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<li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1650–1700" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1650–1700"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1650–1700</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1650–1700-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Georgian Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Classicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Victorian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oratorio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88" title="أوراتوريو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوراتوريو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Араторыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Араторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оратория – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оратория" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorij" title="Oratorij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oratorij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratori_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Oratori (música) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oratori (música)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Оратори – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оратори" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratoorium" title="Oratoorium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oratoorium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ορατόριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορατόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Oratorio (música) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oratorio (música)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="اوراتوریو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوراتوریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4" title="오라토리오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오라토리오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Օրատորիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրատորիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorij" title="Oratorij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oratorij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio_(musica)" title="Oratorio (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oratorio (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אורטוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורטוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оратория – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оратория" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оратория – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оратория" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium_(musica)" title="Oratorium (musica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oratorium (musica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorija" title="Oratorija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oratorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorija" title="Oratorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oratorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orat%C3%B3rium" title="Oratórium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oratórium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ораториум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ораториум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA" title="オラトリオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オラトリオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratoriya" title="Oratoriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oratoriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orat%C3%B3rio_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Oratório (música) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oratório (música)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratoriu_(gen_muzical)" title="Oratoriu (gen muzical) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oratoriu (gen muzical)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оратория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оратория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orat%C3%B3rium_(hudba)" title="Oratórium (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oratórium (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorij_(glasba)" title="Oratorij (glasba) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oratorij (glasba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86" title="ئۆراتۆریۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆراتۆریۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ораторијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ораторијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorij" title="Oratorij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oratorij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oratorio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorium" title="Oratorium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oratorium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD" title="ออราทอริโอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออราทอริโอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Оратория – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оратория" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratoryo" title="Oratoryo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oratoryo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ораторія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ораторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_x%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng_k%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Thanh xướng kịch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thanh xướng kịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%B1%E5%89%A7" title="清唱剧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="清唱剧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%8A%87" title="神劇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神劇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q85477#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the thoroughbred racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Oratorio_(horse)" title="Oratorio (horse)">Oratorio (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Oratory (disambiguation)">Oratory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.</div> <p>An <b>oratorio</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[oraˈtɔːrjo]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical composition</a> with <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> text for <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">soloists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensemble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an instrumental ensemble, various distinguishable characters (e.g. soloists), and <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a>. However, opera is <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a>, and typically involves significant <a href="/wiki/Spectacle" title="Spectacle">theatrical spectacle</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_scenery" title="Theatrical scenery">sets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prop" title="Prop">props</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costuming</a>, as well as staged interactions between characters. In oratorio, there is generally minimal <a href="/wiki/Staging_(theatre,_film,_television)" title="Staging (theatre, film, television)">staging</a>, with the chorus often assuming a more central dramatic role, and the work is typically presented as a concert piece – though oratorios are sometimes staged as operas, and operas are not infrequently presented in <a href="/wiki/Concert_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert version">concert form</a>. </p><p>A particularly important difference between opera and oratorio is in the typical subject matter of the text. An opera <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> may deal with any conceivable dramatic subject (e.g. <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Nicole" title="Anna Nicole">Anna Nicole Smith</a> and the Bible); the text of an oratorio often deals with <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> subjects, making it appropriate for performance in the <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>, which remains an important performance context for the genre. <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> composers looked to the lives of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> and stories from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> composers often looked to Biblical topics, but sometimes looked to the lives of notable religious figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Carl Loewe's</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus_(oratorio)" title="Jan Hus (oratorio)">"Jan Hus"</a>, an oratorio about the early reformer, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>. Oratorios became extremely popular in early 17th-century Italy partly because of the success of opera and the Catholic Church's prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Spectacle" title="Spectacle">spectacles</a> during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. Oratorios became the main choice of music during that annual period for opera audiences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conventionally, oratorio implies the sincere religious treatment of sacred subjects, such that non-sacred oratorio is generally qualified as '<a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> oratorio': a piece of terminology that would, in some historical contexts, have been regarded as <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoronic</a>, or at least paradoxical,<sup id="cite_ref-SmitherVol2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmitherVol2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and viewed with a degree of <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare-quoted</a> skepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-MusicalTimes1878_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusicalTimes1878-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this enduring and implicit context, oratorio on secular subjects has been written from the genre's <a href="#Origins">origins</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>oratorio</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <i>ōrō</i> (present infinitive <i>ōrāre</i>), meaning to orate or <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">speak publicly</a>, to pray, or to beg or plead, related to the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> noun ἀρά (<i>ará</i>, “prayer”).<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hence the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Oratory (disambiguation)">disambiguation entry for 'oratory'</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratory (worship)</a>.) The musical composition was "named from the kind of musical services held in the church of the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_St._Philip_Neri" class="mw-redirect" title="Oratory of St. Philip Neri">Oratory of St. Philip Neri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (<i>Congregazione dell'Oratorio</i>) in the latter half of the 16th cent." The word is only attested in English from 1727, with the equivalent 'oratory' in prior use, from 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although medieval plays such as the <a href="/wiki/Ludus_Danielis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludus Danielis">Ludus Danielis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> dialogue motets such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Oltremontani" title="Oltremontani">Oltremontani</a> had characteristics of an oratorio, the first oratorio is usually seen as <a href="/wiki/Emilio_de_Cavalieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio de Cavalieri">Emilio de Cavalieri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rappresentatione_di_Anima,_et_di_Corpo" title="Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo">Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo</a></i> (1600). <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a> composed <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Combattimento_di_Tancredi_e_Clorinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda">Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda</a></i> (1624) which can be considered as the first <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> oratorio. </p><p>The origins of the oratorio can be found in sacred dialogues in Italy. These were settings of Biblical, Latin texts and musically were quite similar to <a href="/wiki/Motets" class="mw-redirect" title="Motets">motets</a>. There was a strong narrative, dramatic emphasis and there were conversational exchanges between characters in the work. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Anerio" title="Giovanni Francesco Anerio">Giovanni Francesco Anerio</a>'s <i>Teatro harmonico spirituale</i> (1619) is a set of 14 dialogues, the longest of which is 20 minutes long and covers the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion of St. Paul</a> and is for four soloists: Historicus (narrator), <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St. Paul</a>, tenor; Voice from Heaven, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias</a>, tenor. There is also a four-part chorus to represent any crowds in the drama. The music is often contrapuntal and <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">madrigal-like</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Congregazione dell'Oratorio</a> featured the singing of spiritual <a href="/wiki/Laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Laude">laude</a>. These became more and more popular and were eventually performed in specially built <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratories</a> (prayer halls) by professional musicians. Again, these were chiefly based on dramatic and narrative elements. Sacred opera provided another impetus for dialogues, and they greatly expanded in length (although never really beyond 60 minutes long). Cavalieri's <i>Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo</i> is an example of one of these works, but technically it is not an oratorio because it features acting and dancing. It does, however contain music in the <a href="/wiki/Monodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monodic">monodic</a> style. The first oratorio to be called by that name is <a href="/wiki/Pietro_della_Valle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro della Valle">Pietro della Valle</a>'s <i>Oratorio della Purificazione</i>, but due to its brevity (only 12 minutes long) and the fact that its other name was "dialogue", we can see that there was much ambiguity in these names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1650–1700"><span id="1650.E2.80.931700"></span>1650–1700</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1650–1700"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the second half of the 17th century, there were trends toward the performance of the religious oratorio also outside <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> halls in courts and public <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theaters</a>. The theme of an oratorio is meant to be weighty. It could include such topics as <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">Creation</a>, the life of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, or the career of a classical hero or Biblical <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">prophet</a>. Other changes eventually took place as well, possibly because most composers of oratorios were also popular composers of operas. They began to publish the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a> of their oratorios as they did for their operas. Strong emphasis was soon placed on arias while the use of the choir diminished. Female singers became regularly employed, and replaced the male <a href="/wiki/Narrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrator">narrator</a> with the use of <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitatives</a>. </p><p>By the mid-17th century, two types had developed: </p> <ul><li><i>oratorio latino</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) – first developed at the <a href="/wiki/Oratorio_del_Santissimo_Crocifisso" class="mw-redirect" title="Oratorio del Santissimo Crocifisso">Oratorio del Santissimo Crocifisso</a>, related to the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Marcello_al_Corso" title="San Marcello al Corso">San Marcello al Corso</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.</li></ul> <p>The most significant composers of <i>oratorio latino</i> were in Italy <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Giacomo Carissimi</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Jephte_(Carissimi)" title="Jephte (Carissimi)">Jephte</a></i> is regarded as the first masterpiece of the genre (like most other Latin oratorios of the period, it is in one section only), and in France Carissimi's pupil <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a> (34 works H.391 - H.425). </p> <ul><li><i>oratorio volgare</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) – representative examples include: <ul><li>Giacomo Carissimi's <i>Daniele</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Marazzoli" title="Marco Marazzoli">Marco Marazzoli</a>'s <i>S Tomaso</i></li> <li>similar works written by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Foggia" title="Francesco Foggia">Francesco Foggia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossi" title="Luigi Rossi">Luigi Rossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Alessandro Stradella</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Lasting about 30–60 minutes, <i>oratori volgari</i> were performed in two sections, separated by a <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>; their music resembles that of contemporary operas and chamber <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_baroque">Late baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque period</a> oratorios increasingly became "sacred opera". In Rome and Naples <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a> was the most noted composer. In Vienna the court poet <a href="/wiki/Metastasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasio">Metastasio</a> produced annually a series of oratorios for the court which were set by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Caldara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Hasse</a> and others. Metastasio's best known oratorio libretto <i><a href="/wiki/La_passione_di_Ges%C3%B9_Cristo" title="La passione di Gesù Cristo">La passione di Gesù Cristo</a></i> was set by at least 35 composers from 1730 to 1790. In Germany the middle baroque oratorios moved from the early-baroque <i>Historia</i> style Christmas and Resurrection settings of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, to the Passions of <a href="/wiki/J._S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Bach">J. S. Bach</a>, oratorio-passions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Tod_Jesu" title="Der Tod Jesu">Der Tod Jesu</a></i> set by <a href="/wiki/Telemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemann">Telemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun" title="Carl Heinrich Graun">Carl Heinrich Graun</a>. After Telemann came the galante oratorio style of <a href="/wiki/C._P._E._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="C. P. E. Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian_Britain">Georgian Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Georgian Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel_Messiah_Hallelujah_by_Oratorio_Chorus.ogg" title="File:Handel Messiah Hallelujah by Oratorio Chorus.ogg">"Hallelujah" chorus from Handel's<i> Messiah</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="222" data-mwtitle="Handel_Messiah_Hallelujah_by_Oratorio_Chorus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Handel_Messiah_Hallelujah_by_Oratorio_Chorus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Handel_Messiah_Hallelujah_by_Oratorio_Chorus.ogg/Handel_Messiah_Hallelujah_by_Oratorio_Chorus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Recorded in 1916.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> saw a German-born monarch and German-born composer define the English oratorio. <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, most famous today for his <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a></i> (1741), also wrote other oratorios based on themes from <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a> and Biblical topics. He is also credited with writing the first English language oratorio, <i><a href="/wiki/Esther_(Handel)" title="Esther (Handel)">Esther</a></i>. Handel's imitators included the Italian <a href="/wiki/Lidarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lidarti">Lidarti</a> who was employed by the Amsterdam Jewish community to compose a Hebrew version of <i>Esther</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classicism">Classicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a></i> (1798) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_(Haydn)" title="The Seasons (Haydn)">The Seasons</a></i> (1801) have remained the most widely known oratorios from the period of classicism. While the first of these Händel inspired works draws from the religious theme of creation, the second is more secular, containing songs about industry, hunting and wine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_era">Victorian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Victorian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Britain continued to look to Germany for its composers of oratorio. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Festival">Birmingham Festival</a> commissioned various oratorios including <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Elijah_(oratorio)" title="Elijah (oratorio)">Elijah</a></i> in 1846, later performed in German as <i>Elias</i>. German composer <a href="/wiki/Georg_Vierling" title="Georg Vierling">Georg Vierling</a> is noted for modernizing the secular oratorio form.<sup id="cite_ref-history_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Stainer" title="John Stainer">John Stainer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crucifixion_(Stainer)" title="The Crucifixion (Stainer)">The Crucifixion</a></i> (1887) became the stereotypical battlehorse of massed amateur choral societies. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a> tried to revive the genre around the turn of century with the composition of <i>The Light of Life (Lux Christi)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius" title="The Dream of Gerontius">The Dream of Gerontius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apostles_(Elgar)" title="The Apostles (Elgar)">The Apostles</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_(Elgar)" title="The Kingdom (Elgar)">The Kingdom</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oratorio returned haltingly to public attention with <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_rex_(opera)" title="Oedipus rex (opera)">Oedipus Rex</a></i> in Paris (1927), <a href="/wiki/William_Walton" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_Feast_(Walton)" title="Belshazzar's Feast (Walton)">Belshazzar's Feast</a></i> in Leeds (1931), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>'s <i>Das Unaufhörliche</i> in Berlin (1931), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Roi_David" title="Le Roi David">Le Roi David</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_au_b%C3%BBcher" title="Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher">Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher</a></i> in Basel (1938), and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schmidt_(composer)" title="Franz Schmidt (composer)">Franz Schmidt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_with_Seven_Seals_(oratorio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book with Seven Seals (oratorio)">The Book with Seven Seals</a></i> (<i>Das Buch mit sieben Siegeln</i>) in Vienna (1938). <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tippett" title="Michael Tippett">Michael Tippett</a>'s oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/A_Child_of_Our_Time" title="A Child of Our Time">A Child of Our Time</a></i> (first performance, 1944) engages with events surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Postwar oratorios include <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Forests" title="Song of the Forests">Song of the Forests</a></i> (1949), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_Guard_for_Peace" title="On Guard for Peace">On Guard for Peace</a></i> (1950), <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Salmanov" title="Vadim Salmanov">Vadim Salmanov</a>'s <i>Twelve</i> (1957), <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_(Schnittke)" title="Nagasaki (Schnittke)">Nagasaki</a></i> (1958), <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh_(Martin%C5%AF)" title="The Epic of Gilgamesh (Martinů)">The Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> (1958), <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" title="St Luke Passion (Penderecki)">St. Luke Passion</a></i> (1966), <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Flo%C3%9F_der_Medusa" title="Das Floß der Medusa">Das Floß der Medusa</a></i> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clemencic" title="René Clemencic">René Clemencic</a>'s <i>Kabbala</i> (1992), and <a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Golijov" title="Osvaldo Golijov">Osvaldo Golijov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n_seg%C3%BAn_San_Marcos_(Golijov)" title="La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)">La Pasión según San Marcos</a></i> (2000).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel" title="Mauricio Kagel">Mauricio Kagel</a> composed <i><a href="/wiki/Sankt-Bach-Passion" title="Sankt-Bach-Passion">Sankt-Bach-Passion</a></i>, an oratorio about Bach's life, for the tercentenary of his birth in 1985. </p><p>Oratorios by popular musicians include <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Léo Ferré">Léo Ferré</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_Chanson_du_mal-aim%C3%A9" title="La Chanson du mal-aimé">La Chanson du mal-aimé</a></i> (1954 and 1972), based on <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a>'s poem of the same name, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney%27s_Liverpool_Oratorio" title="Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio">Liverpool Oratorio</a></i> (1991), and <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Canto_General_(1975_album)" title="Canto General (1975 album)">Canto General</a></i> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axion_Esti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axion Esti (page does not exist)">Axion Esti</a>, based on poems of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odusseas Elytis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Buck" title="Dudley Buck">Dudley Buck</a> composed his oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_Asia_(oratorio)" title="The Light of Asia (oratorio)">The Light of Asia</a></i> in 1886, it became the first in the history of the genre to be based on the life of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several late 20th and early 21st-century oratorios have since been based on Buddha's life or have incorporated Buddhist texts. These include <a href="/wiki/Somei_Satoh" title="Somei Satoh">Somei Satoh</a>'s 1987 <i>Stabat Mater</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Subasinghe" title="Dinesh Subasinghe">Dinesh Subasinghe</a>'s 2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Karuna_Nadee" class="mw-redirect" title="Karuna Nadee">Karuna Nadee</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a>'s 2011 <i>Weltethos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 21st century also saw a continuation of Christianity-based oratorios with <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(oratorio)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño (oratorio)">El Niño</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_the_Other_Mary" title="The Gospel According to the Other Mary">The Gospel According to the Other Mary</a></i>. Other religions represented include <a href="/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvasakam_in_Symphony" title="Thiruvasakam in Symphony">Thiruvasakam</a></i> (based on the texts of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> hymns to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>). Secular oratorios composed in the 21st century include <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Currier" title="Nathan Currier">Nathan Currier</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gaian_Variations" title="Gaian Variations">Gaian Variations</a></i> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Einhorn" title="Richard Einhorn">Richard Einhorn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_(Einhorn)" title="The Origin (Einhorn)">The Origin</a></i> (based on the writings of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mills_(composer)" title="Jonathan Mills (composer)">Jonathan Mills</a>' <i>Sandakan Threnody</i> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a>), <a href="/wiki/Neil_Hannon" title="Neil Hannon">Neil Hannon</a>'s <i>To Our Fathers in Distress</i>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(composer)" title="David Lang (composer)">David Lang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Match_Girl_Passion" title="The Little Match Girl Passion">The Little Match Girl Passion</a> (2008). The oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27_(oratorio)" title="Laudato si' (oratorio)">Laudato si'</a></i>, composed in 2016 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Reulein" title="Peter Reulein">Peter Reulein</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schlegel" title="Helmut Schlegel">Helmut Schlegel</a>, includes the full Latin text of the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a>, expanded by writings of <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LS-score_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-score-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laudato_si-Liebfrauen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laudato_si-Liebfrauen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Bruder_Martin" title="Bruder Martin">Bruder Martin</a></i> was composed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gabriel_(composer)" title="Thomas Gabriel (composer)">Thomas Gabriel</a>, setting a text by <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Eckert" title="Eugen Eckert">Eugen Eckert</a> about scenes from the life of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, for the 500th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Strube_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strube-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Widmann" title="Jörg Widmann">Jörg Widmann</a>'s oratorio <a href="/wiki/Arche_(oratorio)" title="Arche (oratorio)">ARCHE</a> premiered. A transfer of sacrality to secular contexts takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-Groote_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groote-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oratorios" title="List of oratorios">List of oratorios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion music">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Requiem_Mass" title="Music for the Requiem Mass">Music for the Requiem Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass (liturgy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratorio_Society_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Oratorio Society (disambiguation)">Oratorio Society (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratorio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"oratorio, (n.)". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F8713946143">10.1093/OED/8713946143</a>. <q>A large-scale, usually narrative musical work for orchestra and voices, typically on a sacred theme and performed with little or no costume, scenery, or action.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=oratorio%2C+%28n.%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8713946143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmitherVol2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmitherVol2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmither" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smither, Howard E. <i>A History of the Oratorio</i>. Vol. 2: The Oratorio in the Baroque Era - Protestant Germany and England. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 350. <q>Seven works by Handel are sometimes classified as "secular oratorios": Acts and Galatea, Alexander's Feast, Ode for St. Cecilia's Day, L'Allegro, Semele, Hercules, and The Choice of Hercules.63 Nevertheless, none of these compositions was originally called an oratorio by its composer. <b>In Handel's England the term secular oratorio was not used and would have seemed self-contradictory.</b> Thus in a genre classification of Handel's works based on the terminology charac- teristic in England of his time, these seven compositions would be excluded from the oratorio category.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Oratorio&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.aulast=Smither&rft.aufirst=Howard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MusicalTimes1878-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MusicalTimes1878_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Rev. of <i><a href="/wiki/Semele_(Handel)" title="Semele (Handel)">Semele</a></i>. An Oratorio. Edited... by Ebenezer Prout". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>. <b>19</b> (424): 338. 1 June 1878. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3357342">10.2307/3357342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3357342">3357342</a>. <q>For want of a better term this work may be called a 'Secular Oratorio;' but... Arnold, not wishing to style it an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a>, mentions it as a 'dramatic performance' and certainly the nature of the <i>libretto</i> precludes the possibility of our surrounding it with any religious associations. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Victor Schœlcher</a>, in his <i>Life of Handel</i>... dwells on the absurdity of the feeling which, in the composer's time, prompted persons to forbid <i><a href="/wiki/Esther_(Handel)" title="Esther (Handel)">Esther</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabaeus_(Handel)" title="Judas Maccabaeus (Handel)">Judas Maccabaeus</a></i> to be played in action, whilst they could listen with equanimity to <i>Semele</i> even in <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, because it was 'after the manner of an Oratorio.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Rev.+of+Semele.+An+Oratorio.+Edited...+by+Ebenezer+Prout.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=424&rft.pages=338&rft.date=1878-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3357342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3357342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1890" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charles T. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0060:entry=oro">"ōrō"</a>. <i>An Elementary Latin Dictionary</i>. New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago: American Book Company – via <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%8Dr%C5%8D&rft.btitle=An+Elementary+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York%2C+Cincinnati%2C+and+Chicago&rft.pub=American+Book+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Doro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofmusic05naumuoft/historyofmusic05naumuoft_djvu.txt">"The History of Music"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofmusic05naumuoft%2Fhistoryofmusic05naumuoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smither, Howard E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Khz3kZNd0Z8C&dq=Buddhist+oratorio&pg=PA463"><i>A History of the Oratorio: The Oratorio in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i></a>, pp. 453 and 463. University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807825115" title="Special:BookSources/0807825115">0807825115</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (3 April 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/03/arts/oratorio-merges-christ-and-buddha.html">"Oratorio Merges Christ and Buddha"</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clements, Andrew (22 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/22/weltethos-review">"<i>Weltethos</i> – review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-score-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS-score_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuleinSchlegel2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Reulein" title="Peter Reulein">Reulein, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schlegel" title="Helmut Schlegel">Schlegel, Helmut</a> (2016). <i>Laudato si' / Ein franziskanisches Magnificat</i>. <a href="/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn" title="Limburg an der Lahn">Limburg an der Lahn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Dehm" title="Patrick Dehm">Dehm Verlag</a>. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-943302-34-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-943302-34-9"><bdi>978-3-943302-34-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISMN (identifier)">ISMN</a> 979-0-50226-047-7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laudato+si%27+%2F+Ein+franziskanisches+Magnificat&rft.place=Limburg+an+der+Lahn&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Dehm+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-943302-34-9&rft.aulast=Reulein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Schlegel%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laudato_si-Liebfrauen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laudato_si-Liebfrauen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liebfrauen.net/meldung_volltext.php?si=5807238ed0bee&id=57f955bfc9ddd&view=&lang=&akt=musikkunstkultur_musikmeldungen&k1=main&k2=musikkunstkultur&k3=musikmeldungen&k4=">"Festkonzert zum Jubiläum des Referates Kirchenmusik / Laudato si' – Oratorium von Peter Reulein (Uraufführung)"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Liebfrauen,_Frankfurt" title="Liebfrauen, Frankfurt">Liebfrauen, Frankfurt</a>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festkonzert+zum+Jubil%C3%A4um+des+Referates+Kirchenmusik+%2F+Laudato+si%27+%E2%80%93+Oratorium+von+Peter+Reulein+%28Urauff%C3%BChrung%29&rft.pub=Liebfrauen%2C+Frankfurt&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liebfrauen.net%2Fmeldung_volltext.php%3Fsi%3D5807238ed0bee%26id%3D57f955bfc9ddd%26view%3D%26lang%3D%26akt%3Dmusikkunstkultur_musikmeldungen%26k1%3Dmain%26k2%3Dmusikkunstkultur%26k3%3Dmusikmeldungen%26k4%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strube-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strube_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strube.de/uploads/tx_eshop/I6946.pdf">"Bruder Martin – Luther-Musical-Oratorium in sieben Bildern und einem Prolog"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Strube Verlag. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruder+Martin+%E2%80%93+Luther-Musical-Oratorium+in+sieben+Bildern+und+einem+Prolog&rft.pub=Strube+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strube.de%2Fuploads%2Ftx_eshop%2FI6946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groote-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groote_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroote2023" class="citation book cs1">Groote, Inga Mai (9 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.13109/9783666302459.103">"The Sound of the Sacred. Transfers of Sacrality in Contemporary Choral Music"</a>. <i>Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz Beihefte</i>. Vol. 140. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 103–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666302459.103">10.13109/9783666302459.103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-30245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-30245-3"><bdi>978-3-525-30245-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sound+of+the+Sacred.+Transfers+of+Sacrality+in+Contemporary+Choral+Music&rft.btitle=Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+des+Instituts+f%C3%BCr+Europ%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+Mainz+Beihefte&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=103-116&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2F9783666302459.103&rft.isbn=978-3-525-30245-3&rft.aulast=Groote&rft.aufirst=Inga+Mai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vr-elibrary.de%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.13109%2F9783666302459.103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOratorio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Bukofzer, Manfred F. <i>Music in the Baroque Era.</i> New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co., Inc, 1947.</li> <li>Smither, Howard. <i>The History of the Oratorio.</i> vol. 1–4, Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of N.C. Press, 1977–2000.</li> <li>Deedy, John. <i>The Catholic Fact Book</i>. Chicago, IL: Thomas Moore Press, 1986.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i>, ed. L. Macy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000004099">grovemusic.com</a> (subscription access).</li> <li>Hardon, John A. <i>Modern Catholic Dictionary.</i> Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co. Inc., 1980.</li> <li><i>New Catholic Encyclopedia.</i> New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.</li> <li>Randel, Don. "Oratorio". <i>The Harvard Dictionary of Music.</i> Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 1986.</li> <li>McGuire, Charles Edward. <i>Elgar's Oratorios: The Creation of an Epic Narrative</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate Press, 2002.</li> <li>McGuire, Charles Edward. "Elgar, Judas, and the Theology of Betrayal." In <i>19th-Century Music</i>, vol. XXIII, no. 3 (Spring, 2000), pp. 236–272.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Putnam_Upton" title="George Putnam Upton">Upton, George P</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22793/22793-h/22793-h.htm">The Standard Oratorios</a></i>, Chicago, 1893</li> <li>Gilman, Todd S. "Handel's <i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(Handel)" title="Hercules (Handel)">Hercules</a></i> and Its Semiosis." <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Vol. 81, No. 3 (Autumn 1997): pp. 449-481. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/742326">JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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