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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swiss Standard German</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الألمانية السويسرية الموحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألمانية السويسرية الموحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_est%C3%A1ndard_suizo" title="Alemán estándard suizo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemán estándard suizo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand_estand%C3%A2rd_suisso" title="Alemand estandârd suisso – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemand estandârd suisso" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_est%C3%A1ndar_suizu" title="Alemán estándar suizu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemán estándar suizu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedescu_sgu%C3%ACzzaru" title="Tedescu sguìzzaru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tedescu sguìzzaru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizisk_standardtysk" title="Schweizisk standardtysk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Schweizisk standardtysk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Hochdeutsch" title="Schweizer Hochdeutsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweizer Hochdeutsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_est%C3%A1ndar_suizo" title="Alemán estándar suizo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemán estándar suizo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="آلمانی معیار سوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمانی معیار سوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemand_standard_suisse" title="Allemand standard suisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemand standard suisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Baku_Swiss" title="Bahasa Jerman Baku Swiss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman Baku Swiss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedesco_svizzero_standard" title="Tedesco svizzero standard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tedesco svizzero standard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89" title="المانى قياسى سويسرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانى قياسى سويسرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Jerman_Baku_Swiss" title="Bahaso Jerman Baku Swiss – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Jerman Baku Swiss" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitsers_Hoogduits" title="Zwitsers Hoogduits – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwitsers Hoogduits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveitsisk_standardtysk" title="Sveitsisk standardtysk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sveitsisk standardtysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Швейцарский вариант немецкого языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Швейцарский вариант немецкого языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Swiss Standard German" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Швейцарський варіант німецької мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швейцарський варіант німецької мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_chu%E1%BA%A9n_Th%E1%BB%A5y_S%C4%A9" title="Tiếng Đức chuẩn Thụy Sĩ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Đức chuẩn Thụy Sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞士標準德語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞士標準德語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Written form of one of four official languages in Switzerland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Swiss Standard German</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Swiss High German<sup id="cite_ref-HighGerman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighGerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>Schweizer Standarddeutsch</i><br /><i>Schweizer Hochdeutsch, Schweizerhochdeutsch</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-CH-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃvaɪtsərˌʃtandarddɔʏtʃ]</a></span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-CH-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃvaɪtsərˌhoːxdɔʏtʃ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiners" title="Liechtensteiners">Liechtensteiners</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Swiss Standard German</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>de-CH</code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Swiss Standard German</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss19947_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss19947-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (SSG; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schweizer Standarddeutsch</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDürscheidBusinger2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDürscheidBusinger2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Swiss High German</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss199455–56,_73–80,_84–87,_89–92,_96,_100_and_114_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199455–56,_73–80,_84–87,_89–92,_96,_100_and_114-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HighGerman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighGerman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schweizer Hochdeutsch</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHove2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHove2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schweizerhochdeutsch</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHove20072_and_4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHove20072_and_4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">Svizzers Alt Tudestg</i>), referred to by the Swiss as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schriftdeutsch</i></span>, or <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Hochdeutsch</i>, is the written form of one (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>) of four <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">national languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, besides <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>, used in the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German-speaking part of Switzerland</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>. It is mainly written and rather less often spoken. </p><p>Swiss Standard German differs from <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>, an umbrella term for the various <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> (in the sense of "traditional regional varieties") that are the default everyday languages in <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German-speaking Switzerland</a>. </p><p>Standard German is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>. In contrast with other local <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of Standard German, Swiss Standard German has distinctive features in all linguistic domains: not only in <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>. These characteristics of Swiss Standard German are called <i><a href="/wiki/Helvetism" title="Helvetism">Helvetisms</a></i>. Besides influences from <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a>, those characteristics include extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> from <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, especially French. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_Swiss_Standard_German">Written Swiss Standard German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Standard_German&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Written Swiss Standard German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParkierenGestattet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ParkierenGestattet.jpg/220px-ParkierenGestattet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ParkierenGestattet.jpg/330px-ParkierenGestattet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ParkierenGestattet.jpg/440px-ParkierenGestattet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Helvetism: parkieren</figcaption></figure> <p>Swiss Standard German is the official <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> in German-speaking Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It is used in books, all official publications (including all laws and regulations), in newspapers, printed notices, most advertising, and other printed matter. Authors write literature mainly using Swiss Standard German; some dialect literature exists. SSG is similar in most respects to the Standard German in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>; there are a few differences in spelling, most notably the replacing of the German <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a></i> with <i>ss</i> (since the 20th century).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p><p><span class="anchor" id="ss_difference"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Swiss Standard German</th> <th>Non-Swiss Standard German</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Strasse</i></td> <td><i>Straße</i></td> <td>street </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gross</i></td> <td><i>groß</i></td> <td>big </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Fussball</i></td> <td><i>Fußball</i></td> <td>football </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>süss</i></td> <td><i>süß</i></td> <td>sweet </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>weiss</i>, <i>Weiss</i></td> <td><i>weiß</i>, <i>Weiß</i></td> <td>white </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fliessen</i></td> <td><i>fließen</i></td> <td>to flow </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are some differences in vocabulary, including, for instance, using a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from another language. For example: </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Vocab_difference"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Swiss Standard German</th> <th>Non-Swiss Standard German</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Billett</i></span></i></td> <td><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrkarte" class="extiw" title="de:Fahrkarte">Fahrkarte</a></i></td> <td>ticket (for bus/tram/train etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bostitchen</i> </td> <td><i>tackern</i> </td> <td>to staple </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Brockenhaus</i> </td> <td><i>Secondhandladen</i> or <i>Secondhandshop</i> </td> <td>Thrift store/shop </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cornet</i> </td> <td><i>Eiswaffel,<sup id="cite_ref-ge_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ge-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanitzel<sup id="cite_ref-at_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td> <td>ice cream cone </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>demissionieren</i> </td> <td><i>zurücktreten</i> </td> <td>to resign (from office) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Führerausweis</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Fahrausweis</i></span></i>, or <i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Billet</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerschein_und_Fahrerlaubnis" class="extiw" title="de:Führerschein und Fahrerlaubnis">Führerschein</a></i></td> <td>driving licence </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Flaumer</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Mopp</i> </td> <td>mop (with thrums) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Gletteisen</i> </td> <td><i>Bügeleisen</i> </td> <td>clothes iron </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>grillieren</i> </td> <td><i>grillen</i> </td> <td>to grill </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Jupe</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </i></td> <td><i>Rock</i></td> <td>skirt </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH"><a href="/wiki/Natel" title="Natel">Natel</a></i></span></i> or <i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Handy</i></span></i></td> <td><i>Handy</i> or <i>Mobiltelefon</i></td> <td>mobile phone </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ofenküchlein</i> </td> <td><i>Windbeutel,<sup id="cite_ref-ge_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ge-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brandteigkrapferl<sup id="cite_ref-at_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td> <td>cream puff </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">parkieren</i></span></i></td> <td><i>parken</i></td> <td>to park </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Peperoncino</i></span></i></td> <td><i> Peperoni/Chili,<sup id="cite_ref-ge_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ge-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pfefferoni<sup id="cite_ref-at_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td> <td>Chili pepper </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Poulet</i></span></i></td> <td><i>Hähnchen</i></td> <td>chicken </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>rapportieren</i> </td> <td><i>berichten</i> </td> <td>to report </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rande</i> </td> <td><i>Rote Bete,<sup id="cite_ref-ge_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ge-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rote Rübe<sup id="cite_ref-at_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-at-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td> <td>beetroot </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Rüebli</i> </td> <td><i>Karotte</i> </td> <td>carrot </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sack</i> </td> <td><i>Tasche</i> </td> <td>pocket </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>schnöden</i> </td> <td><i>spotten</i> </td> <td>to scoff </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Signallicht</i> </td> <td><i>Verkehrsampel</i> </td> <td>traffic light </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Swiss Standard German-language text"><i lang="de-CH">Velo</i></span></i></td> <td><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrrad" class="extiw" title="de:Fahrrad">Fahrrad</a></i></td> <td>bicycle </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Zucchetti</i> </td> <td><i>Zucchini</i> </td> <td>zucchini/courgette </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td colspan="6"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ge-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ge_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ge_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ge_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ge_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">only used in Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-at-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-at_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-at_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-at_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-at_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">only used in Austria</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colloquial term</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regional term</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French pronunciation is used </span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> In addition, SSG uses different orthography in letter writing, and the salutations used for the same also differ from Non-Swiss Standard German. </p><p>The Swiss use the Standard German word <i>Spital</i> (hospital). <i>Spital</i> is also found in volumes of Standard German language dictionaries; however, Germans from northern Germany prefer to use <i>Krankenhaus</i>, whereas <i>Spital</i> is also used in areas of southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. </p><p>Some nouns have different gender: </p> <ul><li>de-CH: <i><b>das</b> Tram</i> (neuter); de: <i><b>die</b> Tram</i> (feminine) (<i>Straßenbahn</i> is used more frequently in Germany); en: tram</li> <li>de-CH: <i><b>das</b> E-Mail</i> (neuter); de: <i><b>die</b> E-Mail</i> (feminine); en: e-mail</li></ul> <p>Some expressions are borrowed from French and thus differ from usage in Germany, such as </p> <ul><li>de-CH: <i>ich habe kalt</i> (literally "I have cold"), de: <i>mir ist [es] kalt</i> (literally "[it] is cold to me")</li> <li>de-CH: <i>das geht dir gut</i>, de: <i>das passt dir gut</i> (it suits you)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout#Switzerland" title="Keyboard layout">Swiss keyboard layout</a> has no <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">ß</kbd> key, nor does it have the capital <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> keys <i>Ä</i>, <i>Ö</i> and <i>Ü</i>. This dates back to mechanical <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> that had the French <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritical marks</a> letters on these keys to allow the Swiss to write French on a Swiss German <a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a> keyboard (and vice versa). Thus a Swiss German <a href="/wiki/Swissmem" title="Swissmem">VSM</a> keyboard has an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">ä</kbd> key that prints an <i>à</i> (a-grave) when shifted.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is possible to write uppercase umlauts by use of <a href="/wiki/Caps_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Caps lock">caps lock</a> or by using the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868" /><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">¨</kbd> <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oetlinger_Schild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Oetlinger_Schild.jpg/210px-Oetlinger_Schild.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Oetlinger_Schild.jpg/316px-Oetlinger_Schild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Oetlinger_Schild.jpg/421px-Oetlinger_Schild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Oetlingerstrasse</i> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> is named after the town of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tlingen_(Weil_am_Rhein)" title="Ötlingen (Weil am Rhein)">Ötlingen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, and it uses the spelling commonly used in Switzerland (<i>Oe</i> for <i>Ö</i> and <i>ss</i> for <i>ß</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The names of municipalities, towns, stations, and streets are often not written with a starting capital umlaut, but instead with <i>Ae</i>, <i>Oe</i>, or <i>Ue</i>, such as the Zürich suburb <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_(Z%C3%BCrich)" title="Oerlikon (Zürich)">Oerlikon</a>, the hamlet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aetzikofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aetzikofen (page does not exist)">Aetzikofen</a>, and the Bernese municipality <a href="/wiki/Uebeschi" title="Uebeschi">Uebeschi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, field names, such as Äbenegg, Ötikon (near Stäfa), or Überthal, and any other word, such as <i>Ärzte</i> (English: physicians), usually start with capital umlauts.<sup id="cite_ref-GeoStrassenNamen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeoStrassenNamen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the various dialects of Swiss German, they are occasionally written, but their written usage is mostly restricted to informal situations such as private <a href="/wiki/Texting" class="mw-redirect" title="Texting">text messages</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a>, notes, or within social media such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. The ability of German Swiss to transliterate their language into writing is an integral and important part of the identity and culture of German-speaking Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Matt2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Matt2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spoken_Swiss_Standard_German">Spoken Swiss Standard German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Standard_German&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spoken Swiss Standard German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The default <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> in German-speaking Switzerland is the respective local dialect. Due to a rather large inter-cantonal migration rate (about 5% p.a.) within modern Switzerland for decades, many different Swiss German dialects are spoken in any one place, especially in urban areas; for example, in the city of Zürich (end of 2013): of the 272,700 Swiss (total: 400,000) living in Zürich, only 40% (28%) are from Zürich itself with 51% (36%) from the entire canton of Zürich.<sup id="cite_ref-ZH4Q2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZH4Q2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of any educational setting, Swiss Standard German is only spoken in very few specific formal situations, such as in news broadcasts and reputable programmes of the public media channels; in the parliaments of German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>; in the federal parliament in Berne (unless another official language of Switzerland is used), although dialect is certainly encroaching on this domain; in loudspeaker announcements in public places such as railway stations, etc. Church services, including the sermon and prayers, are usually in Swiss Standard German. Generally in any educational setting Swiss Standard German is used (during lessons, lectures or tutorials). However, outside of lessons Swiss-German dialects are used, even when, for example, talking to a teacher about the class. The situations in which Swiss Standard German is spoken are characteristically formal and public, and there are situations where written communication is also important. </p><p>In informal situations, Swiss Standard German is only used whenever a German Swiss is communicating with a non-Swiss and it is assumed that this person does not understand the respective dialect. Amongst themselves, the German-speaking Swiss use their respective Swiss German dialect, irrespective of social class, education or topic. </p><p>Unlike other regions where <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">German</a> varieties are spoken, there is no continuum between Swiss Standard German and the Swiss German dialects. The speakers speak either Swiss Standard German, or a Swiss German dialect, and they are conscious about this choice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Matt2012_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Matt2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, about 10%, or 828,200, of Swiss residents speak <i>High German</i> (also called Standard German) at home, but mainly due to the presence of German or Austrian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diglossia">Diglossia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Standard_German&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diglossia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concurrent usage of Swiss Standard German and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> dialects has been called a typical case of <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this term is often reserved to language pairs where the vernacular has lower prestige than the other,<sup id="cite_ref-Barbour_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbour-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Swiss German dialects do not meet this criterion as they permeate every socio-economic class of society. Since Swiss Standard German is the usual written language and the Swiss German dialects are the usual spoken language, their interrelation has sometimes been called a <i>medial diglossia</i> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbour_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbour-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitude_to_spoken_Swiss_Standard_German">Attitude to spoken Swiss Standard German</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Standard_German&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attitude to spoken Swiss Standard German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most German Swiss can speak fluent Swiss Standard German, but may or may not like doing so, as it feels stilted and unnatural to many. When they compare their Swiss Standard German to the way people from Germany speak, they think their own proficiency is inferior because it is studied and slower. Most German Swiss think that the majority speak rather poor Swiss Standard German; however, when asked about their personal proficiency, a majority will answer that they speak quite well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeule2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeule2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Standard_German&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HighGerman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HighGerman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighGerman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>High German</i> can refer to <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> or to the <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">regional variety group with the same name</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Standard_German&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss19947-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss19947_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuss1994">Russ (1994)</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation cs2">Sanders, Ruth H. (2010), <i>German: Biography of a Language</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., p. 200, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538845-9"><bdi>978-0-19-538845-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German%3A+Biography+of+a+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538845-9&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ruth+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorvathVaughan1991" class="citation cs2">Horvath, Barbara M.; Vaughan, Paul (1991), <i>Community languages: a handbook</i>, Multilingual Matters, Multilingual Matters, p. 101, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853590917" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853590917"><bdi>978-1853590917</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+languages%3A+a+handbook&rft.series=Multilingual+Matters&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1853590917&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=Barbara+M.&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDürscheidBusinger2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDürscheidBusinger2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDürscheidBusinger2006">Dürscheid & Businger (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199455–56,_73–80,_84–87,_89–92,_96,_100_and_114-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss199455–56,_73–80,_84–87,_89–92,_96,_100_and_114_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuss1994">Russ (1994)</a>, pp. 55–56, 73–80, 84–87, 89–92, 96, 100 and 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084732/http://www.eurotopics.net/pl/home/presseschau/archiv/article/ARTICLE15377-The-problems-of-Austrian-German-in-Europe">"The problems of Austrian German in Europe"</a>. euro|topics. 16 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurotopics.net/pl/home/presseschau/archiv/article/ARTICLE15377-The-problems-of-Austrian-German-in-Europe">the original</a> on 2015-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+problems+of+Austrian+German+in+Europe&rft.pub=euro%7Ctopics&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurotopics.net%2Fpl%2Fhome%2Fpresseschau%2Farchiv%2Farticle%2FARTICLE15377-The-problems-of-Austrian-German-in-Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeman,_Adrian2012" class="citation cs2">Leeman, Adrian (2012), <i>Swiss German Intonation Pattern</i>, Studies in language variation, vol. 10, John Benjamins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027234902" title="Special:BookSources/9789027234902"><bdi>9789027234902</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swiss+German+Intonation+Pattern&rft.series=Studies+in+language+variation&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789027234902&rft.au=Leeman%2C+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHove2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHove2007_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHove2007">Hove (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHove20072_and_4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHove20072_and_4_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHove2007">Hove (2007)</a>, pp. 2 and 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1999/404/en#art_4">"Art. 4 National languages"</a>. <i>SR/RS 101 Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (Status as of 3 March 2024)</i> (in French, German, Italian, and Romansh). Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Council. 18 April 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SR%2FRS+101+Federal+Constitution+of+the+Swiss+Confederation+%28Status+as+of+3+March+2024%29&rft.atitle=Art.+4+National+languages&rft.date=1999-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedlex.admin.ch%2Feli%2Fcc%2F1999%2F404%2Fen%23art_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gallmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Gallmann (page does not exist)">Peter Gallmann.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gallmann" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Gallmann">de</a>]</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallmann.uni-jena.de/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf">"Warum die Schweizer weiterhin kein Eszett schreiben."</a> in <i>Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Begründung und Kritik.</i> Gerhard Augst, et al., eds. Niemayer: 1997. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200450/http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~x1gape/Pub/Eszett_1997.pdf">Archived.</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bk.admin.ch/dam/bk/de/dokumente/sprachdienste/sprachdienst_de/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf.download.pdf/rechtschreibleitfaden-2017.pdf">"Rechtscreibung: Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung."</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Chancellery_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Chancellery of Switzerland">Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei</a>, in Absprache mit der Präsidentin der Staatsschreiberkonferenz. 2017. pp. 19, 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snv.ch/">"Swiss standard: former VSM standard SN 07402"</a>. Winterhur. Switzerland: Schweizerische Normen-Vereinigung (SNV).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swiss+standard%3A+former+VSM+standard+SN+07402&rft.place=Winterhur.+Switzerland&rft.pub=Schweizerische+Normen-Vereinigung+%28SNV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snv.ch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cadastre.ch/content/cadastre-internet/de/manual-av/publication/recommendation.detail.document.html/cadastre-internet/de/documents/av-empfehlungen/Empfehlung-Schreibweise-Gemeinde-Ortschaftsnamen-de.pdf.html">"Empfehlungen zur Schreibweise der Gemeinde- und Ortschaftsnamen, Richtlinien zur Schreibweise der Stationsnamen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Federal Recommendation) (in German) (Version 1.0 ed.). Bundesamt für Landestopografie, Bundesamt für Verkehr, Bundesamt für Statistik. 20 January 2010. p. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-16</span></span>. <q>In der Schweiz sind auf historischen Karten grosse Umlaute mit Ae, Oe und Ue bereits vor der Einführung der Schreibmaschine um ca. 1880 zu finden. Der Umstand, dass später auf der Schweizer Schreibmaschinentastatur keine Ä, Ö, Ü existierten, dürfte diese Schreibtradition gefördert haben. Heute wo die Schreibung Ä, Ö und Ü ohne weiteres möglich wäre, wurden wegen der einheitlichen Schreibweise in Verzeichnissen die grossen Umlaute von Gemeinde-, Ortschafts- und Stationsnamen konsequent als Ae, Oe und Ue geschrieben. ... Umlaute von A, O, U am Anfang von Flurnamen schreibt man gewöhnlich als Ä, Ö, Ü. Falls entsprechende Namen als Gemeinde oder Ortschaft existieren oder falls es sich um öffentliche Bauwerke handelt, werden die Umlaute häufig als Ae, Oe, Ue geschrieben</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Empfehlungen+zur+Schreibweise+der+Gemeinde-+und+Ortschaftsnamen%2C+Richtlinien+zur+Schreibweise+der+Stationsnamen&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=Version+1.0&rft.pub=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Landestopografie%2C+Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Verkehr%2C+Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadastre.ch%2Fcontent%2Fcadastre-internet%2Fde%2Fmanual-av%2Fpublication%2Frecommendation.detail.document.html%2Fcadastre-internet%2Fde%2Fdocuments%2Fav-empfehlungen%2FEmpfehlung-Schreibweise-Gemeinde-Ortschaftsnamen-de.pdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeoStrassenNamen-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeoStrassenNamen_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517123212/http://www.cadastre.ch/internet/cadastre/de/home/topics/geonames/doku.parsys.45948.downloadList.44586.DownloadFile.tmp/empfehlungrichtlgmdeortschaftstatnamenversion1020100120de.pdf">"Empfehlung: Gebäudeadressierung und Schreibweise von Strassennamen für die deutschsprachige Schweiz, Mai 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Federal Recommendation) (in German) (Version 1.6 ed.). Eidgenössische Vermessungsdirektion, Bundesamt für Landestopografie. 3 May 2005. p. 19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadastre.ch/internet/cadastre/de/home/topics/geonames/doku.parsys.45948.downloadList.44586.DownloadFile.tmp/empfehlungrichtlgmdeortschaftstatnamenversion1020100120de.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(MS Word)</span> on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-16</span></span>. <q>Die Schreibweise Ae, Oe, Ue am Anfang von Strassennamen ist weit verbreitet, ebenso bei Orts- und Stationsnamen. Die Weisung über die Erhebung und Schreibweise der Lokalnamen sieht für Lokalnamen Ä, Ö, Ü vor. Die Meinungen, welche Schreibweise für Strassennamen gewählt werden soll, sind recht unterschiedlich. Das Eidg. Gebäude- und Wohnungsregister macht zu einer allfälligen Umstellung keine Vorschläge, empfiehlt jedoch, sich innerhalb einer Gemeinde für die eine oder andere Variante zu entscheiden. Bei einer Schreibweise bestehender Namen mit Ae, Oe, Ue wird abgeraten, Ä, Ö und Ü für neue Strassennamen zu verwenden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Empfehlung%3A+Geb%C3%A4udeadressierung+und+Schreibweise+von+Strassennamen+f%C3%BCr+die+deutschsprachige+Schweiz%2C+Mai+2005&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=Version+1.6&rft.pub=Eidgen%C3%B6ssische+Vermessungsdirektion%2C+Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Landestopografie&rft.date=2005-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadastre.ch%2Finternet%2Fcadastre%2Fde%2Fhome%2Ftopics%2Fgeonames%2Fdoku.parsys.45948.downloadList.44586.DownloadFile.tmp%2Fempfehlungrichtlgmdeortschaftstatnamenversion1020100120de.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Matt2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Matt2012_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Matt2012_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Matt2012">von Matt (2012)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZH4Q2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZH4Q2013_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/prd/de/index/statistik/publikationsdatenbank/Periodika/Bevoelkerung_Stadt_Zuerich/BEV_4Q_2013.html">"Bevölkerung Stadt Zürich"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Publication) (in German) (Ausgabe 4/2013 ed.). Zürich: Statistik, Stadt Zürich. 17 April 2014. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+Stadt+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=Ausgabe+4%2F2013&rft.pub=Statistik%2C+Stadt+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-zuerich.ch%2Fcontent%2Fprd%2Fde%2Findex%2Fstatistik%2Fpublikationsdatenbank%2FPeriodika%2FBevoelkerung_Stadt_Zuerich%2FBEV_4Q_2013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114180444/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html">"Sprachen, Religionen – Daten, Indikatoren: Sprachen – Üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochene Sprachen"</a> (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html">the original</a> on 2016-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-13</span></span>. <q>Zu Hause oder mit den Angehörigen sprechen 60,1% der betrachteten Bevölkerung hauptsächlich Schweizerdeutsch, 23,4% Französisch, 8,4% Italienisch, 10,1% Hochdeutsch und 4,6% Englisch</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sprachen%2C+Religionen+%E2%80%93+Daten%2C+Indikatoren%3A+Sprachen+%E2%80%93+%C3%9Cblicherweise+zu+Hause+gesprochene+Sprachen&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F01%2F05%2Fblank%2Fkey%2Fsprachen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson,_C._A.1972" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, C. A. (1972) [orig. 1959–60], "Diglossia", in Giglioli, P. P. (ed.), <i>Language and Social Context</i>, Harmondsworth: Penguin, pp. <span class="nowrap">232–</span>251</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diglossia&rft.btitle=Language+and+Social+Context&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbour-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbour_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbour_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbour,_S.Stevenson,_P.1990" class="citation cs2">Barbour, S.; Stevenson, P. (1990), <i>Variation in German</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>213</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+in+German&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Barbour%2C+S.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeule2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeule2006_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeule2006">Heule (2006)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Standard_German&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmmonBickelEbnerGasser2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ammon, Ulrich; Bickel, Hans; Ebner, Jakob; Gasser, Markus; Esterhammer, Ruth (2004), Ammon, Ulrich; et al. (eds.), <i>Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol</i> (in German), Berlin/New York, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016575-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016575-3"><bdi>978-3-11-016575-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variantenw%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Deutschen.+Die+Standardsprache+in+%C3%96sterreich%2C+der+Schweiz+und+Deutschland+sowie+in+Liechtenstein%2C+Luxemburg%2C+Ostbelgien+und+S%C3%BCdtirol&rft.place=Berlin%2FNew+York&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016575-3&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Bickel%2C+Hans&rft.au=Ebner%2C+Jakob&rft.au=Gasser%2C+Markus&rft.au=Esterhammer%2C+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmmon,_UlrichBickel,_HansLenz,_Alexandra_N.2016" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ammon, Ulrich; Bickel, Hans; Lenz, Alexandra N., eds. (2016), <i>Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen. Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz, Deutschland, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol sowie Rumänien, Namibia und Mennonitensiedlungen</i> (in German) (2nd ed.), De Gruyter</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variantenw%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Deutschen.+Die+Standardsprache+in+%C3%96sterreich%2C+der+Schweiz%2C+Deutschland%2C+Liechtenstein%2C+Luxemburg%2C+Ostbelgien+und+S%C3%BCdtirol+sowie+Rum%C3%A4nien%2C+Namibia+und+Mennonitensiedlungen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBickel,_HansLandolt,_Christoph2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bickel, Hans; Landolt, Christoph (2012), <i>Duden. Schweizerhochdeutsch. Wörterbuch der Standardsprache in der deutschen Schweiz</i> (in German), Mannheim/Zürich: Schweizerischer Verein für die deutsche Sprache, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-70417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-70417-0"><bdi>978-3-411-70417-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duden.+Schweizerhochdeutsch.+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+Standardsprache+in+der+deutschen+Schweiz&rft.place=Mannheim%2FZ%C3%BCrich&rft.pub=Schweizerischer+Verein+f%C3%BCr+die+deutsche+Sprache&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-411-70417-0&rft.au=Bickel%2C+Hans&rft.au=Landolt%2C+Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDürscheidBusinger2006" class="citation cs2">Dürscheid, Christa; Businger, Martin, eds. (2006), <i>Schweizer Standarddeutsch: Beiträge zur Varietätenlinguistik</i>, Tübingen, Germany: Narr Francke Attempto, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-6225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-6225-8"><bdi>978-3-8233-6225-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schweizer+Standarddeutsch%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Variet%C3%A4tenlinguistik&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Narr+Francke+Attempto&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8233-6225-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHägi,_Sara2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hägi, Sara (2006), <i>Nationale Varietäten im Unterricht Deutsch als Fremdsprache</i> (in German), Frankfurt am Main, Germany u. a., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-54796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-54796-0"><bdi>978-3-631-54796-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationale+Variet%C3%A4ten+im+Unterricht+Deutsch+als+Fremdsprache&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main%2C+Germany+u.+a.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-631-54796-0&rft.au=H%C3%A4gi%2C+Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHägi,_SaraScharloth,_Joachim2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hägi, Sara; Scharloth, Joachim (March 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929183122/http://www.linguistik-online.de/24_05/haegiScharloth.html"><i>Ist Standarddeutsch für Deutschschweizer eine Fremdsprache? - Untersuchungen zu einem Topos des sprachreflexiven Diskurses</i></a>, Linguistik online (in German), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistik-online.de/24_05/haegiScharloth.html">the original</a> on 2011-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ist+Standarddeutsch+f%C3%BCr+Deutschschweizer+eine+Fremdsprache%3F+-+Untersuchungen+zu+einem+Topos+des+sprachreflexiven+Diskurses&rft.series=Linguistik+online&rft.date=2005-03&rft.au=H%C3%A4gi%2C+Sara&rft.au=Scharloth%2C+Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistik-online.de%2F24_05%2FhaegiScharloth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeule2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heule, Martin (19 September 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125152625/http://pod.drs.ch/mp3/kontext/kontext_20060919.mp3"><i>Ist der Dialekt an allem schuld?</i></a> (radio broadcast), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srf.ch/audio/kontext">Kontext</a> (in German), Basel, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/SRG_SSR_id%C3%A9e_suisse" class="mw-redirect" title="SRG SSR idée suisse">SRG SSR idée suisse</a> SRF 2, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pod.drs.ch/mp3/kontext/kontext_20060919.mp3">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(mp3)</span> on 2016-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ist+der+Dialekt+an+allem+schuld%3F&rft.place=Basel%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.srf.ch%2Faudio%2Fkontext+Kontext%5D&rft.pub=SRG+SSR+id%C3%A9e+suisse+SRF+2&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft.aulast=Heule&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpod.drs.ch%2Fmp3%2Fkontext%2Fkontext_20060919.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|series=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHove2007" class="citation speech cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hove, Ingrid (22 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folia.unifr.ch/documents/300756/files/Hove_07_SchweizerHochdeutsch.pdf"><i>Schweizer Hochdeutsch. Die Aussprache des Deutschen in der Schweiz</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Speech). Jahrestagung des Schweizerischen Vereins für die deutsche Sprache und der Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache (in German). Lucerne, Switzerland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schweizer+Hochdeutsch.+Die+Aussprache+des+Deutschen+in+der+Schweiz&rft.place=Lucerne%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2007-06-22&rft.aulast=Hove&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolia.unifr.ch%2Fdocuments%2F300756%2Ffiles%2FHove_07_SchweizerHochdeutsch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrechStockHirschfeldAnders2009" class="citation cs2">Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "Die Standardaussprache in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz", <i>Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch</i>, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018202-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Standardaussprache+in+der+deutschsprachigen+Schweiz&rft.btitle=Deutsches+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.aulast=Krech&rft.aufirst=Eva+Maria&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Anders%2C+Lutz-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Matt2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Matt, Peter (2012), "Deutsch in der Deutschen Schweiz", in Peter von Matt (ed.), <i>Das Kalb vor der Gotthardpost. Zur Literatur und Politik in der Schweiz</i> (in German), München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag, pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>138, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-23880-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-446-23880-0"><bdi>978-3-446-23880-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deutsch+in+der+Deutschen+Schweiz&rft.btitle=Das+Kalb+vor+der+Gotthardpost.+Zur+Literatur+und+Politik+in+der+Schweiz&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen%2C+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-446-23880-0&rft.aulast=von+Matt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer,_Kurt2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meyer, Kurt (2006), <i>Schweizer Wörterbuch. So sagen wir in der Schweiz</i> (in German), Frauenfeld, Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7193-1382-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7193-1382-1"><bdi>978-3-7193-1382-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schweizer+W%C3%B6rterbuch.+So+sagen+wir+in+der+Schweiz&rft.place=Frauenfeld%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-7193-1382-1&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuss1994" class="citation cs2">Russ, Charles (1994), <i>The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-42577-0"><bdi>978-0-203-42577-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Language+Today%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-203-42577-0&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScharloth,_Joachim2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scharloth, Joachim (June 2004), "6.1. Standardvariationen und Sprachauffassungen in verschiedenen Sprachkulturen [Standard Variations and Conceptions of Language in Various Language Cultures]", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inst.at/trans/15Nr/06_1/scharloth15.htm"><i>Zwischen Fremdsprache und nationaler Varietät: Untersuchungen zum Plurizentrizitätsbewusstsein der Deutschschweizer</i></a>, Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften (in German), Graz, Austria: Rudolf Muhr (Universität Graz)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.1.+Standardvariationen+und+Sprachauffassungen+in+verschiedenen+Sprachkulturen+%5BStandard+Variations+and+Conceptions+of+Language+in+Various+Language+Cultures%5D&rft.btitle=Zwischen+Fremdsprache+und+nationaler+Variet%C3%A4t%3A+Untersuchungen+zum+Plurizentrizit%C3%A4tsbewusstsein+der+Deutschschweizer&rft.place=Graz%2C+Austria&rft.series=Internet-Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Kulturwissenschaften&rft.pub=Rudolf+Muhr+%28Universit%C3%A4t+Graz%29&rft.date=2004-06&rft.au=Scharloth%2C+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inst.at%2Ftrans%2F15Nr%2F06_1%2Fscharloth15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiebenhaar,_BeatWyler,_Alfred1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siebenhaar, Beat; Wyler, Alfred (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.uni-leipzig.de/siebenh/pdf/Siebenhaar_Wyler_97.pdf"><i>Dialekt und Hochsprache in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German) (5 ed.), Zurich, Switzerland: Pro Helvetia<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialekt+und+Hochsprache+in+der+deutschsprachigen+Schweiz&rft.place=Zurich%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Pro+Helvetia&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Siebenhaar%2C+Beat&rft.au=Wyler%2C+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.uni-leipzig.de%2Fsiebenh%2Fpdf%2FSiebenhaar_Wyler_97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiebenhaar,_Beatn.d." class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siebenhaar, Beat (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.uni-leipzig.de/siebenh/pdf/Siebenhaar_Mda_Std_unv1996.pdf"><i>Das Verhältnis von Mundarten und Standardsprache in der deutschen Schweiz</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), ???: ???<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Verh%C3%A4ltnis+von+Mundarten+und+Standardsprache+in+der+deutschen+Schweiz&rft.place=%3F%3F%3F&rft.pub=%3F%3F%3F&rft.au=Siebenhaar%2C+Beat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.uni-leipzig.de%2Fsiebenh%2Fpdf%2FSiebenhaar_Mda_Std_unv1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+Standard+German" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Switzerland80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Switzerland80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Romand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Switzerland_articles606" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles606" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Switzerland" title="Central Switzerland">Central Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Switzerland" title="Eastern Switzerland">Eastern Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bike_Routes" title="Swiss National Bike Routes">Bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">Road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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