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<li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0_(Rhapsody)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0_(Rhapsody)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0_(Rhapsody)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0_(Cheetah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0_(Cheetah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0_(Cheetah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1_(Puma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1_(Puma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1_(Puma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2_(Jaguar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2_(Jaguar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2_(Jaguar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3_(Panther)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3_(Panther)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3_(Panther)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4_(Tiger)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4_(Tiger)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4_(Tiger)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5_(Leopard)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5_(Leopard)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5_(Leopard)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6_(Snow_Leopard)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6_(Snow_Leopard)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6_(Snow_Leopard)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_app" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_app"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Server app</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_app-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bundled_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bundled_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bundled applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bundled_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bundled applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bundled_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_to_OS_X_Mountain_Lion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_OS_X_Mountain_Lion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prior to OS X Mountain Lion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_OS_X_Mountain_Lion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_OS_X_Mountain_Lion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_OS_X_Mountain_Lion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>After OS X Mountain Lion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_OS_X_Mountain_Lion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Server services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Server_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Server services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Server_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Address_Book_Server" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Address_Book_Server"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Address Book Server</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Address_Book_Server-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-iCal_Server" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#iCal_Server"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>iCal Server</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-iCal_Server-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-iChat_Server" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#iChat_Server"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>iChat Server</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-iChat_Server-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wiki_Server" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wiki_Server"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Wiki Server</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wiki_Server-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontinuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontinuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Discontinuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discontinuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Technical specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac OS X Server</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%A5%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B1" title="ماك أو إس إكس سيرفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماك أو إس إكس سيرفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%84" title="MacOS 서버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MacOS 서버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Server" title="OS X Server – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OS X Server" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mac OS X Server" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Server" title="OS X Server – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="OS X Server" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Server" title="OS X Server – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OS X Server" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Server" title="MacOS Server – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MacOS Server" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q719621#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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for macOS</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Mac OS X Server</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OS_X_Server_Snow_Leopard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/OS_X_Server_Snow_Leopard.png/300px-OS_X_Server_Snow_Leopard.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/OS_X_Server_Snow_Leopard.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server running Server Admin on Desktop</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> for settings</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh operating systems">Macintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a><sup id="cite_ref-snow_leopard_unix_cert_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snow_leopard_unix_cert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Discontinued on April 21, 2022</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Closed-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-source">Closed-source</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> components)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">March 16, 1999<span class="noprint">; 25 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1999-03-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.12<sup id="cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-5.7.1-and-later-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / December 8, 2021<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2021-12-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English, Japanese, French, German, Simplified Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Korean, Spanish, Traditional Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-server-specs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-server-specs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></li> <li>(Formerly <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a>) (mostly <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109013529/https://www.apple.com/macos/server//">Mac OS X Server</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2020-11-09)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mac OS X Server</b> is a series of <a href="/wiki/Discontinued_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Discontinued software">discontinued</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-like server <a href="/wiki/Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> based on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. It provided server functionality and system administration tools, and tools to manage both macOS-based computers and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>-based devices, <a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">network services</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Message_transfer_agent" title="Message transfer agent">mail transfer agent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB</a> servers, an <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a> server, and a <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">domain name server</a>, as well as server applications including a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a>, <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">calendar</a> server.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">OS X Lion</a>, Apple stopped selling a standalone server operating system, instead releasing an add-on Server app marketed as <b>OS X Server</b> (and later <b>macOS Server</b>), which was sold through the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-server-specs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-server-specs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Server app lacked many features from Mac OS X Server, and later versions of the app only included functionality related to user and group management, <a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device_management" title="Mobile device management">mobile device management</a> through profiles. The Server app was discontinued on April 21, 2022, and Apple said that later versions of macOS would drop support for it.<sup id="cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-5.7.1-and-later-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">macOS version history</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSXServerBoxes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/OSXServerBoxes.png/400px-OSXServerBoxes.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/OSXServerBoxes.png/600px-OSXServerBoxes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/OSXServerBoxes.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>Box artwork for Mac OS X Server versions 10.1–10.6</figcaption></figure> <p>Mac OS X Server is based on an <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> foundation called <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> and uses open industry standards and protocols. Mac OS X Server was provided as the operating system for <a href="/wiki/Xserve" title="Xserve">Xserve</a> computers, <a href="/wiki/Rack_unit" title="Rack unit">rack-mounted</a> <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server computers</a> designed by Apple. Also, it was optionally <a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">pre-installed</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> and was sold separately for use on any <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> computer meeting its minimum requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0_(Rhapsody)"><span id="Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0_.28Rhapsody.29"></span>Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></div> <p>Mac OS X Server 1.0 was released in March 1999, predating the release of the consumer version of Mac OS X by two years. Mac OS X Server 1.0 was based on <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a>, a hybrid of <a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OPENSTEP</a> from NeXT Computer and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8.5.1</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> looked like a mixture of Mac OS 8's Platinum appearance with OPENSTEP's <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>-based interface. It included a runtime layer called Blue Box for running legacy Mac OS-based applications within a separate window. There was discussion of implementing a 'transparent blue box' which would intermix Mac OS applications with those written for Rhapsody's Yellow Box environment, but this would not happen until <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a>'s Classic environment. Apple File Services, Macintosh Manager, QuickTime Streaming Server, <a href="/wiki/WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a> were included with Mac OS X Server 1.0. It could not use <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> devices. The last release is Mac OS X Server 1.2v3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0_(Cheetah)"><span id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0_.28Cheetah.29"></span>Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mac OS X Server 10.0 (released May 21, 2001) included the new <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua user interface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Tomcat" title="Apache Tomcat">Tomcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a> support, Macintosh Manager, and <a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1_(Puma)"><span id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1_.28Puma.29"></span>Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mac OS X Server 10.1 (released September 25, 2001) featured improved performance, increased system stability, and decreased file transfer times compared to Mac OS X Server 10.0. Support was added for RAID 0 and RAID 1 storage configurations, and Mac OS 9.2.1 in NetBoot.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2_(Jaguar)"><span id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2_.28Jaguar.29"></span>Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mac OS X Server 10.2 (released August 23, 2002) includes updated <a href="/wiki/Apple_Open_Directory" title="Apple Open Directory">Open Directory</a> user and file management, which with this release is based on <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a>, beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated <a href="/wiki/NetInfo" title="NetInfo">NetInfo</a> architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. The release also saw major updates to <a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a> and <a href="/wiki/NetInstall" class="mw-redirect" title="NetInstall">NetInstall</a>. Many common network services are provided such as <a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNMP" class="mw-redirect" title="SNMP">SNMP</a>, web server (<a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a>), mail server (<a href="/wiki/Postfix_(software)" title="Postfix (software)">Postfix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_(imapd)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus (imapd)">Cyrus</a>), LDAP (<a href="/wiki/OpenLDAP" title="OpenLDAP">OpenLDAP</a>), <a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a>, and print server. The inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Samba_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba software">Samba</a> version 3 allows tight integration with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> clients and servers. <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> v4.0.16 and <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> v4.3.7 are also included. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3_(Panther)"><span id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3_.28Panther.29"></span>Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mac OS X Server 10.3 (released October 24, 2003) release includes updated <a href="/wiki/Apple_Open_Directory" title="Apple Open Directory">Open Directory</a> user and file management, which with this release is based on <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a>, beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originated <a href="/wiki/NetInfo" title="NetInfo">NetInfo</a> architecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. Many common network services are provided such as NTP, SNMP, web server (<a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a>), mail server (<a href="/wiki/Postfix_(software)" title="Postfix (software)">Postfix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_(imapd)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus (imapd)">Cyrus</a>), LDAP (<a href="/wiki/OpenLDAP" title="OpenLDAP">OpenLDAP</a>), <a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a>, and print server. The inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Samba_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba software">Samba</a> version 3 allows tight integration with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> clients and servers. <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> v4.0.16 and <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> v4.3.7 are also included.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4_(Tiger)"><span id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4_.28Tiger.29"></span>Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 10.4 release (April 29, 2005) adds <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> application support, <a href="/wiki/Access_Control_Lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Control Lists">Access Control Lists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">link aggregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">e-mail spam</a> filtering (<a href="/wiki/SpamAssassin" class="mw-redirect" title="SpamAssassin">SpamAssassin</a>), virus detection (<a href="/wiki/ClamAV" title="ClamAV">ClamAV</a>), Gateway Setup Assistant, and servers for <a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a>, <a href="/wiki/IChat_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="IChat Server">iChat Server</a> using <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">XMPP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boot Camp Assistant, Dashboard, and Weblog Server based on the open-source <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blojsom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blojsom (page does not exist)">Blojsom</a> project (<a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 10, 2006, Apple announced the first <a href="/wiki/Universal_Binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Binary">Universal Binary</a> release of Mac OS X Server, version 10.4.7, supporting both PowerPC and Intel processors. At the same time Apple announced the release of the Intel-based <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xserve" title="Xserve">Xserve</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5_(Leopard)"><span id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5_.28Leopard.29"></span>Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopard_Server_10.5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Leopard_Server_10.5.png/220px-Leopard_Server_10.5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Leopard_Server_10.5.png/330px-Leopard_Server_10.5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Leopard_Server_10.5.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of OS X Leopard 10.5 Server</figcaption></figure> <p>Leopard Server (released October 26, 2007) sold for $999 for an unlimited-client license.<sup id="cite_ref-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mac OS X Server version 10.5.x ‘Leopard’ was the last major version of Mac OS X Server to support <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>-based servers and workstations such as the Apple <a href="/wiki/Xserve_G5" class="mw-redirect" title="Xserve G5">Xserve G5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_Mac_G5" title="Power Mac G5">Power Mac G5</a>. </p><p><b>Features:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RADIUS" title="RADIUS">RADIUS</a> Server. Leopard Server includes <a href="/wiki/FreeRADIUS" title="FreeRADIUS">FreeRADIUS</a> for network authentication. It ships with support for wireless access stations however can be modified into a fully functioning FreeRADIUS server.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a>. Mac OS X Server version 10.5 ‘Leopard’ was the first version to ship with <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">server-side</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web application framework</a> used by sites such as <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6_(Snow_Leopard)"><span id="Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6_.28Snow_Leopard.29"></span>Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server (released August 28, 2009) sold for $499 and included unlimited client licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>New Features:</b> </p> <ul><li>Full <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> operating system. On appropriate systems with 4 GB of RAM or more, Snow Leopard Server uses a 64-bit kernel to address up to a theoretical 16 TB of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICal_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="ICal Server">iCal Server</a> 2 with improved <a href="/wiki/CalDAV" title="CalDAV">CalDAV</a> support, a new web calendaring application, push notifications and the ability to send email invitations to non-iCal users.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_and_Contacts_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar and Contacts Server">Address Book Server</a> provides a central location for users to store and access personal contacts across multiple Macs and synchronized iPhones. Based on the <a href="/wiki/CardDAV" title="CardDAV">CardDAV</a> protocol standard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki Server">Wiki Server</a> 2, with server side <a href="/wiki/Quick_Look" title="Quick Look">Quick Look</a> and the ability to view wiki content on iPhone.</li> <li>A new <a href="/wiki/Mail_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail server">Mail server</a> engine that supports push email so users receive immediate access to new messages. However, Apple's implementation of push email is not supported for Apple's iPhone.</li> <li>Podcast Producer 2 with dual-source video support. Also includes a new Podcast Composer application to automate the production process, making it simple to create podcasts with a customized, consistent look and feel. Podcast Composer creates a workflow to add titles, transitions and effects, save to a desired format and share to wikis, blogs, <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITunes_U" class="mw-redirect" title="ITunes U">iTunes U</a>, <a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Server" title="Final Cut Server">Final Cut Server</a> or Podcast Library.</li> <li>Mobile Access Server enables iPhone and Mac users to access secured network services, including corporate websites, online business applications, email, calendars and contacts. Without requiring additional software, Mobile Access Server acts as a reverse proxy server and provides SSL encryption and authentication between the user's iPhone or Mac and a private network.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_app">Server app</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Server app"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yosemite_Server_10.10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Yosemite_Server_10.10.png/220px-Yosemite_Server_10.10.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Yosemite_Server_10.10.png/330px-Yosemite_Server_10.10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a9/Yosemite_Server_10.10.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The Server app running on OS X Yosemite</figcaption></figure> <p>In releasing the developer preview of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">Mac OS X Lion</a> in February 2011, Apple indicated that beginning with Lion, Mac OS X Server would be bundled with the operating system and would not be marketed as a separate product.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a few months later, the company said it would instead sell the server components as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>49.99 add-on to Lion, distributed through the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a> (as well as Lion itself).<sup id="cite_ref-lion-june-pr_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lion-june-pr-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined cost of an upgrade to Lion and the purchase of the OS X Server add-on, which costs approximately US$50,<sup id="cite_ref-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_depth_with_Lion_OS_X_Server-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was nonetheless significantly lower than the retail cost of Snow Leopard Server (US$499). Lion Server came with unlimited client licenses as did Snow Leopard Server. Lion Server includes new versions of <a href="/wiki/ICal_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="ICal Server">iCal Server</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiki_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki Server">Wiki Server</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mail_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail Server">Mail Server</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lion-server-specs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lion-server-specs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More significantly, Lion Server can be used for iOS mobile device management. Starting with Apple Mac OS X Server Version 10.7 “Lion,” <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> as the database provided with Mac OS X Server, coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>’s acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> and Oracle’s subsequent attempts to tighten MySQL’s licensing restrictions and to exert influence on MySQL’s previously open and independent development model.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Lion, Mountain Lion had no separate server edition. An OS X Server package was available for Mountain Lion from the Mac App Store for US$19.99, which included a server management application called Server, as well as other additional administrative tools to manage client profiles and <a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain Lion Server, like Lion Server, was provided with unlimited client licenses, and once purchased could be run on an unlimited number of systems. </p><p>Server 5.7 (released September 28, 2018) stopped bundling open source services such as Calendar Server, Contacts Server, the Mail Server, DNS, DHCP, VPN Server, and Websites.<sup id="cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-5.7.1-and-later-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included services are now limited to Profile Manager, Open Directory and Xsan.<sup id="cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-5.7.1-and-later-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Server 5.8 (released March 25, 2019) added new restrictions, payloads, and commands to Profile Manager. </p><p>The Server app does not support versions of macOS newer than Monterey, marking the end of Mac OS X Server product line.<sup id="cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-5.7.1-and-later-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bundled_applications">Bundled applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bundled applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_OS_X_Mountain_Lion">Prior to OS X Mountain Lion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prior to OS X Mountain Lion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Mac OS X Server's main administrative tools was the Server Administrator app, which allowed users to configure server services, and turn them on or off. </p><p>RAID Admin was a utility for administering and controlling <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAIDs</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Xserve_RAID" title="Xserve RAID">Xserve RAIDs</a>. It was written in Java,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could run on Windows or Linux. </p><p>Other bundled tools include: </p> <ul><li>Server Preferences (application)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Assistant" title="Server Assistant">Server Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Monitor" title="Server Monitor">Server Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Image_Utility" title="System Image Utility">System Image Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workgroup_Manager" title="Workgroup Manager">Workgroup Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid Admin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_OS_X_Mountain_Lion">After OS X Mountain Lion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: After OS X Mountain Lion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the release of <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a> (version 10.8), there is only one Administrative tool, an app called "Server", which can be bought and downloaded from the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a>, and is updated independently of OS X. This Server tool is used to configure, maintain and monitor one or more macOS Server installations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Server_services">Server services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Server services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apple's Address Book Server, iCal Server, Wiki Server, and Web Server are mostly written in the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> programming language, relying on the <a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">Twisted</a> framework.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of these services were discontinued and removed in version 5.7.1 of the Server app, released on September 30, 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Address_Book_Server">Address Book Server</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Address Book Server"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Address Book Server is a contacts server, and the first commercial server to have implemented <a href="/wiki/CardDAV" title="CardDAV">CardDAV</a>, which relies on the <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a> protocol. It was added in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6_(Snow_Leopard)">Mac OS X Server 10.6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="iCal_Server">iCal Server</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: iCal Server"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>iCal Server is the first commercial calendar server to have implemented the <a href="/wiki/CalDAV" title="CalDAV">CalDAV</a> standard, built on top of WebDAV. iCal Server was added in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5_(Leopard)">Mac OS X Server 10.5</a>, and was also released under the open-source <a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a> as Darwin Calendar Server.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The server, named "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">caldavd</span>", is a <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemon</a> background service. It has been <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ported</a> to non-Apple computer platforms. It is currently possible to install it on <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and several flavours of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. The server uses an SQL database for storage of calendar data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="iChat_Server">iChat Server</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: iChat Server"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>iChat Server is an XMPP server that was added in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4_(Tiger)">Mac OS X Server 10.4</a>, and was upgraded to version 2 with the release of Mac OS X 10.5 Server in October 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iChat Server was originally based on jabberd 1.4.3 and is named after Apple's <a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a> <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">online chat</a> client software.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version 2 of the software is based on <a href="/wiki/Jabberd2" title="Jabberd2">jabberd2 2.0s9</a> and supports server federation,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allows chat clients to talk directly with other systems that support <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">XMPP</a>. It also supports server-based chat archiving.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wiki_Server">Wiki Server</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wiki Server"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wiki Server was a set of services which have shipped with all versions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mac OS X Server</a> since <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">v10.5</a> until <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS High Sierra</a>. Mac OS X Server includes web-based <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Weblog">Weblog</a>, Calendaring, and Contact services. Additionally, it includes a Cocoa application called Directory which allows directory viewing as well as enabling of group services. </p><p>Server 5.7.1, the version aligned with <a href="/wiki/MacOS_10.14" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS 10.14">macOS 10.14</a> and released on September 30, 2018, removed the Wiki Server functionality from Server.app. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discontinuation">Discontinuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Discontinuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 21, 2022, Apple announced that they have discontinued macOS Server and that the most popular features (Caching Server, File Sharing Server, and Time Machine Server) are already bundled with every copy of macOS High Sierra and later, so customers will still have access to them. Existing macOS Server customers can still download and use the app with macOS Monterey.<sup id="cite_ref-about-5.7.1-and-later_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-5.7.1-and-later-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Technical specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>File and print services</b> </p> <ul><li>Mac (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a>, AppleTalk PAP, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Printing_Protocol" title="Internet Printing Protocol">IPP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> (<a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB/CIFS</a>: Apple SMBX in Lion Server — previously <a href="/wiki/Samba_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba software">Samba</a> 2, IPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems (<a href="/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network File System (protocol)">NFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol" title="Line Printer Daemon protocol">LPR/LPD</a>, IPP)</li> <li>Internet (<a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Directory services and authentication</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Open_Directory" title="Apple Open Directory">Open Directory</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenLDAP" title="OpenLDAP">OpenLDAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Authentication_and_Security_Layer" title="Simple Authentication and Security Layer">SASL</a>)</li> <li>Windows NT Domain Services (removed in Lion Server, previously <a href="/wiki/Samba_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba software">Samba</a> 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_Domain_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup Domain Controller">Backup Domain Controller</a> (BDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a> directory connector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> connector</li> <li>BSD configuration files (/etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RADIUS" title="RADIUS">RADIUS</a></li></ul> <p><b>Mail services</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Postfix_(software)" title="Postfix (software)">Postfix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a> and <a href="/wiki/IMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMAP">IMAP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dovecot_(software)" title="Dovecot (software)">Dovecot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">SSL/TLS</a> encryption (<a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">Mailing lists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mailman_(GNU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mailman (GNU)">Mailman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">Webmail</a> (<a href="/wiki/RoundCube" class="mw-redirect" title="RoundCube">RoundCube</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">Junk mail</a> filtering (<a href="/wiki/SpamAssassin" class="mw-redirect" title="SpamAssassin">SpamAssassin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Virus</a> detection (<a href="/wiki/ClamAV" title="ClamAV">ClamAV</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Calendaring</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICal_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="ICal Server">iCal Server</a> (<a href="/wiki/CalDAV" title="CalDAV">CalDAV</a>, iTIP, iMIP)</li></ul> <p><b>Web hosting</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a> Web server (2.2 and 1.3)</li> <li>SSL/TLS (OpenSSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> (5.8.8), <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> (5.2), <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> (1.8.6), <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Rails</a> (1.2.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> 5 (replaced by <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> in Lion Server)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capistrano_(software)" title="Capistrano (software)">Capistrano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongrel_(web_server)" title="Mongrel (web server)">Mongrel</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Collaboration services</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki Server">Wiki Server</a> (<a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="IChat Server">iChat Server</a> 3 (<a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">XMPP</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Application servers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tomcat" title="Apache Tomcat">Apache Tomcat</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Java SE">Java SE</a> virtual machine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a> deployment (5.4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Axis" title="Apache Axis">Apache Axis</a> (<a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Media streaming</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Streaming_Server" title="QuickTime Streaming Server">QuickTime Streaming Server</a> 6 (removed in Lion Server)</li> <li>QuickTime Broadcaster 1.5</li></ul> <p><b>Client management</b> </p> <ul><li>Managed Preferences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetInstall" class="mw-redirect" title="NetInstall">NetInstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a> Server</li> <li>Portable home directories</li> <li>Profile Manager (new in Lion Server)</li></ul> <p><b>Networking and VPN</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> server (<a href="/wiki/BIND" title="BIND">BIND</a> 9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHCP" class="mw-redirect" title="DHCP">DHCP</a> server</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">NAT</a> server</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a> server (<a href="/wiki/L2TP" class="mw-redirect" title="L2TP">L2TP</a>/<a href="/wiki/IPSec" class="mw-redirect" title="IPSec">IPSec</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPTP" class="mw-redirect" title="PPTP">PPTP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a> (<a href="/wiki/IPFW2" class="mw-redirect" title="IPFW2">IPFW2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Distributed computing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a> 2</li></ul> <p><b>High-availability features</b> </p> <ul><li>Automatic recovery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">File system journaling</a></li> <li>IP <a href="/wiki/Failover" title="Failover">failover</a> (dropped in OS X 10.7 and later<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Software <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a></li> <li>Disk space monitor</li></ul> <p><b>File systems</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a> (journaled, <a href="/wiki/Case_sensitivity" title="Case sensitivity">case sensitive and case insensitive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> (write support only available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a> (read-only)</li></ul> <p><b>Management features</b> </p> <ul><li>Server Assistant</li> <li>Server Admin</li> <li>Server Preferences</li> <li>Server Status widget</li> <li>Workgroup Manager</li> <li>System Image Utility</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">Secure Shell</a> (SSH2)</li> <li>Server Monitor</li> <li>RAID Utility</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNMP" class="mw-redirect" title="SNMP">SNMPv</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/Net-SNMP" title="Net-SNMP">Net-SNMP</a>)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-snow_leopard_unix_cert-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snow_leopard_unix_cert_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3581.htm">"Mac OS X Version 10.6 on Intel-based Macintosh computers"</a>. The Open Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470521311" title="Special:BookSources/9780470521311"><bdi>9780470521311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snow+Leopard+Server&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2009-11&rft.isbn=9780470521311&rft.aulast=Dilger&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Eran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+OS+X+Server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/leopard/more.html">Leopard features</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.apple.com/source/ChatServer/ChatServer-37.4/jabberd-src/README">jabberd14 copyright and version number from source</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.apple.com/source/ChatServer/ChatServer-260/jabberd2/README">jabberd2 copyright and version number from source</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=198700215&pgno=3">Inside Apple's Leopard Server OS</a> on <a href="/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a>, March 27, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellworth" class="citation web cs1">Schellworth, Ph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311063801/http://wiki.schellworth.de/os_x:ipfailover">"osx:ipfailover"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.schellworth.de/os_x:ipfailover">the original</a> on March 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=osx%3Aipfailover&rft.aulast=Schellworth&rft.aufirst=Ph.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.schellworth.de%2Fos_x%3Aipfailover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMac+OS+X+Server" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_X_Server&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25Major-Mac-OS-X-Server-v10-1-Update-Now-Available/">Major Mac OS X Server v10.1 Update Now Available</a> – Apple press release</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/07/17Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Jaguar-Server-Worlds-Easiest-to-Manage-UNIX-Based-Server-Software/">Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Jaguar”, World’s Easiest-to-Manage UNIX-Based Server Software</a> – Apple press release</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/10/08Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Panther/">Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Panther”</a> – Apple press release</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2005/04/12Apple-Announces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Tiger/">Apple Announces Mac OS X Server “Tiger”</a> – Apple press release</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/06/11Apple-Announces-New-Mac-OS-X-Server-Leopard-Features/">Apple Announces New Mac OS X Server "Leopard" Features</a> – Apple press release</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2009/06/08Apple-Introduces-Mac-OS-X-Server-Snow-Leopard/">Apple Introduces Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard</a> – Apple press release</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS_Server" title="Template:MacOS Server"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS_Server" title="Template talk:MacOS Server"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS_Server" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS Server"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="macOS_Server" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">macOS Server</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_and_Contacts_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar and Contacts Server">Contacts Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICal_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="ICal Server">iCal Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="IChat Server">iChat Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Open_Directory" title="Apple Open Directory">Open Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Streaming_Server" title="QuickTime Streaming Server">QuickTime Streaming Server</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darwin_Streaming_Server" title="Darwin Streaming Server">Darwin Streaming Server</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(Apple)" title="Spotlight (Apple)">Spotlight Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki Server">Wiki Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail Server">Mail Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Broadcaster" title="QuickTime Broadcaster">QuickTime Broadcaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QTSS_Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="QTSS Publisher">QTSS Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Assistant" title="Server Assistant">Server Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Monitor" title="Server Monitor">Server Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Image_Utility" title="System Image Utility">System Image Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workgroup_Manager" title="Workgroup Manager">Workgroup Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid_Admin" class="mw-redirect" title="Xgrid Admin">Xgrid Admin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="macOS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS" title="Template:MacOS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS" title="Template talk:MacOS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="macOS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Server 1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS X</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">macOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automator_(macOS)" title="Automator (macOS)">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Center_(Apple)" title="Control Center (Apple)">Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">Quicktime Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcuts_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortcuts (app)">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools#FileMerge" title="Apple Developer Tools">FileMerge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISync" title="ISync">iSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Configurator" title="Apple Configurator">Configurator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Console" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Crash_Reporter" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Color_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Color Meter">Digital Color Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Script Editor">Script Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Settings" title="System Settings">System Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies &<br /><a href="/wiki/User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User Interface">User Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirDrop" title="AirDrop">AirDrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppKit" title="AppKit">AppKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_menu" title="Apple menu">Apple menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Push_Notification_service" title="Apple Push Notification service">Apple Push Notification service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Units" title="Audio Units">Audio Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVFoundation" title="AVFoundation">AVFoundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudKit" title="CloudKit">CloudKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Animation" title="Core Animation">Core Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Audio" title="Core Audio">Core Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Data" title="Core Data">Core Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_OpenGL" title="Core OpenGL">Core OpenGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Text" title="Core Text">Core Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Video" title="Core Video">Core Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Unix Printing System">CUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_Flow" title="Cover Flow">Cover Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS" title="List of typefaces included with macOS">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Kit" title="Foundation Kit">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_(macOS)" title="Gatekeeper (macOS)">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Dispatch" title="Grand Central Dispatch">Grand Central Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format">icns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic#macOS" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchd" title="Launchd">launchd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach-O" title="Mach-O">Mach-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menu_extra" title="Menu extra">Menu extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_(macOS)" title="Mission Control (macOS)">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(software)" title="Night Shift (software)">Night Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_Pane" class="mw-redirect" title="Preference Pane">Preference Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Look" title="Quick Look">Quick Look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#macOS" title="Virtual folder">Smart Folders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakable_items" title="Speakable items">Speakable items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(Apple)" title="Spotlight (Apple)">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacks_(Mac_OS)" title="Stacks (Mac OS)">Stacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection" title="System Integrity Protection">System Integrity Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_binary" title="Universal binary">Universal binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuartz" title="XQuartz">XQuartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Type_Services_for_Unicode_Imaging" title="Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging">ATSUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushed_metal_(interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushed metal (interface)">Brushed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Environment">Classic Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell_(Macintosh)" title="Inkwell (Macintosh)">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaces_(software)" title="Spaces (software)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> denote upcoming products.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:MacOS" title="Category:MacOS">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Darwin-derived_operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darwin_derivations" title="Template:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Darwin_derivations" title="Template talk:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Darwin_derivations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Darwin-derived_operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)#Derived_projects" title="Darwin (operating system)">derived</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mac OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li>OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li> <li>macOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS 10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mac OS X<br />Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">1.0 (Hera)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.2">10.2 (Jaguar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.3">10.3 (Panther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.4">10.4 (Tiger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.5">10.5 Leopard Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.6">10.6 Snow Leopard Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software">TV Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 3">3</a></li> <li>Forks from iOS with 4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>iPhone OS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>iOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>TV Software <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li>tvOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_9" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_12" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_14" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_15" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_16" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_17" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_18" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="audioOS" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 13">13.4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 14 (page does not exist)">14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 15 (page does not exist)">15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 16 (page does not exist)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 17 (page does not exist)">17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 18 (page does not exist)">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_3" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_4" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_5" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_6" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_7" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_8" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_9" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="bridgeOS" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="BridgeOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BridgeOS 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_12" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 13">13</a></li> <li>Forks from tvOS with 13.4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="visionOS" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Apple<br />distributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenDarwin" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDarwin">OpenDarwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureDarwin" class="mw-redirect" title="PureDarwin">PureDarwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">macOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server version history">Mac OS X Server version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS version history">tvOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS version history">watchOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS version history">audioOS version history</a><br /><i>Italics</i> denote upcoming products</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_Apple" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems_by_Apple" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operating systems by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_GS/OS" title="Apple GS/OS">GS/OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">Apple III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">SOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa#Software" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS#System_1,_2,_3,_and_4" title="Classic Mac OS">Systems 2, 3, and 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS#System_Software_5" title="Classic Mac OS">System 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Core <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Desktop <ul><li>Mac OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li>OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li> <li>macOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shipped <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/ROSE" title="A/ROSE">A/ROSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIX_for_Apple_Network_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX for Apple Network Servers">AIX for Apple Network Servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">MAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cancelled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukernel" title="Nukernel">Nukernel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>iPhone OS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>iOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV#Software" title="Apple TV">Apple TV Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes#Devices" title="History of iTunes">iPod software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List</a> • <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._operating_systems" title="Category:Apple Inc. operating systems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apple_Inc." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_Inc." title="Template talk:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apple_Inc." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Apple_Inc." title="Outline of Apple Inc.">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Apple Inc. products">Timeline of products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_practices_of_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental practices of Apple">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_of_Apple_Inc." title="Marketing of Apple Inc.">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_supply_chain" title="Apple supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._products" title="Category:Apple Inc. products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._hardware" title="Category:Apple Inc. hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">Pro</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">Classic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Mini" title="IPod Mini">Mini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">Nano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Shuffle" title="IPod Shuffle">Shuffle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">Touch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_hardware" title="IPhone hardware">Hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_iPhone" title="History of the iPhone">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhone models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_accessories" title="List of iPad accessories">Accessories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AirPods" title="AirPods">AirPods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Pro" title="AirPods Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Max" title="AirPods Max">Max</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SIM" title="Apple SIM">Apple SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTag" title="AirTag">AirTag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Pill" title="Beats Pill">Pill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HomePod_Mini" title="HomePod Mini">Mini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._software" title="Category:Apple Inc. software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operatingsystems" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> / <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_models" title="List of iPad models">iPads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_iOS_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-installed iOS apps">Apps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CarPlay" title="CarPlay">CarPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">HomeKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Cut Pro X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MainStage_(software)" title="MainStage (software)">MainStage</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SceneKit" title="SceneKit">SceneKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._services" title="Category:Apple Inc. services">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Card" title="Apple Card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Wallet" title="Apple Wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Arcade" title="Apple Arcade">Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_1" title="Apple Music 1">1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beats_Music" title="Beats Music">Beats Music</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Up_Next" title="Apple Music Up Next">Up Next</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Festival" title="Apple Music Festival">Festival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">iTunes Radio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(app)" title="Music (app)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newsstand_(software)" title="Newsstand (software)">Newsstand</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV%2B_original_programming" title="List of Apple TV+ original programming">originals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLS_Season_Pass" title="MLS Season Pass">MLS Season Pass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkie-Talkie_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkie-Talkie (Apple)">Walkie-Talkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail and<br />digital sales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">App Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">macOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Connect" title="ITunes Connect">Connect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue" title="Apple Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleCare%2B" title="AppleCare+">AppleCare+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Authorized_Service_Provider" title="Apple Authorized Service Provider">AASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_certification_programs" title="Apple certification programs">Certifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_Bar" title="Genius Bar">Genius Bar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCare" title="ProCare">ProCare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_to_One_(Apple)" title="One to One (Apple)">One to One</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Account" title="Apple Account">Apple Account</a> (formerly <i>Apple ID</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_in_with_Apple" title="Sign in with Apple">Sign in with Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_One" title="Apple One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Developer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IAd" title="IAd">iAd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TestFlight" title="TestFlight">TestFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference" title="Worldwide Developers Conference">WWDC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My" title="Find My">Find My</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(Apple)" title="Fitness (Apple)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flyover_(Apple_Maps)" title="Flyover (Apple Maps)">Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Around_(Apple)" title="Look Around (Apple)">Look Around</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._subsidiaries" title="Category:Apple Inc. subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_IMC" title="Apple IMC">Apple IMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Studios" title="Apple Studios">Apple Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn_Capital" title="Braeburn Capital">Braeburn Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris" title="Claris">Claris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._acquisitions" title="Category:Apple Inc. acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple">Completed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AuthenTec" title="AuthenTec">AuthenTec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cue_(search_engine)" title="Cue (search engine)">Cue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EditGrid" title="EditGrid">EditGrid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emagic" title="Emagic">Emagic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FingerWorks" title="FingerWorks">FingerWorks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intrinsity" title="Intrinsity">Intrinsity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InVisage_Technologies" title="InVisage Technologies">InVisage Technologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keyboard_Company" title="The Keyboard Company">The Keyboard Company</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lala_(website)" title="Lala (website)">Lala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaio" title="Metaio">Metaio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothing_Real" title="Nothing Real">Nothing Real</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.A._Semi" title="P.A. Semi">P.A. Semi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Computing_Corporation" title="Power Computing Corporation">Power Computing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PrimeSense" title="PrimeSense">PrimeSense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam Entertainment Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texture_(app)" title="Texture (app)">Texture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topsy_Labs" title="Topsy Labs">Topsy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_acquisition_of_Disney_by_Apple" title="Potential acquisition of Disney by Apple">Disney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._partnerships" title="Category:Apple Inc. partnerships">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_Holdings" title="Arm Holdings">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiDi" title="DiDi">DiDi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Ocean" title="Digital Ocean">Digital Ocean</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFund" title="IFund">iFund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_Technologies" title="Imagination Technologies">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Consortium" title="Rockstar Consortium">Rockstar Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._advertising" title="Apple Inc. advertising">Advertising</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">1984</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Think_different" title="Think different">Think different</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac" title="Get a Mac">Get a Mac</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_advertising" title="IPod advertising">iPod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ecosystem" title="Apple ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events" title="List of Apple Inc. media events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc." title="Criticism of Apple Inc.">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li>Headquarters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Park" title="Apple Park">Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_University" title="Apple University">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._design_motifs" title="Apple Inc. design motifs">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Industrial_Design_Group" title="Apple Industrial Design Group">IDg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography_of_Apple_Inc." title="Typography of Apple Inc.">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designed_by_Apple_in_California" title="Designed by Apple in California">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_codenames" title="List of Apple codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_FileWare" title="Apple FileWare">Apple FileWare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_community" title="Apple community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleMasters" title="AppleMasters">AppleMasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_Apple_Inc." title="Litigation involving Apple Inc.">Litigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2024)" title="United States v. Apple (2024)">Antitrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">Non-recruiting agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2012)" title="United States v. Apple (2012)">Price-fixing ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI encryption dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_app_approvals" title="IOS app approvals">iOS app approvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleToo" title="AppleToo">#AppleToo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs" title="List of depictions of Steve Jobs">Depictions of Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_Apple_devices" title="Linux on Apple devices">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPodLinux" title="IPodLinux">iPodLinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_car_project" title="Apple car project">Car project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._executives" title="Category:Apple Inc. executives">Executives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Williams_(Apple)" title="Jeff Williams (Apple)">Jeff Williams</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Maestri" title="Luca Maestri">Luca Maestri</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_L._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine L. Adams">Katherine Adams</a> (General Counsel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Cue" title="Eddy Cue">Eddy Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Federighi" title="Craig Federighi">Craig Federighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Ge_Mahe" title="Isabel Ge Mahe">Isabel Ge Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Giannandrea" title="John Giannandrea">John Giannandrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Joswiak" title="Greg Joswiak">Greg Joswiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabih_Khan" title="Sabih Khan">Sabih Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Brien" title="Deirdre O'Brien">Deirdre O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Riccio" title="Dan Riccio">Dan Riccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Schiller" title="Phil Schiller">Phil Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johny_Srouji" title="Johny Srouji">Johny Srouji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ternus" title="John Ternus">John Ternus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jony_Ive" title="Jony Ive">Jony Ive</a> (CDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts" title="Angela Ahrendts">Angela Ahrendts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browett" title="John Browett">John Browett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrino_De_Luca" title="Guerrino De Luca">Guerrino De Luca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deneve" title="Paul Deneve">Paul Deneve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Forstall" title="Scott Forstall">Scott Forstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hancock" title="Ellen Hancock">Ellen Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_R._Heinen" title="Nancy R. Heinen">Nancy R. Heinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Ron Johnson (businessman)">Ron Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nagel" title="David Nagel">David Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oppenheimer" title="Peter Oppenheimer">Peter Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Papermaster" title="Mark Papermaster">Mark Papermaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein" title="Jon Rubinstein">Jon Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Serlet" title="Bertrand Serlet">Bertrand Serlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sewell" title="Bruce Sewell">Bruce Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sina_Tamaddon" title="Sina Tamaddon">Sina Tamaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Directors_of_Apple_Inc." title="Category:Directors of Apple Inc.">Board of<br />directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell">James A. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sugar" title="Ronald Sugar">Ronald D. Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wagner" title="Susan Wagner">Susan L. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Campbell_(business_executive)" title="Bill Campbell (business executive)">Bill Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Drexler" title="Mickey Drexler">Mickey Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Robert A. Iger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Lewis" title="Delano Lewis">Delano Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rock" title="Arthur Rock">Arthur Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. 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