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lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="A/UX" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="A/UX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="اپل یونیکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپل یونیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="A/UX" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">A/UX</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Unix_with_Netscape.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Apple_Unix_with_Netscape.png/330px-Apple_Unix_with_Netscape.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Apple_Unix_with_Netscape.png/500px-Apple_Unix_with_Netscape.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Apple_Unix_with_Netscape.png/600px-Apple_Unix_with_Netscape.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A/UX 3.0.1 with Finder, CommandShell, and Netscape</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Macintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">UNIX System V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">Closed source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1988<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988-02</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.1.1 / 1995<span class="noprint">; 30 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic kernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>A/UX</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> from <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> computers, integrated with <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a>'s graphical interface and application compatibility. It is Apple's first official Unix-based operating system, launched in 1988 and discontinued in 1995 with version 3.1.1.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A/UX requires select <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">68k</a>-based Macintosh models with an <a href="/wiki/Floating_point_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point unit">FPU</a> and a paged <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a> (PMMU). </p><p>Its foundation is <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">UNIX System V</a> Release 2.2, with features from Releases 3 and 4<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and from <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> versions 4.2 and 4.3. It is compliant with <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_V_Interface_Definition" title="System V Interface Definition">System V Interface Definition</a> (SVID), and includes <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> since version 2. Having a Unix-compatible, POSIX-compliant operating system enabled Apple to bid for large contracts to supply computers to the U.S. federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-Uncle_Sam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncle_Sam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple_keen_on_Unix_future_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_keen_on_Unix_future-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A/UX was described by <i><a href="/wiki/MacUser" title="MacUser">MacUser</a></i> as "the most interesting and impressive software to have come out of Apple since <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a>" and by <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i> as "an open systems solution with the Macintosh at its heart".<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_August_1992_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_August_1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A/UX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A/UX has a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) including the familiar <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> windows, menus, and controls. The A/UX Finder is a customized version of the <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a> Finder, adapted to run as a Unix <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> and to interact with the underlying Unix <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>. CommandShell is a GUI for the underlying Unix <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a>. An <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> server (called <a href="/wiki/MacX" title="MacX">MacX</a>) with a terminal program can interface with the system and run X applications alongside Finder. Alternatively, a fullscreen X11R4 session can run without Finder.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_August_1992_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_August_1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apple's <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layer</a> allows A/UX to run applications for <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Macintosh System</a> 7.0.1, Unix, and hybrids of both. For example, a Macintosh application can call Unix system functions, or a Unix application can call <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Toolbox" title="Macintosh Toolbox">Macintosh Toolbox</a> functions (such as <a href="/wiki/QuickDraw" title="QuickDraw">QuickDraw</a>), or a <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a> stack can be a graphical frontend for a command-line Unix application. A/UX's compatibility layer uses some existing Toolbox functions in the computer's <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a>, and other function calls are translated into native Unix <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a>; and it cooperatively multitasks all Macintosh apps in a single address space by using a token-passing system for their access to the Toolbox.<sup id="cite_ref-Macintosh_Hybrid_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macintosh_Hybrid-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commando utility assists users with entering <a href="/wiki/Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix commands">Unix commands</a>, resembling the one in <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Programmer%27s_Workshop" title="Macintosh Programmer's Workshop">Macintosh Programmer's Workshop</a>. Opening a Unix <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executable</a> file from Finder opens a <a href="/wiki/Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog box</a> that allows the user to choose <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command-line</a> options for the program using standard controls such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_button" title="Radio button">radio buttons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Check_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Check box">check boxes</a>, and display the resulting command line <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (computer science)">argument</a> for the user before executing the command or program. This feature is intended to ease the <a href="/wiki/Experience_curve_effects" title="Experience curve effects">learning curve</a> for users new to Unix, and decrease the user's reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Unix_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix manual">Unix manual</a>. A/UX has a utility that allows the user to reformat third-party SCSI drives in such a way that they can be used in other Macs of that era.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_August_1992_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_August_1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A/UX requires select models<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">68k</a>-based Macintoshes with a floating point unit (FPU) and a paged memory management unit (PMMU),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A/UX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A/UX 1.0 was announced at the February 1988 Uniforum conference, seven months behind schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V#SVR2" title="UNIX System V">Unix System V.2.2</a> with additional features from <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD Unix</a>. Networking support includes <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, <a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a> implementations, developed by <a href="/wiki/UniSoft" title="UniSoft">UniSoft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The base system has no GUI, with only the command line. It can run one Macintosh application at a time, using the <a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a> GUI interface, although it is compatible with only about 10% of the existing Macintosh software library. </p><p>It was initially aimed at existing Unix customers, universities and <a href="/wiki/Value-added_reseller" title="Value-added reseller">VARs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_breaks_into_Unix_market_with_A/UX_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_breaks_into_Unix_market_with_A/UX-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was initially sold pre-installed on the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_II" title="Macintosh II">Macintosh II</a> for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$8,597</span> (equivalent to $22,900 in 2024), a larger monitor could be added, or a kit could upgrade an existing Mac II for a lower price.<sup id="cite_ref-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple_breaks_into_Unix_market_with_A/UX_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_breaks_into_Unix_market_with_A/UX-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third-party software announced with the system's first release includes the <a href="/wiki/Ingres_(database)" title="Ingres (database)">Ingres</a> database, <a href="/wiki/StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a>, developer tools, and various <a href="/wiki/Productivity_software" title="Productivity software">productivity software</a> packages.<sup id="cite_ref-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A/UX 1.1 was released in 1989, and supplies the basic GUI of System 6, with Finder, Chooser, Desk Accessories, and Control Panels. It provisions Unix with the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> (X11R3) GUI, the Draft 12 POSIX standard, and overall improved speed comparable to a low end Sun workstation.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_keen_on_Unix_future_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_keen_on_Unix_future-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A/UX,_Release_1.1_Supports_X_Window_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A/UX,_Release_1.1_Supports_X_Window-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having its first POSIX compliant platform allowed Apple to join "a growing list of industry heavyweights" to be allowed into the US federal government's burgeoning $6 billion bid market.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_keen_on_Unix_future_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_keen_on_Unix_future-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A/UX 2.0 was released in mid-1990, adding support for simultaneously windowed applications for Macintosh, Unix, and X Window upon the desktop. <i><a href="/wiki/MacUser" title="MacUser">MacUser</a></i> said that after months of lab testing, A/UX "easily meets or exceeds nearly all our expectations. [...] A/UX 2.0 is, on the whole, a superb combination of the Mac and UNIX System V 2.2 and 4.3 BSD extensions [...] A/UX is the most interesting and impressive software to have come out of Apple since <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a>. A/UX 2.0 is not just great UNIX software - it's great Macintosh software." The review considered system performance adequate except maybe for heavy use of <a href="/wiki/CAD" class="mw-redirect" title="CAD">CAD</a> and compilers, even on the fastest <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIfx" title="Macintosh IIfx">Macintosh IIfx</a> which has less UNIX speed than the average workstation like a <a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_1" title="SPARCstation 1">SPARCstation 1</a>+.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Apple's plans were influenced by the new <a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a> with IBM, envisioning that A/UX should become the basis for drastically scaling the Macintosh system architecture and application compatibility across the computing industry, from personal to enterprise markets. Apple formed a new business division for enterprise systems, led by director Jim Groff to serve "large businesses, government, and higher education". Basing the division upon a maturing A/UX, Groff admitted that Apple was "not a major player" in the Unix market and had performed merely "quiet" marketing of the operating system, but fully intended to become a "major player" with "very broad-based marketing objectives" in 1992. Further, Apple believed the alliance with IBM would merge A/UX, <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a>, and System 7 into one platform—thus ultimately scaling Macintosh applications from Mac desktops to huge <a href="/wiki/IBM_RS/6000" title="IBM RS/6000">IBM RS/6000</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_Nov_1991_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_Nov_1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1991, Apple launched A/UX 3.0, planning to synchronize the two concurrent release schedules of A/UX and System 7. At that time, the company also preannounced A/UX 4.0, expected for release in 1993 or 1994. The announcement expounded about AIM and its platform merger proposal, and about allowing AIM to enter what Apple believed to be an emerging "general desktop open systems market". A/UX 3.0 was positioned as an "important migration path" to this new system, making Unix and System 7 applications compliant with the PowerOpen specification. A/UX 4.0 was proposed to target the <a href="/wiki/PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">ABI</a>, merge AIX features into A/UX, and use the <a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a> kernel from the <a href="/wiki/Open_Software_Foundation" title="Open Software Foundation">Open Software Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_August_1992_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_August_1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future A/UX 4.0 and future AIX versions were intended for a variety of IBM's <a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> hardware, and on Apple's PowerPC hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_Nov_1991_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_Nov_1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Apple agreed to provide IBM with the technology needed to allow standard Macintosh applications—starting with the Finder—to run under the new AIX, much as they do under A/UX today. Apple will apply the PowerOpen label to the new version of A/UX that results from the deal; IBM will do likewise with the new AIX.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>MacWeek</i><sup id="cite_ref-MacWeek_Vol7_Num12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacWeek_Vol7_Num12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In April 1992, a <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computer_System_Evaluation_Criteria" title="Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria">C2-level</a> secure version of A/UX was released.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coincidentally, the <a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a> had launched the Apple/IBM partnership <a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent"> Taligent Inc.</a> one month earlier, with the mission of bringing Apple's other next-generation operating system Pink to market as a grandly universal operating system and application framework. </p><p>Contrary to all announcements, Apple eventually canceled A/UX 4.0. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/PowerOpen" class="mw-redirect" title="PowerOpen">PowerOpen</a> was discontinued and Apple withdrew from the Taligent Inc. partnership in December. In 1996, Apple discontinued its <a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> project which had spent two years in the public view, intended to become <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a> and to host Taligent software. From 1996 to 1997, the company deployed a short-lived platform of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Network_Server" title="Apple Network Server">Apple Network Server</a> systems based on <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> and a customized AIX.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple's serially failed operating system strategy yielded no successor to the badly aged System 7. Apple acquired <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> in 1996 and introduced <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a> in 1999, which merged Mac OS 8 upon the Unix-based <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> operating system. </p><p>The final release of A/UX is version 3.1.1 of 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple had abandoned A/UX completely by 1996.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="width:100%;overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Timeline of Mac operating systems <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_Mac_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of Mac operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_bhjd9y9va97otyx0tvh35f0i5mblis1"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" coords="997,187,1050,208" title="ARM architecture family" alt="ARM architecture family" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/x86" coords="593,187,646,208" title="x86" alt="x86" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PowerPC" coords="272,187,347,208" title="PowerPC" alt="PowerPC" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/68k" coords="-4,187,47,208" title="68k" alt="68k" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/MacBook_Air_(Apple_silicon)" coords="997,167,1088,188" title="MacBook Air (Apple silicon)" alt="MacBook Air (Apple silicon)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/iMac_Pro" coords="918,167,998,188" title="iMac Pro" alt="iMac Pro" /><area shape="rect" 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coords="229,29,282,49" title="System 7" alt="System 7" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_7" coords="195,29,236,49" title="System 7" alt="System 7" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_6" coords="111,29,153,49" title="System 6" alt="System 6" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" coords="97,29,139,49" title="Classic Mac OS" alt="Classic Mac OS" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" coords="77,29,119,49" title="Classic Mac OS" alt="Classic Mac OS" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" coords="50,29,92,49" title="Classic Mac OS" alt="Classic Mac OS" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" coords="29,29,71,49" title="Classic Mac OS" alt="Classic Mac OS" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/System_1" coords="-3,29,55,49" title="System 1" alt="System 1" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="424,9,477,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="349,9,402,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="195,9,248,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="97,9,150,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="43,9,96,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="29,9,82,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" coords="-3,9,65,30" title="Finder (software)" alt="Finder (software)" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_bhjd9y9va97otyx0tvh35f0i5mblis1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/bhjd9y9va97otyx0tvh35f0i5mblis1.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A/UX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A/UX 1.0 was criticized in the April 1988 <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i> review for having a largely <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line interface</a> as in other Unix variants, rather than <a href="/wiki/WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">graphical</a> as in System 6. Its networking support was praised.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i> in 1989 listed A/UX 1.1 among the "Excellence" winners of the <i>BYTE</i> Awards, stating that it "could make Unix the multitasking operating system of choice during the next decade" and challenge <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byte198901_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198901-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to contemporary workstations from other Unix vendors, however, the Macintosh hardware lacks features such as <a href="/wiki/Demand_paging" title="Demand paging">demand paging</a>. The first two versions A/UX consequently suffered poor performance,<sup id="cite_ref-A/UX,_Release_1.1_Supports_X_Window_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A/UX,_Release_1.1_Supports_X_Window-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and poor sales.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_August_1992_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_August_1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users also complained about the amount of hard drive space it uses on a standard Macintosh, though comparable to any Unix system.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_keen_on_Unix_future_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_keen_on_Unix_future-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A/UX 3.0 was praised in the August 1992 issue of <i>InfoWorld</i> by the same author, describing it as "an open systems solution with the Macintosh at its heart" where "Apple finally gets Unix right". He praised the GUI, single-button point-and-click installer, one year of personal tech support, the graphical help dialogs, and the user's manuals, saying that A/UX "defies the stereotype that Unix is difficult to use" and is "the easiest version of Unix to learn". Its list price of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$709</span> (equivalent to $1,600 in 2024) is much higher than that of "much weaker" competing PC operating systems such as System 7, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">Windows 3.1</a>, but low compared to the then prevailing proprietary Unix licenses of more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">$2,000</span> (equivalent to $4,500 in 2024). The review found the system speed "acceptable but not great" even on the fastest Quadra 950, blaming not the software but the incomplete Unix optimization found in Apple's hardware. Though "a very good value", the system's price-performance ratio was judged as altogether uncompetitive against Sun's <a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_2" title="SPARCstation 2">SPARCstation 2</a>. The reviewers thought it unlikely for users "to want to buy Macs just to run A/UX" and would have awarded <i>InfoWorld</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s top score if the OS was not proprietary to Macintosh hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_August_1992_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_August_1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bove" title="Tony Bove">Tony Bove</a> of the <i>Bove & Rhodes Report</i> generally complained that "[f]or Unix super-users there is no compelling reason to buy Apple's Unix. For Apple, A/UX has always been a way to sell Macs, not Unix; it's a check-off item for users."<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_Nov_1991_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_Nov_1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A/UX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vintage A/UX users had one central repository for most A/UX applications: an Internet <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> called Jagubox. It was administered by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jagielski" title="Jim Jagielski">Jim Jagielski</a>, who was also the editor of the A/UX <a href="/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ">FAQ</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A/UX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor_(software)" title="Executor (software)">Executor</a>, a third-party reverse-engineered reimplementation of System 7 as a Unix application</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">Macintosh Application Environment</a>, Apple's Mac OS application layer for third-party Unix systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_components#Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS components">Classic</a>, a subsystem for Mac OS X</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, Apple's current OS, descended from the Unix-based <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a>, Unix in the form of a Mac OS 7 application</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacMach" title="MacMach">MacMach</a>, an academic <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a>-based Unix experiment providing System 7 as a Unix application</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a>, Apple-sponsored Mach microkernel-based Linux on Macintosh hardware</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek project</a>, System 7 ported as a DOS application for <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> clones</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A/UX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A/UX_ships_following_lengthy_delay_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPitta1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Pitta, Julie (February 15, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFES14SaHgMC&pg=PT132">"A/UX ships following lengthy delay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. Vol. XXII, no. 7. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=A%2FUX+ships+following+lengthy+delay&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1988-02-15&rft.aulast=Pitta&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFES14SaHgMC%26pg%3DPT132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%2FUX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlynn1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Flynn, Laurie (March 7, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22apple%27s+first%22+infoworld+unix+%22a%2Fux%22&pg=PA31">"Universities High on A/UX But Want More"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 10, no. 10. p. 31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Universities+High+on+A%2FUX+But+Want+More&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1988-03-07&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCj8EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3D%2522apple%2527s%2Bfirst%2522%2Binfoworld%2Bunix%2B%2522a%252Fux%2522%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%2FUX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uncle_Sam-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uncle_Sam_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBetts1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Betts, Mitch (August 8, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rEilRN4XgNgC&pg=PT60">"Uncle Sam Salutes the Mac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MacWeek&rft.atitle=Forces+Gather+for+PowerPC+Roundtable&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1993-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMacWEEKV07N12%2Fpage%2Fn37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%2FUX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillooly1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Gillooly, Caryn (April 13, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aw8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13">"Apple unveils secure A/UX for Macintosh networks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World</a></i>. Vol. 9, no. 15. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Network+World&rft.atitle=Apple+unveils+secure+A%2FUX+for+Macintosh+networks&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1992-04-13&rft.aulast=Gillooly&rft.aufirst=Caryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daw8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%2FUX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floodgap.com/retrobits/ans/aix.html">"Floodgap ANSwers: The AIX on ANS FAQ"</a>. <q>What versions of AIX does the ANS support? Only 4.1.4 (4.1.4.0 and 4.1.4.1) and 4.1.5, and then only Apple-branded versions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Floodgap+ANSwers%3A+The+AIX+on+ANS+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floodgap.com%2Fretrobits%2Fans%2Faix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%2FUX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christtrekker.users.sourceforge.net/doc/aux/faq.html">"A/UX FAQ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FUX+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristtrekker.users.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc%2Faux%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%2FUX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrabb1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Crabb, Don (April 4, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6D4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43">"A/UX: This Operating System Is Far From Being "Unix for the Rest of Us"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 11, no. 14. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=A%2FUX%3A+This+Operating+System+Is+Far+From+Being+%22Unix+for+the+Rest+of+Us%22&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1988-04-04&rft.aulast=Crabb&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6D4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%2FUX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byte198901-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-byte198901_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-01/1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets/page/n371/mode/2up">"The BYTE Awards"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. Vol. 14, no. 1. January 1989. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=The+BYTE+Awards&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=327&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1989-01%2F1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets%2Fpage%2Fn371%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA%2FUX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A/UX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/aux-faq/">Official A/UX FAQ</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christtrekker.users.sourceforge.net/doc/aux/faq.html">Semi-official A/UX FAQ updates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://basalgangster.macgui.com/RetroMacComputing/The_Long_View/Entries/2010/9/25_A_UX.html">A/UX retrospective from 2010 at The Long View</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toastytech.com/guis/aux.html">A/UX overview and tour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aux-penelope.com/index.htm">A/UX Installation Tutorial and General Info</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_Apple405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems_by_Apple405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operating systems by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_GS/OS" title="Apple GS/OS">GS/OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">Apple III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">SOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa#Software" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS#System_1,_2,_3,_and_4" title="Classic Mac OS">Systems 2, 3, and 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS#System_Software_5" title="Classic Mac OS">System 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Core <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Desktop <ul><li>Mac OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li>OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li> <li>macOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shipped <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/ROSE" title="A/ROSE">A/ROSE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIX_for_Apple_Network_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX for Apple Network Servers">AIX for Apple Network Servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">MAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cancelled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukernel" title="Nukernel">Nukernel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>iPhone OS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>iOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV#Software" title="Apple TV">Apple TV Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes#Devices" title="History of iTunes">iPod software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List</a> • <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._operating_systems" title="Category:Apple Inc. operating systems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View 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title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A/UX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br />layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>17 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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