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id="toc-Origins_and_early_madrigals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_early_madrigals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins and early madrigals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_early_madrigals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mid-16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1550s–1570s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1550s–1570s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1550s–1570s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1550s–1570s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turn_of_the_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turn_of_the_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Turn of the century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turn_of_the_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_the_concertato_madrigal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_the_concertato_madrigal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Transition to the concertato madrigal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_the_concertato_madrigal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_from_the_concertato_madrigal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_from_the_concertato_madrigal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Transition from the concertato madrigal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_from_the_concertato_madrigal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_madrigal_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_madrigal_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>English madrigal school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_madrigal_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Continental Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrigalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrigalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Madrigalists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Madrigalists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Madrigalists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Madrigalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trecento_madrigal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trecento_madrigal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Trecento madrigal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trecento_madrigal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Renaissance_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Renaissance_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Late Renaissance composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Renaissance_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_the_Baroque_threshold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_the_Baroque_threshold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>At the Baroque threshold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_the_Baroque_threshold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_madrigalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_madrigalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Baroque madrigalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_madrigalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_madrigal_school_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_madrigal_school_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>English madrigal school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_madrigal_school_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_composers_of_the_classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_composers_of_the_classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>English composers of the classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_composers_of_the_classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>19th-century composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>20th-century composers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Musical examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Madrigal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_(Musik)" title="Madrigal (Musik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Madrigal (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مادريجال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادريجال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madriqal" title="Madriqal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Madriqal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Мадрыгал (музыка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мадрыгал (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мадригал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мадригал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_(Musik)" title="Madrigal (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madrigal (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Μαδριγάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαδριγάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Madrigal (música) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madrigal (música)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigalo_(muziko)" title="Madrigalo (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Madrigalo (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مادریگال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادریگال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madragal" title="Madragal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Madragal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EA%B0%88" title="마드리갈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마드리갈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Մադրիգալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մադրիգալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigalo" title="Madrigalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Madrigalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigale" title="Madrigale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madrigale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C" title="מדריגל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדריגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მადრიგალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მადრიგალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мадригал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мадригал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мадригал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мадригал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigalis" title="Madrigalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Madrigalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigalas" title="Madrigalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Madrigalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigaal" title="Madrigaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Madrigaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC" title="マドリガーレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マドリガーレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madryga%C5%82" title="Madrygał – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Madrygał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мадригал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадригал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigaali" title="Madrigaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Madrigaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мадригал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мадригал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Madrigal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E6%AD%8C" title="牧歌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牧歌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193217#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Madrigal" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Secular vocal music composition of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Madrigal (disambiguation)">Madrigal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Caravaggio_020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Michelangelo_Caravaggio_020.jpg/330px-Michelangelo_Caravaggio_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Michelangelo_Caravaggio_020.jpg/495px-Michelangelo_Caravaggio_020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Michelangelo_Caravaggio_020.jpg/660px-Michelangelo_Caravaggio_020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3831" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lute_Player_(Caravaggio)" title="The Lute Player (Caravaggio)">The Lute Player</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>) by Caravaggio. The lutenist reads madrigal music by the composer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a>. (Hermitage, Saint Petersburg)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:darkblue"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Overview</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">Composers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></div><hr /></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Movements and schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioseffo_Zarlino" title="Gioseffo Zarlino">Zarlino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">← Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music →</a></b></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music_sidebar" title="Template:Renaissance music sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music_sidebar" title="Template talk:Renaissance music sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>madrigal</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocal music</a> most typical of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> (15th–16th centuries) and early <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> (1600–1750)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="These dates span the whole Baroque period, not "early Baroque" (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> periods, although revisited by some later European composers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobson-2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> madrigal is <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">unaccompanied</a>, and the number of voices varies from two to eight, but the form usually features three to six voices, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">metre</a> of the madrigal varies between two or three <a href="/wiki/Tercet" title="Tercet">tercets</a>, followed by one or two <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin521_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin521-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike verse-repeating <a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">strophic forms</a> sung to the same music,<sup id="cite_ref-Tilmouth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilmouth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most madrigals are <a href="/wiki/Through-composed" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-composed">through-composed</a>, featuring different music for each stanza of lyrics, whereby the composer expresses the emotions contained in each line and in single words of the <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poem</a> being sung.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madrigals written by Italianized Franco–Flemish composers in the <a href="/wiki/1520s_in_music" title="1520s in music">1520s</a> partly originated from the three-to-four voice <a href="/wiki/Frottola" title="Frottola">frottola</a> (1470–1530); partly from composers' renewed interest in poetry written in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">vernacular Italian</a>; partly from the stylistic influence of the French <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a>; and from the polyphony of the <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> (13th–16th centuries). The technical contrast between the musical forms is in the frottola consisting of music set to stanzas of text, whilst the madrigal is through-composed, a work with different music for different stanzas.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._198_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._198-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a composition, the madrigal of the Renaissance is unlike the two-to-three voice <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Italian Trecento madrigal</a> (1300–1370) of the 14th century, having in common only the name <i>madrigal</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which derives from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">matricalis</i></span> (maternal) denoting musical work in service to the mother church<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin521_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin521-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (June 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> or from the post-classical Latin <i>matricalis</i> (maternal, simple, primitive).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artistically, the madrigal was the most important form of secular music in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Renaissance Italy</a>, and reached its formal and historical zenith in the later-16th century, when the form also was taken up by German and English composers, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wilbye" title="John Wilbye">John Wilbye</a> (1574–1638), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weelkes" title="Thomas Weelkes">Thomas Weelkes</a> (1576–1623), and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a> (1557–1602) of the <a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a> (1588–1627). Although of British temper, most English madrigals were <i>a cappella</i> compositions for three to six voices, which either copied or translated the musical styles of the original madrigals from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin521_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin521-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-16th century, Italian composers began merging the madrigal into the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>; and by the early 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> replaced the madrigal in <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_early_madrigals">Origins and early madrigals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and early madrigals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Bembo_-_Titian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pietro_Bembo_-_Titian.jpg/220px-Pietro_Bembo_-_Titian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pietro_Bembo_-_Titian.jpg/330px-Pietro_Bembo_-_Titian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pietro_Bembo_-_Titian.jpg/440px-Pietro_Bembo_-_Titian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4195" data-file-height="5197" /></a><figcaption>As a writer, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> advocated using <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">vernacular Italian</a> (Tuscan dialect) for poetry and literature, which facilitated composers' creating lyrical styles for the madrigal musical form in 16th-century Italy. (<a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The madrigal is a musical composition that emerged from the convergence of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> trends in 16th-century Italy. First, renewed interest in the use of Italian as the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular language</a> for daily life and communication, instead of Latin. In 1501, the literary theorist <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> (1470–1547) published an edition of the poet <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> (1304–1374); and published the <i>Oratio pro litteris graecis</i> (1453) about achieving graceful writing by applying <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Latin prosody</a>, careful attention to the sounding of words, and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, the positioning of a word within a line of text. As a form of poetry, the madrigal consisted of an irregular number of lines (usually 7–11 syllables) without repetition.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998433_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998433-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._221_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._221-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second, Italy was the usual destination for the <i><a href="/wiki/Oltremontani" title="Oltremontani">oltremontani</a></i> ("those from beyond the Alps") composers of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Flemish school">Franco-Flemish school</a>, who were attracted by <a href="/wiki/Italian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian culture">Italian culture</a> and by employment in the court of an aristocrat or with the Roman Catholic Church. The composers of the Franco-Flemish school had mastered the style of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> composition for religious music, and knew the secular compositions of their homelands, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a>, which much differed from the secular, lighter styles of composition in late-15th- and early-16th-century Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third, the printing press facilitated the availability of sheet music in Italy. The musical forms then in common use — the <a href="/wiki/Frottola" title="Frottola">frottola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ballata" title="Ballata">ballata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canzonetta" title="Canzonetta">canzonetta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mascherata" title="Mascherata">mascherata</a> — were light compositions with verses of low literary quality. Those musical forms used repetition and soprano-dominated <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a>, chordal textures and styles, which were simpler than the composition styles of the Franco-Flemish school. Moreover, the Italian popular taste in literature was changing from frivolous verse to the type of serious verse used by Bembo and his school, who required more compositional flexibility than that of the frottola, and related musical forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._221_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._221-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The madrigal slowly replaced the frottola in the transitional decade of the 1520s. The early madrigals were published in <i>Musica di messer Bernardo Pisano sopra le canzone del Petrarcha</i> (1520), by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Pisano" title="Bernardo Pisano">Bernardo Pisano</a> (1490–1548), while no one composition is named <i>madrigal</i>, some of the settings are Petrarchan in <a href="/wiki/Verse_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse form">versification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Word-painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Word-painting">word-painting</a>, which became compositional characteristics of the later madrigal.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Madrigali de diversi musici: libro primo de la Serena</i> (1530), by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a> (1480–1540), included music by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Festa" title="Sebastiano Festa">Sebastiano Festa</a> (1490–1524) and <a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a> (1485–1545), <a href="/wiki/Maistre_Jhan" title="Maistre Jhan">Maistre Jhan</a> (1485–1538) and Verdelot, himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1533–34 period, at Venice, Verdelot published two popular books of four-voice madrigals that were reprinted in 1540. In 1536, that publishing success prompted the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Flemish school">Franco-Flemish school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a> (1490–1562), to rearrange some four-voice madrigals for single-voice and lute. In 1541, Verdelot also published five-voice madrigals and six-voice madrigals.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the first book of madrigals, <i>Il primo libro di madrigali</i> (1539), by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a> (1507–1568), made it the most reprinted madrigal book of its time.<sup id="cite_ref-Randel463_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel463-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stylistically, the music in the books of Arcadelt and Verdelot was closer to the French chanson than the Italian frottola and the <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a>, given that French was their native tongue. As composers, they were attentive to the setting of the text, per Bembo's ideas, and through-composed the music, rather than use the refrain-and-verse constructions common to French secular music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998431–432_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998431–432-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-16th_century">Mid-16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mid-16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the madrigal originated in the cities of Florence and Rome, by the mid 16th-century Venice had become the centre of musical activity. The political turmoils of the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Sack of Rome (1527)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">Siege of Florence (1529–1530)</a> diminished that city's significance as a musical centre. In addition, Venice was the music publishing centre of Europe; the Basilica of <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marco di Venezia">San Marco di Venezia</a> (St. Mark's Basilica) was beginning to attract musicians from Europe; and Pietro Bembo had returned to Venice in 1529. <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a> (1490–1562) and his associates at St. Mark's Basilica, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Parabosco" title="Girolamo Parabosco">Girolamo Parabosco</a> (1524–1557), <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Buus" title="Jacques Buus">Jacques Buus</a> (1524–1557), and <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Donato" title="Baldassare Donato">Baldassare Donato</a> (1525–1603), <a href="/wiki/Perissone_Cambio" title="Perissone Cambio">Perissone Cambio</a> (1520–1562) and <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a> (1515–1565), were the principal composers of the madrigal at mid-century. </p><p>Unlike Arcadelt and Verdelot, Willaert preferred the complex textures of polyphonic language, thus his madrigals were like motets, although he varied the compositional textures, between homophonic and polyphonic passages, to highlight the text of the stanzas; for verse, Willaert preferred the <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnets</a> of Petrarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998432ff_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998432ff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1976221–224_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1976221–224-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second to Willaert, Cipriano de Rore was the most influential composer of madrigals; whereas Willaert was restrained and subtle in his settings for the text, striving for homogeneity, rather than sharp contrast, Rore used extravagant rhetorical gestures, including word-painting and unusual <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromatic</a> relationships, a compositional trend encouraged by the music theorist <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Vicentino" title="Nicola Vicentino">Nicola Vicentino</a> (1511–1576).<sup id="cite_ref-Randel463_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel463-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1976224–225_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1976224–225-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Rore's musical language came the <i>madrigalisms</i> that made the genre distinctive, and the five-voice texture which became the standard for composition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949Vol._I,_p._391_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949Vol._I,_p._391-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1550s–1570s"><span id="1550s.E2.80.931570s"></span>1550s–1570s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1550s–1570s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_conte_Marenzio,_Komponist_des_16._Jahrhunderts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Luca_conte_Marenzio%2C_Komponist_des_16._Jahrhunderts.jpg/220px-Luca_conte_Marenzio%2C_Komponist_des_16._Jahrhunderts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Luca_conte_Marenzio%2C_Komponist_des_16._Jahrhunderts.jpg/330px-Luca_conte_Marenzio%2C_Komponist_des_16._Jahrhunderts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Luca_conte_Marenzio%2C_Komponist_des_16._Jahrhunderts.jpg/440px-Luca_conte_Marenzio%2C_Komponist_des_16._Jahrhunderts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>In the last twenty years of the 16th century, the madrigalist <a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a> (1553–1599) was an influential composer until Monteverdi's <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque-era</a> transformation of the madrigal as a musical form.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grange_Gardens,_Lewes,_sculpture_of_Nicholas_Yonge_Madrigals,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Grange_Gardens%2C_Lewes%2C_sculpture_of_Nicholas_Yonge_Madrigals%2C.jpg/220px-Grange_Gardens%2C_Lewes%2C_sculpture_of_Nicholas_Yonge_Madrigals%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Grange_Gardens%2C_Lewes%2C_sculpture_of_Nicholas_Yonge_Madrigals%2C.jpg/330px-Grange_Gardens%2C_Lewes%2C_sculpture_of_Nicholas_Yonge_Madrigals%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Grange_Gardens%2C_Lewes%2C_sculpture_of_Nicholas_Yonge_Madrigals%2C.jpg/440px-Grange_Gardens%2C_Lewes%2C_sculpture_of_Nicholas_Yonge_Madrigals%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The commemorative statue of the singer and publisher <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Yonge" title="Nicholas Yonge">Nicholas Yonge</a> (1560–1619), who introduced madrigals to England.</figcaption></figure> <p>The latter history of the madrigal begins with Cipriano de Rore, whose works were the elementary musical forms of madrigal composition that existed by the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1976228_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1976228-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant composers include <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a> (1525–1594), who wrote secular music in his early career; <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a> (1530–1594), who wrote the twelve-motet <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetiae_Sibyllarum" title="Prophetiae Sibyllarum">Prophetiae Sibyllarum</a></i> (Sibylline Prophecies, 1600), and later, when he moved to Munich in 1556, began the history of madrigal composition beyond Italy; and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Monte" title="Philippe de Monte">Philippe de Monte</a> (1521–1603), the most prolific madrigalist, first published in 1554.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese1954406_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese1954406-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Venice, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a> (1532–1585) composed madrigals with bright, open, polyphonic textures, as in his <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> compositions. At the court of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara</a> (r. 1559–1597), there was the <i><a href="/wiki/Concerto_delle_donne" title="Concerto delle donne">Concerto delle donne</a></i> (1580–1597), the concert of the ladies, three women singers for whom <a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a> (1545–1607), <a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a> (1535–1596), and <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Agostini" title="Lodovico Agostini">Lodovico Agostini</a> (1534–1590) composed ornamented madrigals, often with instrumental accompaniment. The great artistic quality of the <i>Concerto delle donne</i> of Ferrara encouraged composers to visit the court at Ferrara, to listen to women sing and to offer compositions for them to sing. In turn, other cities established their own <i>concerto delle donne</i>, as at Firenze, where the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> family commissioned <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Striggio" title="Alessandro Striggio">Alessandro Striggio</a> (1536–1592) to compose madrigals in the style of Luzzaschi.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rome, the compositions of <a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a> (1553–1599) were the madrigals that came closest to unifying the different styles of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998636–638_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998636–638-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1560s, <a href="/wiki/Marc%27Antonio_Ingegneri" title="Marc'Antonio Ingegneri">Marc'Antonio Ingegneri</a> (1535–1592) — Monteverdi's instructor — <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a> (1532–1585), and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ferretti" title="Giovanni Ferretti">Giovanni Ferretti</a> (1540–1609) re-incorporated lighter elements of composition to the madrigal; serious Petrarchan verse about <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Longing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a> was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Villanella" title="Villanella">villanella</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canzonetta" title="Canzonetta">canzonetta</a>, compositions with dance rhythms and verses about a care-free life.<sup id="cite_ref-Randel463_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel463-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 16th century, composers used <a href="/wiki/Word-painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Word-painting">word-painting</a> to apply <i>madrigalisms</i>, passages in which the music matches the meaning of a word in the lyrics; thus, a composer sets <i>riso</i> (smile) to a passage of quick, running notes that mimic laughter, and sets <i>sospiro</i> (sigh) to a note that falls to the note below. In the 17th century, acceptance of word-painting as a musical form had changed, in the <i>First Book of Ayres</i> (1601), the poet and composer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a> (1567–1620) criticised word-painting as a negative mannerism in the madrigal: "where the nature of everie word is precisely expresst in the Note ... such childish observing of words is altogether ridiculous."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turn_of_the_century">Turn of the century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Turn of the century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesualdo3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gesualdo3.jpg/220px-Gesualdo3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gesualdo3.jpg/330px-Gesualdo3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gesualdo3.jpg/440px-Gesualdo3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a> da Venosa (1566–1613), Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza, composed madrigals and religious music that feature <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> not heard again until the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the 16th century, the changed social function of the madrigal contributed to its development into new forms of music. Since its invention, the madrigal had two roles: (i) a private entertainment for small groups of skilled, amateur singers and musicians; and (ii) a supplement to ceremonial performances of music for the public. The amateur entertainment function made the madrigal famous, yet professional singers replaced amateur singers when madrigalists composed music of greater range and dramatic force that was more difficult to sing, because the expressed sentiments required soloist singers of great range, rather than an ensemble of singers with mid-range voices. </p><p>There emerged the division between the active performers and the passive audience, especially in the culturally progressive cities of <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>. The emotions communicated in a madrigal in 1590, an <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> expressed in <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> at the beginning of the 17th century, yet composers continued using the madrigal into the new century, such as the old-style madrigal for many voices; the solo madrigal with instrumental accompaniment; and the <a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a> madrigal, of which <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> (1567–1643) was the most famous composer.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Naples, the compositional style of the pupil Carlo Gesualdo followed from the style of his mentor, <a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a> (1545–1607), who had published six books of madrigals and the religious music <i><a href="/wiki/Responsories_for_Holy_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsories for Holy Week">Responsoria pro hebdomada sancta</a></i> (<i>Responsories for Holy Week</i>, 1611). In the early 1590s, Gesualdo had learnt the <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> and textural contrasts of Ferrarese composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a> (1557–1622) and Luzzaschi, but few madrigalists followed his stylistic <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">mannerism</a> and extreme chromaticism, which were compositional techniques selectively used by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cifra" title="Antonio Cifra">Antonio Cifra</a> (1584–1629), <a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">Sigismondo d'India</a> (1582–1629), and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Mazzocchi" title="Domenico Mazzocchi">Domenico Mazzocchi</a> (1592–1665) in their musical works.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949Vol_II,_pp._867–871_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949Vol_II,_pp._867–871-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1620s, Gesualdo's successor madrigalist was <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Rossi" title="Michelangelo Rossi">Michelangelo Rossi</a> (1601–1656), whose two books of unaccompanied madrigals display sustained, extreme chromaticism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_the_concertato_madrigal">Transition to the concertato madrigal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transition to the concertato madrigal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/220px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/330px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/440px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>In the early 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> (1567–1643) was the most influential madrigalist. (<a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi" title="Bernardo Strozzi">Bernardo Strozzi</a>, 1640)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the transition from <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a> (1400–1600) to <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> (1580–1750), <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> usually is credited as the principal madrigalist whose nine books of madrigals showed the stylistic, technical transitions from the <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> of the late 16th century to the styles of <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a> accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a>, of the early Baroque period. As an expressive composer, Monteverdi avoided the stylistic extremes of Gesualdo's chromaticism, and concentrated upon the drama inherent to the madrigal musical form. His fifth and sixth books include polyphonic madrigals for equal voices (in late-16th-century style) and madrigals with solo-voice parts accompanied by basso continuo, which feature unprepared dissonances and <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> passages — foreshadowing the compositional integration of the solo madrigal to the <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a>. In the fifth book of madrigals, using the term <i><a href="/wiki/Seconda_pratica" title="Seconda pratica">seconda pratica</a></i> (second practice) Monteverdi said that the lyrics must be "the mistress of the harmony" of a madrigal, which was his progressive response to <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Artusi" title="Giovanni Artusi">Giovanni Artusi</a> (1540–1613) who negatively defended the limitations of dissonance and equal voice parts of the old-style polyphonic madrigal against the concertato madrigal.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold/Wakelin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold/Wakelin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtusi1950395_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtusi1950395-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_from_the_concertato_madrigal">Transition from the concertato madrigal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transition from the concertato madrigal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first decade of the 17th century, the Italian compositional techniques for the madrigal progressed from the old ideal of an <i>a cappella</i> vocal composition for balanced voices, to a vocal composition for one or more voices with instrumental accompaniment. The inner voices became secondary to the <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bass_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass line">bass line</a>; functional tonality developed, and treated dissonance freely for composers to emphasise the dramatic contrast among vocal groups and instruments. The 17th-century madrigal emerged from two trends of musical composition: (i) the solo madrigal with basso continuo; and (ii) the madrigal for two or more voices with basso continuo. In England, composers continued to write ensemble madrigals in the older, 16th-century style.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold/Wakelin_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold/Wakelin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1600, the harmonic and dramatic changes in the composition of the madrigal expanded to include instrumental accompaniment, because the madrigal originally was composed for group performance by talented, amateur artists, without a passive audience; thus instruments filled the missing parts. The composer usually did not specify the instrumentation; in <i>The Fifth Book of Madrigals</i> and in the <i>Sixth Book of Madrigals</i>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> indicated that the <i>basso seguente</i>, the instrumental bass part, was optional in the ensemble madrigal. The usual instruments for playing the bass line and filling inner voice parts, were the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a> (chitarrone), and the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold/Wakelin_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold/Wakelin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caccini_-_le_nuove_musiche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caccini_-_le_nuove_musiche.jpg/220px-Caccini_-_le_nuove_musiche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caccini_-_le_nuove_musiche.jpg/330px-Caccini_-_le_nuove_musiche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caccini_-_le_nuove_musiche.jpg/440px-Caccini_-_le_nuove_musiche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <i>Le nuove musiche</i> (1601), by the madrigalist Giulio Caccini</figcaption></figure> <p>The madrigalist <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Caccini" title="Giulio Caccini">Giulio Caccini</a> (1551–1618) produced madrigals in the <i>solo continuo</i> style, compositions technically related to <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a> and descended from the experimental music of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a> (1573–1587). In the collection of solo madrigals, <i>Le nuove musiche</i> (<i>The New Music</i>, 1601), Caccini said that the point of the composition was anti-contrapuntal, because the lyrics and words of the song were primary, and balanced-voice polyphony interfered with hearing the lyrics of the song. After Caccini's developments, the composers <a href="/wiki/Marco_da_Gagliano" title="Marco da Gagliano">Marco da Gagliano</a> (1582–1643), <a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">Sigismondo d'India</a> (1582–1629), and <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Saracini" title="Claudio Saracini">Claudio Saracini</a> (1586–1630) also published collections of madrigals in the solo continuo style. Whereas Caccini's music mostly was <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic" title="Diatonic and chromatic">diatonic</a>, later composers, especially d'India, composed solo continuo madrigals using an experimental idiom of <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a>. In the <i>Seventh Book of Madrigals</i> (1619), Monteverdi published his only madrigal in the solo continuo style, which uses one singing voice, and three groups of instruments — a great technical advance from Caccini's simple voice-and-basso-continuo compositions from the 1600 period.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning around 1620, the <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> supplanted the monodic-style madrigal. In 1618, the last, published book of solo madrigals contained no arias, likewise in that year, books of arias contained no madrigals, thus published arias outnumbered madrigals, and the prolific madrigalists Saracini and d'India ceased publishing in the mid-1620s.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1630s, two madrigal collections summarised the compositional and technical practises of the late-style madrigal. In <i>Madrigali a 5 voci in partitura</i> (1638), <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Mazzocchi" title="Domenico Mazzocchi">Domenico Mazzocchi</a> collected and organised madrigals into <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo</a> and ensemble works specifically composed for <i>a cappella</i> performance. For the first time in a collection of madrigal music, Mazzocchi published precise instructions, including the symbols for <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">crescendo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decrescendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Decrescendo">decrescendo</a>; however, those madrigals were for <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologic study</a>, not for performance, indicating composer Mazzochi's retrospective review of the madrigal as an old form of musical composition.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Eighth Book of Madrigals</i> (1638), Monteverdi published his most famous madrigal, the <i>Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda</i>, a dramatic composition much like a secular <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a>, featuring musical innovations such as the <i>stile concitato</i> (agitated style) that employs the string <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>. In the event, the evolution of musical composition eliminated the madrigal as a discrete musical form; the <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">solo cantata</a> and the aria supplanted the solo continuo madrigal, and the ensemble madrigal was supplanted by the cantata and the dialogue, and, by 1640, the opera was the predominant dramatic musical form of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold/Wakelin_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold/Wakelin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_madrigal_school">English madrigal school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: English madrigal school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></div> <p>In 16th-century England, the madrigal became greatly popular upon publication of <i>Musica Transalpina</i> in (<i>Transalpine Music</i>, 1588), by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Yonge" title="Nicholas Yonge">Nicholas Yonge</a> (1560–1619) a collection of Italian madrigals with corresponding English translations of the lyrics, which later initiated madrigal composition in England. The unaccompanied madrigal survived longer in England than in Continental Europe, where the madrigal musical form had fallen from popular favour, but English madrigalists continued composing and producing music in the Italian style of the late-16th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hark_Hark_-_Madrigal_in_G.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hark_Hark_-_Madrigal_in_G.jpg/220px-Hark_Hark_-_Madrigal_in_G.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hark_Hark_-_Madrigal_in_G.jpg/330px-Hark_Hark_-_Madrigal_in_G.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hark_Hark_-_Madrigal_in_G.jpg/440px-Hark_Hark_-_Madrigal_in_G.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption> "Hark! Hark! The birds" by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Linley_the_younger" title="Thomas Linley the younger">Thomas Linley the younger</a> (1756–1778) – a madrigal in G major for 5 voices, "presented by Mr. Sheridan to the <a href="/wiki/Catch_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch Club">Catch Club</a>" (see inscription)</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 18th-century England, the singing of madrigals was revived by <a href="/wiki/Catch_(music)" title="Catch (music)">catch clubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glee_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Glee clubs">glee clubs</a>, leading to an upsurge of interest in the form<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and creation of musical institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal Society">Madrigal Society</a>, which was established in London by attorney and amateur musician <a href="/wiki/John_Immyns" title="John Immyns">John Immyns</a> in 1741.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, the madrigal was the best-known music from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> (15th–16th c.) consequent to the prolific publishing of sheet music in the 16th and 17th centuries, even before the rediscovery of the madrigals of the composer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a> (Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina).<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th century, the musical form of the Italian madrigal greatly influenced secular music throughout Europe, which composers wrote either in Italian or in their native tongues. The extent of madrigalist musical influence depended upon the cultural strength of the local tradition of secular music. In France, the native composition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a></i> disallowed the development of a French-style madrigal; nonetheless, French composers such as <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a> (1532–1594) and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a> (1528–1600) applied madrigalian techniques in their musics.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Verdonck" title="Cornelis Verdonck">Cornelis Verdonck</a> (1563–1625), <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Waelrant" title="Hubert Waelrant">Hubert Waelrant</a> (1517–1595), and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a> (1562–1621) composed madrigals in Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In German-speaking Europe, the prolific composers of madrigals included Lassus in Munich and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Monte" title="Philippe de Monte">Philippe de Monte</a> (1521–1603) in Vienna. The German-speaking composers who studied the Italian techniques for composing madrigals, especially in Venice, included <a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a> (1564–1612) who studied with <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> (1585–1672) who studied with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>. From northern Europe, Danish and Polish court composers went to Italy to learn the Italian style of madrigal; while <a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a> (1553–1599) went to the Polish court to work as the <i>maestro di cappella</i> (Master of the chapel) for King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> (r. 1587–1632) in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the <i>rektor</i> of the University of Wittenberg, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Ziegler" title="Caspar Ziegler">Caspar Ziegler</a> (1621–1690) and Heinrich Schütz wrote the treatise <i>Von den Madrigalen</i> (1653).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Madrigalists">Madrigalists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Madrigalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trecento_madrigal">Trecento madrigal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trecento madrigal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal (Trecento)</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_composers">Early composers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a> – I Libro a 4, 1543. Author of the most reprinted book of madrigals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Corteccia" title="Francesco Corteccia">Francesco Corteccia</a> – court composer to <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de Medici">Cosimo I de Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a> – I Libro a 3, 1541.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Pisano" title="Bernardo Pisano">Bernardo Pisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriano_de_Rore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriano de Rore">Cypriano de Rore</a>- I Libro a 5, 1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a> – I Libro a 5, 1535. One of the first madrigalists, also associated with the Medici court</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a> – Franco-Flemish composer, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Renaissance_composers">Late Renaissance composers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late Renaissance composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a> – I Libro a 3, 1575</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Leontaritis" title="Francisco Leontaritis">Francisco Leontaritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Monte" title="Philippe de Monte">Philippe de Monte</a> – author of the largest number of madrigal books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a> – famous mostly for his sacred music, he also wrote at least 140 secular madrigals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovan_Leonardo_Primavera" title="Giovan Leonardo Primavera">Giovan Leonardo Primavera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_the_Baroque_threshold">At the Baroque threshold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: At the Baroque threshold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Cortellini" title="Camillo Cortellini">Camillo Cortellini</a> – I Libro a 5 e 6, 1583</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a> – I Libro, 1594</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">Sigismondo d'India</a> – I Libro a 5, 1606</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a> – I Libro a 5, 1571</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a> – I Libro a 5, 1580</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a> – I Libro a 5, 1587</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a> – I Libro a 5, 1558</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_madrigalists">Baroque madrigalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baroque madrigalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>a capella</i> old-style madrigal for four or five voices continued in parallel with the new <i>concertato</i> style of madrigal, but the compositional watershed of the <i>seconda prattica</i> provided an autonomous basso continuo line, presented in the <i>Fifth Book of Madrigals</i> (1605), by Claudio Monteverdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Agazzari" title="Agostino Agazzari">Agostino Agazzari</a> – I Libro a 5, 1600</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Banchieri" title="Adriano Banchieri">Adriano Banchieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Antonio Caldara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Antonio Lotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Caccini" title="Giulio Caccini">Giulio Caccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cifra" title="Antonio Cifra">Antonio Cifra</a> – I Libro a 5, 1605</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">Sigismondo d'India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_da_Gagliano" title="Marco da Gagliano">Marco da Gagliano</a> – I Libro a 5, 1602</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Grandi" title="Alessandro Grandi">Alessandro Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Marazzoli" title="Marco Marazzoli">Marco Marazzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Mazzocchi" title="Domenico Mazzocchi">Domenico Mazzocchi</a> – Madrigali a 5, 1638</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Priuli" title="Giovanni Priuli">Giovanni Priuli</a> – I Libro, 1604</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Quagliati" title="Paolo Quagliati">Paolo Quagliati</a> – I Libro a 4, 1608</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Rossi" title="Michelangelo Rossi">Michelangelo Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamone_Rossi" title="Salamone Rossi">Salamone Rossi</a> – I Libro a 5, 1600. His <i>Secondo Libro</i>, 1602, is the first example of madrigals published with continuo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Saracini" title="Claudio Saracini">Claudio Saracini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" title="Barbara Strozzi">Barbara Strozzi</a> – I Libro a 2-5vv with bc, 1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orazio_Vecchi" title="Orazio Vecchi">Orazio Vecchi</a> – I Libro a 6, 1583</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a> – I Libro, 1600</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> – I Libro a 5, Venice 1611.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_madrigal_school_2">English madrigal school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: English madrigal school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bateson" title="Thomas Bateson">Thomas Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farmer_(composer)" title="John Farmer (composer)">John Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tomkins" title="Thomas Tomkins">Thomas Tomkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weelkes" title="Thomas Weelkes">Thomas Weelkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbye" title="John Wilbye">John Wilbye</a></li></ul> <p>Some 60 madrigals of the English School are published in <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_English_Madrigals" title="The Oxford Book of English Madrigals">The Oxford Book of English Madrigals</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_composers_of_the_classical_period">English composers of the classical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: English composers of the classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wesley_(composer,_born_1766)" title="Samuel Wesley (composer, born 1766)">Samuel Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_Walmisley" title="Thomas Attwood Walmisley">Thomas Attwood Walmisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barnby" title="Joseph Barnby">Joseph Barnby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wall_Callcott" title="John Wall Callcott">John Wall Callcott</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_composers">19th-century composers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 19th-century composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_de_Pearsall" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lucas de Pearsall">Robert Lucas de Pearsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">Vincent d'Indy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_composers">20th-century composers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 20th-century composers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_Lambert" title="Constant Lambert">Constant Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lou_Diemer" title="Emma Lou Diemer">Emma Lou Diemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Mauricio Kagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morten_Lauridsen" title="Morten Lauridsen">Morten Lauridsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mealor" title="Paul Mealor">Paul Mealor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moondog" title="Moondog">Moondog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Rorem" title="Ned Rorem">Ned Rorem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_examples">Musical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Musical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stage 1 Madrigal: Arcadelt, <i>Ahime, dov'e bel viso</i>, 1538</li> <li>Stage 2 Madrigal (prima practica): Willaert, <i>Aspro core e selvaggio</i>, mid-1540s</li> <li>Stage 3 Madrigal (seconda practica): Gesualdo, <i>Io parto e non piu dissi</i>, 1590–1611</li> <li>Stage 4 Madrigal: Caccini, <i>Perfidissimo volto</i>, 1602</li> <li>Stage 5 Madrigal: Monteverdi, <i>Il Combatimento di Tancredi et Clorinda</i>, 1624</li> <li>English Madrigal: Weelkes, <i>O Care, thou wilt despatch me</i>, late 16th century/early 17th century</li> <li>Nineteenth-century imitation of an English Madrigal: "Brightly dawns our wedding day" from the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> comic <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a></i> (1885)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hobson-2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hobson-2015_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHobson2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Hobson, James (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687194"><i>Musical antiquarianism and the madrigal revival in England, 1726-1851</i></a></span> (Ph.D.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/E-Theses_Online_Service" title="E-Theses Online Service">EThOS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Musical+antiquarianism+and+the+madrigal+revival+in+England%2C+1726-1851&rft.inst=University+of+Bristol&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethos.bl.uk%2FOrderDetails.do%3Fuin%3Duk.bl.ethos.687194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penguin521-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin521_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin521_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin521_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Cuddon1991" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Cuddon, ed. (1991). <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory</i>. p. 521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms+and+Literary+Theory&rft.pages=521&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilmouth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tilmouth_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilmouth1980" class="citation cs2">Tilmouth, Michael (1980), "Strophic", in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, vol. 18, London: Macmillan Press, pp. 292–293, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-23111-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-23111-2"><bdi>0-333-23111-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strophic&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=292-293&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-333-23111-2&rft.aulast=Tilmouth&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Scholes, Percy A.</a> (1970). Ward, John Owen (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00scho"><i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i></a></span> (Tenth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-311306-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-311306-6"><bdi>0-19-311306-6</bdi></a>. <q>Durchkomponiert (G.) Through-composed; applied to songs with different music for every stanza, i.e. not merely a repeated tune.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=308&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-19-311306-6&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Percy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._198-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._198_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Fischeret_al.2001">von Fischer & et al. 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_madrigal" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=madrigal">"madrigal"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=madrigal&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmadrigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998433-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998433_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtlas1998">Atlas 1998</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._221-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._221_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._221_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randel463-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randel463_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel463_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel463_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandel1986">Randel 1986</a>, p. 463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998431–432-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998431–432_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtlas1998">Atlas 1998</a>, pp. 431–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998432ff-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998432ff_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtlas1998">Atlas 1998</a>, pp. 432ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1976221–224-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1976221–224_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, pp. 221–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1976224–225-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1976224–225_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949Vol._I,_p._391-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949Vol._I,_p._391_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEinstein1949">Einstein 1949</a>, Vol. I, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1976228-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1976228_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese1954406-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese1954406_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReese1954">Reese 1954</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998636–638-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtlas1998636–638_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtlas1998">Atlas 1998</a>, pp. 636–638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Campion, Thomas</a>. <i>First Booke of Ayres</i> (1601), quoted in <a href="#CITEREFvon_Fischeret_al.2001">von Fischer & et al. 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianconiWatkins2001" class="citation web cs1">Bianconi, Lorenzo; Watkins, Glenn (2001). Watkins, Glenn (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/grovemusic/abstract/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000010994">"Gesualdo, Carlo, Prince of Venosa, Count of Conza"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.10994">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10994</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561592630" title="Special:BookSources/9781561592630"><bdi>9781561592630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Gesualdo%2C+Carlo%2C+Prince+of+Venosa%2C+Count+of+Conza&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.10994&rft.isbn=9781561592630&rft.aulast=Bianconi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft.au=Watkins%2C+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fgrovemusic%2Fabstract%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000010994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949Vol_II,_pp._867–871-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949Vol_II,_pp._867–871_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEinstein1949">Einstein 1949</a>, Vol II, pp. 867–871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFCwJF1MEtUC">The Madrigals of Michelangelo Rossi</a>, Brian Mann, Ed. University of Chicago Press, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold/Wakelin-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold/Wakelin_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold/Wakelin_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold/Wakelin_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold/Wakelin_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnoldWakelin2011">Arnold & Wakelin 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtusi1950395-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtusi1950395_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArtusi1950">Artusi 1950</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukofzer1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer" title="Manfred Bukofzer">Bukofzer, Manfred R.</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vdoc.pub/documents/music-in-the-baroque-era-from-monteverdi-to-bach-1tcb4j81oqpo"><i>Music in the Baroque Era: From Monteverdi to Bach</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318558558">318558558</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Baroque+Era%3A+From+Monteverdi+to+Bach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318558558&rft.aulast=Bukofzer&rft.aufirst=Manfred+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvdoc.pub%2Fdocuments%2Fmusic-in-the-baroque-era-from-monteverdi-to-bach-1tcb4j81oqpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1979" class="citation journal cs1">Lovell, Percy (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/733505">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ancient' Music in Eighteenth-Century England"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a></i>. <b>60</b> (4). Oxford University Press: 401–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F60.4.401">10.1093/ml/60.4.401</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/733505">733505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=%27Ancient%27+Music+in+Eighteenth-Century+England&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=401-415&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2F60.4.401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F733505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F733505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Day, Thomas (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3686537">"Old Music in England, 1790-1820"</a></span>. <i>Revue Belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap</i>. 26/27. Societe Belge de Musicologie: 25–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3686537">10.2307/3686537</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3686537">3686537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Belge+de+Musicologie+%2F+Belgisch+Tijdschrift+voor+Muziekwetenschap&rft.atitle=Old+Music+in+England%2C+1790-1820&rft.volume=26%2F27&rft.pages=25-37&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3686537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3686537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3686537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraufurd1956" class="citation journal cs1">Craufurd, J. G. (1956). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/765866">"The Madrigal Society"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association">Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association</a></i> (82nd session). <b>82</b>. Taylor & Francis: 33–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2F82.1.33">10.1093/jrma/82.1.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4452">0080-4452</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/765866">765866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Madrigal+Society&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=33-46&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=0080-4452&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F765866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrma%2F82.1.33&rft.aulast=Craufurd&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F765866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitale.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/vda/23:285066U"><i>Von den Madrigalen</i></a>. Leipzig: Digitalisat. 1653.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+den+Madrigalen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Digitalisat&rft.date=1653&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitale.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fvda%2F23%3A285066U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldWakelin2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Arnold" title="Denis Arnold">Arnold, Denis</a>; Wakelin, Emma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t114/e4142">"Madrigal"</a>. In Alison Latham (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Music" title="The Oxford Companion to Music">The Oxford Companion to Music</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957903-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957903-7"><bdi>978-0-19-957903-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madrigal&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957903-7&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Wakelin%2C+Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft114%2Fe4142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtusi1950" class="citation book cs1">Artusi, Giovanni (1950). "Della imperfezioni della moderna musica". <i>Source Readings in Music History</i>. Translated by Oliver Strunk. New York: W. W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Della+imperfezioni+della+moderna+musica&rft.btitle=Source+Readings+in+Music+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Artusi&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtlas1998" class="citation book cs1">Atlas, Allan W. (1998). <i>Renaissance Music: Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97169-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97169-4"><bdi>0-393-97169-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Music%3A+Music+in+Western+Europe%2C+1400%E2%80%931600&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-393-97169-4&rft.aulast=Atlas&rft.aufirst=Allan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1976" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Howard Mayer (1976). <i>Music in the Renaissance</i>. Prentice Hall History of Music Series. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-608497-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-608497-4"><bdi>0-13-608497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Prentice+Hall+History+of+Music+Series&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-13-608497-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Howard+Mayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Einstein" title="Alfred Einstein">Einstein, Alfred</a> (1949). <i>The Italian Madrigal</i> (Three volumes). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09112-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09112-9"><bdi>0-691-09112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Madrigal&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=0-691-09112-9&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Fischeret_al.2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Fischer" title="Kurt von Fischer">von Fischer, Kurt</a>; D'Agostino, Gianluca; <a href="/wiki/James_Haar" title="James Haar">Haar, James</a>; Newcomb, Anthony; Ossi, Massimo; <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Fortune" title="Nigel Fortune">Fortune, Nigel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kerman" title="Joseph Kerman">Kerman, Joseph</a>; Roche, Jerome (2001). "Madrigal". In L. Macy (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40075">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madrigal&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40075&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=von+Fischer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=D%27Agostino%2C+Gianluca&rft.au=Haar%2C+James&rft.au=Newcomb%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Ossi%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Fortune%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Kerman%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Roche%2C+Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Randel, Don</a>, ed. (1986). <i>The New <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Dictionary_of_Music" title="Harvard Dictionary of Music">Harvard Dictionary of Music</a></i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5"><bdi>0-674-61525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-674-61525-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Reese" title="Gustave Reese">Reese, Gustav</a> (1954). <i>Music in the Renaissance</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09530-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09530-4"><bdi>0-393-09530-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Renaissance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-393-09530-4&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Iain Fenlon and <a href="/wiki/James_Haar" title="James Haar">James Haar</a>: <i>The Italian Madrigal in the Early 16th Century: Sources and Interpretation</i>. Cambridge, 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Oliphant_(lyricist)" title="Thomas Oliphant (lyricist)">Oliphant, Thomas</a>, ed. (1837) <i>La musa madrigalesca, or, A collection of madrigals, ballets, roundelays etc.: chiefly of the Elizabethan age</i>; with remarks and annotations. London: Calkin and Budd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> contains scores for many madrigals</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madrigal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/madrigal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/madrigal">madrigal</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Madrigals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Madrigals">Madrigals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosseTovey1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Francis_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Francis Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Madrigal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Madrigal">"Madrigal" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madrigal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=295&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rft.au=Tovey%2C+Donald+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMadrigal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acc.umu.se/~akadkor/theory/Early-Music-Map.html">Early Music</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acc.umu.se/~akadkor/early/IVM2.html">free recordings of English Madrigals</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acc.umu.se/~akadkor/early/IVH.html">free recordings of German Lieder</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acc.umu.se/~akadkor/early/IVL.html">free recordings of Spanish Madrigals</a>, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acc.umu.se/~akadkor/indexENG.html">Umeå Academic Choir</a>, Academic Computer Club, <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_University" title="Umeå University">Umeå University</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://italianmadrigal.com/">The Italian Madrigal Resource Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_music" title="Template talk:Medieval music"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">List of composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of music theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of musical instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)" title="Medieval music">Early (before 1150)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker the Stammerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuotilo" title="Tuotilo">Tuotilo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Stephen of Liège">Stephen of Liège</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a>*</span></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriger_of_Lobbes" title="Heriger of Lobbes">Heriger of Lobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Physicus" title="Notker Physicus">Notker Physicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godric_of_Finchale" title="Godric of Finchale">St. Godric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Saint_Victor" title="Adam of Saint Victor">Adam of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_the_Cantor" title="Wulfstan the Cantor">Wulfstan the Cantor</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipo_of_Burgundy" title="Wipo of Burgundy">Wipo of Burgundy</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)" title="Medieval music">High (1150–1300)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Parisiensis" title="Albertus Parisiensis">Albertus Parisiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Chancellor" title="Philip the Chancellor">Philippe le Chancelier</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Trobairitz" title="Trobairitz">Trobairitz</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan" title="Aimeric de Peguilhan">Aimeric de Peguilhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_de_Mareuil" title="Arnaut de Mareuil">Arnaut de Mareuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart de Ventadorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelloza" title="Castelloza">Castelloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona" title="Cerverí de Girona">Cerverí de Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtessa_de_Dia" title="Comtessa de Dia">Comtessa de Dia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" title="Gaucelm Faidit">Gaucelm Faidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" title="Jaufre Rudel">Jaufre Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcabru" title="Marcabru">Marcabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire d'Alvernha">Peire d'Alvernha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" title="Peire Vidal">Peire Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirol" title="Peirol">Peirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdigon" title="Perdigon">Perdigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_d%27Aurenga" title="Raimbaut d'Aurenga">Raimbaut d'Aurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Miravalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimon de Miravalh">Raimon de Miravalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_troubadours_and_trobairitz" title="List of troubadours and trobairitz">Other troubadours and trobairitz...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Le Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Rémi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re#List_of_trouvères" title="Trouvère">Other trouvères...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician-Portuguese_troubadours" title="List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours">List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)" title="Medieval music">Late (1300–1400)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Andrieu" title="F. Andrieu">F. Andrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Le_Grant" title="Denis Le Grant">Denis Le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Franciscus" title="Magister Franciscus">Magister Franciscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._des_Molins" title="P. des Molins">P. des Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Vaillant" title="Jehan Vaillant">Jehan Vaillant</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>*</span></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trecento" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Predecessors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cascia" title="Giovanni da Cascia">Giovanni da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Rimini" title="Vincenzo da Rimini">Vincenzo da Rimini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_de_Florentia" title="Andreas de Florentia">Andreas de Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Caserta" title="Antonello da Caserta">Antonello da Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazioso_da_Padova" title="Grazioso da Padova">Grazioso da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Omer" title="Sant Omer">Sant Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradus_de_Pistoria" title="Conradus de Pistoria">Conradus de Pistoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cuvelier" title="Johannes Cuvelier">Johannes Cuvelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egardus" title="Egardus">Egardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidius_(Chantilly_Codex_composer)" title="Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)">Egidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Fabri" title="Martinus Fabri">Martinus Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Goscalch" title="Petrus de Goscalch">Petrus de Goscalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Symonis_Hasprois" title="Johannes Symonis Hasprois">Johannes Symonis Hasprois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheus_de_Sancto_Johanne" title="Matheus de Sancto Johanne">Matheus de Sancto Johanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacian_Reyneau" title="Gacian Reyneau">Gacian Reyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Uciredor" title="S Uciredor">Rodericus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Susay" title="Johannes Susay">Johannes Susay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Antonio Zacara da Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_(composer)" title="Trebor (composer)">Trebor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Alanus" title="Johannes Alanus">Johannes Alanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">Contenance angloise</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fabri" title="Thomas Fabri">Thomas Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Henry" title="Roy Henry">Roy Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._de_Wycombe" title="W. de Wycombe">W. de Wycombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_IV" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cotto" title="Johannes Cotto">Johannes Cotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Grocheio" title="Johannes de Grocheio">Johannes de Grocheio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacobus_de_Ispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacobus de Ispania">Iacobus de Ispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Odington" title="Walter Odington">Walter Odington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">Chansonnier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">Estampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tydorel" title="Tydorel">Tydorel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Music in Medieval Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Medieval_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_France#Medieval_Period" title="Music history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Medieval_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Medieval_period" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">Bardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Medieval_music" title="Neo-Medieval music">Neo-Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b> →</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music" title="Template talk:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_period_(1400–1470)" title="Renaissance music">Early (1400–1470)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" title="Walter Frye">Walter Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Japart" title="Jean Japart">Jean Japart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Martini" title="Johannes Martini">Johannes Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke" title="Gaspar van Weerbeke">Gaspar van Weerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_(1470–1530)" title="Renaissance music">Middle (1470–1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" title="Clément Janequin">Clément Janequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Late_period_(1530–1600)" title="Renaissance music">Late (1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacobus Clemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" title="Christopher Tye">Christopher Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Mannerism" title="Renaissance music">Mannerism</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a><br />c.1600</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooper (composer)">John Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">Intermedio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">Pavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">Music publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae" title="Hieronymus Andreae">Hieronymus Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Antico" title="Andrea Antico">Andrea Antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini" title="Vittorio Baldini">Vittorio Baldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bathen" title="Jacob Bathen">Jacob Bathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Dorico" title="Valerio Dorico">Valerio Dorico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gardano" title="Antonio Gardano">Antonio Gardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Phalesius the Elder">Petrus Phalesius the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto" title="Girolamo Scotto">Girolamo Scotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielman_Susato" title="Tielman Susato">Tielman Susato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier" title="Thomas Vautrollier">Thomas Vautrollier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music">Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193217#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193217#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193217#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121516387">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121516387">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="madrigaly"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122535&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531826">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543409905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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