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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music_of_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classical music of Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_music_of_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classical music of Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_music_of_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chorale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chorale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chorale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chorale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Baroque period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Romantic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Folk music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bavaria_and_Swabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bavaria_and_Swabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bavaria and Swabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bavaria_and_Swabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christmas_carols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas_carols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christmas carols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas_carols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early popular music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_popular_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early popular music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kabarett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabarett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kabarett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabarett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swing_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swing_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Swing Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swing_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music_from_West_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music_from_West_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular music from West Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_music_from_West_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular music from West Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_music_from_West_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schlager_and_Volksmusik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schlager_and_Volksmusik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Schlager and Volksmusik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schlager_and_Volksmusik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liedermacher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liedermacher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Liedermacher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liedermacher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neue_Deutsche_Welle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neue_Deutsche_Welle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Neue Deutsche Welle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neue_Deutsche_Welle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Popular artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamburger_Schule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamburger_Schule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Hamburger Schule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamburger_Schule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music_from_East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music_from_East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular music from East Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_music_from_East_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular music from East Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_music_from_East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ostrock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostrock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Ostrock</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostrock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music_from_reunified_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music_from_reunified_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Popular music from reunified Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_music_from_reunified_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular music from reunified Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_music_from_reunified_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Modern popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indie_and_alternative_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indie_and_alternative_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Indie and alternative rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indie_and_alternative_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euro_disco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euro_disco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Euro disco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euro_disco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthpop,_Eurodance,_Pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthpop,_Eurodance,_Pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Synthpop, Eurodance, Pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthpop,_Eurodance,_Pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reggae,_dancehall,_ska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reggae,_dancehall,_ska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Reggae, dancehall, ska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reggae,_dancehall,_ska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-R&B,_soul,_funk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R&B,_soul,_funk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>R&B, soul, funk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R&B,_soul,_funk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Punk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Heavy metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neue_Deutsche_Härte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neue_Deutsche_Härte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.1</span> <span>Neue Deutsche Härte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neue_Deutsche_Härte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9.2</span> <span>Medieval metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Goth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_music_and_techno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_music_and_techno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Electronic music and techno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_music_and_techno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klezmer_in_Germany_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klezmer_in_Germany_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>Klezmer in Germany and Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klezmer_in_Germany_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.13</span> <span>Jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.14</span> <span>World music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موسيقى ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_in_Deutschland" title="Musik in Deutschland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musik in Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_allemande" title="Musique allemande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique allemande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka_glazba" title="Njemačka glazba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka glazba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_tedesca" title="Musica tedesca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה גרמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה גרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Неміс музыкасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неміс музыкасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cu_m%C5%ABzika" title="Vācu mūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācu mūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_da_Alemanha#Música" title="Cultura da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_i_Tyskland" title="Musik i Tyskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musik i Tyskland" 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navigation-not-searchable">"German song" redirects here. For the No Money Enterprise song, see <a href="/wiki/German_(song)" title="German (song)">German (song)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Komponisten_1_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/3_Komponisten_1_small.jpg/220px-3_Komponisten_1_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/3_Komponisten_1_small.jpg/330px-3_Komponisten_1_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/3_Komponisten_1_small.jpg/440px-3_Komponisten_1_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>The 10 m high <a href="/wiki/Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart Memorial">Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> commemorates three classical composers: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>. On each of its three sides is a half-figure of the composers. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/P_German_flag.svg/50px-P_German_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/P_German_flag.svg/75px-P_German_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/P_German_flag.svg/100px-P_German_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_composers" title="List of German composers">German composers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Germany" title="Church music in Germany">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_electronic_music" title="German electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_heavy_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="German heavy metal">Heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burger-highlife" title="Burger-highlife">Highlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_jazz" title="German jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_German" title="Opera in German">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrock">Ostrock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlager_music" title="Schlager music">Schlager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkslied" title="Volkslied">Volkslied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksmusik" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksmusik">Volksmusik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkst%C3%BCmliche_Musik" title="Volkstümliche Musik">Volkstümliche Musik</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Specific forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guggenmusik" title="Guggenmusik">Guggenmusik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuhplattler" title="Schuhplattler">Schuhplattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodeling" title="Yodeling">Yodeling</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo_Music_Prize" title="Echo Music Prize">ECHO Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards" title="MTV Europe Music Awards">MTV Europe Music Awards</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music charts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Black_Charts" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Black Charts">Deutsche Black Charts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_am_Ring_and_Rock_im_Park" title="Rock am Ring and Rock im Park">Rock am Ring and Rock im Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air" title="Wacken Open Air">Wacken Open Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_Festival" title="Fusion Festival">Fusion Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Festival" title="Hurricane Festival">Hurricane Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayday_(music_festival)" title="Mayday (music festival)">Mayday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerbreeze" title="Summerbreeze">Summerbreeze</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Germany" title="List of radio stations in Germany">Radio stations in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Debug_(magazine)" title="Debug (magazine)">De:Bug Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folker_(music_magazine)" title="Folker (music magazine)">Folker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juice_(German_magazine)" title="Juice (German magazine)">Juice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melodie_und_Rhythmus" title="Melodie und Rhythmus">Melodie und Rhythmus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Hammer" title="Metal Hammer">Metal Hammer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musik_und_Gesellschaft" title="Musik und Gesellschaft">Musik und Gesellschaft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musikmarkt" title="Musikmarkt">Musikmarkt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkus" title="Orkus">Orkus</a> </i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Seducer" title="Sonic Seducer">Sonic Seducer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spex_(magazine)" title="Spex (magazine)">Spex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zillo" title="Zillo">Zillo</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> "<a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a>"</td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Local forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Berlin" title="Music in Berlin">Berlin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Germany" title="Template:Music of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Music of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture of Germany</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/150px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/200px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and Technology</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of German inventions and discoveries">List of German inventions and discoveries</a>)</sub></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Germany">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asians_in_Germany" title="Asians in Germany">Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Afro-Germans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_humour" title="German humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Germany">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Germany">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a>)</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="German legend">German legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_cuisine" title="Baden cuisine">Baden cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">Bavarian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hamburg" title="Cuisine of Hamburg">Hamburg cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_cuisine" title="Hessian cuisine">Hessian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_cuisine" title="Lower Saxon cuisine">Lower Saxon cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountain_cuisine" title="Ore Mountain cuisine">Ore Mountain cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_cuisine" title="Palatine cuisine">Palatine cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_cuisine" title="Pomeranian cuisine">Pomeranian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_cuisine" title="Swabian cuisine">Swabian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_dishes" title="List of German dishes">List of German dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Freedom of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Evangelical-Lutheran_Church" title="Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church">Evangelical-Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Church_in_Southern_Schleswig" title="Danish Church in Southern Schleswig">Danish Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Diocese_of_the_Old_Catholics_in_Germany" title="Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany">Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Germany" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">History of the Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Germany" title="Hinduism in Germany">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Germany" title="Baháʼí Faith in Germany">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Germany">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_artists" title="List of German artists">artists</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_painters" title="List of German painters">painters</a>) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatre_in_Germany" title="Category:Theatre in Germany">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Germany">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Germany">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Germany" title="Radio in Germany">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Germany" title="Football in Germany">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Germany" title="Category:Golf in Germany">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Handball_in_Germany" title="Category:Handball in Germany">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_racing_in_Germany" title="Category:Horse racing in Germany">Horse Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Germany" title="Category:Motorsport in Germany">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volleyball_in_Germany" title="Category:Volleyball in Germany">Volleyball</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Germany" title="List of castles in Germany">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:Liste_(Kulturdenkmale_in_Deutschland)" class="extiw" title="de:Kategorie:Liste (Kulturdenkmale in Deutschland)">Monuments Lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Germany">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Germany">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Germany" title="Template:Culture of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Culture of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> claims some of the most renowned composers, singers, producers and performers of the world. Germany is the largest music market in Europe, and third largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> is one of the most performed in the world; German composers include some of the most accomplished and popular in history, among them <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Friedrich Händel">Georg Friedrich Händel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, many of whom were among the composers who created the field of <a href="/wiki/German_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="German opera">German opera</a>. The most popular living German composer is probably film score composer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a>. </p><p>German popular music of the 20th and 21st century includes the movements of <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nena" title="Nena">Nena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Kah" title="Hubert Kah">Hubert Kah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphaville_(band)" title="Alphaville (band)">Alphaville</a>), <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boney_M." title="Boney M.">Boney M.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Talking" title="Modern Talking">Modern Talking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dschinghis_Khan" title="Dschinghis Khan">Dschinghis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milli_Vanilli" title="Milli Vanilli">Milli Vanilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Boys_Blue" title="Bad Boys Blue">Bad Boys Blue</a>), <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a>/<a href="/wiki/German_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="German rock">rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accept_(band)" title="Accept (band)">Accept</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helloween" title="Helloween">Helloween</a>), <a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">punk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%84rzte" title="Die Ärzte">Die Ärzte</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hse_Onkelz" title="Böhse Onkelz">Böhse Onkelz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Hagen" title="Nina Hagen">Nina Hagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Toten_Hosen" title="Die Toten Hosen">Die Toten Hosen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandra_(singer)" title="Sandra (singer)">Sandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enigma_(German_band)" title="Enigma (German band)">Enigma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cretu" title="Michael Cretu">Michael Cretu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gr%C3%B6nemeyer" title="Herbert Grönemeyer">Herbert Grönemeyer</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tocotronic" title="Tocotronic">Tocotronic</a>). Famous female singers were <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Knef" title="Hildegard Knef">Hildegard Knef</a>. German <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> gained global influence, with <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a> being pioneer groups in this genre.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">electro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> scene is internationally popular, namely due to the DJs <a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Dyk" title="Paul van Dyk">Paul van Dyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(band)" title="Scooter (band)">Scooter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cascada" title="Cascada">Cascada</a>. </p><p>Germany hosts many large rock <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music festivals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rock_am_Ring_and_Rock_im_Park" title="Rock am Ring and Rock im Park">Rock am Ring and Rock im Park</a> festival is among the largest in the world. Since around 1990, the new-old German capital <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> has developed a diverse music and entertainment industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers_(Man_and_Woman)"><span id="Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers_.28Man_and_Woman.29"></span>Minnesingers and Meistersingers (Man and Woman)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Minnesingers and Meistersingers (Man and Woman)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meistersinger" title="Meistersinger">Meistersinger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg/220px-Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg/330px-Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg/440px-Codex_Manesse_Walther_von_der_Vogelweide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a> (Folio 124r)</figcaption></figure> <p>The beginning of what is now considered German music could be traced back to the 12th-century compositions of mystic abbess <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>, who wrote a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> and other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a>. </p><p>After Latin-language religious music had dominated for centuries, in the 12th century to the 14th centuries, Minnesinger (<i>love poets</i>), singing in German, spread across Germany. Minnesinger were aristocrats, traveling from court to court, who had become musicians, and their work left behind a vast body of literature, <i>Minnelieder</i>. The following two centuries saw the Minnesinger replaced by middle-class <a href="/wiki/Meistersinger" title="Meistersinger">Meistersinger</a>, who were often master craftsmen in their main profession, whose music was much more formalized and rule-based than that of the Minnesinger. Minnesinger and Meistersinger could be considered parallels of French <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvère</a>. </p><p>Among the Minnesinger, Hermann, a <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, deserves special note. He incorporated folk styles from the Alpine regions in his compositions. He made some primitive forays into <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> as well. <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a> are probably the most famous minnesingers from this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_music_of_Germany">Classical music of Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical music of Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germans have played a leading role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. Many of the best classical musicians such as Bach, Händel, Beethoven, Schumann, Brahms, Wagner, Mahler, or Schoenberg (a lineage labeled the "German Stem" by <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>) were German. At the beginning of the 15th century, German classical music was revolutionized by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a>, who travelled across Europe learning about classical traditions, spending time in countries like France and Italy. He brought back some techniques and styles to his homeland, and within a hundred years, Germany had begun producing composers renowned across the continent. Among the first of these composers was the organist <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Paumann" title="Conrad Paumann">Conrad Paumann</a>. The largest summer festival for classical music in Germany is the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Musik_Festival" title="Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival">Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chorale">Chorale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chorale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">Chorale</a></div> <p>Beginning in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, or the intertwining of multiple <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodies</a>, arrived in Germany. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> chorales predominated; in contrast to Catholic music, chorale was vibrant and energetic. Composers included <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. Luther happened to accompany his sung <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#Hymnodist" title="Martin Luther">hymns</a> with a lute, later recreated as the <a href="/wiki/Waldzither" title="Waldzither">waldzither</a> that became a <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_instruments_(music)" title="List of national instruments (music)">national instrument</a> of Germany in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="German opera">German opera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W_A_Mozart_at_21c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/W_A_Mozart_at_21c.jpg/110px-W_A_Mozart_at_21c.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/W_A_Mozart_at_21c.jpg/165px-W_A_Mozart_at_21c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/W_A_Mozart_at_21c.jpg/220px-W_A_Mozart_at_21c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">W. A. Mozart</a>, 1777</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zauberfl%C3%B6te" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Zauberflöte">Die Zauberflöte</a></i> (1791) is usually said to be the beginning of German <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>. An earlier starting date for German opera, however, could be <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dafne" title="Dafne">Dafne</a></i> from 1627. Schütz is said to be the first great German composer before <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, and was a major figure in 17th-century music. </p><p>In the 19th century, two figures were paramount in German opera: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. Wagner introduced devices like the <a href="/wiki/Leitmotiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Leitmotiv">Leitmotiv</a>, a musical theme which recurs for important characters or ideas. Wagner (and Weber) based his operas of German history and folklore, most importantly including the <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Ring of the Nibelung</a></i> (1874). Into the 20th century, opera composers included <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(composer)" title="Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>, who wrote operas meant for young audiences. Across the border in Austria, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> innovated a form of twelve-tone music that used <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance</a> instead of traditional melodies and harmonies, while <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> collaborated on some of the great works of German theater, including <i><a href="/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny" title="Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny">Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three-Penny_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="The Three-Penny Opera">The Three-Penny Opera</a></i>. </p><p>Following the war, German composers like <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> began experimenting <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> sounds in classical music. </p><p>Germany is also very well known for its many subsidised <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera houses</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_am_G%C3%A4rtnerplatz" title="Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz">Munich State Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque_period">Baroque period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Baroque period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/110px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/165px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/220px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._S._Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Bach">J. S. Bach</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Baroque music, which was the first music to use <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> in the modern sense, is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornamentation</a> and artistic use of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>. It originated in Northern Italy at the end of the 16th century, and the style migrated quickly to Germany, which was one of the most active centers of early Baroque music. Early German Baroque composers included <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Samuel Scheidt</a>. The culmination of the Baroque era was undoubtedly in the works of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Friedrich Händel">Georg Friedrich Händel</a> in the first half of the 18th century. Bach established German styles through his skill in <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motivic</a> organisation, and adapted rhythms, forms, and textures from Italy and France. Bach wrote numerous works, including <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">preludes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">cantatas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concertos</a> for harpsichord, violin and wind, orchestral suites, the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concerto" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg Concerto">Brandenburg Concertos</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Oratorio" title="Christmas Oratorio">Christmas Oratorio</a></i>. Händel was a cosmopolitan composer that wrote music for virtually every genre of his time. His most famous works include the orchestral suites <a href="/wiki/Water_Music" title="Water Music">Water Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks" title="Music for the Royal Fireworks">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a> and the oratorio <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>. Another important composer was <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, one of the most prolific musicians in history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_era">Classical era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classical era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical music era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg/110px-Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg/165px-Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg/220px-Joseph_Karl_Stieler%27s_Beethoven_mit_dem_Manuskript_der_Missa_solemnis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4330" data-file-height="5389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the middle of the 18th century, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> had become the center for orchestral music. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Esterh%C3%A1zy" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Esterházy">Esterházy</a> princes of Vienna, for example, were the patrons of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, an Austrian who invented the classic format of the <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonata_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonata (music)">sonata</a>. Later that century, Vienna's <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> emerged, mixing German and Italian traditions into his own style. Mozart was a prolific and influential composer who composed over 600 <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">works</a>, many acknowledged as pinnacles of <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concertante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral</a> music. He is among the most popular of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> composers, and his influence on subsequent Western <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> is profound; <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> composed his own early works in the shadow of Mozart. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantic_era">Romantic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Romantic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieder">lieder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/110px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/165px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg/220px-Robert_Schumann_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl-Maria-Von-Weber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Carl-Maria-Von-Weber.jpg/110px-Carl-Maria-Von-Weber.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Carl-Maria-Von-Weber.jpg/165px-Carl-Maria-Von-Weber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Carl-Maria-Von-Weber.jpg/220px-Carl-Maria-Von-Weber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannesBrahms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/110px-JohannesBrahms.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/165px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/JohannesBrahms.jpg/220px-JohannesBrahms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardWagner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/110px-RichardWagner.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/165px-RichardWagner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/220px-RichardWagner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Schubert_by_Wilhelm_August_Rieder_1875_larger_version_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Franz_Schubert_by_Wilhelm_August_Rieder_1875_larger_version_crop.png/110px-Franz_Schubert_by_Wilhelm_August_Rieder_1875_larger_version_crop.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Franz_Schubert_by_Wilhelm_August_Rieder_1875_larger_version_crop.png/165px-Franz_Schubert_by_Wilhelm_August_Rieder_1875_larger_version_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Franz_Schubert_by_Wilhelm_August_Rieder_1875_larger_version_crop.png/220px-Franz_Schubert_by_Wilhelm_August_Rieder_1875_larger_version_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The following century saw two major German composers come to fame early—<a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>. Beethoven, a student of Haydn's in Vienna, used unusually daring <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> and composed numerous pieces for <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartets</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>. Schubert created a field of artistic, romantic poetry and music called <i><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lied</a></i>; his lieder cycles included <i><a href="/wiki/Die_sch%C3%B6ne_M%C3%BCllerin" title="Die schöne Müllerin">Die schöne Müllerin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Winterreise" title="Winterreise">Winterreise</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a> was extremely prolific during his lifetime. His output consists of over six hundred secular vocal works (mainly <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lieder</a>), seven complete <a href="/wiki/Symphonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonies">symphonies</a>, sacred music, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a> and a large body of chamber and piano music. He is ranked among the greatest composers of the late <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> era and early <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> era. </p><p>Early in the 19th century, a composer by the name of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> was born. He was a "Musician of the Future" who disliked the strict traditionalist styles of music. He is credited with developing <i>leitmotivs</i> which were simple recurring themes found in his operas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitarist" title="Guitarist">guitarist</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">critic</a>, one of the first significant composers of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> school. His <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euryanthe" title="Euryanthe">Euryanthe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(Weber)" title="Oberon (Weber)">Oberon</a></i> greatly influenced the development of the Romantic opera in Germany. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> was a composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> period. He was particularly well received in Britain as a composer, conductor and soloist. He wrote <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a>, piano music and <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> was a composer and influential music critic. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> era. Schumann's published compositions were written exclusively for the piano until 1840; he later composed works for piano and orchestra; many <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lieder</a> (songs for voice and piano); four <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>; an opera; and other orchestral, <a href="/wiki/Choral" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral">choral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber</a> works. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> honored the music pioneered by Mozart and Beethoven and advanced his music into a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic idiom</a>, in the process creating bold new approaches to harmony and melody. </p><p>The later 19th century saw Vienna continue its elevated position in European classical music, as well as a burst of popularity with Viennese <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltzes</a>. These were composed by people like <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Strauss the Younger">Johann Strauss the Younger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> was a leading composer of the late <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">modern</a> eras. He is known for his <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a>, which include <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i>; his <i><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a></i>, especially his <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Songs" title="Four Last Songs">Four Last Songs</a></i>; and his <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poems</a>. Strauss, along with <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, represents the late flowering of <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a> after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, in which pioneering subtleties of <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> are combined with an advanced <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Music in Nazi Germany">Music in Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg/110px-Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg/165px-Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg/220px-Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Orff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carl_Orff.jpg/110px-Carl_Orff.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carl_Orff.jpg/165px-Carl_Orff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carl_Orff.jpg/220px-Carl_Orff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first half of 20th century saw a split between German and Austrian music. In Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and his pupils <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> moved along an increasingly avant-garde path, pioneering <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal music</a> in 1909 and <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-tone music">twelve-tone music</a> in 1923. Meanwhile, composers in Berlin took a more populist route, from the cabaret-like socialist operas of <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gebrauchsmusik" title="Gebrauchsmusik">Gebrauchsmusik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>. In Munich there was also <a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a>, who was influenced by the French <a href="/wiki/Impressionist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist music">Impressionist</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>. He began to use colorful, unusual combinations of instruments in his <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a>. His most popular work is <i><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)" title="Carmina Burana (Orff)">Carmina Burana</a></i>. </p><p>Many composers emigrated to the United States when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> came to power, including Schoenberg, Hindemith, and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Korngold" class="mw-redirect" title="Erich Korngold">Erich Korngold</a>. During this period, the Nazi Party embarked on a campaign to rid Germany of so-called <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">degenerate art</a>, which became a catch-all phrase that included music with any link to Jews, Communists, jazz, and anything else thought to be dangerous. Some figures such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Amadeus_Hartmann" title="Karl Amadeus Hartmann">Karl Amadeus Hartmann</a> remained defiantly in Germany during the years of Nazi dominance, continually watchful of how their output might be interpreted by the authorities. </p><p>After the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, musicians were also subjected to the Allied policy of <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>. But here, the supposed non-political nature of music was able to excuse many, including <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a> (who had actually joined the Nazi Party in 1933). They both claimed to have concentrated mainly on music and to have ignored politics, but also to have conducted pieces in ways that were meant to be "gestures of defiance."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In West Germany in the second half of the 20th century, German and Austrian music was largely dominated by the avant-garde. In the 60s and 70s, the <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_New_Music_Summer_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadt New Music Summer School">Darmstadt New Music Summer School</a> was a major center of European modernism; German composers such as <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> and non-German ones such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> all studied there. In contrast, composers in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> were advised to avoid the avant-garde and to compose music in keeping with the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music written in this style was supposed to advance party politics as well as be more accessible to all.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Meyer" title="Ernst Hermann Meyer">Ernst Hermann Meyer</a> were among the most famous of the first generation of GDR composers. </p><p>More recently, composers such as <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olga_Neuwirth" title="Olga Neuwirth">Olga Neuwirth</a> have extensively explored the possibilities of <a href="/wiki/Extended_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended techniques">extended techniques</a>. Hans Werner Henze largely dissociated himself from the Darmstadt school in favour of a more lyrical approach, and remains perhaps Germany's most lauded contemporary composer. Although he had lived outside the country since the 1950s and until his death in 2012, he remained influenced by the Germanic musical tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany has many unique regions with their own folk traditions of music and dance. Much of the 20th century saw German culture appropriated for the ruling powers (who fought "foreign" music at the same time). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlagers%C3%A4nger_Heino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Schlagers%C3%A4nger_Heino.jpg/220px-Schlagers%C3%A4nger_Heino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Schlagers%C3%A4nger_Heino.jpg/330px-Schlagers%C3%A4nger_Heino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Schlagers%C3%A4nger_Heino.jpg/440px-Schlagers%C3%A4nger_Heino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heino" title="Heino">Heino</a> is a Schlager and Volksmusik singer.</figcaption></figure> <p>In both East and West Germany, folk songs called "volkslieder" were taught to children; these were popular, sunny and optimistic, and had little relation to authentic German folk traditions. Inspired by American and English <a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revivals</a>, Germany underwent many of the same changes following the 1968 student revolution in West Germany, and new songs, featuring political activism and realistic joy, sadness and passion, were written and performed on the burgeoning folk scene. In East Germany, the same process did not begin until the mid-70s, where some folk musicians began incorporating revolutionary ideas in coded songs. </p><p>Popular folk songs included emigration songs from the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work songs</a> and songs of apprentices, as well as democracy-oriented folk songs collected in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Steinitz" title="Wolfgang Steinitz">Wolfgang Steinitz</a>. Beginning in 1970, the <i>Festival des politischen Liedes</i>, an East German festival focusing on political songs, was held annually and organized (until 1980) by the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">FDJ</a> (East German youth association). Musicians from up to thirty countries would participate, and, for many East Germans, it was the only exposure possible to foreign music. Among foreign musicians at the festival, some were quite renowned, including <a href="/wiki/Inti-Illimani" title="Inti-Illimani">Inti-Illimani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>), <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bragg" title="Billy Bragg">Billy Bragg</a> (England), <a href="/wiki/Dick_Gaughan" title="Dick Gaughan">Dick Gaughan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Sosa" title="Mercedes Sosa">Mercedes Sosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> (United States), while German performers included, from both East and West, Oktoberklub, <a href="/wiki/Wacholder" title="Wacholder">Wacholder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Wader" title="Hannes Wader">Hannes Wader</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oom-pah" title="Oom-pah">Oom-pah</a> is a kind of music played by the <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a>; it is associated with <a href="/wiki/Beer_hall" title="Beer hall">beer halls</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bavaria_and_Swabia">Bavaria and Swabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bavaria and Swabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> folk music is likely the best known outside of Germany. <a href="/wiki/Yodeling" title="Yodeling">Yodeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schuhplattler" title="Schuhplattler">schuhplattler</a> dancers are among the stereotyped images of German folk life, though these are only found today in the southernmost areas. Bavarian folk music has played a role in the <i>Alpine New Wave</i>, and produced several pioneering <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a> groups that fuse traditional Bavarian sounds with foreign styles. </p><p>Around the turn of the 20th century, across Europe and especially in Bavaria, many people became concerned about a loss of cultural traditions. This idea was connected to the <i><a href="/wiki/Heimatschutz" title="Heimatschutz">Heimatschutz</a></i> movement, which sought to protect regional identities and boundaries. What is considered Bavarian folk music in modern Germany is not the same as what Bavarian folk music was in the early 20th century; like any kind of folk or popular music, styles and traditions have evolved over time, giving birth to new forms of music. </p><p>The popularity of the <i>Volkssänger</i> (<i>people's singer</i>) in Bavaria began in the 1880s, and continued in earnest until the 1920s. Shows consisting of duets, ensemble songs, humor and parodies were popular, but the format began changing significantly following World War I. <a href="/wiki/Bally_Prell" title="Bally Prell">Bally Prell</a>, the "Beauty Queen of <a href="/wiki/Schneizlreuth" title="Schneizlreuth">Schneizlreuth</a>", was emblematic of this change. She was an attractive <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> who sang <a href="/wiki/Lieder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieder">lieder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> folk music is most popularly represented by acts like Saiten Fell and Firlefanz and the singer-songwriter (and player of the <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>) Thomas Felder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christmas_carols">Christmas carols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christmas carols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Christmas carols familiar in English are translations of German Christmas songs (<i>Weihnachtslieder</i>). Pastoral <i>Weihnachtslieder</i> are sometimes called <i>Hirtenlieder</i> (shepherd songs). Three well-known examples are "<a href="/wiki/O_Tannenbaum" title="O Tannenbaum">O Tannenbaum</a>" ("O Christmas Tree"), from a German folksong arranged by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ansch%C3%BCtz" title="Ernst Anschütz">Ernst Anschütz</a>; "<a href="/wiki/Silent_Night" title="Silent Night">Silent Night</a>" ("Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht"), by the Austrians <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Gruber" title="Franz Xaver Gruber">Franz Xaver Gruber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mohr" title="Joseph Mohr">Joseph Mohr</a>; and "<a href="/wiki/Still,_still,_still" title="Still, still, still">Still, still, still</a>", an Austrian folksong also from the Salzburg region, based on an 1819 melody by Süss, with the original words, slightly changed over time and location, by G. Götsch.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_popular_music">Early popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_(1951)_(Cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png/110px-Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png/165px-Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png/220px-Marlene_Dietrich_in_No_Highway_%281951%29_%28Cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Between World War I and World War II, German music branched out to form new, more liberal and independent styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabarett">Kabarett</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kabarett"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabarett" title="Kabarett">Kabarett</a></div> <p>The first form of German <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> is said to be <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>, which arose during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in the 1920s as the sensual music of late-night clubs. <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> and Margo Lion were among the most famous performers of the period, and became associated with both humorous satire and liberal ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swing_Movement">Swing Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Swing Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swing_Movement_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing Movement in Nazi Germany">Swing Movement in Nazi Germany</a></div> <p>The strict regimentation of youth culture in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> led to the emergence of several underground protest movements, through which adolescents were able better to exert their independence. </p><p>One of these consisted mainly of upper middle class youths, who based their protest on their musical preferences, rejecting the völkisch music propagated by the Party in place of American jazz forms, especially <a href="/wiki/Swing_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing (genre)">Swing</a>. While musical preferences are often a feature of youthful rebellion—as the history of rock and roll shows—jazz and especially Swing were particularly offensive to the Nazi hierarchy: not only did they promote sexual permissiveness, but they were also associated with the American enemy and worse, with the African race they considered inferior. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> assembled some of the now jobless musicians from Germany and conquered countries into a big band called <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_His_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie and His Orchestra">Charlie and His Orchestra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music_from_West_Germany">Popular music from West Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular music from West Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II, German pop music was greatly influenced by music from USA and Great Britain. Apart from Schlager and Liedermacher, it is necessary to distinguish between pop music in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and pop music in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> which developed in different directions. Pop music from West Germany was often heard in East Germany, had more variety and is still present today, while East German music has had little influence. </p><p>In West Germany, English-language <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> became more and more important, and today most songs on the radio are English. Nevertheless, there is great diversity in German language pop music. There is also original English-language pop music from Germany, some having international success (for instance the <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Last" title="James Last">James Last</a>), but little with enduring broad success in Germany itself. There was very little English pop music from East Germany. </p><p>Germany has also had a thriving English-language pop scene since the end of the war, with several European and US acts topping the charts. However, Germans and German-oriented musicians have been successful as well. In the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century such European pop acts were popular as well as artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Connor_(singer)" title="Sarah Connor (singer)">Sarah Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_Angels" title="No Angels">No Angels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monrose" title="Monrose">Monrose</a> who performed various types of mainstream pop in English. Many of these acts have had success all over Europe and Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schlager_and_Volksmusik">Schlager and Volksmusik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Schlager and Volksmusik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Schlager_music" title="Schlager music">Schlager</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkst%C3%BCmliche_Musik" title="Volkstümliche Musik">Volkstümliche Musik</a></div> <p>Schlager is a kind of vocal pop music, frequently in the form of sentimental <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a> sung in German, popularized by singers such as <a href="/wiki/Gitte_H%C3%A6nning" title="Gitte Hænning">Gitte Hænning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rex_Gildo" title="Rex Gildo">Rex Gildo</a> in the 1960s, though not without a wide range within the style (Modern Schlager, Schlager-Gold, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Volksmusik resp. "volkstümlicher Schlager"</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). Schlager<span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">/Volksmusik</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is strictly separated from international pop music and is only played on special format radio stations (sometimes mixed with international <a href="/wiki/Oldie" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldie">Oldies</a>). </p><p>An important part of Schlager is <i><a href="/wiki/Volkst%C3%BCmliche_Musik" title="Volkstümliche Musik">volkstümliche Musik</a></i>, a Schlager-like interpretation of traditional German folk themes that is very popular in German-speaking countries, especially among the older generation. </p><p>Schlager has a wide variety, and the artists with many other styles, for example: <a href="/wiki/Heino" title="Heino">Heino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katja_Ebstein" title="Katja Ebstein">Katja Ebstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Petry" title="Wolfgang Petry">Wolfgang Petry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guildo_Horn" title="Guildo Horn">Guildo Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Kaiser" title="Roland Kaiser">Roland Kaiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helene_Fischer" title="Helene Fischer">Helene Fischer</a> and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liedermacher">Liedermacher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Liedermacher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liedermacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Liedermacher">Liedermacher</a> (Songwriter) has sophisticated lyrics and is sung with minimal instrumentation, for instance only with acoustic guitar. Some songs are very political in nature. This is related to American Folk/<a href="/wiki/Americana_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Americana (music)">Americana</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a> styles. </p><p>Famous West German Liedermacher are <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Mey" title="Reinhard Mey">Reinhard Mey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hoffmann" title="Klaus Hoffmann">Klaus Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Wader" title="Hannes Wader">Hannes Wader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Wecker" title="Konstantin Wecker">Konstantin Wecker</a>. A famous East German Liedermacher was <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Biermann" title="Wolf Biermann">Wolf Biermann</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herman_van_Veen" title="Herman van Veen">Herman van Veen</a> from the Netherlands was also very popular in Germany. Several Liedermacher artists also record special albums for children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock">Rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Live_Krone_2013_dth_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1_Live_Krone_2013_dth_1.jpg/220px-1_Live_Krone_2013_dth_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1_Live_Krone_2013_dth_1.jpg/330px-1_Live_Krone_2013_dth_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1_Live_Krone_2013_dth_1.jpg/440px-1_Live_Krone_2013_dth_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Die_Toten_Hosen" title="Die Toten Hosen">Die Toten Hosen</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">Rock music in Germany</a></div> <p>The US military radio station <a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network" title="American Forces Network">American Forces Network</a> (AFN) had a great impact on German postwar culture, starting with <a href="/wiki/AFN_Munich" title="AFN Munich">AFN Munich</a> in July 1945, which was formative for the further development of German rock and jazz culture. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ramsey_(singer)" title="Bill Ramsey (singer)">Bill Ramsey</a>, a senior producer at <a href="/wiki/AFN_Frankfurt" title="AFN Frankfurt">AFN Frankfurt</a> in 1953 who came from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, later became famous as a jazz and Schlager singer in Germany (while remaining almost unknown in the US). </p><p>Prior to the late 1960s however, rock music in Germany was a negligible part of the <a href="/wiki/Schlager" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlager">schlager</a> genre covered by interpreters such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kraus" title="Peter Kraus">Peter Kraus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Herold" title="Ted Herold">Ted Herold</a>, who played rock 'n' roll standards by Little Richard or Bill Haley, sometimes translated into German. </p><p>Genuine German rock first appeared around 1968, just as the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultural</a> explosion was peaking in the US and UK. At the time, the German musical avant-garde had been experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> for more than a decade, and the first German rock bands fused <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> from abroad with electronic sounds. The next few years saw the formation of a group of bands that came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kosmische_Musik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmische Musik">Kosmische Musik</a> groups; these included <a href="/wiki/Amon_D%C3%BC%C3%BCl" title="Amon Düül">Amon Düül</a>, who later became the world music pioneers <a href="/wiki/Dissidenten" title="Dissidenten">Dissidenten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh_(German_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popol Vuh (German band)">Popol Vuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Can_(band)" title="Can (band)">Can</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neu!" title="Neu!">Neu!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faust_(band)" title="Faust (band)">Faust</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neue_Deutsche_Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neue Deutsche Welle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nena_Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nena_Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg/110px-Nena_Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nena_Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg/165px-Nena_Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nena_Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg/220px-Nena_Stadtfest-Wien2008a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nena" title="Nena">Nena</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a> (NDW) is an outgrowth of British <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> which appeared in the mid-to late 1970s. It was arguably the first successful unique German form of Pop music, but was limited in its stylistic devices (funny lyrics and surreal composition and production). Though it was a huge success in Germany itself in the 1980s, this was not long-lasting mostly due to over-commercialization. Some artists became famous internationally like <a href="/wiki/Nena" title="Nena">Nena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trio_(band)" title="Trio (band)">Trio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falco_(musician)" title="Falco (musician)">Falco</a> (from Austria) and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Witt" title="Joachim Witt">Joachim Witt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_artists">Popular artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Popular artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s and 1990s most German-language popular music was sung by male solo artists. Very popular singers are <a href="/wiki/Udo_J%C3%BCrgens" title="Udo Jürgens">Udo Jürgens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udo_Lindenberg" title="Udo Lindenberg">Udo Lindenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gr%C3%B6nemeyer" title="Herbert Grönemeyer">Herbert Grönemeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marius_M%C3%BCller-Westernhagen" title="Marius Müller-Westernhagen">Marius Müller-Westernhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maffay" title="Peter Maffay">Peter Maffay</a> and <a href="/wiki/BAP_(German_band)" title="BAP (German band)">BAP</a>. </p><p>Udo Jürgens has maintained a large following since the late 60s and still sold out entire soccer stadiums during concerts in 2012. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gr%C3%B6nemeyer" title="Herbert Grönemeyer">Grönemeyer</a> also has managed to maintain his success up to today. Maffay developed from Schlager to rock and has a large but delimited fan base—he is seldom played on the radio. BAP, who sing in <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Kölsch</a>, the dialect of their hometown <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, enjoy success nationwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamburger_Schule">Hamburger Schule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hamburger Schule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamburger_Schule" title="Hamburger Schule">Hamburger Schule</a> (School of Hamburg) is an underground music-movement that started in the late 1980s and was still active till around the mid-1990s. It has similar traditions as <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a> and mixed all that with <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> and experimental <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>. Hamburger Schule includes intellectual lyrics with postmodern theories and social criticism. Important artists are <a href="/wiki/Blumfeld" title="Blumfeld">Blumfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Sterne" title="Die Sterne">Die Sterne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Goldenen_Zitronen" title="Die Goldenen Zitronen">Die Goldenen Zitronen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocotronic" title="Tocotronic">Tocotronic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music_from_East_Germany">Popular music from East Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Popular music from East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostrock"><i>Ostrock</i> <span class="anchor" id="Ostrock"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ostrock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1970s, experimental West German rock styles had crossed the border into <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and influenced the creation of an East German rock movement referred to as <i>Ostrock</i>. On the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, these bands tended to be stylistically more conservative than in the West, to have more reserved engineering, and often to include more classical and traditional structures (such as those developed by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> in their 1920s Berlin theater songs). These groups often featured poetic lyrics loaded with indirect double-meanings and deeply philosophical challenges to the status quo. As such, they were a style of <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a>. The best-known of these bands were <a href="/wiki/Puhdys" title="Puhdys">The Puhdys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karat_(band)" title="Karat (band)">Karat</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_(band)" title="City (band)">City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stern-Combo_Mei%C3%9Fen" title="Stern-Combo Meißen">Stern-Combo Meißen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silly_(band)" title="Silly (band)">Silly</a>. </p><p>Only a few individual songs, such as "Am Fenster" by <a href="/wiki/City_(band)" title="City (band)">City</a> and "Über sieben Brücken mußt Du geh'n" by <a href="/wiki/Karat_(band)" title="Karat (band)">Karat</a>, found wide popularity outside the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a>. There was also a wide diversity of underground bands. Out of this scene later grew the internationally successful band <a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a> (see <b>Neue Deutsche Härte</b> below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music_from_reunified_Germany">Popular music from reunified Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Popular music from reunified Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_popular_music">Modern popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silbermond,_Donauinselfest_2009f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Silbermond%2C_Donauinselfest_2009f.jpg/220px-Silbermond%2C_Donauinselfest_2009f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Silbermond%2C_Donauinselfest_2009f.jpg/330px-Silbermond%2C_Donauinselfest_2009f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Silbermond%2C_Donauinselfest_2009f.jpg/440px-Silbermond%2C_Donauinselfest_2009f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silbermond" title="Silbermond">Silbermond</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Donauinselfest" title="Donauinselfest">Donauinselfest</a> 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s, German-language groups had only limited popularity, and only a few artists managed to be played on the radio, for example <a href="/wiki/Nena" title="Nena">Nena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gr%C3%B6nemeyer" title="Herbert Grönemeyer">Herbert Grönemeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marius_M%C3%BCller-Westernhagen" title="Marius Müller-Westernhagen">Marius Müller-Westernhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%84rzte" title="Die Ärzte">Die Ärzte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosenstolz" title="Rosenstolz">Rosenstolz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Die_Prinzen" title="Die Prinzen">Die Prinzen</a>. </p><p>In the mid-2000s the German band <a href="/wiki/Wir_sind_Helden" title="Wir sind Helden">Wir sind Helden</a> found success with a new style of German-language <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop-rock</a>. This success was followed by several other bands and artists that led to a new boom of German-language music and a broader acceptance of existing German-language recording artists, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sportfreunde_Stiller" title="Sportfreunde Stiller">Sportfreunde Stiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_(band)" title="Juli (band)">Juli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbermond" title="Silbermond">Silbermond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraftklub" title="Kraftklub">Kraftklub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klee_(band)" title="Klee (band)">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIA._(German_band)" title="MIA. (German band)">MIA.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarkreis_18" title="Polarkreis 18">Polarkreis 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2raumwohnung" title="2raumwohnung">2raumwohnung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolverheld" title="Revolverheld">Revolverheld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annett_Louisan" title="Annett Louisan">Annett Louisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bendzko" title="Tim Bendzko">Tim Bendzko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bourani" title="Andreas Bourani">Andreas Bourani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Forster_(singer)" title="Mark Forster (singer)">Mark Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Poisel" title="Philipp Poisel">Philipp Poisel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indie_and_alternative_rock">Indie and alternative rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indie and alternative rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular anglophone alternative rock and crossover bands from Germany that managed to find success domestic and abroad include <a href="/wiki/Beatsteaks" title="Beatsteaks">Beatsteaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donots" title="Donots">Donots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackmail_(band)" title="Blackmail (band)">Blackmail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reamonn" title="Reamonn">Reamonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saline_Grace" title="Saline Grace">Saline Grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/H-Blockx" title="H-Blockx">H-Blockx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itchy_(band)" title="Itchy (band)">Itchy Poopzkid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guano_Apes" title="Guano Apes">Guano Apes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Die_Happy" title="Die Happy">Die Happy</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Notwist" title="The Notwist">The Notwist</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> band, had great critical and commercial success with their album <i><a href="/wiki/Neon_Golden" title="Neon Golden">Neon Golden</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euro_disco">Euro disco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Euro disco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boney_M_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boney_M_1981.jpg/170px-Boney_M_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Boney_M_1981.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boney_M." title="Boney M.">Boney M.</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boney_M." title="Boney M.">Boney M.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilly_(band)" title="Chilly (band)">Chilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dschinghis_Khan" title="Dschinghis Khan">Dschinghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mareen" title="Mike Mareen">Mike Mareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(singer)" title="Fancy (singer)">Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Circle" title="Silent Circle">Silent Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goombay_Dance_Band" title="Goombay Dance Band">Goombay Dance Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Boys" title="London Boys">London Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lian_Ross" title="Lian Ross">Lian Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(group)" title="Arabesque (group)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Convention" title="Silver Convention">Silver Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_McLean" title="Penny McLean">Penny McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Ryan" title="Patty Ryan">Patty Ryan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthpop,_Eurodance,_Pop"><span id="Synthpop.2C_Eurodance.2C_Pop"></span>Synthpop, Eurodance, Pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Synthpop, Eurodance, Pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moderntalking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Moderntalking.jpg/220px-Moderntalking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Moderntalking.jpg/330px-Moderntalking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Moderntalking.jpg/440px-Moderntalking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Modern_Talking" title="Modern Talking">Modern Talking</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESC2013_-_Germany_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ESC2013_-_Germany_05.jpg/220px-ESC2013_-_Germany_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ESC2013_-_Germany_05.jpg/330px-ESC2013_-_Germany_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ESC2013_-_Germany_05.jpg/440px-ESC2013_-_Germany_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cascada" title="Cascada">Cascada</a> being one of the most successful acts of the dance music genre worldwide</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1980s (prior to <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a>) and the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">Synthpop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a> became popular throughout Germany. Often, different styles were mixed in between these to attract a broad variety of audiences. Successful representatives of these styles were: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 66%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Kranz" title="George Kranz">George Kranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Beat" title="Culture Beat">Culture Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Talking" title="Modern Talking">Modern Talking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_(singer)" title="Sandra (singer)">Sandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Connor_(singer)" title="Sarah Connor (singer)">Sarah Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Kah" title="Hubert Kah">Hubert Kah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underdog_Project" title="The Underdog Project">The Underdog Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousse_T." title="Mousse T.">Mousse T.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milli_Vanilli" title="Milli Vanilli">Milli Vanilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Coverage" title="Groove Coverage">Groove Coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddaway" title="Haddaway">Haddaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hollywood_Project" title="Captain Hollywood Project">Captain Hollywood Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Bouche" title="La Bouche">La Bouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Rotic" title="E-Rotic">E-Rotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrose" title="Monrose">Monrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Angels" title="No Angels">No Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masterboy" title="Masterboy">Masterboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Perience" title="X-Perience">X-Perience</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(band)" title="Mr. President (band)">Mr. President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun_Factory_(band)" title="Fun Factory (band)">Fun Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sash!" title="Sash!">Sash!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Biedermann" title="Jeanette Biedermann">Jeanette Biedermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Jack_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Jack (band)">Captain Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Bega" title="Lou Bega">Lou Bega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Boys_Blue" title="Bad Boys Blue">Bad Boys Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphaville_(band)" title="Alphaville (band)">Alphaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.I.O." title="R.I.O.">R.I.O.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascada" title="Cascada">Cascada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_McCoy_(band)" title="Real McCoy (band)">Real McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap!" title="Snap!">Snap!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_(band)" title="Camouflage (band)">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Touch_of_Class_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Touch of Class (band)">A Touch of Class</a> (<i>British based</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_(band)" title="Antique (band)">Antique</a> (<i>Greek-Swedish based</i>)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reggae,_dancehall,_ska"><span id="Reggae.2C_dancehall.2C_ska"></span>Reggae, dancehall, ska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Reggae, dancehall, ska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular bands and performers include <a href="/wiki/Culcha_Candela" title="Culcha Candela">Culcha Candela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Ring-Ding" title="Dr. Ring-Ding">Dr. Ring-Ding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_(musician)" title="Gentleman (musician)">Gentleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_S%C3%B6llner" title="Hans Söllner">Hans Söllner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Delay" title="Jan Delay">Jan Delay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamadee" title="Mamadee">Mamadee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milky_Chance" title="Milky Chance">Milky Chance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceana_(singer)" title="Oceana (singer)">Oceana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Bart-Williams" title="Patrice Bart-Williams">Patrice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fox_(musician)" title="Peter Fox (musician)">Peter Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seeed" title="Seeed">Seeed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R&B,_soul,_funk"><span id="R.26B.2C_soul.2C_funk"></span>R&B, soul, funk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: R&B, soul, funk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Live_Krone_2013_Milky_Chance_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1_Live_Krone_2013_Milky_Chance_1.jpg/220px-1_Live_Krone_2013_Milky_Chance_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1_Live_Krone_2013_Milky_Chance_1.jpg/330px-1_Live_Krone_2013_Milky_Chance_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/1_Live_Krone_2013_Milky_Chance_1.jpg/440px-1_Live_Krone_2013_Milky_Chance_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4654" data-file-height="3103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milky_Chance" title="Milky Chance">Milky Chance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Notable <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a> artists include <a href="/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayọ">Ayọ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Steen" title="Cassandra Steen">Cassandra Steen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denyo" title="Denyo">Denyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Platnum" title="Miss Platnum">Miss Platnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadja_Benaissa" title="Nadja Benaissa">Nadja Benaissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nneka_(singer)" title="Nneka (singer)">Nneka</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6hne_Mannheims" title="Söhne Mannheims">Söhne Mannheims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Naidoo" title="Xavier Naidoo">Xavier Naidoo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_hop">Hip hop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">Hip hop in Germany</a> arrived in the early 1980s, and <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">breakdancing</a> became well-known quickly, even in socialist <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German hip hop "started out as a transnational youth subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commercial success started in 1992 with the hit "Die Da" from <a href="/wiki/Die_Fantastischen_Vier" title="Die Fantastischen Vier">Die Fantastischen Vier</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6delheim_Hartreim_Projekt" title="Rödelheim Hartreim Projekt">Rödelheim Hartreim Projekt</a> tried to establish a "gangster" rap. An early influential group was <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Chemistry" title="Advanced Chemistry">Advanced Chemistry</a> including <a href="/wiki/Torch_(German_rapper)" title="Torch (German rapper)">Torch</a>. They sparked an interest in speaking out for the immigrants and used rap as a way to defend themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fettes_Brot" title="Fettes Brot">Fettes Brot</a> from Hamburg, has been successful since their beginning. They sing about funny topics, such as infidelity and boasting about their prowess with women. Whereas hip hop had a peak of success in the early first decade of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Gangster_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangster rap">gangster rap</a> became a controversial part of German music and youth culture just as late as 2004 with <a href="/wiki/Aggro_Berlin" title="Aggro Berlin">Aggro Berlin</a>. Some of Germany's hip hop artists are: <a href="/wiki/Cro_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cro (rapper)">Cro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kool_Savas" title="Kool Savas">Kool Savas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sido_(rapper)" title="Sido (rapper)">Sido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samy_Deluxe" title="Samy Deluxe">Samy Deluxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushido_(rapper)" title="Bushido (rapper)">Bushido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marteria" title="Marteria">Marteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eko_Fresh" title="Eko Fresh">Eko Fresh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonez_MC" title="Bonez MC">Bonez MC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gzuz" title="Gzuz">Gzuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samra_(rapper)" title="Samra (rapper)">Samra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Bra" title="Capital Bra">Capital Bra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trettmann" title="Trettmann">Trettmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afrob" title="Afrob">Afrob</a>. Gzuz gained recognition worldwide after two of his music videos were posted by <a href="/wiki/Worldstar_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldstar Hip Hop">Worldstar Hip Hop</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punk">Punk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Punk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Punk music in Germany</a> has a long and diverse history. When bands like the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a> became popular in West Germany, a number of Punk bands were formed, which led to the creation of a German punk scene. Among the first wave of bands were Male, from <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, founded in 1976, PVC, from <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_Balls_and_the_Great_White_Idiot" title="Big Balls and the Great White Idiot">Big Balls and the Great White Idiot</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Early German punk groups were heavily influenced by UK bands, often writing their lyrics in English. The main difference is that German punk bands had not yet become political. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NINA_HAGEN_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/NINA_HAGEN_1981.jpg/170px-NINA_HAGEN_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/NINA_HAGEN_1981.jpg/255px-NINA_HAGEN_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/NINA_HAGEN_1981.jpg/340px-NINA_HAGEN_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5325" data-file-height="3583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nina_Hagen" title="Nina Hagen">Nina Hagen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s there were new movements within the German punk scene, led by labels like <a href="/wiki/ZickZack" title="ZickZack">ZickZack</a> Records, from Hamburg. It was during this period that the term <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a> (New German Wave) was first coined by Alfred Hilsberg. Many of these bands played experimental <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a>, often using synthesizers and computers. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Nina_Hagen" title="Nina Hagen">The Nina Hagen Band</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Fehlfarben" title="Fehlfarben">Fehlfarben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abw%C3%A4rts" title="Abwärts">Abwärts</a>, from Hamburg. Both are still active, though they have changed their style several times. Other bands played a more aggressive style of punk rock with a clear leftist political direction influenced by earlier political rock bands like <a href="/wiki/Ton_Steine_Scherben" title="Ton Steine Scherben">Ton Steine Scherben</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - bands like <a href="/wiki/Slime_(band)" title="Slime (band)">Slime</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxoplasma">Toxoplasma</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vorkriegsjugend" title="Vorkriegsjugend">Vorkriegsjugend</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are still relevant in the German punk scene. There is a still existing scene with many only locally known independent bands that confine themselves from the bigger and more popular groups (that are often branded as "Kommerzpunk").<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punkrock was outlawed in the GDR. Bands like Schleim-Keim or L'Attentat were observed and persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> and could not perform in the public.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music was produced in underground and exchanged on Tape, an attempt to release a split-vinyl of "Schleimkeim" and "Zwitschermaschine" failed since the latter was undercut by government agents.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonpolitical punkrock that is also listened to by skinheads is termed as <a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a>. Thematically, Oi! songs are often about alcohol, relations, and/or violence. While some Oi! Bands like "Loikaemie" did antifascist songs, there are many cases with an affliction to <a href="/wiki/Neonazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonazis">neonazis</a>, with fluid borders toward right-extremist rockmusic ("Rechtsrock") within the Oi!-Scene.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are few German language bands who managed to be successful for a longer period. The best known are the punk bands <a href="/wiki/Die_%C3%84rzte" title="Die Ärzte">Die Ärzte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Die_Toten_Hosen" title="Die Toten Hosen">Die Toten Hosen</a>. Both were formed in the early 1980s but have very different approaches to punk. As successful as those two bands in number of sales and number one albums but much lesser accepted by the public and normally not played by German media because of their affiliation with right-wing politics but with a huge fan community were the Oi!-Band <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hse_Onkelz" title="Böhse Onkelz">Böhse Onkelz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a> band <a href="/wiki/Atari_Teenage_Riot" title="Atari Teenage Riot">Atari Teenage Riot</a> is particularly well known in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as well as in German <a href="/wiki/Autonomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomist">autonomist</a> circles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_metal">Heavy metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Heavy metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpions_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Scorpions_-_01.jpg/220px-Scorpions_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Scorpions_-_01.jpg/330px-Scorpions_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Scorpions_-_01.jpg/440px-Scorpions_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a> were the first German heavy metal band to be highly successful overseas, ultimately selling more than 100 million albums worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <p>Germany has a long and strong history with <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>. It is considered by many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (March 2020)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> to be one of Europe's heaviest contributors to the scene.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The genre is quite popular and mainstream within the country. Early <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>/heavy metal was brought to German soil with the success of <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accept_(band)" title="Accept (band)">Accept</a>. Germany is today known for its large metal festivals including <a href="/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air" title="Wacken Open Air">Wacken Open Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Breeze_Open_Air" title="Summer Breeze Open Air">Summer Breeze Open Air</a>. </p><p>Germany has a strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">speed metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a>. Early speed metal bands include <a href="/wiki/Running_Wild_(band)" title="Running Wild (band)">Running Wild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grave_Digger_(band)" title="Grave Digger (band)">Grave Digger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rage_(German_band)" title="Rage (German band)">Rage</a>, and to some extent <a href="/wiki/Warlock_(band)" title="Warlock (band)">Warlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwitch" title="Stormwitch">Stormwitch</a>. The European style of power metal, developed in Germany, was popularized by German bands like <a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helloween" title="Helloween">Helloween</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Ray_(band)" title="Gamma Ray (band)">Gamma Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Call" title="Freedom Call">Freedom Call</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Savior" title="Iron Savior">Iron Savior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avantasia" title="Avantasia">Avantasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edguy" title="Edguy">Edguy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primal_Fear_(band)" title="Primal Fear (band)">Primal Fear</a> gained international recognition. In many cases these bands initially started out playing speed metal, but later switched to power metal. More recently, a new generation of power metal-influenced bands like <a href="/wiki/Masterplan_(band)" title="Masterplan (band)">Masterplan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orden_Ogan" title="Orden Ogan">Orden Ogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kissin%27_Dynamite" title="Kissin' Dynamite">Kissin' Dynamite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powerwolf" title="Powerwolf">Powerwolf</a> is becoming more and more popular in Germany and abroad. </p><p>Running Wild are also considered a pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_metal" title="Pirate metal">pirate metal</a> genre with the release of their 1987 album <i><a href="/wiki/Under_Jolly_Roger" title="Under Jolly Roger">Under Jolly Roger</a>,</i> which was one of the first pirate-themed heavy metal albums. </p><p>Three local variants of metal subgenres exist in Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a> scene is represented by such groups as <a href="/wiki/Kreator" title="Kreator">Kreator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodom_(band)" title="Sodom (band)">Sodom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destruction_(band)" title="Destruction (band)">Destruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tankard_(band)" title="Tankard (band)">Tankard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exumer" title="Exumer">Exumer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a>, incorporates German traditional music with <a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">industrial metal</a>. Notable bands include <a href="/wiki/Subway_to_Sally" title="Subway to Sally">Subway to Sally</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_Extremo" title="In Extremo">In Extremo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corvus_Corax_(band)" title="Corvus Corax (band)">Corvus Corax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltatio_Mortis" title="Saltatio Mortis">Saltatio Mortis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schandmaul" title="Schandmaul">Schandmaul</a> (the last is considered <i><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a></i> in Germany). Another variant, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">industrial metal</a>, is detailed below. </p><p>Bands from the genres of <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">deathcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a> are: <a href="/wiki/Absurd_(band)" title="Absurd (band)">Absurd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agathodaimon_(band)" title="Agathodaimon (band)">Agathodaimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annisokay" title="Annisokay">Annisokay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Any_Given_Day" title="Any Given Day">Any Given Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrocity_(band)" title="Atrocity (band)">Atrocity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_(German_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethlehem (German band)">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caliban_(band)" title="Caliban (band)">Caliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crematory_(band)" title="Crematory (band)">Crematory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_Fortress" title="Dark Fortress">Dark Fortress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(metal_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadlock (metal band)">Deadlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debauchery_(band)" title="Debauchery (band)">Debauchery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desaster" title="Desaster">Desaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Apokalyptischen_Reiter" title="Die Apokalyptischen Reiter">Die Apokalyptischen Reiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disbelief" title="Disbelief">Disbelief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endstille" title="Endstille">Endstille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_Callboy" title="Electric Callboy">Electric Callboy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_(band)" title="Equilibrium (band)">Equilibrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkenbach" title="Falkenbach">Falkenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finsterforst" title="Finsterforst">Finsterforst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleshcrawl" title="Fleshcrawl">Fleshcrawl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golem_(band)" title="Golem (band)">Golem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heaven_Shall_Burn" title="Heaven Shall Burn">Heaven Shall Burn</a>, <a href="/wiki/His_Statue_Falls" title="His Statue Falls">His Statue Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharsis_(band)" title="Katharsis (band)">Katharsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaves%27_Eyes" title="Leaves' Eyes">Leaves' Eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midnattsol" title="Midnattsol">Midnattsol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgoth_(band)" title="Morgoth (band)">Morgoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystic_Circle" title="Mystic Circle">Mystic Circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagelfar" title="Nagelfar">Nagelfar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nargaroth" title="Nargaroth">Nargaroth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neaera_(band)" title="Neaera (band)">Neaera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necrophagist" title="Necrophagist">Necrophagist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nocte_Obducta" title="Nocte Obducta">Nocte Obducta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obscura_(band)" title="Obscura (band)">Obscura</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ocean_(band)" title="The Ocean (band)">The Ocean</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Mirage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Mirage (page does not exist)">Our Mirage</a>,<a href="/wiki/Powerwolf" title="Powerwolf">Powerwolf</a>,<a href="/wiki/The_Ruins_of_Beverast" title="The Ruins of Beverast">The Ruins of Beverast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Moon" title="Secrets of the Moon">Secrets of the Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltatio_Mortis" title="Saltatio Mortis">Saltatio Mortis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suidakra" title="Suidakra">Suidakra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Canto" title="Van Canto">Van Canto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=VENUES&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VENUES (page does not exist)">VENUES</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_From_a_Harlots_Mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="War From a Harlots Mouth">War From a Harlots Mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/We_Butter_the_Bread_with_Butter" title="We Butter the Bread with Butter">We Butter the Bread with Butter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfchant" title="Wolfchant">Wolfchant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neue_Deutsche_Härte"><span id="Neue_Deutsche_H.C3.A4rte"></span>Neue Deutsche Härte</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Neue Deutsche Härte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rammstein_Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rammstein_Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden.jpg/220px-Rammstein_Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rammstein_Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden.jpg/330px-Rammstein_Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Rammstein_Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden.jpg/440px-Rammstein_Live_at_Madison_Square_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a>, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></i> (engl. "New German Hardness") is a term for an extremely popular German variant of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a>. It combines the common sound of metal with elements of gothic and industrial music as well as electronic samples and is mostly sung in German. It is known for morbid and provocative lyrical themes and over-the-top stage shows often featuring fire, pyrotechnic, stunts and other special effects. It draws its audience from both the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth</a> scene. Some bands, especially <a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oomph!" title="Oomph!">Oomph!</a> have gained mainstream success and, despite their lyrics being mostly in German, have also found success in non-German-speaking countries. Other famous artists include <a href="/wiki/Stahlhammer" title="Stahlhammer">Stahlhammer</a> (from Austria), <a href="/wiki/Megaherz" title="Megaherz">Megaherz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unheilig" title="Unheilig">Unheilig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eisbrecher" title="Eisbrecher">Eisbrecher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzwut" title="Tanzwut">Tanzwut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Witt" title="Joachim Witt">Joachim Witt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_metal">Medieval metal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Medieval metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a> or medieval rock is a subgenre of folk metal that blends hard rock or heavy metal music with medieval folk music. Medieval metal is mostly restricted to Germany where it is known as Mittelalter-Metal or Mittelalter-Rock. The genre emerged from the middle of the 1990s with contributions from <a href="/wiki/Subway_to_Sally" title="Subway to Sally">Subway to Sally</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_Extremo" title="In Extremo">In Extremo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schandmaul" title="Schandmaul">Schandmaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolgemut" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolgemut">Wolgemut</a>. The style is characterised by the prominent use of a wide variety of traditional folk and medieval instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goth">Goth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Goth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany is the home of a vivid Goth scene, and has a large scene of musicians from the spectrum who are typically known as <i>Goth musicians</i>. Most notable artists are <a href="/wiki/Lacrimosa_(band)" title="Lacrimosa (band)">Lacrimosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrimas_Profundere" title="Lacrimas Profundere">Lacrimas Profundere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xmal_Deutschland" title="Xmal Deutschland">Xmal Deutschland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Das_Ich" title="Das Ich">Das Ich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deine_Lakaien" title="Deine Lakaien">Deine Lakaien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illuminate_(band)" title="Illuminate (band)">Illuminate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Untoten" title="Untoten">Untoten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erben_der_Sch%C3%B6pfung" title="Erben der Schöpfung">Erben der Schöpfung</a> (from Liechtenstein), <a href="/wiki/No_More_(band)" title="No More (band)">No More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girls_Under_Glass" title="Girls Under Glass">Girls Under Glass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Project_Pitchfork" title="Project Pitchfork">Project Pitchfork</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> is home of the largest event of this <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> worldwide called the <a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a>, regularly hosting 25,000 attendants. The WGT is closely followed by the annual <a href="/wiki/M%27era_Luna" class="mw-redirect" title="M'era Luna">M'era Luna</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Todeskunst" title="Neue Deutsche Todeskunst">Neue Deutsche Todeskunst</a> (engl. "New German Death Art") is a German death-obsessed <a href="/wiki/Dark_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Wave">Dark Wave</a> style of music that blends <a href="/wiki/Death_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rock">Death rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="German Rock">German Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Rock">Gothic Rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_Dark_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical Dark Wave">neo-classical</a> music with German philosophical texts and a theatrical stage show. It is restricted to Germany where it emerged in the early 1990s from bands such as <a href="/wiki/Das_Ich" title="Das Ich">Das Ich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrimosa_(band)" title="Lacrimosa (band)">Lacrimosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relatives_Menschsein" title="Relatives Menschsein">Relatives Menschsein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goethes_Erben" title="Goethes Erben">Goethes Erben</a>. Many NDT artists are known for their use of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_music_and_techno">Electronic music and techno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Electronic music and techno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zedd_2014_Divergent_Premiere_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zedd_2014_Divergent_Premiere_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Zedd_2014_Divergent_Premiere_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zedd_2014_Divergent_Premiere_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Zedd_2014_Divergent_Premiere_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zedd_2014_Divergent_Premiere_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Zedd_2014_Divergent_Premiere_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4257" /></a><figcaption>Grammy-winner <a href="/wiki/Zedd" title="Zedd">Zedd</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robin_Schulz_Lollapalooza_2015-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robin_Schulz_Lollapalooza_2015-2.jpg/220px-Robin_Schulz_Lollapalooza_2015-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robin_Schulz_Lollapalooza_2015-2.jpg/330px-Robin_Schulz_Lollapalooza_2015-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robin_Schulz_Lollapalooza_2015-2.jpg/440px-Robin_Schulz_Lollapalooza_2015-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3074" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robin_Schulz" title="Robin Schulz">Robin Schulz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Germany has the largest electronic music scene in the world <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and has a long tradition in and influence on almost all genres of electronic music. The band <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a> was one of the first bands in the world to make music entirely on electronic equipment, and the band <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a> is often credited as being among the originators and primary influences of the "Berlin School" of electronic music, which would later influence <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance music</a>. Some other bands like <a href="/wiki/Liaisons_Dangereuses_(band)" title="Liaisons Dangereuses (band)">Liaisons Dangereuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyske_Ludder" title="Tyske Ludder">Tyske Ludder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsch_Amerikanische_Freundschaft" title="Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft">Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Die_Krupps" title="Die Krupps">Die Krupps</a> created a style later called <a href="/wiki/Electronic_body_music" title="Electronic body music">Electronic body music</a>. Recently a few electronica artists have become successful in the mainstream, such as <a href="/wiki/Monika_Kruse" title="Monika Kruse">Monika Kruse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marusha" title="Marusha">Marusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%BCmchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Blümchen">Blümchen</a> and <a href="/wiki/MIA._(German_band)" title="MIA. (German band)">MIA.</a> Artists on the cutting edge of German-language techno include <a href="/wiki/Klee_(band)" title="Klee (band)">Klee</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Einstuerzende_Neubauten" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstuerzende Neubauten">Einstürzende Neubauten</a> (collapsing new buildings, translated literally) and <a href="/wiki/KMFDM" title="KMFDM">KMFDM</a> (no pity for the majority, translated literally) are considered by many industrial and electronic music fans as the godfathers of their genre. Their sounds developed the modern styles of groups such as NIN, Marilyn Manson, Rammstein, and New Order. Einstürzende Neubauten can be recognized by their Prince-esque logo, which has been subliminally fused into several mainstream American movies (such as a tattoo in the movie Bug, directed by William Friedkin, starring Harry Connick Jr.). KMFDM has released many songs in English, making them more accessible to their huge American and worldwide audience. </p><p>In the 1990s, Germany was one of the most successful contributors to the <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a> genre, with notable German-based acts including <a href="/wiki/Real_McCoy_(band)" title="Real McCoy (band)">Real McCoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snap!" title="Snap!">Snap!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_Beat" title="Culture Beat">Culture Beat</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Bouche" title="La Bouche">La Bouche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Jack_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Jack (band)">Captain Jack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Hollywood_Project" title="Captain Hollywood Project">Captain Hollywood Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fun_Factory_(band)" title="Fun Factory (band)">Fun Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masterboy" title="Masterboy">Masterboy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haddaway" title="Haddaway">Haddaway</a>. </p><p>Since 2006 producer and DJ <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kalkbrenner" title="Paul Kalkbrenner">Paul Kalkbrenner</a> gained popularity in Germany. He nowadays is one of the most famous performers of electronic music. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance music</a> is a style of electronic music that originated in Germany in the very late 1980s and early 1990s, upon German unification. Following the development of trance music in Germany, many <a href="/wiki/Trance_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Trance genres">Trance genres</a> stemmed from the original trance music and most trance genres developed in Germany, most notably "<a href="/wiki/Anthem_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthem trance">Anthem trance</a>" or also called "uplifting" or "epic" trance, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_trance" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive trance">progressive trance</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient trance"</a>. </p><p>One of the most notable event referring to this scene was the <a href="/wiki/Love_Parade" title="Love Parade">Love Parade</a> festival with up to 1.5 million participants from all over the world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scooter_(band)" title="Scooter (band)">Scooter</a> are by far the most successful German dance act, having found huge national and international success. </p><p>In recent years, German DJs have found worldwide success in the popular <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">edm</a> genre, most notably Paul Kalkbrenner, <a href="/wiki/Cascada" title="Cascada">Cascada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Jaehn" title="Felix Jaehn">Felix Jaehn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Schulz" title="Robin Schulz">Robin Schulz</a>. </p><p>Other popular and influential German DJs and dance projects include <a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Dyk" title="Paul van Dyk">Paul van Dyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/WestBam" title="WestBam">WestBam</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Quicksilver" title="DJ Quicksilver">DJ Quicksilver</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATB_(DJ)" title="ATB (DJ)">ATB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Pooley" title="Ian Pooley">Ian Pooley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam_%26_Spoon" title="Jam & Spoon">Jam & Spoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexy_%26_K-Paul" title="Lexy & K-Paul">Lexy & K-Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blank_%26_Jones" title="Blank & Jones">Blank & Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sven_V%C3%A4th" title="Sven Väth">Sven Väth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dune_(band)" title="Dune (band)">Dune</a>, <a href="/wiki/ItaloBrothers" title="ItaloBrothers">ItaloBrothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groove_Coverage" title="Groove Coverage">Groove Coverage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novaspace" title="Novaspace">Novaspace</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Pony" title="International Pony">International Pony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Rother" title="Anthony Rother">Anthony Rother</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klezmer_in_Germany_and_Eastern_Europe">Klezmer in Germany and Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Klezmer in Germany and Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a> is a musical Jewish genre that consists of mainly instrumental songs. In Germany, Klezmer expanded significantly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Klezmer was expanding, so was the Yiddish folk movement, and the two genres became intertwined to a certain extent. In the 1980s while Klezmer was seeing tremendous growth, many Jews in Eastern Europe turned to Klezmer as a means of understanding their communist backgrounds and showing their remembrance to those who experienced the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. Once Klezmer groups started to tour outside of Europe in the 1980s, Americans gained immediate interest in the music genre. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sapoznik" title="Henry Sapoznik">Henry Sapoznik</a> created the first American Klezmer band, known as Kapelye, which toured all around Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of Americans playing Klezmer brought a new tone to the genre which captured large audiences. Most American groups who played Klezmer added a hint of American rock into their performances, which was different from the traditional sound of Klezmer in Eastern Europe. It was uncomfortable at first for many of the American Klezmer bands to play in Germany because of the trauma that had occurred there. Despite Germany's background, the American Klezmer groups knew Germany was a place they had to play because of Klezmer's popularity there. Over time, Klezmer's audience expanded in Germany and the American Klezmer bands were able to adjust. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giora_Feidman" title="Giora Feidman">Giora Feidman</a> is arguably one of the most influential Klezmer musicians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Feidman created a new perspective for Klezmer, and shared a new ideology for how the music genre could be viewed and appreciated. Feidman gained a large amount of popularity from his work on the musical play, <i>Ghetto</i>, which associated him and his style with the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He brought a new theme to Klezmer music which focused on the remembrance of the Holocaust, and a way of "healing" the trauma caused by the Holocaust. Feidman turned Klezmer into a form of personal expression, in which he tried to unite all people (especially the Jews and Germans) and all things through Klezmer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completely shifted the ideology of Klezmer and explained how Klezmer is in everything, it is even a way to get in touch with religion and communicate with God.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some people believe Feidman took his ideology too far and turned Klezmer into something that it never intended to become.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 1980s Klezmer underwent significant transformation, and by the middle-late 1990s Klezmer experienced a new wave of change. Klezmer became a name for many different trends far from where it originated. Klezmer was known as a political statement, a method of healing, amateur musicians getting together and playing music, a way to reconnect with lost traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jazz">Jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz in Germany">Jazz in Germany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_music">World music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: World music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany was the starting point of the international career of Cuban-born singer & songwriter <a href="/wiki/Addys_Mercedes" title="Addys Mercedes">Addys Mercedes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111231025331/http://www.musikindustrie.de/politik_einzelansicht0/back/110/news/jahrespressekonferenz-des-bvmi/">"Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Deutschland drittgrößter Musikmarkt weltweit"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studia-instrumentorum.de/MUSEUM/zistern.htm">the original</a> on 12 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>Es ist eine unbedingte Notwendigkeit, dass der Deutsche zu seinen Liedern auch ein echt deutsches Begleitinstrument besitzt. Wie der Spanier seine Gitarre (fälschlich Laute genannt), der Italiener seine Mandoline, der Engländer das Banjo, der Russe die Balalaika usw. sein Nationalinstrument nennt, so sollte der Deutsche seine Laute, die Waldzither, welche schon von Dr. Martin Luther auf der Wartburg im Thüringer Walde (daher der Name Waldzither) gepflegt wurde, zu seinem Nationalinstrument machen. – Liederheft von C. H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VORKRIEGSJUGEND+--+Bier+und+Hartz+4&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bierundhartz4.de%2Fbands%2Fvorkriegsjugend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiepedia.de/index.php/Vorkriegsjugend">"Vorkriegsjugend – indiepedia.de"</a>. <i>indiepedia.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiepedia.de&rft.atitle=Vorkriegsjugend+%E2%80%93+indiepedia.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiepedia.de%2Findex.php%2FVorkriegsjugend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kommerzpunk" as seen in the song "Scheiss Kommerz" by "Wohlstandskinder", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.magistrix.de/lyrics/The%20Wohlstandskinder/Scheiss-Kommerz-102536.html">https://www.magistrix.de/lyrics/The%20Wohlstandskinder/Scheiss-Kommerz-102536.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmdr.de" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">mdr.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/stoebern/damals/punk-jugend-ddr100.html">"Punks in der DDR: Einmal Punk – immer Punk | MDR.DE"</a>. <i>www.mdr.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mdr.de&rft.atitle=Punks+in+der+DDR%3A+Einmal+Punk+%E2%80%93+immer+Punk+%7C+MDR.DE&rft.au=mdr.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fzeitreise%2Fstoebern%2Fdamals%2Fpunk-jugend-ddr100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeschner2020" class="citation cs2">Teschner, Dirk (25 October 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taz.de/Buch-ueber-DDR-Punk-Otze-Ehrlich/!5184199/">"DDR von unten"</a>, <i>Die Tageszeitung: Taz</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Tageszeitung%3A+Taz&rft.atitle=DDR+von+unten&rft.date=2020-10-25&rft.aulast=Teschner&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaz.de%2FBuch-ueber-DDR-Punk-Otze-Ehrlich%2F%215184199%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grauzonen.info/hintergrund/Milieuzeichnung:%20Skinheads%20/%20Oi">"Rechte Jugendliche Lebenswelten -> Milieuzeichnung: Skinheads / Oi"</a>. <i>grauzonen.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grauzonen.info&rft.atitle=Rechte+Jugendliche+Lebenswelten+-%3E+Milieuzeichnung%3A+Skinheads+%2F+Oi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrauzonen.info%2Fhintergrund%2FMilieuzeichnung%3A%2520Skinheads%2520%2F%2520Oi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/vom-rechtsrock-zum-mainstream-die-boehsen-onkelz-sind-keine.2177.de.html?dram:article_id=388734">"Vom Rechtsrock zum Mainstream? - "Die Böhsen Onkelz sind keine rechte Band mehr"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Deutschlandfunk Kultur</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk+Kultur&rft.atitle=Vom+Rechtsrock+zum+Mainstream%3F+-+%22Die+B%C3%B6hsen+Onkelz+sind+keine+rechte+Band+mehr%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunkkultur.de%2Fvom-rechtsrock-zum-mainstream-die-boehsen-onkelz-sind-keine.2177.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D388734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruber2002" class="citation book cs1">Gruber, Ruth Ellen (2002). <i>Virtually Jewish : reinventing Jewish culture in Europe</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21363-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21363-7"><bdi>0-520-21363-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46937484">46937484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtually+Jewish+%3A+reinventing+Jewish+culture+in+Europe&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46937484&rft.isbn=0-520-21363-7&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter2007" class="citation book cs1">Painter, Karen (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symphonicaspirat00pain"><i>Symphonic Aspirations: German Music and Politics, 1900–1945</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02661-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02661-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02661-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symphonic+Aspirations%3A+German+Music+and+Politics%2C+1900%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02661-2&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymphonicaspirat00pain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKater2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kater" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kater">Kater, Michael</a> (2007). <i>The Twisted Muse: Musicians and Their Music in the Third Reich</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509620-0"><bdi>978-0-19-509620-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twisted+Muse%3A+Musicians+and+Their+Music+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509620-0&rft.aulast=Kater&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaux1960" class="citation book cs1">Laux, Karl, ed. (1960). <i>Das Musikleben in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1945–1959</i>. VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik Leipzig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Musikleben+in+der+Deutschen+Demokratischen+Republik%2C+1945%E2%80%931959&rft.pub=VEB+Deutscher+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Musik+Leipzig&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Helms, Siegmund, ed. (1972). <i>Schlager in Deutschland: Beiträge zur Analyse der Popularmusik und des Musikmarktes</i>. Breitkopf & Härtel. <i>N.B</i>.: Includes a bibliog. dictionary of German musicians on pp. 177–235. Without ISBN.</li> <li>Schütte, Uwe, ed. (2017). <i>German Pop Music. A Companion</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042571-0">978-3-11-042571-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Germany&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template talk:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Europe">Music of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Music of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classical_music">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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