unrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pullman_Strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pullman_Strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Pullman Strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pullman_Strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy,_1893–1897" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy,_1893–1897"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Foreign policy, 1893–1897 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy,_1893–1897-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_policy,_1893–1897" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_policy,_1893–1897"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Military policy, 1893–1897 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_policy,_1893–1897-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_cabinet_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Administration and cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Judicial appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_admitted_to_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_admitted_to_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 States admitted to the Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_admitted_to_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1896_election_and_second_post-presidency_(1897–1908)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1896_election_and_second_post-presidency_(1897–1908)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 1896 election and second post-presidency (1897–1908) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1896_election_and_second_post-presidency_(1897–1908)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Honors and memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Informational notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Grover Cleveland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" > 127 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%89%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ግሮቨር ክሊቭላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግሮቨር ክሊቭላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جروفر كليفلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جروفر كليفلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrover_Klivlend" title="Qrover Klivlend – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrover Klivlend" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایستیون قراور کلیولند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستیون قراور کلیولند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="গ্রোভার ক্লিভল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রোভার ক্লিভল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Стывен Гровер Кліўленд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стывен Гровер Кліўленд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Стывэн Гровэр Кліўлэнд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стывэн Гровэр Кліўлэнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гроувър Кливланд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гроувър Кливланд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Grover_Cleveland" title="Stephen Grover Cleveland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stephen Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гровер Кливленд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гровер Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ڭروڤر كليڤلاند – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڭروڤر كليڤلاند" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AF%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%83_%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0" title="ގްރޯވަރ ކްލީވްލޭންޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގްރޯވަރ ކްލީވްލޭންޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Γκρόβερ Κλίβελαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρόβερ Κλίβελαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="گروور کلیولند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروور کلیولند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Grover_Cleveland" title="Stephen Grover Cleveland – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stephen Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="그로버 클리블랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그로버 클리블랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Գրովեր Քլիվլենդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրովեր Քլիվլենդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="ग्रोवर क्लीवलैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रोवर क्लीवलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="גרובר קליבלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרובר קליבלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გროვერ კლივლენდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გროვერ კლივლენდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гровер Кливленд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гровер Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grovers_Kl%C4%ABvlends" title="Grovers Klīvlends – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grovers Klīvlends" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гровер Кливленд – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гровер Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്രോവെർ ക്ലീവലാന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രോവെർ ക്ലീവലാന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="ग्रोव्हर क्लीव्हलँड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रोव्हर क्लीव्हलँड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გროვერ კლივლენდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გროვერ კლივლენდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جروفر كليفلاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جروفر كليفلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="استیفن گراور کلیولند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استیفن گراور کلیولند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စတီဖင် ဂရိုဗာ ကလိဗ်လန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတီဖင် ဂရိုဗာ ကလိဗ်လန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="グロバー・クリーブランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グロバー・クリーブランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਗਰੋਵਰ ਕਲੀਵਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੋਵਰ ਕਲੀਵਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="گروور کلیولینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گروور کلیولینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86_%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%89" title="سټیفن ګروور کلیولینډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سټیفن ګروور کلیولینډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Grover_Cleveland" title="Stephen Grover Cleveland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stephen Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кливленд, Гровер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кливленд, Гровер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ග්‍රෝවර් ක්ලීව්ලන්ඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රෝවර් ක්ලීව්ලන්ඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Grover_Cleveland" title="Stephen Grover Cleveland – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stephen Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="گرۆڤەر کلیڤلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرۆڤەر کلیڤلاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гровер Кливленд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гровер Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="குரோவர் கிளீவ்லாண்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரோவர் கிளீவ்லாண்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гровер Кливленд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гровер Кливленд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="โกรเวอร์ คลีฟแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกรเวอร์ คลีฟแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%89%E1%8F%A9_%E1%8F%9F%E1%8F%A9%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%82" title="ᏉᏩ ᏟᏩᎳᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᏩ ᏟᏩᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Гровер Клівленд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гровер Клівленд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="گروور کلیولینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گروور کلیولینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E8%98%AD" title="格羅弗·克利夫蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="格羅弗·克利夫蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%B0" title="格罗弗·克利夫兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格罗弗·克利夫兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סטיווען גראווער קליוולאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטיווען גראווער קליוולאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Grover Cleveland" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States (1885–1889, 1893–1897)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"President Cleveland" redirects here. For ships named after him, see <a href="/wiki/SS_President_Cleveland" title="SS President Cleveland">SS President Cleveland</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Grover Cleveland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:StephenGroverCleveland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/StephenGroverCleveland.jpg/220px-StephenGroverCleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/StephenGroverCleveland.jpg/330px-StephenGroverCleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/StephenGroverCleveland.jpg/440px-StephenGroverCleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Cleveland in 1892</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">22nd & 24th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (Mar–Nov. 1885)</div></li> <li>None (1885–1889)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamin Harrison</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">28th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1883 – January 6, 1885</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data">David B. Hill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">35th <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Buffalo">Mayor of Buffalo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 2, 1882 – November 20, 1882</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brush" title="Alexander Brush">Alexander Brush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_M._Drake" title="Marcus M. Drake">Marcus M. Drake</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Erie_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff of Erie County">Sheriff of Erie County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1871 – December 31, 1873</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Darcy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weber" title="John B. Weber">John B. Weber</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Stephen Grover Cleveland</div> (1837-03-18)March 18, 1837 <a href="/wiki/Caldwell,_New_Jersey" title="Caldwell, New Jersey">Caldwell, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 24, 1908(1908-06-24) (aged 71) <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Cemetery" title="Princeton Cemetery">Princeton Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Folsom</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1886)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Cleveland" title="Ruth Cleveland">Ruth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Cleveland" title="Esther Cleveland">Esther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Cleveland" title="Richard F. Cleveland">Richard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cleveland" title="Francis Cleveland">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Falley_Cleveland" title="Richard Falley Cleveland">Richard Falley Cleveland</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Falley_Jr." title="Richard Falley Jr.">Richard Falley Jr.</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Falley_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Falley Allen">Lewis Falley Allen</a> (first cousin, once removed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cleveland" title="Rose Cleveland">Rose Cleveland</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a> (granddaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland_Signature_1882.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grover Cleveland's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grover_Cleveland_Signature_1882.svg/128px-Grover_Cleveland_Signature_1882.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grover_Cleveland_Signature_1882.svg/192px-Grover_Cleveland_Signature_1882.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grover_Cleveland_Signature_1882.svg/256px-Grover_Cleveland_Signature_1882.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="127" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alleged_Grover_Cleveland_voice.wav" title="File:Alleged Grover Cleveland voice.wav">Alleged recording of Grover Cleveland</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="Alleged_Grover_Cleveland_voice.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Alleged_Grover_Cleveland_voice.wav/Alleged_Grover_Cleveland_voice.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Alleged_Grover_Cleveland_voice.wav/Alleged_Grover_Cleveland_voice.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Alleged_Grover_Cleveland_voice.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">During his <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 election campaign</a>. The authenticity is in doubt and the recording has also been attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_speech" title="Cross of Gold speech">Cross of Gold speech</a>. Recorded 1892 (if authentic)</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Grover_Cleveland_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Grover_Cleveland_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Grover_Cleveland_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Grover_Cleveland_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Grover_Cleveland_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Grover_Cleveland_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1860" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Personal</div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_Birthplace" title="Grover Cleveland Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Honors_and_memorials">Legacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Cleveland_(1920)" title="SS President Cleveland (1920)">SS Cleveland 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Cleveland_(1947)" title="SS President Cleveland (1947)">SS Cleveland 1947</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">28th Governor of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1882_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1882 New York gubernatorial election">Election</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Governor_of_New_York">Governorship</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">22nd & 24th President of the United States</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_executive_orders#Grover_Cleveland_(1885–1889,_1893–1897)" title="List of United States federal executive orders">Executive actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897#First_Cleveland_administration,_1885–1889" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">First term</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First inauguration of Grover Cleveland">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Grover_Cleveland_and_Frances_Folsom" title="Wedding of Grover Cleveland and Frances Folsom">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">Interstate Commerce Act of 1887</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1889" title="Enabling Act of 1889">Enabling Act of 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland#First_administration" title="List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland">Judicial appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Appointments" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cabinet</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Second term</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount_Report" title="Blount Report">Blount Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Report" title="Morgan Report">Morgan Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army" title="Coxey's Army">Coxey's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">Venezuelan crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland#Second_administration" title="List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland">Judicial appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Appointments_2" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cabinet</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1884_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1884 presidential campaign">1884</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1892_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign">1892</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Post-presidency</div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#1896_election_and_retirement_(1897–1908)">Retirement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Illness_and_death">Death</a></li></ul> <hr /> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grover_Cleveland_series" title="Template:Grover Cleveland series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grover_Cleveland_series" title="Template talk:Grover Cleveland series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grover_Cleveland_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grover Cleveland series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and 24th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. He was the first <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> to win the presidency after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. He was also the first president to serve nonconsecutive terms.<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> Cleveland was elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Buffalo">mayor of Buffalo</a> in 1881 and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a> in 1882. While governor, he closely cooperated with <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">state assembly</a> minority leader <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to pass reform measures, winning national attention.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[1]</a> He led the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Democrats">Bourbon Democrats</a>, a pro-business movement opposed to <a href="/wiki/History_of_tariffs_in_the_United_States#Civil_War" title="History of tariffs in the United States">high tariffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a> to businesses, farmers, or <a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_soldiers_and_veterans_in_the_United_States" title="Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States">veterans</a>. His crusade for political reform and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a> made him an icon for American conservatives of the time.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> Cleveland also won praise for honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and commitment to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> His fight against political corruption, patronage, and <a href="/wiki/Bossism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bossism">bossism</a> convinced many like-minded Republicans, called "<a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a>", to cross party lines and support him in the <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 presidential election</a>, which he narrowly won against Republican <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>. In the 1888 election, he ran against Benjamin Harrison, winning the <a href="/wiki/Popular_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular vote">popular vote</a> but losing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral college</a> and therefore the election. After his loss, he returned to New York City and joined a <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firm</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 election</a>, Cleveland defeated Harrison in both the popular vote and electoral college, restoring him to the White House. As his second administration began, the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> sparked a severe national depression. Many voters blamed the Democrats, opening the way for a <a href="/wiki/1894_United_States_House_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1894 United States House elections">Republican landslide in 1894</a> and for the agrarian and <a href="/wiki/Silverite" title="Silverite">Silverite</a> seizure of the Democratic Party in 1896. An <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">anti-imperialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[4]</a> Cleveland opposed the push to <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">annex Hawaii</a>, launched <a href="/wiki/Blount_Report" title="Blount Report">an investigation</a> into <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">the 1893 coup</a> against Queen <a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a>, and called for her to be restored.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[6]</a> Cleveland was a formidable policymaker but also garnered criticism. He intervened in the 1894 <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a> to keep the railroads moving, angering <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> Democrats and <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor unions</a> nationwide; his support of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and opposition to free silver alienated the <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> wing of the Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-tugwell-9">[7]</a> Critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation's economic disasters—<a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">depressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_US_strikes_by_size" title="List of US strikes by size">strikes</a>—in his second term.<a href="#cite_note-tugwell-9">[7]</a> By the end of his second term, he was severely unpopular, even among Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> After leaving the White House, Cleveland served as a trustee of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and continued to voice his political views. He died in 1908. Today, Cleveland is praised for honesty, integrity, adherence to his morals, defying party boundaries, and effective leadership and is typically <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> in the middle to upper tier of U.S. presidents. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_family_history">Childhood and family history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caldwell_Presbyterian_Church_Manse,_Caldwell,_NJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caldwell_Presbyterian_Church_Manse%2C_Caldwell%2C_NJ.jpg/220px-Caldwell_Presbyterian_Church_Manse%2C_Caldwell%2C_NJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caldwell_Presbyterian_Church_Manse%2C_Caldwell%2C_NJ.jpg/330px-Caldwell_Presbyterian_Church_Manse%2C_Caldwell%2C_NJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Caldwell_Presbyterian_Church_Manse%2C_Caldwell%2C_NJ.jpg/440px-Caldwell_Presbyterian_Church_Manse%2C_Caldwell%2C_NJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>Caldwell Presbyterian parsonage, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_Birthplace" title="Grover Cleveland Birthplace">birthplace</a> of Grover Cleveland in <a href="/wiki/Caldwell,_New_Jersey" title="Caldwell, New Jersey">Caldwell, New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in <a href="/wiki/Caldwell,_New_Jersey" title="Caldwell, New Jersey">Caldwell, New Jersey</a>, to Ann (née Neal) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Falley_Cleveland" title="Richard Falley Cleveland">Richard Falley Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Cleveland's father was a <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">Presbyterian</a> minister who was originally from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> His mother was from <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and was the daughter of a bookseller.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> On his father's side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, England">Cleveland</a>, England, in 1635.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> His father's <a href="/wiki/Maternal_grandfather" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal grandfather">maternal grandfather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Falley_Jr." title="Richard Falley Jr.">Richard Falley Jr.</a>, fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a>, and was the son of an immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>. On his mother's side, Cleveland was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and German <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> from Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Cleveland was distantly related to General <a href="/wiki/Moses_Cleaveland" title="Moses Cleaveland">Moses Cleaveland</a>, after whom the city of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, was named.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell, where his father was pastor at the time. He became known as Grover in his adult life.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_New_York" title="Fayetteville, New York">Fayetteville, New York</a>, where Grover spent much of his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Neighbors later described him as "full of fun and inclined to play pranks",<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> and fond of outdoor sports.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> In 1850, Cleveland's father Richard moved his family to <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton, New York</a>, accepting a job there as district secretary for the <a href="/wiki/American_Home_Missionary_Society" title="American Home Missionary Society">American Home Missionary Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Despite his father's dedication to his missionary work, his income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school and place him in a two-year mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville. The experience was valuable and brief, and the living conditions quite austere. Grover returned to Clinton and his schooling at the completion of the apprentice contract.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> In 1853, missionary work began to take a toll on Richard's health. He took a new work assignment in <a href="/wiki/Holland_Patent,_New_York" title="Holland Patent, New York">Holland Patent, New York</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a>) and moved his family once again.<a href="#cite_note-nevins21-23">[21]</a> Shortly after, Richard Cleveland died from a <a href="/wiki/Gastric_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric ulcer">gastric ulcer</a>. Grover was said to have learned about his father's death from a boy selling newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-nevins21-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_moving_west">Education and moving west</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCLEV001-009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PCLEV001-009.jpg/170px-PCLEV001-009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PCLEV001-009.jpg/255px-PCLEV001-009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PCLEV001-009.jpg/340px-PCLEV001-009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>An early, undated photograph of Grover Cleveland</figcaption></figure> Cleveland received his elementary education at the Fayetteville Academy and the <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Oneida_County,_New_York#Former_schools_in_Clinton" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton Grammar School</a> (not the Clinton Liberal Institute).<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> After his father died in 1853, he again left school to help support his family. Later that year, Cleveland's brother William was hired as a teacher at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_for_the_Blind" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Institute for the Blind">New York Institute for the Blind</a> in New York City, and William obtained a place for Cleveland as an assistant teacher. Cleveland returned home to Holland Patent at the end of 1854, where an elder in his church offered to pay for his college education if he promised to become a minister. Cleveland declined, and in 1855 he decided to move west.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> He stopped first in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, where his uncle-in-law <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Allen" title="Lewis F. Allen">Lewis F. Allen</a>, gave him a clerical job.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Allen was an important man in Buffalo, and he introduced his nephew-in-law to influential men there, including the partners in the <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firm</a> of Rogers, Bowen, and Rogers.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, the 13th president of the United States, had previously worked for the partnership.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Cleveland later took a clerkship with the firm, began to <a href="/wiki/Read_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Read the law">read the law</a> with them, and was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States" title="Bar examination in the United States">New York bar</a> in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-graff14-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career_and_the_Civil_War">Early career and the Civil War</h3></div> Cleveland worked for the Rogers firm for three years before leaving in 1862 to start his own practice.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> In January 1863, he was appointed assistant <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">district attorney</a> of <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie County, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> raging, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Act_of_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription Act of 1863">Conscription Act of 1863</a>, requiring able-bodied men to serve in the army if called upon, or else to hire a substitute.<a href="#cite_note-graff14-29">[27]</a> Cleveland chose the latter course, paying $150, equivalent to $3,712 in 2023, to George Benninsky, a thirty-two-year-old <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> immigrant, to serve in his place.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Benninsky survived the war.<a href="#cite_note-graff14-29">[27]</a> As a lawyer, Cleveland became known for his single-minded concentration and dedication to hard work.<a href="#cite_note-nevins52-33">[31]</a> In 1866, he successfully defended some participants in the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids#Canada_West" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raid</a>, working on a <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> basis (free of charge).<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In 1868, Cleveland attracted professional attention for his winning defense of a <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> suit against the editor of Buffalo's Commercial Advertiser.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> During this time, Cleveland assumed a lifestyle of simplicity, taking residence in a plain <a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">boarding house</a>. He devoted his growing income to the support of his mother and younger sisters.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> While his personal quarters were austere, Cleveland enjoyed an active social life and "the easy-going sociability of hotel-lobbies and <a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">saloons</a>".<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> He shunned the circles of higher society of Buffalo in which his uncle-in-law's family traveled.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_in_New_York">Political career in New York</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sheriff_of_Erie_County">Sheriff of Erie County</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN4468_buffaloclevelandstatue_e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/DSCN4468_buffaloclevelandstatue_e.jpg/170px-DSCN4468_buffaloclevelandstatue_e.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/DSCN4468_buffaloclevelandstatue_e.jpg/255px-DSCN4468_buffaloclevelandstatue_e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/DSCN4468_buffaloclevelandstatue_e.jpg/340px-DSCN4468_buffaloclevelandstatue_e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Grover Cleveland outside <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_City_Hall" title="Buffalo City Hall">City Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></figcaption></figure> From his earliest involvement in politics, Cleveland aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> He had a decided aversion to Republicans <a href="/wiki/John_Fremont" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fremont">John Fremont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, and the heads of the Rogers law firm were solid Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In 1865, he ran for <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="District Attorney">District Attorney</a>, losing narrowly to his friend and roommate, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_K._Bass" title="Lyman K. Bass">Lyman K. Bass</a>, the Republican nominee.<a href="#cite_note-nevins52-33">[31]</a> In 1870, with the help of friend Oscar Folsom, Cleveland secured the Democratic nomination for <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Erie_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff of Erie County, New York">sheriff of Erie County, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nevins58-41">[39]</a> He won the election by a 303-vote margin and took office on January 1, 1871, at age 33.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> While this new career took him away from the practice of law, it was rewarding in other ways: the fees were said to yield up to $40,000, equivalent to $1,017,333 in 2023, over the two-year term.<a href="#cite_note-nevins58-41">[39]</a> Cleveland's service as sheriff was unremarkable. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Tugwell" title="Rexford Tugwell">Rexford Tugwell</a> described the time in office as a waste for Cleveland politically. Cleveland was aware of graft in the sheriff's office during his tenure and chose not to confront it.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> A notable incident of his term took place on September 6, 1872, when Patrick Morrissey was executed. He had been convicted of murdering his mother.<a href="#cite_note-morrisey-45">[43]</a> As sheriff, Cleveland was responsible for either personally carrying out the execution or paying a deputy $10 to perform the task.<a href="#cite_note-morrisey-45">[43]</a> In spite of reservations about the hanging, Cleveland executed Morrissey himself.<a href="#cite_note-morrisey-45">[43]</a> He hanged another murderer, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_in_New_York" title="List of people executed in New York">John Gaffney</a>, on February 14, 1873.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> After his term as sheriff ended, Cleveland returned to his law practice, opening a firm with his friends Lyman K. Bass and <a href="/wiki/Wilson_S._Bissell" title="Wilson S. Bissell">Wilson S. Bissell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Bass was later replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_J._Sicard" title="George J. Sicard">George J. Sicard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-locTimeline-48">[46]</a> Elected to Congress in 1872, Bass did not spend much time at the firm, but Cleveland and Bissell soon rose to the top of Buffalo's legal community.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Up to that point, Cleveland's political career had been honorable and unexceptional. As biographer <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> wrote, "Probably no man in the country, on March 4, 1881, had less thought than this limited, simple, sturdy attorney of Buffalo that four years later he would be standing in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> and taking the oath as President of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> It was during this period that Cleveland began courting a widow, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Halpin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Halpin">Maria Halpin</a>. She later accused him of raping her.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianProblemChild-53">[51]</a> It is unclear if Halpin was actually raped by Cleveland as some early reports stated or if their relationship was consensual.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[52]</a> In March 1876, Cleveland accused Halpin of being an alcoholic and had her child removed from her custody. The child was taken to the Protestant Orphan Asylum, and Cleveland paid for his stay there.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[52]</a> Cleveland had Halpin admitted to the Providence Asylum. Halpin was only kept at the asylum for five days because she was deemed not to be insane.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Cleveland later provided financial support for her to begin her own business outside of Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[52]</a> Although lacking irrefutable evidence that Cleveland was the father,<a href="#cite_note-:1-56">[54]</a> the child became a campaign issue for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in Cleveland's first presidential campaign, where they smeared him by claiming that he was "immoral" and for allegedly acting cruelly by not raising the child himself.<a href="#cite_note-:1-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henry_F._Graff_2002_61–63-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor_of_Buffalo">Mayor of Buffalo</h3></div> In the 1870s, the municipal government in Buffalo had grown increasingly corrupt, with Democratic and Republican <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a> cooperating to share the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils</a> of political office.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> When the Republicans nominated a slate of particularly disreputable machine politicians for the 1881 election, Democrats saw an opportunity to gain the votes of disaffected Republicans by nominating a more honest candidate.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Party leaders approached Cleveland, who agreed to run for <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Buffalo, New York">Mayor of Buffalo</a> provided the party's slate of candidates for other offices was to his liking.<a href="#cite_note-nevins80-60">[58]</a> More notorious politicians were left off the Democratic ticket and he accepted the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-nevins80-60">[58]</a> Cleveland <a href="/wiki/1881_Buffalo_mayoral_election" title="1881 Buffalo mayoral election">was elected</a> mayor that November with 15,120 votes, while his Republican opponent <a href="/wiki/Milton_Earl_Beebe" title="Milton Earl Beebe">Milton Earl Beebe</a> received 11,528 votes.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> He took office on January 2, 1882.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-Timeline-62">[60]</a> Cleveland's term as mayor was spent fighting the entrenched interests of the party machines.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Among the acts that established his reputation was a veto of the street-cleaning bill passed by the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Common_Council" title="Buffalo Common Council">Common Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-street-64">[62]</a> The street-cleaning contract had been the subject of competitive bidding, and the Council selected the highest bidder at $422,000, rather than the lowest at $100,000 less, because of the political connections of the bidder.<a href="#cite_note-street-64">[62]</a> While this sort of bipartisan graft had previously been tolerated in Buffalo, Mayor Cleveland would have none of it. His veto message said, "I regard it as the culmination of a most bare-faced, impudent, and shameless scheme to betray the interests of the people, and to worse than squander the public money."<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The Council reversed itself and awarded the contract to the lowest bidder.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Cleveland also asked the state legislature to form a Commission to develop a plan to improve the sewer system in Buffalo at a much lower cost than previously proposed locally; this plan was successfully adopted.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> For this, and other actions safeguarding public funds, Cleveland began to gain a reputation beyond Erie County as a leader willing to purge government corruption.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_New_York">Governor of New York</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GCleveland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GCleveland.png/220px-GCleveland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GCleveland.png/330px-GCleveland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GCleveland.png/440px-GCleveland.png 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3109" /></a><figcaption>Gubernatorial portrait of Grover Cleveland</figcaption></figure> New York Democratic party officials started to consider Cleveland a possible nominee for governor.<a href="#cite_note-nevins94-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Daniel Manning</a>, a party insider who admired Cleveland's record, was instrumental in his candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> With a split in the state Republican Party in 1882, the Democratic party was considered to be at an advantage; several men contended for that party's nomination.<a href="#cite_note-nevins94-69">[67]</a> The two leading Democratic candidates were <a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower" title="Roswell P. Flower">Roswell P. Flower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Henry Warner Slocum</a>. Their factions deadlocked and the convention could not agree on a nominee.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Cleveland, who came in third place on the first ballot, picked up support in subsequent votes and emerged as the compromise choice.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> With Republicans still divided heading into <a href="/wiki/1882_New_York_state_election" title="1882 New York state election">the general election</a>, Cleveland emerged the victor, receiving 535,318 votes to Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Charles J. Folger</a>'s 342,464.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Cleveland's margin of victory was, at the time, the largest in a contested New York election. The Democrats also picked up seats in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Cleveland brought his opposition to needless spending to the governor's office. He promptly sent the legislature eight vetoes in his first two months in office.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The first to attract attention was his veto of a bill to reduce the fares on <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway#Early_steam_and_elevated_railroads" title="History of the New York City Subway">New York City elevated trains</a> to five cents.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The bill had broad support because the trains' owner, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>, was unpopular, and his fare increases were widely denounced.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Cleveland saw the bill as unjust—Gould had taken over the railroads when they were failing and had made the system solvent again.<a href="#cite_note-nevins116-78">[76]</a> Cleveland believed that altering Gould's franchise would violate the <a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">federal Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nevins116-78">[76]</a> Despite the initial popularity of the fare-reduction bill, the newspapers praised Cleveland's veto.<a href="#cite_note-nevins116-78">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, then a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">Assembly</a>, had reluctantly voted for the bill with the intention of holding railroad barons accountable.<a href="#cite_note-nevins117-79">[77]</a> After the veto, Roosevelt and other legislators reversed their position, and Cleveland's veto was sustained.<a href="#cite_note-nevins117-79">[77]</a> Cleveland's defiance of political corruption won him popular acclaim. Yet it also brought the enmity of New York City's influential <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> organization and its boss, <a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(New_York_politician)" title="John Kelly (New York politician)">John Kelly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Tammany Hall and Kelly had disapproved of Cleveland's nomination for governor, and their resistance intensified after Cleveland openly opposed and prevented the re-election of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Grady" title="Thomas F. Grady">Thomas F. Grady</a>, their point man in the State Senate.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Cleveland also steadfastly opposed other Tammany nominees, as well as bills passed as a result of their deal-making.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The loss of Tammany's support was offset by the support of Theodore Roosevelt and other reform-minded Republicans, who helped Cleveland pass several laws to reform municipal governments.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Cleveland closely worked with Roosevelt, who served as assembly minority leader in 1883; the municipal legislation they cooperated on gained Cleveland national recognition.<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[1]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1884">Election of 1884</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1884_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1884 presidential campaign">Grover Cleveland 1884 presidential campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_for_president">Nomination for president</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernard_Gilliam_-_Phryne_before_the_Chicago_Tribunal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bernard_Gilliam_-_Phryne_before_the_Chicago_Tribunal.jpg/220px-Bernard_Gilliam_-_Phryne_before_the_Chicago_Tribunal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bernard_Gilliam_-_Phryne_before_the_Chicago_Tribunal.jpg/330px-Bernard_Gilliam_-_Phryne_before_the_Chicago_Tribunal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bernard_Gilliam_-_Phryne_before_the_Chicago_Tribunal.jpg/440px-Bernard_Gilliam_-_Phryne_before_the_Chicago_Tribunal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5140" data-file-height="3356" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Blaine cartoon presents him as the "tattooed man", with many indelible scandals.</figcaption></figure> In June 1884, the Republican Party convened their <a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">national convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, selecting former U.S. House Speaker <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> as their nominee for president. Blaine's nomination alienated many Republicans, including the <a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a>, who viewed Blaine as ambitious and immoral.<a href="#cite_note-nevins185-84">[82]</a> The Republican standard-bearer was further weakened when the Conkling faction and President <a href="/wiki/Chester_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Arthur">Chester Arthur</a> refused to give Blaine their strong support.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Democratic party leaders believed the Republicans' choice gave them an opportunity to win the White House for the first time since 1856 if the right candidate could be found.<a href="#cite_note-nevins185-84">[82]</a> Among the Democrats, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> was the initial front-runner, having been the party's nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">contested election of 1876</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nevins146-86">[84]</a> After Tilden declined a nomination due to his poor health, his supporters shifted to several other contenders.<a href="#cite_note-nevins146-86">[84]</a> Cleveland was among the leaders in early support, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> also had considerable followings, along with various <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite sons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nevins146-86">[84]</a> Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> for his actions during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>; Thurman was generally well-liked, but was growing old and infirm, and his views on the <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">silver question</a> were uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Cleveland, too, had detractors—Tammany remained opposed to him—but the nature of his enemies made him still more friends.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Cleveland led on the first ballot, with 392 votes out of 820.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> On the second ballot, Tammany threw its support behind Butler, but the rest of the delegates shifted to Cleveland, who won. Thomas A. Hendricks of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> was selected as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-nevins154-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_Blaine">Campaign against Blaine</h3></div> Corruption in politics was the central issue in 1884; Blaine had over the span of his career been involved in several questionable deals.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Cleveland's reputation as an opponent of corruption proved the Democrats' strongest asset.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> William C. Hudson created Cleveland's contextual campaign slogan "A public office is a public trust."<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Reform-minded Republicans called "<a href="/wiki/Mugwump" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugwump">Mugwumps</a>" denounced Blaine as corrupt and flocked to Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-mugwump-94">[92]</a> The Mugwumps, including such men as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a>, were more concerned with morality than with party, and felt Cleveland was a kindred soul who would promote civil service reform and fight for efficiency in government.<a href="#cite_note-mugwump-94">[92]</a> At the same time that the Democrats gained support from the Mugwumps, they lost some blue-collar workers to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Greenback_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Greenback Party">Greenback-Labor party</a>, led by ex-Democrat Benjamin Butler.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> In general, Cleveland abided by the precedent of minimizing presidential campaign travel and speechmaking; Blaine became one of the first to break with that tradition.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The campaign focused on the candidates' moral standards, as each side cast aspersions on their opponents. Cleveland's supporters rehashed the old allegations that Blaine had corruptly influenced legislation in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_and_Fort_Smith_Railroad" title="Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad">Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific Railway">Union Pacific Railway</a>, later profiting on the sale of bonds he owned in both companies.<a href="#cite_note-blaine-97">[95]</a> Although the stories of Blaine's favors to the railroads had made the rounds eight years earlier, this time Blaine's correspondence was discovered, making his earlier denials less plausible.<a href="#cite_note-blaine-97">[95]</a> On some of the most damaging correspondence, Blaine had written "Burn this letter", giving Democrats the last line to their rallying cry: "Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, the continental liar from the state of Maine, 'Burn this letter!'"<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_voice_for_Cleveland_-_F.B._LCCN95522869_-_restoration2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Another_voice_for_Cleveland_-_F.B._LCCN95522869_-_restoration2.jpg/220px-Another_voice_for_Cleveland_-_F.B._LCCN95522869_-_restoration2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Another_voice_for_Cleveland_-_F.B._LCCN95522869_-_restoration2.jpg/330px-Another_voice_for_Cleveland_-_F.B._LCCN95522869_-_restoration2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Another_voice_for_Cleveland_-_F.B._LCCN95522869_-_restoration2.jpg/440px-Another_voice_for_Cleveland_-_F.B._LCCN95522869_-_restoration2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="5272" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Cleveland cartoon highlights the Halpin scandal.</figcaption></figure> Regarding Cleveland, commentator <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jacoby_(columnist)" title="Jeff Jacoby (columnist)">Jeff Jacoby</a> notes that, "Not since George Washington had a candidate for President been so renowned for his rectitude."<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> But the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland's past. Aided by the sermons of Reverend <a href="/wiki/George_H._Ball" title="George H. Ball">George H. Ball</a>, a minister from Buffalo, they made public the allegation that Cleveland had fathered a child while he was a lawyer there,<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> and their rallies soon included the chant "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?".<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth."<a href="#cite_note-Henry_F._Graff_2002_61–63-57">[55]</a> He admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who asserted he had fathered her son Oscar Folsom Cleveland and he assumed responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Henry_F._Graff_2002_61–63-57">[55]</a> Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 election</a>, the Republican media published an affidavit from Halpin in which she stated that until she met Cleveland, her "life was pure and spotless", and "there is not, and never was, a doubt as to the paternity of our child, and the attempt of Grover Cleveland, or his friends, to couple the name of Oscar Folsom, or any one else, with that boy, for that purpose is simply infamous and false."<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1884.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ElectoralCollege1884.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1884.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ElectoralCollege1884.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege1884.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ElectoralCollege1884.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege1884.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The results of <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">the 1884 election</a></figcaption></figure> The electoral votes of closely contested New York, New Jersey, Indiana, and Connecticut would determine the election.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> In New York, the Tammany Democrats decided that they would gain more from supporting a Democrat they disliked than a Republican who would do nothing for them.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Blaine hoped that he would have more support from Irish Americans than Republicans typically did; while the Irish were mainly a Democratic constituency in the 19th century, Blaine's mother was Irish Catholic, and he had been supportive of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a> while he was Secretary of State.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The Irish, a significant group in three of the <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a>, did appear inclined to support Blaine until a Republican, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Burchard_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel D. Burchard (clergyman)">Samuel D. Burchard</a>, gave a speech pivotal for the Democrats, denouncing them as the party of "Rum, <a href="/wiki/Romanism" title="Romanism">Romanism</a>, and Rebellion".<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The Democrats spread the word of this implied anti-Catholic insult on the eve of the election. They also blistered Blaine for attending a banquet with some of New York City's wealthiest men.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> After the votes were counted, Cleveland narrowly won all four of the swing states, including New York by 1,200 votes.<a href="#cite_note-leip1884-108">[106]</a> While the popular vote total was close, with Cleveland winning by just one-quarter of a percent, the electoral votes gave Cleveland a majority of 219–182.<a href="#cite_note-leip1884-108">[106]</a> Following the electoral victory, the "Ma, Ma ..." attack phrase gained a classic riposte: "Gone to the White House. Ha! Ha! Ha!"<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_presidency_(1885–1889)">First presidency (1885–1889)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies of Grover Cleveland § First presidency (1885–1889)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform">Reform</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Tariffs_(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cleveland_Tariffs_%28edit%29.jpg/200px-Cleveland_Tariffs_%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cleveland_Tariffs_%28edit%29.jpg/300px-Cleveland_Tariffs_%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cleveland_Tariffs_%28edit%29.jpg/400px-Cleveland_Tariffs_%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Cleveland portrayed as a tariff reformer</figcaption></figure> Soon after taking office, Cleveland was faced with the task of filling all the government jobs for which the president had the power of appointment. These jobs were typically filled under the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>, but Cleveland announced that he would not fire any Republican who was doing his job well, and would not appoint anyone solely on the basis of party service.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> He also used his appointment powers to reduce the number of federal employees, as many departments had become bloated with political time-servers.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Later in his term, as his fellow Democrats chafed at being excluded from the spoils, Cleveland began to replace more of the partisan Republican officeholders with Democrats;<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> this was especially the case with policymaking positions.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> While some of his decisions were influenced by party concerns, more of Cleveland's appointments were decided by merit alone than was the case in his predecessors' administrations.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Cleveland also reformed other parts of the government. In 1887, he signed an act creating the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> He and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/William_C._Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Whitney">William C. Whitney</a> undertook to modernize the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> and canceled construction contracts that had resulted in inferior ships.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Cleveland angered railroad investors by ordering an investigation of Western lands they held by government grant. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Q._C._Lamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Q. C. Lamar">Lucius Q. C. Lamar</a> charged that the rights of way for this land must be returned to the public because the railroads failed to extend their lines according to agreements. The lands were forfeited, resulting in the return of approximately 81,000,000 acres (330,000 km2).<a href="#cite_note-rrgrants-117">[115]</a> Cleveland was the first Democratic president subject to the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a> which originated in 1867; the act purported to require the Senate to approve the dismissal of any presidential appointee who was originally subject to its advice and consent. Cleveland objected to the act in principle and his steadfast refusal to abide by it prompted its fall into disfavor and led to its ultimate repeal in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vetoes">Vetoes</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 250px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -70px; left: -47px; width: 315px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:CLEVELAND,_Grover-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) engraved portrait of Cleveland as president" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/CLEVELAND%2C_Grover-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/315px-CLEVELAND%2C_Grover-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/CLEVELAND%2C_Grover-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/473px-CLEVELAND%2C_Grover-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/CLEVELAND%2C_Grover-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/630px-CLEVELAND%2C_Grover-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7912" data-file-height="10213" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CLEVELAND,_Grover-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:CLEVELAND, Grover-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a> (BEP) engraved portrait of Cleveland as president </div> </div> </div> As Congress and its Republican-led Senate sent Cleveland legislation he opposed, he often resorted to using his veto power.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> He vetoed hundreds of private pension bills for <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> veterans, believing that if their pensions requests had already been rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Pension_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pension Bureau">Pension Bureau</a>, Congress should not attempt to override that decision.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> When Congress, pressured by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a>, passed <a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_Disability_Pension_Act" title="Dependent and Disability Pension Act">a bill granting pensions</a> for disabilities not caused by military service, Cleveland also vetoed that.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In his first term alone, Cleveland used the veto 414 times, which was more than four times more often than any previous president had used it.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In 1887, Cleveland issued his most well-known veto, that of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Seed_Bill" title="Texas Seed Bill">Texas Seed Bill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nevins331-123">[121]</a> After a drought had ruined crops in several Texas counties, Congress appropriated $100,000 (equivalent to $3,391,111 in 2023) to purchase seed grain for farmers there.<a href="#cite_note-nevins331-123">[121]</a> Cleveland vetoed the expenditure. In his veto message, he espoused a theory of limited government: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I can find no warrant for such an appropriation in the Constitution, and I do not believe that the power and duty of the general government ought to be extended to the relief of individual suffering which is in no manner properly related to the public service or benefit. A prevalent tendency to disregard the limited mission of this power and duty should, I think, be steadfastly resisted, to the end that the lesson should be constantly enforced that, though the people support the government, the government should not support the people. The friendliness and charity of our countrymen can always be relied upon to relieve their fellow-citizens in misfortune. This has been repeatedly and quite lately demonstrated. Federal aid in such cases encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the government and weakens the sturdiness of our national character, while it prevents the indulgence among our people of that kindly sentiment and conduct which strengthens the bonds of a common brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver">Silver</h3></div> One of the most volatile issues of the 1880s was whether the currency should be backed by <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">gold and silver</a>, or by <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold alone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> The issue cut across party lines, with Western Republicans and Southern Democrats joining in the call for the free coinage of silver, and both parties' representatives in the northeast holding firm for the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nevins201-126">[124]</a> Because silver was worth less than its legal equivalent in gold, taxpayers paid their government bills in silver, while international creditors demanded payment in gold, resulting in a depletion of the nation's gold supply.<a href="#cite_note-nevins201-126">[124]</a> Cleveland and Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Daniel Manning</a> stood firmly on the side of the gold standard, and tried to reduce the amount of silver that the government was required to coin under the <a href="/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act</a> of 1878.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Cleveland unsuccessfully appealed to Congress to repeal this law before he was inaugurated.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Angered Westerners and Southerners advocated for cheap money to help their poorer constituents.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In reply, one of the foremost silverites, <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a>, introduced a bill in 1886 that would require the government to coin unlimited amounts of silver, inflating the then-deflating currency.<a href="#cite_note-nevins273-130">[128]</a> While Bland's bill was defeated, so was a bill the administration favored that would repeal any silver coinage requirement.<a href="#cite_note-nevins273-130">[128]</a> The result was a retention of the status quo, and a postponement of the resolution of the free-silver issue.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tariffs">Tariffs</h3></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with only such deduction as may be his share toward the careful and economical maintenance of the Government which protects him, it is plain that the exaction of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice ... The public Treasury, which should only exist as a conduit conveying the people's tribute to its legitimate objects of expenditure, becomes a hoarding place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the people's use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country's development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening financial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder." </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Cleveland's third annual message to Congress, December 6, 1887.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Another contentious financial issue at the time was the protective <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a>. These tariffs had been implemented as a temporary measure during the civil war to protect American industrial interests but remained in place after the war.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> While it had not been a central point in his campaign, Cleveland's opinion on the tariff was that of most Democrats: that the tariff ought to be reduced.<a href="#cite_note-nevins280-134">[132]</a> Republicans generally favored a high tariff to protect American industries.<a href="#cite_note-nevins280-134">[132]</a> American tariffs had been high since the Civil War, and by the 1880s the tariff brought in so much revenue that the government was running a surplus.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> In 1886, a bill to reduce the tariff was narrowly defeated in the House.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The tariff issue was emphasized in <a href="/wiki/1886_United_States_House_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1886 United States House elections">the Congressional elections that year</a>, and the forces of protectionism increased their numbers in the Congress, but Cleveland continued to advocate tariff reform.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> As the surplus grew, Cleveland and the reformers called for a tariff for revenue only.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> His message to Congress in 1887 (quoted at right) highlighted the injustice of taking more money from the people than the government needed to pay its operating expenses.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Republicans, as well as protectionist northern Democrats like <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a>, believed that American industries would fail without high tariffs, and they continued to fight reform efforts.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">Roger Q. Mills</a>, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, proposed a bill to reduce the tariff from about 47% to about 40%.<a href="#cite_note-graff88-142">[140]</a> After significant exertions by Cleveland and his allies, the bill passed the House.<a href="#cite_note-graff88-142">[140]</a> The Republican Senate failed to come to an agreement with the Democratic House, and the bill died in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Conference_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Conference committee">conference committee</a>. Dispute over the tariff persisted into the 1888 presidential election.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy,_1885–1889">Foreign policy, 1885–1889</h3></div> Cleveland was a committed non-interventionist who had campaigned in opposition to expansion and imperialism. He refused to promote the previous administration's <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua canal">Nicaragua canal</a> treaty, and generally was less of an expansionist in foreign relations.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Cleveland's Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> of the United Kingdom over fishing rights in the waters off Canada, and struck a conciliatory note, despite the opposition of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>'s Republican Senators.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Cleveland also withdrew from Senate consideration of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference treaty</a> which guaranteed an open door for U.S. interests in <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wealth-145">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_policy,_1885–1889">Military policy, 1885–1889</h3></div> Cleveland's military policy emphasized self-defense and modernization. In 1885 Cleveland appointed the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Fortifications" title="Board of Fortifications">Board of Fortifications</a> under <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">William C. Endicott</a> to recommend a new <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">coastal fortification</a> system for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Berhow,_pp._9-10-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdsg.org-147">[145]</a> No improvements to U.S. coastal defenses had been made since the late 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The Board's 1886 report recommended a massive $127 million construction program (equivalent to $4.3 billion in 2023) at 29 <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defense_Command" title="Harbor Defense Command">harbors and river estuaries</a>, to include new breech-loading rifled guns, mortars, and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_mines_in_United_States_harbor_defense" title="Submarine mines in United States harbor defense">naval minefields</a>. The Board and the program are usually called the Endicott Board and the Endicott Program. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented, and by 1910, 27 locations were defended by over 70 forts.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Many of the weapons remained in place until scrapped in World War II as they were replaced with new defenses. Endicott also proposed to Congress a system of examinations for Army officer promotions.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> For the Navy, the Cleveland administration, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney" title="William Collins Whitney">William Collins Whitney</a>, moved towards modernization, although no ships were constructed that could match the best European warships. Although completion of the four steel-hulled warships begun under the previous administration was delayed due to a corruption investigation and subsequent bankruptcy of their building yard, these ships were completed in a timely manner in <a href="/wiki/Naval_shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval shipyard">naval shipyards</a> once the investigation was over.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Sixteen additional steel-hulled warships were ordered by the end of 1888; these ships later proved vital in the Spanish–American War of 1898, and many served in World War I. These ships included the "second-class <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>" <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(1892)" title="USS Texas (1892)">Texas</a>, designed to match modern armored ships recently acquired by South American countries from Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Riachuelo" title="Brazilian battleship Riachuelo">Brazilian battleship Riachuelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Eleven <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruisers</a> (including the famous <a href="/wiki/USS_Olympia_(C-6)" title="USS Olympia (C-6)">Olympia</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitor</a> were also ordered, along with the experimental cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Vesuvius_(1888)" title="USS Vesuvius (1888)">Vesuvius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grover_Cleveland_Portrait.jpg/220px-Grover_Cleveland_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grover_Cleveland_Portrait.jpg/330px-Grover_Cleveland_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Grover_Cleveland_Portrait.jpg/440px-Grover_Cleveland_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>Cleveland in 1888</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_and_immigration">Civil rights and immigration</h3></div> Under Cleveland, gains in civil rights for African Americans were limited.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Cleveland, like a growing number of Northerners and nearly all white Southerners, saw <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> as a failed experiment,<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> and was reluctant to use federal power to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>, which guaranteed voting rights to African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-welch65-158">[156]</a> Though Cleveland appointed no black Americans to patronage jobs, he allowed <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> to continue in his post as <a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_deeds" title="Recorder of deeds">recorder of deeds</a> in Washington, D.C., and appointed another black man (<a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_Matthews" title="James Campbell Matthews">James Campbell Matthews</a>, a former New York judge) to replace Douglass upon his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-welch65-158">[156]</a> His decision to replace Douglass with a black man was met with outrage, but Cleveland claimed to have known Matthews personally.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Although Cleveland had condemned the "outrages" against Chinese immigrants, he believed that Chinese immigrants were unwilling to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilate</a> into white society.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard negotiated an extension to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>, and Cleveland lobbied the Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act</a>, written by Congressman <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Scott" title="William Lawrence Scott">William Lawrence Scott</a>, which prevented the return of Chinese immigrants who left the United States.<a href="#cite_note-welch73-161">[159]</a> The Scott Act easily passed both houses of Congress, and Cleveland signed it into law on October 1, 1888.<a href="#cite_note-welch73-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_policy">Native American policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryLDawes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/HenryLDawes.jpg/170px-HenryLDawes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/HenryLDawes.jpg/255px-HenryLDawes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/HenryLDawes.jpg/340px-HenryLDawes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4873" data-file-height="5375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Henry L. Dawes</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a>, which Cleveland signed into law.</figcaption></figure> Cleveland viewed Native Americans as <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of the state">wards of the state</a>, saying in his first inaugural address that "[t]his guardianship involves, on our part, efforts for the improvement of their condition and enforcement of their rights."<a href="#cite_note-welch70-162">[160]</a> He encouraged the idea of cultural assimilation, pushing for the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a>, which would allow lands held in trust by the federal government for the tribes to instead be distributed to individual tribe members.<a href="#cite_note-welch70-162">[160]</a> While a conference of Native leaders endorsed the act, in practice the majority of Native Americans disapproved of it.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Cleveland believed the Dawes Act would lift Native Americans out of poverty and encourage their assimilation into white society. It ultimately weakened the tribal governments and allowed individual Indians to sell land and keep the money.<a href="#cite_note-welch70-162">[160]</a> In the month before Cleveland's 1885 inauguration, President Arthur opened four million acres of <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago (tribe)">Winnebago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Creek Reservation">Crow Creek</a> Indian lands in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> to white settlement by executive order.<a href="#cite_note-B141-164">[162]</a> Tens of thousands of settlers gathered at the border of these lands and prepared to take possession of them.<a href="#cite_note-B141-164">[162]</a> Cleveland believed Arthur's order to be in violation of treaties with the tribes, and rescinded it on April 17 of that year, ordering the settlers out of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-B141-164">[162]</a> Cleveland sent in eighteen <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> of Army troops to enforce the treaties and ordered General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>, at the time Commanding General of the U.S. Army, to investigate the matter.<a href="#cite_note-B141-164">[162]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Grover_Cleveland_and_Frances_Folsom" title="Wedding of Grover Cleveland and Frances Folsom">Wedding of Grover Cleveland and Frances Folsom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Folsom_Cleveland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Frances_Folsom_Cleveland.jpg/200px-Frances_Folsom_Cleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Frances_Folsom_Cleveland.jpg/300px-Frances_Folsom_Cleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Frances_Folsom_Cleveland.jpg/400px-Frances_Folsom_Cleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption>Frances Folsom Cleveland <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1886</figcaption></figure> Cleveland was 47 years old when he entered the White House as a bachelor. His sister <a href="/wiki/Rose_Cleveland" title="Rose Cleveland">Rose Cleveland</a> joined him, acting as hostess for the first 15 months of his administration.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Unlike the previous bachelor president <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, Cleveland did not remain a bachelor for long. In 1885, the daughter of Cleveland's friend Oscar Folsom visited him in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-graff78-166">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Folsom</a> was a student at <a href="/wiki/Wells_College" title="Wells College">Wells College</a>. When she returned to school, President Cleveland received her mother's permission to correspond with her, and they were soon engaged to be married.<a href="#cite_note-graff78-166">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Grover_Cleveland_and_Frances_Folsom" title="Wedding of Grover Cleveland and Frances Folsom">wedding</a> occurred on June 2, 1886, in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Room_(White_House)" title="Blue Room (White House)">Blue Room</a> at the White House. Cleveland was 49 years old at the time; Frances was 21.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> He was the second president to wed while in office<a href="#cite_note-168">[c]</a> and remains the only president to marry in the White House. This marriage was unusual because Cleveland was the executor of Oscar Folsom's estate and had supervised Frances's upbringing after her father's death; nevertheless, the public took no exception to the match.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> At 21 years, Frances Folsom Cleveland was and remains the youngest <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> in history, and soon became popular for her warm personality.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> The Clevelands had five children: <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Cleveland" title="Ruth Cleveland">Ruth</a> (1891–1904), <a href="/wiki/Esther_Cleveland" title="Esther Cleveland">Esther</a> (1893–1980), Marion (1895–1977), <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Cleveland" title="Richard F. Cleveland">Richard</a> (1897–1974), and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cleveland" title="Francis Cleveland">Francis</a> (1903–1995). British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a> (1920–2010) was their granddaughter.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Ruth contracted <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> on January 2, 1904, and died five days after her diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Quinn-172">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_Candy_Company" title="Curtiss Candy Company">Curtiss Candy Company</a> would later assert that the "<a href="/wiki/Baby_Ruth" title="Baby Ruth">Baby Ruth</a>" candy bar was named after her.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Cleveland also claimed paternity of a child with Maria Crofts Halpin, Oscar Folsom Cleveland, who was born in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_Cabinet">Administration and Cabinet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_First_Cabinet_(edited).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cleveland First Cabinet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cleveland_First_Cabinet_%28edited%29.png/360px-Cleveland_First_Cabinet_%28edited%29.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cleveland_First_Cabinet_%28edited%29.png/540px-Cleveland_First_Cabinet_%28edited%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cleveland_First_Cabinet_%28edited%29.png/720px-Cleveland_First_Cabinet_%28edited%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Cleveland's first Cabinet. Front row, left to right: Thomas F. Bayard, Cleveland, Daniel Manning, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Q._C._Lamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Q. C. Lamar">Lucius Q. C. Lamar</a> Back row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">William F. Vilas</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Whitney">William C. Whitney</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Endicott" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Endicott">William C. Endicott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_H._Garland" title="Augustus H. Garland">Augustus H. Garland</a> </figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:0; margin-right:0; float:none; clear:none;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The First Cleveland cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">Grover Cleveland</th><td>1885–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></th><td>1885</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold">None</th><td>1885–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></th><td>1885–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Daniel Manning</a></th><td>1885–1887</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Charles S. Fairchild</a></th><td>1887–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">William Crowninshield Endicott</a></th><td>1885–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Hill Garland">Augustus Hill Garland</a></th><td>1885–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Freeman_Vilas" class="mw-redirect" title="William Freeman Vilas">William Freeman Vilas</a></th><td>1885–1888</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Dickinson" title="Donald M. Dickinson">Donald M. Dickinson</a></th><td>1888–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney" title="William Collins Whitney">William Collins Whitney</a></th><td>1885–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar</a></th><td>1885–1888</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Freeman_Vilas" class="mw-redirect" title="William Freeman Vilas">William Freeman Vilas</a></th><td>1888–1889</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jay_Coleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Jay Coleman">Norman Jay Coleman</a></th><td>1889</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland" title="List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland">List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg/170px-Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg/255px-Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg/340px-Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Chief Justice Melville Fuller</figcaption></figure> During his first term, Cleveland successfully nominated two justices to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. The first, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, was a former <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> senator who served in Cleveland's Cabinet as Interior Secretary. When <a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">William Burnham Woods</a> died, Cleveland nominated Lamar to his seat in late 1887. Lamar's nomination was confirmed by the narrow margin of 32 to 28.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> died a few months later, and Cleveland nominated <a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> to fill his seat on April 30, 1888. Fuller accepted. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> spent several months examining the little-known nominee, before the Senate confirmed the nomination 41 to 20.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> Cleveland nominated 41 lower federal court judges in addition to his four Supreme Court justices. These included two judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_circuit_court" title="United States circuit court">United States circuit courts</a>, nine judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Courts of Appeals">United States Courts of Appeals</a>, and 30 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district courts">United States district courts</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1888_and_first_post-presidency_(1889–1893)">Election of 1888 and first post-presidency (1889–1893)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeated_by_Harrison">Defeated by Harrison</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1888DemocraticPoster_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1888DemocraticPoster_2.png/220px-1888DemocraticPoster_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1888DemocraticPoster_2.png/330px-1888DemocraticPoster_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1888DemocraticPoster_2.png/440px-1888DemocraticPoster_2.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Poster President Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman of Ohio (1888)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1888.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ElectoralCollege1888.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1888.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ElectoralCollege1888.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege1888.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ElectoralCollege1888.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege1888.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 1888 election</figcaption></figure> The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison, the former U.S. Senator from Indiana for president and <a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> of New York for vice president. Cleveland was renominated at the <a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">Democratic convention in St. Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-graff90-178">[175]</a> Following Vice President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a>' death in 1885, the Democrats chose <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a> of Ohio to be Cleveland's new running mate.<a href="#cite_note-graff90-178">[175]</a> The Republicans gained the upper hand in the campaign, as Cleveland's campaign was poorly managed by <a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Calvin S. Brice</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Barnum" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Barnum">William H. Barnum</a>, whereas Harrison had engaged more aggressive fundraisers and tacticians in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matt Quay</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wanamaker" title="John Wanamaker">John Wanamaker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> The Republicans campaigned heavily on the tariff issue, turning out protectionist voters in the important industrial states of the North.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> Further, the Democrats in New York were divided over the gubernatorial candidacy of <a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a>, weakening Cleveland's support in that swing state.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Murchison_letter" title="Murchison letter">letter from the British ambassador</a> supporting Cleveland caused a scandal that cost Cleveland votes in New York. As in 1884, the election focused on the swing states of New York, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. But unlike that year, when Cleveland had triumphed in all four, in 1888 he won only two, losing his home state of New York by 14,373 votes. Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote – 48.6 percent vs. 47.8 percent for Harrison – but Harrison won the Electoral College vote easily, 233–168.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> The Republicans won Indiana, largely as the result of a fraudulent voting practice known as <a href="/wiki/Blocks_of_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocks of Five">Blocks of Five</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Cleveland continued his duties diligently until the end of the term and began to look forward to returning to private life.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_citizen_for_four_years">Private citizen for four years</h3></div> As Frances Cleveland left the White House, she told a staff member, "Now, Jerry, I want you to take good care of all the furniture and ornaments in the house, for I want to find everything just as it is now, when we come back again." When asked when she would return, she responded, "We are coming back four years from today."<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> In the meantime, the Clevelands moved to New York City, where Cleveland took a position with the law firm of Bangs, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lynde_Stetson" title="Francis Lynde Stetson">Stetson</a>, Tracy, and MacVeigh. This affiliation was more of an office-sharing arrangement, though quite compatible.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Cleveland's law practice brought only a moderate income, perhaps because Cleveland spent considerable time at the couple's vacation home <a href="/wiki/Gray_Gables" title="Gray Gables">Gray Gables</a> at Buzzard Bay, where fishing became his obsession.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> While they lived in New York, the Clevelands' first child, Ruth, was born in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> The Harrison administration worked with Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">McKinley Tariff</a>, an aggressively protectionist measure, and the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a>, which increased money backed by silver;<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> these were among policies Cleveland deplored as dangerous to the nation's financial health.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> At first he refrained from criticizing his successor, but by 1891 Cleveland felt compelled to speak out, addressing his concerns in an open letter to a meeting of reformers in New York.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> The "silver letter" thrust Cleveland's name back into the spotlight just as the 1892 election was approaching.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1892">Election of 1892</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1892_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign">Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_for_president_2">Nomination for president</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 Democratic National Convention</a></div> Cleveland's enduring reputation as chief executive and his recent pronouncements on the monetary issues made him a leading contender for the Democratic nomination.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> His leading opponent was David B. Hill, a Senator for New York.<a href="#cite_note-nevins470-193">[190]</a> Hill united the anti-Cleveland elements of the Democratic party—silverites, protectionists, and Tammany Hall—but was unable to create a coalition large enough to deny Cleveland the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-nevins470-193">[190]</a> Despite some desperate maneuvering by Hill, Cleveland was nominated on the first ballot at the party convention in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> For vice president, the Democrats chose to balance the ticket with <a href="/wiki/Adlai_E._Stevenson_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlai E. Stevenson I">Adlai E. Stevenson</a> of Illinois, a silverite.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Although the Cleveland forces preferred <a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray" title="Isaac P. Gray">Isaac P. Gray</a> of Indiana for vice president, they accepted the convention favorite.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> As a supporter of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">greenbacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in the rural districts, Stevenson balanced the otherwise <a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">hard-money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold-standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold-standard">gold-standard</a> ticket headed by Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_Harrison">Campaign against Harrison</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1892.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ElectoralCollege1892.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1892.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ElectoralCollege1892.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege1892.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ElectoralCollege1892.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege1892.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 1892 election</figcaption></figure> The Republicans re-nominated President Harrison, making the 1892 election a rematch of the one four years earlier. Unlike the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election was, according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, "the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation",<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> in part because Harrison's wife, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Harrison" title="Caroline Harrison">Caroline</a>, was dying of tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Harrison did not personally campaign at all. Following Caroline Harrison's death on October 25, two weeks before the national election, Cleveland and all of the other candidates stopped campaigning, thus making Election Day a somber and quiet event for the whole country as well as the candidates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The issue of the tariff had worked to the Republicans' advantage in 1888. Now, however, the legislative revisions of the past four years had made imported goods so expensive that by 1892, many voters favored tariff reform and were skeptical of big business.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Many Westerners (traditionally Republican voters), defected to <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>, the candidate of the new <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist Party</a>. Weaver promised free silver, generous veterans' pensions, and an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_work_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour work day">eight-hour work day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> The Tammany Hall Democrats adhered to the national ticket, allowing a united Democratic party to carry New York.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> At the campaign's end, many Populists and labor supporters endorsed Cleveland following an attempt by the Carnegie Corporation to break the union during the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a> in Pittsburgh and after a similar <a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">conflict between big business and labor at the Tennessee Coal and Iron Co</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> The final result was a victory for Cleveland by wide margins in both the popular and electoral votes, and it was Cleveland's third consecutive popular vote plurality. This made Cleveland the first U.S. president to serve two non-consecutive terms. It is expected that <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> will become the second after winning the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 election</a>, having previously served as president from 2017 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_presidency_(1893–1897)">Second presidency (1893–1897)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies of Grover Cleveland § Second presidency (1893–1897)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_panic_and_the_silver_issue">Economic panic and the silver issue</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:It_can_not_pass_while_he_is_there_-_Dalrymple._LCCN2012648637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/It_can_not_pass_while_he_is_there_-_Dalrymple._LCCN2012648637.jpg/220px-It_can_not_pass_while_he_is_there_-_Dalrymple._LCCN2012648637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/It_can_not_pass_while_he_is_there_-_Dalrymple._LCCN2012648637.jpg/330px-It_can_not_pass_while_he_is_there_-_Dalrymple._LCCN2012648637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/It_can_not_pass_while_he_is_there_-_Dalrymple._LCCN2012648637.jpg/440px-It_can_not_pass_while_he_is_there_-_Dalrymple._LCCN2012648637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Cleveland as anti-silver</figcaption></figure> Shortly after Cleveland's second term began, the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> struck the stock market, leaving Cleveland and the nation to face an <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> The panic was worsened by the acute shortage of gold that resulted from the increased coinage of silver, and Cleveland called Congress into special session to deal with the problem.<a href="#cite_note-nevins526-206">[203]</a> The debate over the coinage was as heated as ever, and the effects of the panic had driven more moderates to support repealing the coinage provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nevins526-206">[203]</a> Even so, the silverites rallied their following at a convention in Chicago, and the House of Representatives debated for fifteen weeks before passing the repeal by a considerable margin.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> In the Senate, the repeal of silver coinage was equally contentious. Cleveland, forced against his better judgment to lobby the Congress for repeal, convinced enough Democrats—and along with eastern Republicans, they formed a 48–37 majority for repeal.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Depletion of the Treasury's gold reserves continued, at a lesser rate, and subsequent bond issues replenished supplies of gold.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> At the time the repeal seemed a minor setback to silverites, but it marked the beginning of the end of silver as a basis for American currency.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tariff_reform">Tariff reform</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland_and_Wilson-Gorman_Tariff_Cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grover_Cleveland_and_Wilson-Gorman_Tariff_Cartoon.jpg/220px-Grover_Cleveland_and_Wilson-Gorman_Tariff_Cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grover_Cleveland_and_Wilson-Gorman_Tariff_Cartoon.jpg/330px-Grover_Cleveland_and_Wilson-Gorman_Tariff_Cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Grover_Cleveland_and_Wilson-Gorman_Tariff_Cartoon.jpg/440px-Grover_Cleveland_and_Wilson-Gorman_Tariff_Cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Cleveland's humiliation by Gorman and the sugar trust</figcaption></figure> Having succeeded in reversing the Harrison administration's silver policy, Cleveland sought next to reverse the effects of the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">McKinley Tariff</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act</a> was introduced by West Virginian Representative <a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">William L. Wilson</a> in December 1893.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> After lengthy debate, the bill passed the House by a considerable margin.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> The bill proposed moderate downward revisions in the tariff, especially on raw materials.<a href="#cite_note-nevins564-213">[210]</a> The shortfall in revenue was to be made up by an <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> of two percent on income above $4,000 (equivalent to $135,644 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-nevins564-213">[210]</a> The bill was next considered in the Senate, where it faced stronger opposition from key Democrats, led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pue_Gorman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Pue Gorman">Arthur Pue Gorman</a> of Maryland, who insisted that more protection for their states' industries be added.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> The bill passed the Senate with more than 600 amendments attached that nullified most of the reforms.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Sugar_Refining_Company" title="American Sugar Refining Company">Sugar Trust</a> in particular lobbied for changes that favored it at the expense of the consumer.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> Cleveland was outraged with the final bill, and denounced it as a disgraceful product of the control of the Senate by trusts and business interests.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> Even so, he believed it was an improvement over the McKinley tariff and allowed it to become law without his signature.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_rights">Voting rights</h3></div> In 1892, Cleveland had campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Lodge_Bill" title="Lodge Bill">Lodge Bill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> which would have strengthened <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">voting rights protections</a> through the appointing of federal supervisors of congressional elections upon a petition from the citizens of any district. The <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforcement Act of 1871">Enforcement Act of 1871</a> had provided for a detailed federal overseeing of the electoral process, from registration to the certification of returns. Cleveland succeeded in ushering in the 1894 repeal of this law (ch. 25, 28 Stat. 36).<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> The pendulum thus swung from stronger attempts to protect voting rights to the repealing of voting rights protections; this in turn led to unsuccessful attempts to have the federal courts protect voting rights in <a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a>, 189 U.S. 475 (1903), and Giles v. Teasley, 193 U.S. 146 (1904).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_unrest">Labor unrest</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_t_morgan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/John_t_morgan.jpg/170px-John_t_morgan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/John_t_morgan.jpg/255px-John_t_morgan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/John_t_morgan.jpg/340px-John_t_morgan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tyler Morgan">John Tyler Morgan</a>, Senator from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, opposed Cleveland on free silver, the tariff, and the Hawaii treaty, saying of Cleveland that "I hate the ground that man walks on."<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a></figcaption></figure> The Panic of 1893 had damaged labor conditions across the United States, and the victory of anti-silver legislation worsened the mood of western laborers.<a href="#cite_note-coxey-222">[219]</a> A group of workingmen led by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_S._Coxey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob S. Coxey">Jacob S. Coxey</a> began to march east toward Washington, D.C., to protest Cleveland's policies.<a href="#cite_note-coxey-222">[219]</a> This group, known as <a href="/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army" title="Coxey's Army">Coxey's Army</a>, agitated in favor of a national roads program to give jobs to workingmen, and a weakened currency to help farmers pay their debts.<a href="#cite_note-coxey-222">[219]</a> By the time they reached Washington, only a few hundred remained, and when Coxey and other protest leaders were arrested the next day for walking on the lawn of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, the group scattered.<a href="#cite_note-coxey-222">[219]</a> Even though Coxey's Army may not have been a threat to the government, it signaled a growing dissatisfaction in the West with Eastern monetary policies.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pullman_Strike">Pullman Strike</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></div> The Pullman Strike had a significantly greater impact than Coxey's Army. A strike began against the <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Company" title="Pullman Company">Pullman Company</a> over low wages and twelve-hour workdays, and sympathy strikes, led by <a href="/wiki/American_Railway_Union" title="American Railway Union">American Railway Union</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>, soon followed.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> By June 1894, 125,000 railroad workers were on strike, paralyzing the nation's commerce.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> Because the railroads carried the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">mail</a>, and because several of the affected lines were in <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States" title="Bankruptcy in the United States">federal receivership</a>, Cleveland believed a federal solution was appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Cleveland obtained an injunction in federal court, and when the strikers refused to obey it, he sent federal troops into Chicago and 20 other rail centers.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago", he proclaimed, "that card will be delivered."<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> Most governors supported Cleveland except Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_P._Altgeld" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Altgeld">John P. Altgeld</a> of Illinois, who became his bitter foe in 1896. Leading newspapers of both parties applauded Cleveland's actions, but the use of troops hardened the attitude of organized labor toward his administration.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Just before the 1894 election, Cleveland was warned by Francis Lynde Stetson, an advisor: "We are on the eve of [a] very dark night, unless a return of commercial prosperity relieves popular discontent with what they believe [is] Democratic incompetence to make laws, and consequently [discontent] with Democratic Administrations anywhere and everywhere."<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> The warning was appropriate, for in the Congressional elections, Republicans won their biggest landslide in decades, taking full control of the House, while the Populists lost most of their support. Cleveland's factional enemies gained control of the Democratic Party in state after state, including full control in Illinois and Michigan, and made major gains in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and other states. Wisconsin and Massachusetts were two of the few states that remained under the control of Cleveland's allies. The Democratic opposition were close to controlling two-thirds of the vote at the 1896 national convention, which they needed to nominate their own candidate. They failed for lack of unity and a national leader, as Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld had been born in Germany and was ineligible to be nominated for president.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy,_1893–1897">Foreign policy, 1893–1897</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Blount_Report" title="Blount Report">Blount Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Report" title="Morgan Report">Morgan Report</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">Venezuelan crisis of 1895</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"I suppose that right and justice should determine the path to be followed in treating this subject. If national honesty is to be disregarded and a desire for territorial expansion or dissatisfaction with a form of government not our own ought to regulate our conduct, I have entirely misapprehended the mission and character of our government and the behavior which the conscience of the people demands of their public servants." </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">Cleveland's message to Congress on the Hawaiian question, December 18, 1893.<a href="#cite_note-nevins560-232">[229]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:His_Little_Hawaiian_Game_Checkmated_political_cartoon_1894_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/His_Little_Hawaiian_Game_Checkmated_political_cartoon_1894_%28retouched%29.jpg/260px-His_Little_Hawaiian_Game_Checkmated_political_cartoon_1894_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/His_Little_Hawaiian_Game_Checkmated_political_cartoon_1894_%28retouched%29.jpg/390px-His_Little_Hawaiian_Game_Checkmated_political_cartoon_1894_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/His_Little_Hawaiian_Game_Checkmated_political_cartoon_1894_%28retouched%29.jpg/520px-His_Little_Hawaiian_Game_Checkmated_political_cartoon_1894_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>His Little Hawaiian Game Checkmated, from <a href="/wiki/Judge_(magazine)" title="Judge (magazine)">Judge</a>, 1894</figcaption></figure> When Cleveland took office, he faced the question of Hawaiian annexation. In his first term, he had supported free trade with the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> and accepted an amendment that gave the United States a coaling and naval station in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wealth-145">[143]</a> A treaty of peace and friendship existed between the United States and Hawai'i.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[5]</a> In the intervening four years, however, Honolulu businessmen of European and American ancestry had denounced Queen <a href="/wiki/Liliuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliuokalani">Liliuokalani</a> as a tyrant who rejected constitutional government. In January 1893 they <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">overthrew her</a>, set up a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">provisional government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole" title="Sanford B. Dole">Sanford B. Dole</a>, and sought to join the United States.<a href="#cite_note-nevins549-233">[230]</a> The Harrison administration had quickly agreed with representatives of the new government on a treaty of annexation and submitted it to the Senate for approval.<a href="#cite_note-nevins549-233">[230]</a> However, the presence in Honolulu of <a href="/wiki/U.S._marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. marines">U.S. Marines</a> from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)" title="USS Boston (1884)">USS Boston</a> while the coup unfolded, deployed at the request of U.S. Minister to Hawaii <a href="/wiki/John_L._Stevens" title="John L. Stevens">John L. Stevens</a>, caused serious controversy.<a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> Five days after taking office on March 9, 1893, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate and sent former Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_Blount" title="James Henderson Blount">James Henderson Blount</a> to Hawai'i to investigate the situation.<a href="#cite_note-blount-235">[232]</a> Cleveland agreed with <a href="/wiki/Blount_Report" title="Blount Report">Blount's report</a>, which found the <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">native Hawaiians</a> to be opposed to annexation;<a href="#cite_note-blount-235">[232]</a> the report also found U.S. diplomatic and military involvement in the coup.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[5]</a> It included over a thousand pages of documents.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> A firm <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">anti-imperialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[4]</a> Cleveland opposed American actions in Hawaii and called for the queen to be restored; he disapproved of the new provisional government under Dole.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[6]</a> But matters stalled when Liliuokalani initially refused to grant amnesty as a condition for regaining her throne, saying she would either execute or banish the new leadership in Honolulu. Dole's government was in full control and rejected her demands.<a href="#cite_note-nevins558-237">[234]</a> By December 1893, the matter was still unresolved, and Cleveland referred the issue to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-nevins558-237">[234]</a> Cleveland delivered a message to Congress dated December 18, 1893, rejecting annexation and encouraging Congress to continue the American tradition of non-intervention (see excerpt at right).<a href="#cite_note-nevins560-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> He expressed himself in forceful terms, saying the presence of U.S. forces near the Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi%C5%8Dlani_Hale" title="Aliʻiōlani Hale">government building</a> and <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace" title="ʻIolani Palace">royal palace</a> during the coup was a "substantial wrong" and an "act of war," and lambasted the actions of minister <a href="/wiki/John_L._Stevens" title="John L. Stevens">Stevens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[6]</a> Cleveland described the incident as the "subversion of the constitutional Government of Hawaii," and argued "it has been the settled policy of the United States to concede to people of foreign countries the same freedom and independence in the management of their domestic affairs that we have always claimed for ourselves."<a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> adopted a resolution against annexation and voted to censure the U.S. minister.<a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[6]</a> However the Senate, under Democratic control but opposed to Cleveland, commissioned and produced the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Report" title="Morgan Report">Morgan Report</a>, which contradicted Blount's findings and found the overthrow was a completely internal affair.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tyler Morgan">John Tyler Morgan</a> of Alabama, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a>, oversaw the report. It declared that the "action of the Queen in an effort to overturn the constitution of 1887...amounted to an act of abdication on her part."<a href="#cite_note-:6-241">[238]</a> The "constitution of 1887" mentioned in the report was the so-called <a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Bayonet Constitution</a>, which King <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Kalākaua">Kalakaua</a> had signed under pressure that year.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> The Morgan Report said that the troops landed on Oahu from the USS Boston gave "no demonstration of actual hostilities," and described their conduct as "quiet" and "respectful."<a href="#cite_note-:6-241">[238]</a> The United States already had a presence in the region, and acquired exclusive rights to enter and establish a naval base at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard">Pearl Harbor</a> in 1887, when the <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a> was renewed during Cleveland's first term.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> Cleveland dropped his push to restore the queen, and went on to recognize and maintain diplomatic relations with the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> under President Dole, who took office in July 1894.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> Closer to home, Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> that not only prohibited new European colonies, but also declared an American national interest in any matter of substance within the hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> When Britain and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">Venezuela</a> disagreed over the boundary between Venezuela and the colony of <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, Cleveland and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a> protested.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> and the British ambassador to Washington, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Pauncefote,_1st_Baron_Pauncefote" title="Julian Pauncefote, 1st Baron Pauncefote">Julian Pauncefote</a>, misjudged how important the dispute was to Washington, and to the anti-British Irish Catholic element in Cleveland's Democratic Party. They prolonged the crisis before accepting the American demand for arbitration.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> An international tribunal in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> But by standing with a Latin American nation against the encroachment of a colonial power, Cleveland improved relations with Latin America. The cordial manner in which the arbitration was conducted also strengthened relations with Britain and encouraged the major powers to consider <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> as a way to settle their disputes.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_policy,_1893–1897">Military policy, 1893–1897</h3></div> The second Cleveland administration was as committed to military modernization as the first, and ordered the first ships of a navy capable of offensive action. Construction continued on the Endicott program of <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">coastal fortifications</a> begun under Cleveland's first administration.<a href="#cite_note-Berhow,_pp._9-10-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdsg.org-147">[145]</a> The adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Krag%E2%80%93J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Krag–Jørgensen">Krag–Jørgensen</a> rifle, the U.S. Army's first bolt-action repeating rifle, was finalized.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> In 1895–1896 Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Hilary A. Herbert</a>, having recently adopted the aggressive naval strategy advocated by Captain <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>, successfully proposed ordering five <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Kearsarge-class_battleship" title="Kearsarge-class battleship">Kearsarge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois-class_battleship" title="Illinois-class battleship">Illinois classes</a>) and sixteen <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> Completion of these ships nearly doubled the Navy's battleships and created a new torpedo boat force, which previously had only two boats. The battleships and seven of the torpedo boats were not completed until 1899–1901, after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastman_Johnson_-_Grover_Cleveland_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eastman_Johnson_-_Grover_Cleveland_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Grover_Cleveland_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eastman_Johnson_-_Grover_Cleveland_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Grover_Cleveland_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eastman_Johnson_-_Grover_Cleveland_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Eastman_Johnson_-_Grover_Cleveland_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3901" data-file-height="5290" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of President Cleveland by <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Johnson" title="Eastman Johnson">Eastman Johnson</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1891</figcaption></figure> In the midst of the fight for repeal of free-silver coinage in 1893, Cleveland sought the advice of the White House doctor, Robert O'Reilly,<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> about soreness on the roof of his mouth and a crater-like edge ulcer with a granulated surface on the left side of Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">hard palate</a>. Clinical samples were sent anonymously to the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine" title="National Museum of Health and Medicine">Army Medical Museum</a>; the diagnosis was an <a href="/wiki/Epithelioma" title="Epithelioma">epithelioma</a>, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-257">[254]</a> Cleveland decided to have surgery secretly, to avoid further panic that might worsen the financial depression.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> The surgery occurred on July 1, to give Cleveland time to make a full recovery in time for the upcoming Congressional session.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> Under the guise of a vacation cruise, Cleveland and his surgeon, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Bryant" title="Joseph D. Bryant">Dr. Joseph Bryant</a>, left for New York. The surgeons operated aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Adelante_(SP-765)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Adelante (SP-765)">Oneida</a>, a yacht owned by Cleveland's friend <a href="/wiki/Elias_Cornelius_Benedict" title="Elias Cornelius Benedict">Elias Cornelius Benedict</a>, as it sailed off <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> The surgery was conducted through the President's mouth, to avoid any scars or other signs of surgery.<a href="#cite_note-nevins530-261">[258]</a> The team, sedating Cleveland with <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>, successfully removed parts of his <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">upper left jaw</a> and hard palate.<a href="#cite_note-nevins530-261">[258]</a> The size of the tumor and the extent of the operation left Cleveland's mouth disfigured.<a href="#cite_note-nevins532-262">[259]</a> During another surgery, Cleveland was fitted with a hard rubber dental prosthesis that corrected his speech and restored his appearance.<a href="#cite_note-nevins532-262">[259]</a> A cover story about the removal of two bad teeth kept the suspicious press placated.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Even when a newspaper story appeared giving details of the actual operation, the participating surgeons discounted the severity of what transpired during Cleveland's vacation.<a href="#cite_note-nevins532-262">[259]</a> In 1917, one of the surgeons present on the Oneida, Dr. <a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Keen" title="William Williams Keen">William Williams Keen</a>, wrote an article detailing the operation.<a href="#cite_note-Keen-264">[261]</a> Cleveland enjoyed many years of life after the tumor was removed, and there was some debate as to whether it was actually malignant. Several doctors, including Dr. Keen, stated after Cleveland's death that the tumor was a <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keen-264">[261]</a> Other suggestions included <a href="/wiki/Ameloblastoma" title="Ameloblastoma">ameloblastoma</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> or a benign salivary mixed tumor (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Pleomorphic_adenoma" title="Pleomorphic adenoma">pleomorphic adenoma</a>).<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> In the 1980s, analysis of the specimen finally confirmed the tumor to be <a href="/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma" title="Verrucous carcinoma">verrucous carcinoma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> a low-grade epithelial cancer with a low potential for <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-257">[254]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_cabinet_2">Administration and cabinet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleveland_Second_Cabinet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cleveland_Second_Cabinet.png/360px-Cleveland_Second_Cabinet.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cleveland_Second_Cabinet.png/540px-Cleveland_Second_Cabinet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cleveland_Second_Cabinet.png/720px-Cleveland_Second_Cabinet.png 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Cleveland's last Cabinet. Front row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Daniel S. Lamont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a>, Cleveland, <a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a> Back row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/David_R._Francis" title="David R. Francis">David R. Francis</a>, William Lyne Wilson, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Hilary A. Herbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_S._Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius S. Morton">Julius S. Morton</a> </figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:0; margin-right:0; float:none; clear:none;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Second Cleveland cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">Grover Cleveland</th><td>1893–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_E._Stevenson_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlai E. Stevenson I">Adlai E. Stevenson I</a></th><td>1893–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Walter Q. Gresham</a></th><td>1893–1895</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a></th><td>1895–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a></th><td>1893–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Daniel S. Lamont</a></th><td>1893–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a></th><td>1893–1895</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a></th><td>1895–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilson_S._Bissell" title="Wilson S. Bissell">Wilson S. Bissell</a></th><td>1893–1895</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">William Lyne Wilson</a></th><td>1895–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Hilary A. Herbert</a></th><td>1893–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/M._Hoke_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Hoke Smith">M. Hoke Smith</a></th><td>1893–1896</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Francis" title="David R. Francis">David R. Francis</a></th><td>1896–1897</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Julius Sterling Morton</a></th><td>1893–1897</td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments_2">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland" title="List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland">List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland</a></div> Cleveland's trouble with the Senate hindered the success of his nominations to the Supreme Court in his second term. In 1893, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a>, Cleveland nominated <a href="/wiki/William_B._Hornblower" title="William B. Hornblower">William B. Hornblower</a> to the Court.<a href="#cite_note-nevins569-268">[265]</a> Hornblower, the head of a New York City law firm, was thought to be a qualified appointee, but his campaign against a New York machine politician had made Senator David B. Hill his enemy.<a href="#cite_note-nevins569-268">[265]</a> Further, Cleveland had not consulted the Senators before naming his appointee, leaving many who were already opposed to Cleveland on other grounds even more aggrieved.<a href="#cite_note-nevins569-268">[265]</a> The Senate rejected Hornblower's nomination on January 15, 1894, by a vote of 24 to 30.<a href="#cite_note-nevins569-268">[265]</a> Cleveland continued to defy the Senate by next appointing <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham" title="Wheeler Hazard Peckham">Wheeler Hazard Peckham</a> another New York attorney who had opposed Hill's machine in that state.<a href="#cite_note-nevins570-269">[266]</a> Hill used all of his influence to block Peckham's confirmation, and on February 16, 1894, the Senate rejected the nomination by a vote of 32 to 41.<a href="#cite_note-nevins570-269">[266]</a> Reformers urged Cleveland to continue the fight against Hill and to nominate <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ren%C3%A9_Coudert,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic René Coudert, Sr.">Frederic R. Coudert</a>, but Cleveland acquiesced in an inoffensive choice, that of Senator <a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, whose nomination was accepted unanimously.<a href="#cite_note-nevins570-269">[266]</a> Later, in 1895, another vacancy on the Court led Cleveland to consider Hornblower again, but he declined to be nominated.<a href="#cite_note-nevins572-270">[267]</a> Instead, Cleveland nominated <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus Wheeler Peckham">Rufus Wheeler Peckham</a>, the brother of Wheeler Hazard Peckham, and the Senate confirmed the second Peckham easily.<a href="#cite_note-nevins572-270">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_admitted_to_the_Union">States admitted to the Union</h3></div> No new states were <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted to the Union</a> during Cleveland's first term. On February 22, 1889, 10 days before leaving office, the <a href="/wiki/50th_United_States_Congress" title="50th United States Congress">50th Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1889" title="Enabling Act of 1889">Enabling Act of 1889</a>, authorizing <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> to form state governments and to gain admission to the Union. All four officially became states in November 1889, during the first year of the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Harrison administration">Benjamin Harrison administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> During Cleveland's second term, the <a href="/wiki/53rd_United_States_Congress" title="53rd United States Congress">53rd United States Congress</a> passed an Enabling Act that permitted <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> to apply for statehood. Cleveland signed it on July 16, 1894.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> Utah joined the Union as the 45th state on January 4, 1896.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1896_election_and_second_post-presidency_(1897–1908)">1896 election and second post-presidency (1897–1908)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_(cropped)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/170px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/255px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/340px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2959" /></a><figcaption>Cleveland in 1904</figcaption></figure> Cleveland's agrarian and silverite enemies took control of state Democratic parties over the course of his second term, such that Cleveland's pro-gold ideology was marginalized outside of urban areas in solidly Democratic states such as Arkansas.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> They gained control of the national Democratic Party in <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>, repudiated his administration and the gold standard, and nominated William Jennings Bryan on a free-silver platform.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Cleveland silently supported the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a>' third-party ticket that promised to defend the gold standard, limit government, and oppose high tariffs, but he declined their nomination for a third term.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> The party won only 100,000 votes in the general election, and <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, the Republican nominee, triumphed easily over Bryan.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> Agrarians nominated Bryan again in <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a>, the conservatives, with Cleveland's support, regained control of the Democratic Party and nominated <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinley_sworn_in.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McKinley_sworn_in.jpeg/220px-McKinley_sworn_in.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McKinley_sworn_in.jpeg/330px-McKinley_sworn_in.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/McKinley_sworn_in.jpeg/440px-McKinley_sworn_in.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="8936" data-file-height="6880" /></a><figcaption>Outgoing President Cleveland, at right, stands nearby as William McKinley is sworn in as president by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a>.</figcaption></figure> After leaving the White House on March 4, 1897, Cleveland lived in retirement at his estate, <a href="/wiki/Westland_Mansion" title="Westland Mansion">Westland Mansion</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> For a time, he was a trustee of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, and was one of the majority of trustees who preferred the dean <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fleming_West" title="Andrew Fleming West">Andrew Fleming West</a>'s plans for the Graduate School and undergraduate living over those of Woodrow Wilson, then president of the university.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> Cleveland consulted occasionally with President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) but was financially unable to accept the chairmanship of the commission handling the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Strike of 1902">Coal Strike of 1902</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> Cleveland still made his views known in political matters. In a 1905 article in The Ladies Home Journal, Cleveland weighed in on the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> movement, writing that "sensible and responsible women do not want to vote. The relative positions to be assumed by men and women in the working out of our civilization were assigned long ago by a higher intelligence."<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> In 1906, a group of New Jersey Democrats promoted Cleveland as a possible candidate for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. The incumbent, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Dryden" title="John F. Dryden">John F. Dryden</a>, was not seeking re-election, and some Democrats felt that the former president could attract the votes of some disaffected Republican legislators who might be drawn to Cleveland's statesmanship and conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland%27s_latest_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grover_Cleveland%27s_latest_portrait.jpg/170px-Grover_Cleveland%27s_latest_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grover_Cleveland%27s_latest_portrait.jpg/255px-Grover_Cleveland%27s_latest_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Grover_Cleveland%27s_latest_portrait.jpg/340px-Grover_Cleveland%27s_latest_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The last known photograph of Cleveland by <a href="/wiki/Underwood_%26_Underwood" title="Underwood & Underwood">Underwood & Underwood</a> (1907)</figcaption></figure> Cleveland's health had been declining for several years, and in the autumn of 1907, he fell seriously ill.<a href="#cite_note-graff135-287">[284]</a> In 1908, he suffered a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> and died on June 24 at age 71 in his Princeton residence.<a href="#cite_note-graff135-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> His last words were, "I have tried so hard to do right."<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> He is buried at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Cemetery" title="Princeton Cemetery">Princeton Cemetery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Presbyterian_Church" title="Nassau Presbyterian Church">Nassau Presbyterian Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_memorials">Honors and memorials</h2></div> In his first term in office, Cleveland sought a summer house to escape the heat and smells of Washington, D.C. He secretly bought a farmhouse, Oak View (or Oak Hill), in a then rural upland part of the District of Columbia, in 1886, and remodeled it into a <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne style</a> summer estate. He sold Oak View upon losing his bid for re-election in 1888. Not long thereafter, suburban residential development reached the area, which came to be known as Oak View, and then Cleveland Heights, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Park" title="Cleveland Park">Cleveland Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> The Clevelands are depicted in local murals.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> Grover Cleveland Hall at <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_State_University" title="Buffalo State University">Buffalo State University</a> in New York is named after Cleveland. Cleveland was a member of the first board of directors of the then Buffalo Normal School.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_Middle_School_(Caldwell,_New_Jersey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grover Cleveland Middle School (Caldwell, New Jersey)">Grover Cleveland Middle School</a> in his birthplace, Caldwell, New Jersey, was named for him, as is <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_High_School_(Buffalo,_New_York)" title="Grover Cleveland High School (Buffalo, New York)">Grover Cleveland High School (Buffalo, New York)</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Mississippi" title="Cleveland, Mississippi">Cleveland, Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cleveland_(Alaska)" title="Mount Cleveland (Alaska)">Mount Cleveland</a> in Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> In 1895, he became <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_firsts#Grover_Cleveland_(1885–1889,_1893–1897)" title="List of United States presidential firsts">the first U.S. president who was filmed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> The first U.S. postage stamp to honor Cleveland appeared in 1923. His only two subsequent stamp appearances have been in issues devoted to the full roster of U.S. Presidents, released, respectively, in 1938 and 1986.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cleveland's portrait was on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency" title="Large denominations of United States currency">$1000 bill</a> of series 1928 and series 1934. He also appeared on the first few issues of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_twenty_dollar_bill#Federal_Reserve_history" class="mw-redirect" title="United States twenty dollar bill">$20</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Federal Reserve Notes</a> from 1914. Since he was both the 22nd and 24th president, he was featured on two separate dollar coins released in 2012 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential $1 Coin Program">Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2013, Cleveland was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> <table style="margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$1000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US-%241000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg/310px-US-%241000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US-%241000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg/465px-US-%241000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US-%241000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg/620px-US-%241000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3856" /></a><figcaption>Grover Cleveland on a <a href="/wiki/United_States_one_thousand-dollar_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="United States one thousand-dollar bill">$1000</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Certificate">Gold Certificate</a> (1934) </figcaption></figure> </td> <td>  </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland,_1931_%26_1938_issues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Grover_Cleveland%2C_1931_%26_1938_issues.jpg/350px-Grover_Cleveland%2C_1931_%26_1938_issues.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Grover_Cleveland%2C_1931_%26_1938_issues.jpg/525px-Grover_Cleveland%2C_1931_%26_1938_issues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Grover_Cleveland%2C_1931_%26_1938_issues.jpg/700px-Grover_Cleveland%2C_1931_%26_1938_issues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption> Grover Cleveland Postal Issues of 1931 & 1938</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_Birthplace" title="Grover Cleveland Birthplace">Grover Cleveland Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies of Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Grover_Cleveland_and_Maria_Halpin" title="List of children of presidents of the United States">Child with Maria Halpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Grover_and_Frances_Cleveland" title="List of children of presidents of the United States">Children with Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Vice President Hendricks died in office. As this was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The other is <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. Both are therefore counted twice in the traditional numbering of the presidents, with the latter, after having <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">served as the 45th president</a>, expected to be <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">inaugurated as the 47th.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, who married his second wife <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Gardiner</a> in 1844, was the first. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404084138/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/grover_cleveland_birthplace.html">"Grover Cleveland Birthplace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wittenberg.edu/sites/default/files/media/history/2017HistoryJournal.pdf">The Halpin Affair: How Cleveland went from Scandal to Success</a>". Wittenberg History Journal, vol. 46, p. 5, 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachman2011" class="citation news cs1">Lachman, Charles (May 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/05/23/grover-clevelands-sex-scandal-the-most-despicable-in-american-political-history">"Grover Cleveland's Sex Scandal: The Most Despicable in American Political History"</a>. The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Grover+Cleveland%27s+Sex+Scandal%3A+The+Most+Despicable+in+American+Political+History&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F05%2F23%2Fgrover-clevelands-sex-scandal-the-most-despicable-in-american-political-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2005" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Neil A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfbt5NXvF64C&pg=PA183">Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0816-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0816-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidents%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0816-2&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpfbt5NXvF64C%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry_F._Graff_2002_61–63-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_F._Graff_2002_61–63_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_F._Graff_2002_61–63_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_F._Graff_2002_61–63_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_F._Graff2002" class="citation book cs1">Henry F. Graff (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjE7XsSQxmAC&pg=PA61">Grover Cleveland: The American Presidents Series: The 22nd and 24th President, 1885–1889 and 1893–1897</a>. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 60–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6923-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6923-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-6923-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grover+Cleveland%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+22nd+and+24th+President%2C+1885%E2%80%931889+and+1893%E2%80%931897&rft.pages=60-63&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6923-5&rft.au=Henry+F.+Graff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjE7XsSQxmAC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Nevins, 79; Graff, 18–19; Jeffers, 42–45; Welch, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Nevins, 79–80; Graff, 18–19; Welch, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins80-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins80_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins80_60-1">b</a> Nevins, 80–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Nevins, 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-Timeline-62"><a href="#cite_ref-LOC-Timeline_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/grover-cleveland-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/">"Timeline – Articles and Essays – Grover Cleveland Papers – Digital Collections"</a>. The Library of Congress. October 29, 1947. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+%E2%80%93+Articles+and+Essays+%E2%80%93+Grover+Cleveland+Papers+%E2%80%93+Digital+Collections&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1947-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fgrover-cleveland-papers%2Farticles-and-essays%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Graff, 19; Jeffers, 46–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-street-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-street_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-street_64-1">b</a> Nevins, 84–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Nevins, 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Nevins, 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Tugwell, 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Nevins, 94–95; Jeffers, 50–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins94-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins94_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins94_69-1">b</a> Nevins, 94–99; Graff, 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Tugwell, 68–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Graff, 26; Nevins, 101–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Nevins, 103–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Nevins, 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Graff, 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Graff, 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Graff, 35–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Nevins, 114–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins116-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins116_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins116_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins116_78-2">c</a> Nevins, 116–117 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins117-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins117_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins117_79-1">b</a> Nevins, 117–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Nevins, 125–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Tugwell, 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Tugwell, 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Nevins, 138–140 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins185-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins185_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins185_84-1">b</a> Nevins, 185–186; Jeffers, 96–97 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Tugwell, 88–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins146-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins146_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins146_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins146_86-2">c</a> Nevins, 146–147 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Nevins, 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Nevins, 152–153; Graff, 51–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Nevins, 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins154-90"><a href="#cite_ref-nevins154_90-0">^</a> Nevins, 154; Graff, 53–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Tugwell, 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Summers, passim; Grossman, 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Tugwell, 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-mugwump-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mugwump_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mugwump_94-1">b</a> Nevins, 156–159; Graff, 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Nevins, 187–188 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Tugwell, 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-blaine-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blaine_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blaine_97-1">b</a> Nevins, 159–162; Graff, 59–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Graff, 59; Jeffers, 111; Nevins, 177, Welch, 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby2015" class="citation news cs1">Jacoby, Jeff (February 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/02/15/presidents-day-grover-cleveland-most-honest-president-them-all/CmhndHa3aA1t0cvAfjB6LL/story.html">"'Grover the good'—the most honest president of them all"</a>. The Boston Globe. pp. 2–15. Retrieved November 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=%27Grover+the+good%27%E2%80%94the+most+honest+president+of+them+all&rft.pages=2-15&rft.date=2015-02-15&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fopinion%2F2015%2F02%2F15%2Fpresidents-day-grover-cleveland-most-honest-president-them-all%2FCmhndHa3aA1t0cvAfjB6LL%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachman2011" class="citation book cs1">Lachman, Charles (2011). "Chapter 9 – "A Terrible Tale"". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz8Zj58-xugC">A Secret Life: The Sex, Lies, and Scandals of President Grover Cleveland</a>. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 195–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-275-8"><bdi>978-1-61608-275-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+%E2%80%93+%22A+Terrible+Tale%22&rft.btitle=A+Secret+Life%3A+The+Sex%2C+Lies%2C+and+Scandals+of+President+Grover+Cleveland&rft.pages=195-216&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-275-8&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJz8Zj58-xugC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Tugwell, 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachman2011" class="citation book cs1">Lachman, Charles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz8Zj58-xugC">A Secret Life: The Sex, Lies, and Scandals of President Grover Cleveland</a>. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 285–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-275-8"><bdi>978-1-61608-275-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secret+Life%3A+The+Sex%2C+Lies%2C+and+Scandals+of+President+Grover+Cleveland&rft.pages=285-288&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-275-8&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJz8Zj58-xugC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Welch, 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Nevins, 170–171 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Nevins, 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Nevins, 181–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Tugwell, 94–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-leip1884-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leip1884_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leip1884_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1884&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1884 Presidential Election Results"</a>. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved January 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.atitle=1884+Presidential+Election+Results&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1884%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1888#certificates">"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. Retrieved January 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+College+Box+Scores+1789%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2F1888%23certificates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Graff, 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Nevins, 208–211 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Nevins, 214–217 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Graff, 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Tugwell, 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Nevins, 238–241; Welch, 59–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Nevins, 354–357; Graff, 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Nevins, 217–223; Graff, 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-rrgrants-117"><a href="#cite_ref-rrgrants_117-0">^</a> Nevins, 223–228 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Tugwell, 130–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Graff, 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Nevins, 326–328; Graff, 83–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Nevins, 300–331; Graff, 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">List of United States presidential vetoes</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins331-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins331_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins331_123-1">b</a> Nevins, 331–332; Graff, 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cleveland's_Veto_of_the_Texas_Seed_Bill">"Cleveland's Veto of the Texas Seed Bill"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Writings_and_Speeches_of_Grover_Cleveland.djvu">The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland</a>. New York: Cassell Publishing Co. 1892. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-217-89899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-217-89899-7"><bdi>978-0-217-89899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleveland%27s+Veto+of+the+Texas+Seed+Bill&rft.btitle=The+Writings+and+Speeches+of+Grover+Cleveland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Cassell+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1892&rft.isbn=978-0-217-89899-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCleveland%27s_Veto_of_the_Texas_Seed_Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Jeffers, 157–158 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins201-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins201_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins201_126-1">b</a> Nevins, 201–205; Graff, 102–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Nevins, 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Tugwell, 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Nevins, 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins273-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins273_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins273_130-1">b</a> Nevins, 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Nevins, 277–279 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsandspee01clevgoog">The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland</a>. 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No Negro Domination in the South!": President Grover Cleveland and the Return to Power of the Democratic Party"</a>. African-Americans & the Presidency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksandpresidency.com/grovercleveland.php">the original</a> on October 17, 2016. 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King, Melville Weston Fuller – Chief Justice of the United States 1888–1910 (1950) </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Nevins, 445–450 </li> <li id="cite_note-graff90-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graff90_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-graff90_178-1">b</a> Graff, 90–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Tugwell, 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Nevins, 418–420 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Nevins, 423–427 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1888&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1888 Presidential Election Results"</a>. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved February 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.atitle=1888+Presidential+Election+Results&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1888%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1888#certificates">"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. Retrieved February 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+College+Box+Scores+1789%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2F1888%23certificates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Nevins, 435–439; Jeffers, 220–222 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Nevins, 443–449 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Nevins, 448 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Tugwell, 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Nevins, 450; Graff, 99–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Tugwell, 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Graff, 102–105; Nevins, 465–467 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Graff, 104–105; Nevins, 467–468 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Nevins, 470–471 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Nevins, 468–469 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins470-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins470_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins470_193-1">b</a> Nevins, 470–473 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Tugwell, 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Graff, 105; Nevins, 492–493 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> William DeGregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Gramercy 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Adlai_Stevenson.htm">"U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Adlai Ewing Stevenson, 23rd Vice President (1893–1897)"</a>. Senate.gov. n.d. Retrieved May 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Art+%26+History+Home+%3E+Adlai+Ewing+Stevenson%2C+23rd+Vice+President+%281893%E2%80%931897%29&rft.pub=Senate.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FVP_Adlai_Stevenson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Nevins, 498 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Calhoun, 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Nevins, 499 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Graff, 106–107; Nevins, 505–506 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Graff, 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Tugwell, 184–185 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1892&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1892 Presidential Election Results"</a>. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved February 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.atitle=1892+Presidential+Election+Results&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1892%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1892#certificates">"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. Retrieved February 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+College+Box+Scores+1789%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2F1892%23certificates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Graff, 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins526-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins526_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins526_206-1">b</a> Nevins, 526–528 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Nevins, 524–528, 537–540. The vote was 239 to 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Tugwell, 192–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Welch, 126–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake1993" class="citation book cs1">Timberlake, Richard H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monetarypolicyin0000timb/page/179">Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monetarypolicyin0000timb/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-80384-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-80384-5"><bdi>978-0-226-80384-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monetary+Policy+in+the+United+States%3A+An+Intellectual+and+Institutional+History&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-80384-5&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonetarypolicyin0000timb%2Fpage%2F179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Festus P. Summers, William L. Wilson and Tariff Reform: A Biography (1974) </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Nevins, 567; the vote was 204 to 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins564-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins564_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins564_213-1">b</a> Nevins, 564–566; Jeffers, 285–287 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Lambert, 213–215 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> The income tax component of the Wilson-Gorman Act was partially ruled unconstitutional in 1895. See <a href="/wiki/Pollock_v._Farmers%27_Loan_%26_Trust_Co." title="Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.">Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Nevins, 577–578 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Nevins, 585–587; Jeffers, 288–289 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Nevins, 564–588; Jeffers, 285–289 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> James B. Hedges (1940), "North America", in <a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">William L. Langer</a>, ed., An Encyclopedia of World History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Part V, Section G, Subsection 1c, p. 794. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Congressional Research Service (2004), The Constitution of the United States: Analysis and Interpretation – Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28, 2002, Washington: Government Printing Office, "Fifteenth Amendment", "Congressional Enforcement", "Federal Remedial Legislation", p. 2058. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Nevins, 568 </li> <li id="cite_note-coxey-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coxey_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxey_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxey_222-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coxey_222-3">d</a> Graff, 117–118; Nevins, 603–605 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Graff, 118; Jeffers, 280–281 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Nevins, 611–613 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Nevins, 614 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Nevins, 614–618; Graff, 118–119; Jeffers, 296–297 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Nevins, 619–623; Jeffers, 298–302. See also <a href="/wiki/In_re_Debs" title="In re Debs">In re Debs</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Nevins, 628 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Nevins, 624–628; Jeffers, 304–305; Graff, 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Francis Lynde Stetson to Cleveland, October 7, 1894, in Allan Nevins, ed. Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908 (1933) p. 369 </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Jensen" title="Richard J. Jensen">Richard J. Jensen</a>, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–96 (1971) pp. 229–230 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins560-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins560_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins560_232-1">b</a> Nevins, 560 </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins549-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins549_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins549_233-1">b</a> Nevins, 549–552; Graff 121–122 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2006" class="citation book cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (April 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3o2BaNiJksC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22&pg=PA9">Overthrow</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805078619" title="Special:BookSources/9780805078619"><bdi>9780805078619</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overthrow&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft.isbn=9780805078619&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3o2BaNiJksC%26q%3D%2522john%2Bl.%2Bstevens%2522%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blount-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blount_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blount_235-1">b</a> Nevins, 552–554; Graff, 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666777/">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894. Appendix 2: Affairs in Hawaii"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Retrieved May 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1894.+Appendix+2%3A+Affairs+in+Hawaii.&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2021666777%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nevins558-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nevins558_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nevins558_237-1">b</a> Nevins, 558–559 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland" class="citation web cs1">Cleveland, Grover. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/06039135/">"President's message relating to the Hawaiian Islands. December 18, 1893"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 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Retrieved August 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arkansas+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Arkansas+and+the+Election+of+1896&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-78&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40027649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40027649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Niswonger&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40027649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Nevins, 684–693 </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> R. Hal Williams, Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s (1993) </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Graff, 128–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1896&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1896 Presidential Election Results"</a>. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved February 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.atitle=1896+Presidential+Election+Results&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1896%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Nevins, 754–758 </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Graff, 131–133; Nevins, 730–735 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Grover+Cleveland&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DGrover%2BCleveland%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Graff, p. 131; Alexander Leitch, A Princeton Companion, Princeton Univ Press, 1978, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/cleveland_grover.html">Grover Cleveland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626001650/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/cleveland_grover.html">Archived</a> June 26, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Nevins, 748–751 </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Ladies Home Journal 22, (October 1905), 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1906/11/11/archives/dryden-forces-gather-to-make-their-fight-conference-of-south-jersey.html">"Dryden Forces Gather to Make Their Fight"</a>. The New York Times. November 11, 1906. Retrieved March 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dryden+Forces+Gather+to+Make+Their+Fight&rft.date=1906-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1906%2F11%2F11%2Farchives%2Fdryden-forces-gather-to-make-their-fight-conference-of-south-jersey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-graff135-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graff135_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-graff135_287-1">b</a> Graff, 135–136; Nevins, 762–764 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/grover_cleveland_home.html">"Grover Cleveland Home: Westland, New Jersey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Retrieved December 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Grover+Cleveland+Home%3A+Westland%2C+New+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Fpresidents%2Fgrover_cleveland_home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Jeffers, 340; Graff, 135. Nevins makes no mention of these last words. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Russell (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JSV6vZkLt1wC">Discover the Hidden New Jersey</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2252-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2252-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-2252-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discover+the+Hidden+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2252-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJSV6vZkLt1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Kimberly Prothro Williams, Cleveland Park Historic District brochure, D.C. Preservation League, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> See, e.g.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126221758/http://www.clevelandparkdc.org/cphistory.htm">"A Brief History of Cleveland Park"</a>. Cleveland Park Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandparkdc.org/cphistory.htm">the original</a> on November 26, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Cleveland+Park&rft.pub=Cleveland+Park+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandparkdc.org%2Fcphistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702161609/http://wwwu.buffalostate.edu/tour/tours/view/campus/15">"Buffalo State College Cleveland Hall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwu.buffalostate.edu/tour/tours/view/campus/15">the original</a> on July 2, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buffalo+State+College+Cleveland+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwu.buffalostate.edu%2Ftour%2Ftours%2Fview%2Fcampus%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1994" class="citation web cs1">Myers, James D. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avo.alaska.edu/pdfs/cit1997_5.0.pdf">"The geology, Geochemistry, and Petrology of the recent Magmatic Phase of the Central and Western Aleutian Arc"</a> (Unpublished manuscript). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wyoming" title="University of Wyoming">University of Wyoming</a>. p. 41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182209/http://www.avo.alaska.edu/pdfs/cit1997_5.0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+geology%2C+Geochemistry%2C+and+Petrology+of+the+recent+Magmatic+Phase+of+the+Central+and+Western+Aleutian+Arc&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+Wyoming&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avo.alaska.edu%2Fpdfs%2Fcit1997_5.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801195145/http://www.presidentsgraves.com/grover%20cleveland%20twenty-fourth%20president.htm">"Grover Cleveland 24th President"</a>. Presidentsgraves.com. June 24, 1908. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidentsgraves.com/grover%20cleveland%20twenty-fourth%20president.htm">the original</a> on August 1, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grover+Cleveland+24th+President&rft.pub=Presidentsgraves.com&rft.date=1908-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidentsgraves.com%2Fgrover%2520cleveland%2520twenty-fourth%2520president.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperinsky2014" class="citation web cs1">Kuperinsky, Amy (January 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2014/01/new_jersey_hall_of_fame_class_of_2013_inducted.html">"New Jersey Hall of Fame inducts Grover Cleveland, Whitney Houston"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NJ.com" title="NJ.com">NJ.com</a>. Retrieved March 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Jersey+Hall+of+Fame+inducts+Grover+Cleveland%2C+Whitney+Houston&rft.pub=NJ.com&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.aulast=Kuperinsky&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fentertainment%2F2014%2F01%2Fnew_jersey_hall_of_fame_class_of_2013_inducted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerRoberts,_Stephen_S.1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._Jack_Bauer" title="K. Jack Bauer">Bauer, K. Jack</a>; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26202-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26202-9"><bdi>978-0-313-26202-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+Ships+of+the+U.S.+Navy%2C+1775%E2%80%931990%3A+Major+Combatants&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26202-9&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=K.+Jack&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Stephen+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bard, Mitchell. "Ideology and Depression Politics I: Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)" Presidential Studies Quarterly 1985 15(1): 77–88. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0360-4918">0360-4918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Beito" title="David T. Beito">Beito, David T.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Royster_Beito" title="Linda Royster Beito">Beito, Linda Royster</a>. "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900". Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–575.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerhow2015" class="citation book cs1">Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide (Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-3-9"><bdi>978-0-9748167-3-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Seacoast+Defenses%2C+A+Reference+Guide&rft.place=McLean%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=CDSG+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9748167-3-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1942" class="citation journal cs1">Blake, Nelson M. (1942). "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy". The American Historical Review. 47 (2): 259–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1841667">10.2307/1841667</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1841667">1841667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Background+of+Cleveland%27s+Venezuelan+Policy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-277&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1841667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1841667%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Nelson+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blodgett, Geoffrey. "Ethno-cultural Realities in Presidential Patronage: Grover Cleveland's Choices" New York History 2000 81(2): 189–210. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0146-437X">0146-437X</a> when a German American leader called for fewer appointments of Irish Americans, Cleveland instead appointed more Germans</li> <li>Blodgett, Geoffrey. "The Emergence of Grover Cleveland: a Fresh Appraisal" New York History 1992 73(2): 132–168. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0146-437X">0146-437X</a> covers Cleveland to 1884</li> <li>Blum, John. The National Experience (1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-500366-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-500366-8">978-0-15-500366-8</a></li> <li>Brodsky, Alan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character, (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26883-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-26883-1">978-0-312-26883-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun,_Charles_William2005" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, Charles William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5mLuIx6z1qcC&q=benjamin+harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6952-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-6952-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Harrison&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6952-5&rft.au=Calhoun%2C+Charles+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mLuIx6z1qcC%26q%3Dbenjamin%2Bharrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cleaver, Nick. Grover Cleveland's New Foreign Policy: Arbitration, Neutrality, and the Dawn of American Empire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).</li> <li>DeSantis, Vincent P. "Grover Cleveland: Another Look". Hayes Historical Journal 1980 3(1–2): 41–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0364-5924">0364-5924</a>, argues his energy, honesty, and devotion to duty—much more than his actual accomplishments established his claim to greatness.</li> <li>Dewey, Davis R. National Problems: 1880–1897 (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9950113">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608025727/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9950113">Archived</a> June 8, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Doenecke, Justus. "Grover Cleveland and the Enforcement of the Civil Service Act" Hayes Historical Journal 1984 4(3): 44–58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0364-5924">0364-5924</a></li> <li>Dunlap, Annette B. Frank: The Story of Frances Folsom Cleveland, America's Youngest First Lady (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Frank-Cleveland-Americas-Youngest-Excelsior/dp/1438428189/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Dupont, Brandon. "'Henceforth, I Must Have No Friends': Evaluating the Economic Policies of Grover Cleveland". Independent Review 18.4 (2014): 559–579. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24563170">online</a></li> <li>Faulkner, Harold U. Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900 (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8541336">online edition</a></li> <li>Ford, Henry Jones. The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/cleve10.txt">short overview online</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis. America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914 (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-35671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-35671-9">978-0-582-35671-9</a></li> <li>Graff, Henry F. Grover Cleveland (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6923-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6923-5">978-0-8050-6923-5</a>, short biography by scholar</li> <li>Grossman, Mark, Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-060-4">978-1-57607-060-4</a>.</li> <li>Haeffele-Balch, Stefanie, and Virgil Henry Storr. "Grover Cleveland against the special interests". The Independent Review 18.4 (2014): 581–596. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24563171">online</a></li> <li>Hirsch, Mark D. William C. Whitney, Modern Warwick (1948), biography of key political associate</li> <li>Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" Rhetoric and Public Affairs 2002 5(1): 57–77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/summary/v005/5.1hoffman.html">in Project MUSE</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1956" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffmann, Charles (1956). "The Depression of the Nineties". The Journal of Economic History. 16 (2): 137–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700058629">10.1017/S0022050700058629</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2114113">2114113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155082457">155082457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Depression+of+the+Nineties&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-164&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155082457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2114113%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700058629&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hoffmann, Charles. Depression of the nineties; an economic history (1970)</li> <li>Jeffers, H. Paul, An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-97746-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-97746-8">978-0-380-97746-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley1966" class="citation journal cs1">Kelley, Robert (1966). "Presbyterianism, Jacksonianism and Grover Cleveland". American Quarterly. 18 (4): 615–636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711386">10.2307/2711386</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711386">2711386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Presbyterianism%2C+Jacksonianism+and+Grover+Cleveland&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=615-636&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Klinghard, Daniel P. "Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, and the emergence of the president as party leader". Presidential Studies Quarterly 35.4 (2005): 736–760.</li> <li>Lambert, John R. Arthur Pue Gorman (1953)</li> <li>Lynch, G. Patrick "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered". Polity 35#1 (2002) pp. 29–50. focus on election of 1884</li> <li>McElroy, Robert. Grover Cleveland, the Man and the Statesman: An Authorized Biography (1923) Vol. I, Vol. II, old fashioned narrative</li> <li>McFarland, Gerald W. Mugwumps, morals, & politics, 1884–1920 (1975) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-175-9">978-0-87023-175-9</a></li> <li>McWilliams, Tennant S., "James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation". Pacific Historical Review 1988 57(1): 25–46.</li> <li>Merrill, Horace Samuel. Bourbon Leader: Grover Cleveland and the Democratic Party (1957) 228 pp</li> <li>Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (1969).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a>. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932) Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, the major resource on Cleveland.</li> <li>Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. A History of the United States since the Civil War. Volume V, 1888–1901 (Macmillan, 1937). 791 pp; comprehensive old-fashioned political history</li> <li>Pafford, John M. The Forgotten Conservative: Rediscovering Grover Cleveland (Simon and Schuster, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Forgotten-Conservative-Rediscovering-Grover-Cleveland/dp/1621570371/ref=monarch_sidesheet">excerpt</a> <ul><li>Dwight D. Murphey, "The Forgotten Conservative: Rediscovering Grover Cleveland" The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 38#4 (Winter 2013): 491–500. review</li></ul></li> <li>Reitano, Joanne R. The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888 (1994). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01035-9">978-0-271-01035-9</a>.</li> <li>Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896 (1919) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst04rhodgoog">online complete</a>; old, factual and heavily political, by winner of Pulitzer Prize</li> <li>Senik, Troy. A Man of Iron: The Turbulent Life and Improbable Presidency of Grover Cleveland (Threshold Editions, 2022).</li> <li>Sturgis, Amy H. ed. Presidents from Hayes Through McKinley: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents (Greenwood, 2003).</li> <li>Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4849-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4849-4">978-0-8078-4849-4</a>. campaign techniques and issues <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123070223/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169">Archived</a> November 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexford_Guy_Tugwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexford Guy Tugwell">Tugwell, Rexford Guy</a>, Grover Cleveland Simon & Schuster, Inc. (1968).</li> <li>Walters, Ryan S. Grover Cleveland: The Last Jeffersonian President (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Grover-Cleveland-Last-Jeffersonian-President/dp/1733407529/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Welch, Richard E. Jr. The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0355-8">978-0-7006-0355-8</a>, scholarly study of the presidential years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson, Woodrow</a>, Mr. Cleveland as President Atlantic Monthly (March 1897): pp. 289–301 online; Wilson later became president</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Zakaria, Fareed</a> From Wealth to Power (1999) Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01035-9">978-0-691-01035-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Primary sources</dd></dl></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Cleveland, Grover. The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland (1892) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsandspee01clevgoog">online edition</a></li> <li>Cleveland, Grover. Presidential Problems. (1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialpro00clevgoog">online edition</a></li> <li>Nevins, Allan ed. Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908 (1933)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Democratic_Committee1896" class="citation book cs1">National Democratic Committee (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaigntextboo01goog">Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party</a>. National Democratic committee.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaign+Text-book+of+the+National+Democratic+Party&rft.pub=National+Democratic+committee&rft.date=1896&rft.au=National+Democratic+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampaigntextboo01goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrover+Cleveland" class="Z3988">, handbook of the Gold Democrats, who admired Cleveland</li> <li>Sturgis, Amy H. ed. Presidents from Hayes through McKinley, 1877–1901: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102138409">online edition</a></li> <li>Wilson, William L. The Cabinet Diary of William L. Wilson, 1896–1897 (1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-cabinet-diary-of-william-l-wilson-1896-1897-by-william-l-wilson.jsp">online edition</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Grover Cleveland at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" class="extiw" title="c:Grover Cleveland">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" class="extiw" title="q:Grover Cleveland">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Grover_Cleveland" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Grover Cleveland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> Letters and speeches <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#cleveland">Text of a number of Cleveland's speeches</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/vc19810.htm">Finding Aid to the Grover Cleveland Manuscripts, 1867–1908</a> at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Library" title="New York State Library">New York State Library</a>. Retrieved May 11, 2016</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/groverclevelandlet/">10 letters written by Grover Cleveland in 1884–86</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Cleveland-Grover">Grover Cleveland Personal Manuscripts</a></li></ul> Media coverage <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/grover-cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/cleveland/index.html">Grover Cleveland: A Resource Guide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/profiles/BECHS/lists/3508848?view=&count=100&se=ts&sd=asc&qt=sort_ts_asc%20target=">Grover Cleveland</a>: A bibliography by the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_History_Museum" title="Buffalo History Museum">Buffalo History Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztsjq7JTPJAg.kFIhQuktgFMA">Grover Cleveland Sites in Buffalo, NY</a>: A Google Map developed by The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_History_Museum" title="Buffalo History Museum">Buffalo History Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/BuffaloHistory/top-five-urban-legends-about-grover-cleveland-in-buffalo">Top Five Urban Legends About Grover Cleveland in Buffalo</a>: A slide deck by the Buffalo History Museum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/64060012/">Index to the Grover Cleveland Papers at the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318185934/http://millercenter.org/index.php/academic/americanpresident/cleveland">Essay on Cleveland and each member of his cabinet and First Lady</a>, Miller Center of Public Affairs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151466-1/life-portrait-grover-cleveland">"Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a>, August 13, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?157925-1/honest-president">Interview with H. Paul Jeffers on An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booknotes" title="Booknotes">Booknotes</a> (2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1654">Works by Grover Cleveland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11294">Works by Grover Cleveland</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Cleveland%2C%20Grover%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Grover%20Cleveland%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cleveland%2C%20Grover%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Grover%20Cleveland%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Cleveland%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Grover%20Cleveland%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Cleveland%2C%20Grover%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Grover%20Cleveland%22%29%20OR%20%28%221837-1908%22%20AND%20Cleveland%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Grover Cleveland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0166479/">Grover Cleveland</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grover_Cleveland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grover_Cleveland" title="Template:Grover Cleveland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grover_Cleveland" title="Template talk:Grover Cleveland"><abbr 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_Birthplace" title="Grover Cleveland Birthplace">Grover Cleveland Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_for_Special_Education" title="New York Institute for Special Education">New York Institute for Special Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Buffalo_mayoral_election" title="1881 Buffalo mayoral election">1881 Buffalo mayoral election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_New_York_state_election" title="1882 New York state election">1882 New York state election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_Mansion" title="Westland Mansion">Westland Mansion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Presidencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1884_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1884 presidential campaign">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First inauguration of Grover Cleveland">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Grover_Cleveland_and_Frances_Folsom" title="Wedding of Grover Cleveland and Frances Folsom">Wedding to Frances Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">Interstate Commerce Act of 1887</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_Disability_Pension_Act" title="Dependent and Disability Pension Act">Dependent and Disability Pension Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1887" title="Hatch Act of 1887">Hatch Act of 1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Experiment_Stations_Act_of_1887" title="Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887">Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Seed_Bill" title="Texas Seed Bill">Texas Seed Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act of 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland" title="List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland">Federal judges appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchison_letter" title="Murchison letter">Murchison letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Gables" title="Gray Gables">Gray Gables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1892_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxey%27s_Army" title="Coxey's Army">Coxey's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">Venezuelan crisis of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1889" title="Enabling Act of 1889">Enabling Act of 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_National_Forest" title="Cleveland National Forest">Cleveland National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Park" title="Cleveland Park">Cleveland Park</a></li> <li>Grover Cleveland High School <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_High_School_(Buffalo,_New_York)" title="Grover Cleveland High School (Buffalo, New York)">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_High_School_(Los_Angeles)" title="Cleveland High School (Los Angeles)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_High_School_(Queens)" title="Grover Cleveland High School (Queens)">Queens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Mississippi" title="Cleveland, Mississippi">Cleveland, Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cleveland_(Alaska)" title="Mount Cleveland (Alaska)">Mount Cleveland (Alaska)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Cleveland" title="Ruth Cleveland">Ruth Cleveland</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cleveland" title="Esther Cleveland">Esther Cleveland</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Cleveland" title="Richard F. Cleveland">Richard F. Cleveland</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cleveland" title="Francis Cleveland">Francis Cleveland</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Falley_Cleveland" title="Richard Falley Cleveland">Richard Falley Cleveland</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cleveland" title="Rose Cleveland">Rose Cleveland</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Falley_Jr." title="Richard Falley Jr.">Richard Falley Jr.</a> (great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">← Chester A. Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">←Benjamin Harrison→</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Grover_Cleveland" title="Category:Grover Cleveland">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brush" title="Alexander Brush">Alexander Brush</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Buffalo, New York">Mayor of Buffalo</a> 1882 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_M._Drake" title="Marcus M. Drake">Marcus M. Drake</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> 1883–1885 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the United States 1885–1889 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the United States 1893–1897 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Robinson" title="Lucius Robinson">Lucius Robinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_elections" title="New York gubernatorial elections">nominee</a> for Governor of New York <a href="/wiki/1882_New_York_state_election" title="1882 New York state election">1882</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>, <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Grover_Cleveland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Grover_Cleveland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Grover Cleveland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template talk:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)" title="Morgan Lewis (governor)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" title="Joseph C. Yates">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">Bouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(governor)" title="John Young (governor)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Hunt" title="Washington Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_H._Clark" title="Myron H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._King" title="John A. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">J. Adams Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Robinson" title="Lucius Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower" title="Roswell P. Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Odell_(politician)" title="Benjamin Odell (politician)">Odell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Dix" title="John Alden Dix">J. Alden Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour_Whitman" title="Charles Seymour Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">Pataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">A. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Van_Cortlandt" title="Pierre Van Cortlandt">Van Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">S. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Van_Rensselaer" title="Jeremiah Van Rensselaer">J. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Broome_(politician)" title="John Broome (politician)">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_Swift" title="Philetus Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tallmadge_Jr." title="James Tallmadge Jr.">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Livingston" title="Peter R. Livingston">P. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dayan" title="Charles Dayan">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stebbins" title="Charles Stebbins">Stebbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Oliver" title="William M. Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Philip_Livingston" title="Edward Philip Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tracy_(New_York_politician)" title="John Tracy (New York politician)">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Bradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Gardiner" title="Addison Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lester" title="Albert Lester">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Patterson" title="George W. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_E._Church" title="Sanford E. Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Selden" title="Henry R. Selden">Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Campbell_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Campbell (New York politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Floyd-Jones" title="David R. Floyd-Jones">Floyd-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Beach" title="Allen C. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsheimer" title="William Dorsheimer">Dorsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Hoskins" title="George Gilbert Hoskins">Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_McCarthy_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis McCarthy (congressman)">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Jones" title="Edward F. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Sheehan" title="William F. Sheehan">Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Saxton" title="Charles T. Saxton">Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Woodruff" title="Timothy L. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Linn_Bruce" title="Matthew Linn Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Raines" title="John Raines">Raines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stuyvesant_Chanler" title="Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler">Chanler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Cobb" title="George H. Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Conway" title="Thomas F. Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schoeneck" title="Edward Schoeneck">Schoeneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Walker" title="Harry C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wood" title="Jeremiah Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_R._Lusk" title="Clayton R. Lusk">Lusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Lowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._William_Bray" title="M. William Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Wallace" title="Thomas W. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Moore_(politician)" title="Frank C. Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Wicks" title="Arthur H. Wicks">Wicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Mahoney" title="Walter J. Mahoney">Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeLuca" title="George DeLuca">DeLuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Krupsak" title="Mary Anne Krupsak">Krupsak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_DelBello" title="Alfred DelBello">DelBello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">Lundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_McCaughey" title="Betsy McCaughey">McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Donohue" title="Mary Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruno" title="Joseph Bruno">Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Skelos" title="Dean Skelos">Skelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Smith (U.S. politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Espada_Jr." title="Pedro Espada Jr.">Espada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ravitch" title="Richard Ravitch">Ravitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(politician)" title="Robert Duffy (politician)">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Benjamin" title="Brian Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Delgado" title="Antonio Delgado">Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Buffalo" title="Template:Mayors of Buffalo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_Buffalo" title="Template talk:Mayors of Buffalo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_Buffalo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of Buffalo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Buffalo, New York">Mayors of Buffalo, New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Johnson" title="Ebenezer Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Andre_Andrews" title="Major Andre Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Pratt" title="Hiram Pratt">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilkeson" title="Samuel Wilkeson">Wilkeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Trowbridge" title="Josiah Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_A._Barker" title="Pierre A. Barker">Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Walden" title="Ebenezer Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Pratt" title="Hiram Pratt">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Thompson" title="Sheldon Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Harrington" title="Isaac R. Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Clinton" title="George W. Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Masten" title="Joseph G. Masten">Masten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ketchum_(mayor)" title="William Ketchum (mayor)">Ketchum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Masten" title="Joseph G. Masten">Masten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_G._Haven" title="Solomon G. Haven">Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_G._Spaulding" title="Elbridge G. Spaulding">Spaulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Allen" title="Orlando Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Barton" title="Hiram Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Smith" title="Henry K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wadsworth_(mayor)" title="James Wadsworth (mayor)">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Barton" title="Hiram Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Cook" title="Eli Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_P._Stevens" title="Frederick P. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_T._Lockwood" title="Timothy T. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_A._Alberger" title="Franklin A. Alberger">Alberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fargo" title="William Fargo">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_J._Wells" title="Chandler J. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Findlay_Rogers" title="William Findlay Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brush" title="Alexander Brush">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_P._Dayton" title="Lewis P. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Becker" title="Philip Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Scheu" title="Solomon Scheu">Scheu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brush" title="Alexander Brush">Brush</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_M._Drake" title="Marcus M. Drake">Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmon_S._Cutting" title="Harmon S. Cutting">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Manning" title="John B. Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Scoville" title="Jonathan Scoville">Scoville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Becker" title="Philip Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Bishop" title="Charles F. Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_B._Jewett" title="Edgar B. Jewett">Jewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Diehl" title="Conrad Diehl">Diehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_C._Knight" title="Erastus C. Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_N._Adam" title="James N. Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_P._Fuhrmann" title="Louis P. Fuhrmann">Fuhrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Buck" title="George S. Buck">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_X._Schwab" title="Frank X. Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Roesch" title="Charles E. Roesch">Roesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Zimmermann" title="George J. Zimmermann">Zimmerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Holling" title="Thomas L. Holling">Holling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Kelly" title="Joseph J. Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_J._Dowd" title="Bernard J. Dowd">Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mruk" title="Joseph Mruk">Mruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pankow" title="Steven Pankow">Pankow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Sedita" title="Frank A. Sedita">Sedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Kowal" title="Chester A. Kowal">Kowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Sedita" title="Frank A. Sedita">Sedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Makowski" title="Stanley Makowski">Makowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Griffin" title="James D. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Masiello" title="Anthony Masiello">Masiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Brown" title="Byron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scanlon" title="Christopher Scanlon">Scanlon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Grover_Cleveland_(1885–1889)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleveland_22_cabinet" title="Template:Cleveland 22 cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cleveland_22_cabinet" title="Template talk:Cleveland 22 cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland_22_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland 22 cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Grover_Cleveland_(1885–1889)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a> (1885–1889)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a> (1885–1889)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/StephenGroverCleveland.jpg/120px-StephenGroverCleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/StephenGroverCleveland.jpg/180px-StephenGroverCleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/StephenGroverCleveland.jpg/240px-StephenGroverCleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1000" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Daniel Manning</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Charles S. Fairchild</a> (1887–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">William Crowninshield Endicott</a> (1885–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_H._Garland" title="Augustus H. Garland">Augustus H. Garland</a> (1885–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">William F. Vilas</a> (1885–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Dickinson" title="Donald M. Dickinson">Donald M. Dickinson</a> (1888–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney" title="William Collins Whitney">William Collins Whitney</a> (1885–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar</a> (1885–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">William F. Vilas</a> (1888–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jay_Colman" title="Norman Jay Colman">Norman Jay Colman</a> (1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Grover_Cleveland_(1893–1897)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleveland_24_cabinet" title="Template:Cleveland 24 cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cleveland_24_cabinet" title="Template talk:Cleveland 24 cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland_24_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cleveland 24 cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Grover_Cleveland_(1893–1897)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a> (1893–1897)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Walter Q. Gresham</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a> (1895–1897)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/President_Grover_Cleveland.jpg/120px-President_Grover_Cleveland.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/President_Grover_Cleveland.jpg/180px-President_Grover_Cleveland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/President_Grover_Cleveland.jpg/240px-President_Grover_Cleveland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2572" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a> (1893–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Daniel S. Lamont</a> (1893–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a> (1895–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_S._Bissell" title="Wilson S. Bissell">Wilson S. Bissell</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">William Lyne Wilson</a> (1895–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Hilary A. Herbert</a> (1893–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoke_Smith" title="Hoke Smith">Hoke Smith</a> (1893–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Francis" title="David R. Francis">David R. Francis</a> (1896–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Julius Sterling Morton</a> (1893–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1880)_1884_United_States_presidential_election_(1888_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1880)_1884_United_States_presidential_election_(1888_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">← 1880</a>) <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._McDonald" title="Joseph E. McDonald">Joseph E. McDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Joseph R. Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert T. Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party" title="Anti-Monopoly Party">Anti-Monopoly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Harper_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse Harper (politician) (page does not exist)">Jesse Harper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_St._John_(American_politician)" title="John St. John (American politician)">John St. John</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_(Maryland_politician)" title="William Daniel (Maryland politician)">William Daniel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">National Equal Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Ann Lockwood</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Marietta_Stow" title="Marietta Stow">Marietta Stow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1884 elections: <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1884 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_and_1885_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1884 and 1885 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1884)_1888_United_States_presidential_election_(1892_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1888 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1888 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1888 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1884)_1888_United_States_presidential_election_(1892_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">← 1884</a>) <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">Chauncey Depew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Ingalls" title="John J. Ingalls">John J. Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_McLain_Rusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah McLain Rusk">Jeremiah M. Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Walter_Phelps" title="William Walter Phelps">William W. Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Fitler" title="Edwin Henry Fitler">Edwin H. Fitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> <ul><li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_B._Fisk" title="Clinton B. Fisk">Clinton B. Fisk</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_A._Brooks" title="John A. Brooks">John A. Brooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6633CC;"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">United Labor Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Cowdrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert H. Cowdrey (page does not exist)">Robert H. Cowdrey</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._T._Wakefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. T. Wakefield (page does not exist)">William H. T. Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">American Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_L._Curtis" title="James L. Curtis">James L. Curtis</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Wigginton" title="Peter D. Wigginton">Peter D. Wigginton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">National Equal Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Ann Lockwood</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Love" title="Alfred H. Love">Alfred H. Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1888 elections: <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1888 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_and_1889_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1888 and 1889 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1888)_1892_United_States_presidential_election_(1896_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1892 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1892 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1892 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1888)_1892_United_States_presidential_election_(1896_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">← 1888</a>) <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Boies" title="Horace Boies">Horace Boies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (incumbent)</li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Kyle" title="James H. Kyle">James H. Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_L._Polk" title="Leonidas L. Polk">Leonidas L. Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Walter Q. Gresham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Bidwell" title="John Bidwell">John Bidwell</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Cranfill" title="James B. Cranfill">James B. Cranfill</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart" title="Gideon T. Stewart">Gideon T. Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Demorest" title="William Jennings Demorest">William Jennings Demorest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wing" title="Simon Wing">Simon Wing</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett" title="Charles H. Matchett">Charles H. Matchett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1892 elections: <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1892 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892%E2%80%9393_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1892–93 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35171#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082143494">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30330745">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9698/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXfPDhvqxwjkPpTtqvpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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