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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manchester_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manchester_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Manchester years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manchester_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxford_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Oxford years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_from_British_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_from_British_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Resignation from British Academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_from_British_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Italian_Problem_in_European_Diplomacy,_1847–49" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Italian_Problem_in_European_Diplomacy,_1847–49"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>The Italian Problem in European Diplomacy, 1847–49</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Italian_Problem_in_European_Diplomacy,_1847–49-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848–1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bismarck:_The_Man_and_the_Statesman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bismarck:_The_Man_and_the_Statesman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bismarck:_The_Man_and_the_Statesman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>The Origins of the Second World War</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_History_1914–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_History_1914–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>English History 1914–1945</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_History_1914–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reichstag_Fire_(introduction)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reichstag_Fire_(introduction)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>The Reichstag Fire</i> (introduction)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reichstag_Fire_(introduction)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_by_Timetable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_by_Timetable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span><i>War by Timetable</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_by_Timetable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beaverbrook:_A_Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaverbrook:_A_Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span><i>Beaverbrook: A Biography</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaverbrook:_A_Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Introductions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opinions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opinions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opinions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanophobia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanophobia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Germanophobia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanophobia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Populism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irony_and_humour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irony_and_humour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Irony and humour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irony_and_humour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Establishment"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Establishment""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>"The Establishment"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Establishment"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Speed limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>The Origins of the Second World War</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_of_Mussolini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_of_Mussolini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Portrayal of Mussolini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_of_Mussolini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_French_Third_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_French_Third_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The French Third Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_Third_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">A. J. P. Taylor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ألان جون بيرسيفال تايلور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألان جون بيرسيفال تايلور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Алан Тэйлар (гісторык) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алан Тэйлар (гісторык)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Алън Тейлър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алън Тейлър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_John_Percivale_Taylor" title="Alan John Percivale Taylor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alan John Percivale Taylor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" title="A.J.P. Taylor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="A.J.P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_J._P._Taylor" title="Alan J. P. Taylor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alan J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C._%D8%AC%DB%8C._%D9%BE%DB%8C._%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ای. جی. پی. تیلور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ای. جی. پی. تیلور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC" title="A. J. P. 테일러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="A. J. P. 테일러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%93%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Ալեն Ջոն Փերսիվալ Թեյլոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեն Ջոն Փերսիվալ Թեյլոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_John_Percival_Taylor" title="Alan John Percival Taylor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alan John Percival Taylor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans_D%C5%BEons_Persivals_Teilors" title="Alans Džons Persivals Teilors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alans Džons Persivals Teilors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="الان جون بيرسيفال تايلور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الان جون بيرسيفال تايلور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" title="A.J.P. Taylor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="A.J.P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E3%83%BBJ%E3%83%BBP%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="A・J・P・テイラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="A・J・P・テイラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" title="A.J.P. Taylor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="A.J.P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" title="A.J.P. Taylor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="A.J.P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Тейлор, Алан Джон Персиваль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тейлор, Алан Джон Персиваль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_John_Percival_Taylor" title="Alan John Percival Taylor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alan John Percival Taylor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._D%C5%BE._P._Tejlor" title="A. Dž. P. Tejlor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="A. Dž. P. Tejlor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="A. J. P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" title="A.J.P. Taylor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="A.J.P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" title="A.J.P. Taylor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="A.J.P. Taylor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Алан Джон Персиваль Тейлор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алан Джон Персиваль Тейлор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="A. J. P. 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English historian of European diplomacy (1906–1990)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the medieval historian, see <a href="/wiki/A._J._Taylor" title="A. J. Taylor">A. J. Taylor</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">A. J. P. Taylor</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_John_Percivale_Taylor_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Alan_John_Percivale_Taylor_1977.jpg/220px-Alan_John_Percivale_Taylor_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7c/Alan_John_Percivale_Taylor_1977.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="355" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Taylor in 1977</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alan John Percivale Taylor</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-03-25</span>)</span>25 March 1906<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1990<span style="display:none">(1990-09-07)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Historian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1927–1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margaret Adams</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1951)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Eve Crosland</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1951; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1974)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Éva Haraszti</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1976)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">Fellow of the British Academy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alan John Percivale Taylor</b> (25 March 1906 – 7 September 1990) was a British historian who specialised in 19th- and 20th-century European <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>. Both a journalist and a broadcaster, he became well known to millions through his television lectures. His combination of academic rigour and popular appeal led the historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> to describe him as "the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a> of our age".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2011 poll by <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i> magazine, he was named the fourth most important historian of the previous 60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor was born in 1906 in <a href="/wiki/Birkdale,_Southport" title="Birkdale, Southport">Birkdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a>, which was then part of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, only child of cotton merchant Percy Lees Taylor and schoolmistress Constance Sumner Taylor (née Thompson).<sup id="cite_ref-odnb1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919 his family returned to <a href="/wiki/Ashton-on-Ribble" title="Ashton-on-Ribble">Ashton-on-Ribble</a>, Preston, where both his parents' families had lived for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wealthy parents held <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> views, which he inherited. Both his parents were pacifists who vocally opposed the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, and sent their son to <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> schools as a way of protesting against the war (his grandmother was from an old Quaker family).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These schools included <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_Malvern" title="The Downs Malvern">The Downs School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Colwall" title="Colwall">Colwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bootham_School" title="Bootham School">Bootham School</a> in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wrigley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrigley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odnb1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barraclough" title="Geoffrey Barraclough">Geoffrey Barraclough</a>, a contemporary at <a href="/wiki/Bootham_School" title="Bootham School">Bootham School</a>, remembered Taylor as "a most arresting, stimulating, vital personality, violently anti-bourgeois and anti-Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-burk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, he went to <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>, to study modern history. During his time as an undergraduate, in 1925 and 1926, he was the first student to hold the position of secretary of the junior common room. </p><p>In the 1920s, Taylor's mother, Constance, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> while one of his uncles was a founder member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>. Constance was a <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a>, and advocate of <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a> who practised her teachings via a string of extramarital affairs, most notably with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sara" title="Henry Sara">Henry Sara</a>, a communist who in many ways became Taylor's surrogate father. Taylor has mentioned in his reminiscences that his mother was domineering, but his father enjoyed exasperating her by following his own ways. Taylor had a close relationship with his father, and enjoyed his father's quirkiness. Taylor himself was recruited into the Communist Party of Great Britain by a friend of the family, the military historian <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wintringham" title="Tom Wintringham">Tom Wintringham</a>, while at Oriel; a member from 1924 to 1926. Taylor broke with the Party over what he considered to be its ineffective stand during the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 General Strike</a>. After leaving, he was an ardent supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> for the rest of his life, remaining a member for over sixty years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his break with the Communist Party, he visited the Soviet Union in 1925, and again in 1934. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor graduated from Oxford in 1927 with a <a href="/wiki/First-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class honours">first-class honours</a> degree. After working briefly as a legal clerk, he began his post-graduate work, going to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to study the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist movement</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. When this topic turned out not to be feasible, he switched to studying the question of <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Italian unification</a> over a two-year period. This resulted in his first book, <i>The Italian Problem in European Diplomacy, 1847–49</i> published in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-burk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manchester_years">Manchester years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manchester years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor was a lecturer in history in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a> from 1930 to 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initially lived with his wife in an unfurnished flat on the top floor of an eighteenth-century house called The Limes, at 148 Wilmslow Road, which was set back from the street, opposite the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Didsbury_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Didsbury Park">Didsbury Park</a>, at the southern end of Didsbury village.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later Taylor purchased a house in the village of <a href="/wiki/Disley" title="Disley">Disley</a> on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford_years">Oxford years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxford years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He became a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, in 1938, a post he held until 1976. He was also a lecturer in modern history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> from 1938 to 1963. At Oxford he was such a popular speaker that he had to give his lectures at 8:30 a.m. to avoid the room becoming over-crowded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1962, Taylor wrote in a review of <i>The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849</i> by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Woodham-Smith" title="Cecil Woodham-Smith">Cecil Woodham-Smith</a> that: "All Ireland was a Belsen. ... The English governing class ran true to form. They had killed two million Irish people."<sup id="cite_ref-Donnelly_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donnelly-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor added that if the death rate from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> was not higher it "was not for want of trying" on the part of the British government, quoting Benjamin Jowett, the Master of Balliol College: "I have always felt a certain horror of political economists since I heard one of them say that the Famine in Ireland would not kill more than a million people, and that would scarcely be enough to do much good."<sup id="cite_ref-Donnelly_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donnelly-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor later reprinted his book review under the stark title "Genocide" in his 1976 book <i>Essays in English History</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Donnelly_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donnelly-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, whilst he retained his college fellowship, the University of Oxford declined to renew Taylor's appointment as a university lecturer in modern history. This apparently sudden decision came in the aftermath of the controversy around his book <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i>. Moving to London, he became a lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research" title="Institute of Historical Research">Institute of Historical Research</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_London" title="University of North London">Polytechnic of North London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important step in Taylor's "rehabilitation" was a <i><a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">festschrift</a></i> organised in his honour by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> in 1965. He was honoured with two more <i>festschriften</i>, in 1976 and 1986. The <i>festschriften</i> were testaments to his popularity with his former students as receiving even a single <i>festschrift</i> is considered to be an extraordinary and rare honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Taylor served in the <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a> and befriended émigré statesmen from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, such as the former Hungarian President Count <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> President <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a>. These friendships helped to enhance his understanding of the region. His friendship with Beneš and Károlyi may help explain his sympathetic portrayal of them, in particular Károlyi, whom Taylor portrayed as a saintly figure. Taylor became friends with <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Ripka" title="Hubert Ripka">Hubert Ripka</a>, the press attache for Beneš, who lived in Oxford, and through him, got to know President Beneš who lived in London.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor wrote that because Beneš was a President, "he was not allowed to brave the front line in London and had to live in a sovereign state at <a href="/wiki/Aston_Abbotts" title="Aston Abbotts">Aston Abbotts</a> – a Rothschild house of, for them, a modest standard. Bored and isolated, Beneš summoned an audience whatever he could and I was often swept over to Aston Abbots in the presidential car".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, Taylor wrote his first pamphlet, <i>Czechoslovakia's Place in a Free Europe</i>, explaining his view that Czechoslovakia would after the war serve as a "bridge" between the Western world and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Czechoslovakia's Place in a Free Europe</i> began as a lecture Taylor had given at the Czechoslovak Institute in London on 29 April 1943 and at the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Masaryk" title="Jan Masaryk">Jan Masaryk</a> was turned into a pamphlet to explain Czechoslovakia's situation to the British people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor argued that the Czechoslovaks would have to "explain" democracy to the Soviets and "explain" socialism to the British, saying: "You must appear to the English people as communists and to the Russians as democrats and therefore receive nothing, but abuse from both sides<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Czechoslovakia's Place in a Free Europe</i> reflected Beneš's theory of "convergence" as he felt based on what he was seeing in wartime Britain that the western nations would become socialist after the war while the Soviet Union would become more democratic. In 1945, Taylor wrote: "Beck, Stojadinović, Antonescu and Bonnet despised [Beneš's] integrity and prided themselves on their cunning; but their countries, too, fell before the German aggressor and every step they took has made the resurrection of their countries more difficult. [In contrast] the foreign policy of Dr. Beneš during the present war has won for Czechoslovakia a secure future."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, Taylor was employed by the <a href="/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive" title="Political Warfare Executive">Political Warfare Executive</a> as an expert on Central Europe and frequently spoke on the radio and at various public meetings. During the war, he lobbied for British recognition of <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a> as the legitimate government of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_from_British_Academy">Resignation from British Academy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resignation from British Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, Taylor resigned in protest from the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> over its dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a>, who had been exposed as a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spy. Taylor took the position that:<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It's none of our business, as a group of scholars, to consider matters of this sort. The academy's only concern should be his scholarly credentials, which are unaffected by all this.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor married three times. He married his first wife Margaret Adams in 1931, they had four children together and divorced in 1951. For some time in the 1930s, he and his wife shared a house with the writer <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Muggeridge" title="Kitty Muggeridge">Kitty</a>. From the 1940s Margaret's infatuations with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kee" title="Robert Kee">Robert Kee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a> pushed the couple towards separation. His second wife was Eve Crosland, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a>, whom Taylor married in 1951; they had two children and divorced in 1974. His third wife was the Hungarian historian Éva Haraszti. They married in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Italian_Problem_in_European_Diplomacy,_1847–49"><span id="The_Italian_Problem_in_European_Diplomacy.2C_1847.E2.80.9349"></span><i>The Italian Problem in European Diplomacy, 1847–49</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Italian Problem in European Diplomacy, 1847–49"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor's first book, published in 1934, addressed the question of Italian unification <i>The Italian Problem in European Diplomacy, 1847–49</i>. However, Taylor's speciality was in Central European, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">diplomatic history</a>. He was especially interested in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>. His main mentors in this period were the Austrian-born historian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Francis_Pribram" title="Alfred Francis Pribram">Alfred Francis Pribram</a> and the Polish-born historian Sir <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Namier" title="Lewis Namier">Lewis Namier</a>. Taylor's earlier writings reflected Pribram's favourable opinion of the Habsburgs; however, his 1941 book <i>The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918</i> (published in a revised edition in 1948) showed the influence of Namier's unfavourable views. In <i>The Habsburg Monarchy</i>, Taylor stated that the Habsburgs saw their realms entirely as a tool for foreign policy and thus could never build a genuine nation-state. To hold their realm together, they resorted to playing one ethnic group off against another and promoted <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Magyar</a> hegemony over the other ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848–1918"><span id="The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848.E2.80.931918"></span><i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954 he published his masterpiece, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848%E2%80%931918" title="The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918">The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918</a></i>, and followed it up with <i>The Trouble Makers</i> in 1957, a critical study of British foreign policy. <i>The Trouble Makers</i> was a celebration of those who had criticised the government over foreign policy, a subject dear to his heart. <i>The Trouble Makers</i> had originally been the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Lectures" title="Ford Lectures">Ford Lectures</a> in 1955 and was his favourite book by far. When invited to deliver the Ford Lectures, he was initially at a loss for a topic, and it was his friend <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Alan Bullock</a> who suggested the topic of foreign policy dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bismarck:_The_Man_and_the_Statesman"><i>Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recurring theme of accidents deciding history appeared in Taylor's best-selling 1955 biography of Bismarck. Taylor controversially argued that the Iron Chancellor had unified Germany more by accident than by design; a theory that contradicted those put forward by the historians <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Sybel" title="Heinrich von Sybel">Heinrich von Sybel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a> in the latter years of the 19th century, and by other historians more recently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War"><i>The Origins of the Second World War</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Origins of the Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, he published his most controversial book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War" title="The Origins of the Second World War">The Origins of the Second World War</a></i>, which earned him a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-martel_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martel-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Martel" title="Gordon Martel">Gordon Martel</a> notes that "it made a profound impact. The book became a classic and a central point of reference in all discussion on the Second World War."<sup id="cite_ref-martel_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martel-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the book Taylor argued against the widespread belief that the outbreak of the Second World War (specifically between Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom and France, September 1939) was the result of an intentional plan on the part of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. He began his book with the statement that too many people have accepted uncritically what he called the "Nuremberg Thesis", that the Second World War was the result of criminal conspiracy by a small gang comprising Hitler and his associates. He regarded the "Nuremberg Thesis" as too convenient for too many people and held that it shielded the blame for the war from the leaders of other states, let the German people avoid any responsibility for the war and created a situation where West Germany was a respectable <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ally against the Soviets. </p><p>Taylor's thesis was that Hitler was not the demoniacal figure of popular imagination but in foreign affairs a normal German leader. Citing <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fritz Fischer</a>, he argued that the foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was the same as those of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Moreover, in a partial break with his view of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German history</a> advocated in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_German_History" title="The Course of German History">The Course of German History</a></i>, he argued that Hitler was not just a mainstream German leader but also a mainstream Western leader. As a normal Western leader, Hitler was no better or worse than <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a>. His argument was that Hitler wished to make Germany the strongest power in Europe but he did not want or plan war. The outbreak of war in 1939 was an unfortunate accident caused by mistakes on everyone's part and was not a part of Hitler's plan. </p><p>Taylor portrayed Hitler as a grasping opportunist with no beliefs other than the pursuit of power and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>. He argued that Hitler did not possess any sort of programme and his foreign policy was one of drift and seizing chances as they offered themselves. He did not consider Hitler's anti-Semitism unique: he argued that millions of Germans were just as ferociously anti-Semitic as Hitler and there was no reason to single out Hitler for sharing the beliefs of millions of others. </p><p>Taylor argued that the basic problem with an interwar Europe was a flawed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> that was sufficiently onerous to ensure that the overwhelming majority of Germans would always hate it, but insufficiently onerous in that it failed to destroy Germany's potential to be a Great Power once more. In this way, Taylor argued that the Versailles Treaty was destabilising, for sooner or later the innate power of Germany that the Allies had declined to destroy in 1918–1919 would inevitably reassert itself against the Versailles Treaty and the international system established by Versailles that the Germans regarded as unjust and thus had no interest in preserving. Though Taylor argued that the Second World War was not inevitable and that the Versailles Treaty was nowhere near as harsh as contemporaries like <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> believed, what he regarded as a flawed peace settlement made the war more likely than not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_History_1914–1945"><span id="English_History_1914.E2.80.931945"></span><i>English History 1914–1945</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English History 1914–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965 he rebounded from the controversy surrounding <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i> with the spectacular success of his book <i><a href="/wiki/English_History_1914%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="English History 1914–1945">English History 1914–1945</a></i>, his only venture into <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural history</a>, where he offered a loving, affectionate portrayal of the years between 1914 and 1945. <i>English History 1914–1945</i> was an enormous best-seller and in its first year in print sold more than all of the previous volumes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_History_of_England" title="Oxford History of England">Oxford History of England</a></i> combined. Though he felt there was much to be ashamed of in British history, especially in regard to Ireland, he was very proud to be British and more specifically English. He was fond of stressing his <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern English</a> background and saw himself as part of a grand tradition of radical dissent that he regarded as the real glorious <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">history of England</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Reichstag_Fire_(introduction)"><span id="The_Reichstag_Fire_.28introduction.29"></span><i>The Reichstag Fire</i> (introduction)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Reichstag Fire (introduction)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964 Taylor wrote the introduction for <i>The Reichstag Fire</i> by the journalist Fritz Tobias. He thus became the first English-language historian and the first historian after <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a> to accept the conclusions of the book, that the Nazis had not <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">set the <i>Reichstag</i> on fire in 1933</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a> had acted alone. Tobias and Taylor argued that the new Nazi government had been looking for something to increase its share of the vote in the elections of 5 March 1933 so as to activate the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>, and that van der Lubbe had serendipitously (for the Nazis) provided it by burning down the Reichstag. Even without the Reichstag fire, the Nazis were quite determined to destroy German democracy. In Taylor's opinion, van der Lubbe had made their task easier by providing a pretext. Moreover, the German Communist propaganda chief <a href="/wiki/Willi_M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Willi Münzenberg">Willi Münzenberg</a> and his <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a> handlers had manufactured all of the evidence implicating the Nazis in the arson. In particular, Tobias and Taylor pointed out that the so-called "secret tunnels" that supposedly gave the Nazis access to the <i>Reichstag</i> were in fact tunnels for water piping. At the time Taylor was widely attacked by many other historians for endorsing what was considered to be a self-evident perversion of established historical facts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_by_Timetable"><i>War by Timetable</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: War by Timetable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1969 book <i>War by Timetable</i>, Taylor examined the origins of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, concluding that though all of the great powers wished to increase their own power relative to the others, none consciously sought war before 1914. Instead, he argued that all of the great powers believed that if they possessed the ability to mobilise their armed forces faster than any of the others, this would serve as a sufficient deterrent to avoid war and allow them to achieve their foreign policy aims. Thus, the general staffs of the great powers developed elaborate timetables to mobilise faster than any of their rivals. When the crisis broke in 1914, though none of the statesmen of Europe wanted a world war, the need to mobilise faster than potential rivals created an inexorable movement towards war. Thus Taylor claimed that the leaders of 1914 became prisoners of the logic of the mobilisation timetables and the timetables that were meant to serve as deterrent to war instead relentlessly brought war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beaverbrook:_A_Biography"><i>Beaverbrook: A Biography</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Beaverbrook: A Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s and 1960s, Taylor befriended <a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> and later wrote his <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a> in 1972. Beaverbrook, Canadian in origin, was a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> who believed strongly in the British Empire and whose entry into politics was in support of <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>, a Conservative leader strongly connected with the establishment of Northern Ireland. Despite the disdain for most politicians expressed in his writings, Taylor was fascinated by politics and politicians and often cultivated relations with those who possessed power. Beside Lord Beaverbrook, whose company Taylor very much enjoyed, his favourite politician was the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>, whom he often described as the greatest Prime Minister Britain never had.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductions">Introductions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Introductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor also wrote significant introductions to British editions of <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> and of <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_that_Shook_the_World_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days that Shook the World (book)">Ten Days that Shook the World</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a>. He had long been an advocate of a treaty with the Soviet Union so British Communists expected him to be friendly. In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/British_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Communist Party">British Communist Party</a>, which held the copyright to <i>Ten Days that Shook the World</i> in the United Kingdom, offered Taylor the opportunity to write the introduction to a new edition. The introduction Taylor wrote was fairly sympathetic towards the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. However, it also pointed out certain contradictions between Reed's book and the official <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">historiography in the Soviet Union</a>—for instance, that <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> played a very prominent, heroic role in <i>Ten Days That Shook The World</i> while in 1963 Trotsky was almost a non-person in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet historiography">Soviet historiography</a>, mentioned only in terms of abuse. The British Communist Party rejected Taylor's introduction as anti-Soviet. The rejection annoyed Taylor. When the copyright expired in 1977 and a non-Communist publisher reissued the book, asking Taylor to write the introduction, he strengthened some of his criticisms. Taylor also wrote the introduction for <i><a href="/wiki/Fighter:_The_True_Story_of_the_Battle_of_Britain" title="Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain">Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Len_Deighton" title="Len Deighton">Len Deighton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1931, Taylor worked as book reviewer for the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i>, and from 1957 he was a columnist with the <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer"><i>Observer</i></a>. In 1951 Taylor made his first move into mass-market journalism, spending just over a year as a columnist at the tabloid <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Pictorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Pictorial">Sunday Pictorial</a></i>, later renamed the <i>Sunday Mirror</i>. His first article was an attack on the stance of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, in which he argued that the UN was merely a front for American policy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving the <i>Sunday Pictorial</i> in 1952, in the wake of editor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Zec" title="Philip Zec">Philip Zec</a>'s dismissal, he began writing a weekly column the following year for the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(UK_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Herald (UK newspaper)"><i>Daily Herald</i></a> until 1956. </p><p>From 1957 until 1982 he wrote for the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a></i>, owned by his friend and patron Lord Beaverbrook. His first column for that paper was "Why Must We Soft-Soap The Germans?",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he complained that the majority of Germans were still Nazis at heart and argued the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> was little more than an attempt by the Germans to achieve via trade what they failed to accomplish through arms in the First and Second World Wars. At a time when the relationship with the EEC was a major issue in Britain, Taylor's <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">pro-Commonwealth</a> <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> became a common theme in many of his articles.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other frequent targets were the BBC, the anti-smoking lobby, and reversing his earlier stance, the motor car, with Taylor calling for all private motor vehicles to be banned.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second World War gave Taylor the opportunity to branch out from print journalism, initially into radio and then later television. On 17 March 1942 Taylor made the first of seven appearances on <i>The World at War – Your Questions Answered</i> broadcast by BBC Forces' Radio. After the war Taylor became one of the first television historians. His appearances began with his role as a panellist on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s <i>In The News</i> from 1950 to 1954. Here he was noted for his argumentative style, and in one episode he declined to acknowledge the presence of the other panellists. The press came to refer to him as the "sulky don" and in 1954 he was dropped. From 1955 Taylor was a panellist on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>'s rival discussion programme <i>Free Speech</i>, where he remained until the series ended in 1961. In 1957, 1957–1958 and 1961 he made a number of half-hour programmes on ITV in which he lectured without notes on a variety of topics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> and the First World War. These were huge ratings successes. Despite earlier strong feelings against the BBC, he lectured for a BBC historical series in 1961 and made more series for it in 1963, 1976, 1977 and 1978. He also hosted additional series for ITV in 1964, 1966 and 1967. In <i>Edge of Britain</i> in 1980 he toured the towns of northern England. Taylor's final TV appearance was in the series <i>How Wars End</i> in 1985, where the effects of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> on him were apparent. </p><p>Taylor had a famous rivalry with the historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a>, with whom he often debated on television. One of the more famous exchanges took place in 1961. Trevor-Roper said "I'm afraid that your book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War" title="The Origins of the Second World War">The Origins of the Second World War</a></i> may damage your reputation as a historian", to which Taylor replied "Your criticism of me would damage your reputation as a historian, if you had one."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The origins of the dispute went back to 1957 when the <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Modern_History_(Oxford)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Professor of Modern History (Oxford)">Regius Professorship for History</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> was vacant. Despite their divergent political philosophies, Taylor and Trevor-Roper had been friends since the early 1950s, but with the possibility of the Regius Professorship, both men lobbied for it. The Conservative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> awarded the chair to the Tory Trevor-Roper rather than the Labourite Taylor. In addition, a number of the other Oxford dons had felt that Taylor's profile in <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> was "demeaning" to the historian's craft and had lobbied against him. </p><p>In public, Taylor declared that he would never have accepted any honour from a government that had "the blood of Suez on its hands". In private, he was furious with Trevor-Roper for holding an honour that Taylor considered rightfully his. Adding to Taylor's rancour was the fact that he had arrived at Oxford a decade before Trevor-Roper. From then on, Taylor never missed a chance to disparage Trevor-Roper's character or scholarship. The famously combative Trevor-Roper reciprocated. The feud was given much publicity by the media, not so much because of the merits of their disputes but rather because their acrimonious debates on television made for entertaining viewing. Likewise, the various articles written by Taylor and Trevor-Roper denouncing each other's scholarship, in which both men's considerable powers of invective were employed with maximum effect, made for entertaining reading. Beyond that, it was fashionable to portray the dispute between Taylor and Trevor-Roper as a battle between generations. Taylor, with his populist, irreverent style, was nearly a decade older than Trevor-Roper, but was represented by the media as a symbol of the younger generation that was coming of age in the 1950s–1960s. Trevor-Roper, who was unabashedly old-fashioned (he was one of the last Oxford dons to lecture wearing his professor's robes) and inclined to behave in a manner that the media portrayed as pompous and conceited, was seen as a symbol of the older generation. A subtle but important difference in the style between the two historians was their manner of addressing each other during their TV debates: Trevor-Roper always addressed Taylor as "Mr Taylor" or just "Taylor", while Taylor always addressed Trevor-Roper as "Hugh".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another frequent sparring partner on TV for Taylor was the writer <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge" title="Malcolm Muggeridge">Malcolm Muggeridge</a>. The frequent television appearances helped to make Taylor the most famous British historian of the 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He featured in a cameo in the 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a></i> and was satirised in an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></i>, in which a scantily clad woman (identified by an onscreen caption as "A. J. P. Taylor, Historian"), dubbed over with a man's voice, delivers a lecture on "Eighteenth Century Social Reform".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another foray into the world of entertainment occurred in the 1960s when he served as the historical consultant for both the <a href="/wiki/Oh,_What_a_Lovely_War!" title="Oh, What a Lovely War!">stage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War" title="Oh! What a Lovely War">film versions</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Oh,_What_a_Lovely_War!" title="Oh, What a Lovely War!">Oh, What a Lovely War!</a></i> Though he possessed great charm and charisma and a sense of humour, as he aged he presented himself as, and came to be seen as, cantankerous and irascible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions">Opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout his life, Taylor took public stands on the great issues of his time. In the early 1930s, he was in a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> group called the Manchester Peace Council, for which he frequently spoke in public. Until 1936, Taylor was an opponent of <a href="/wiki/British_re-armament_before_World_War_II" title="British re-armament before World War II">British rearmament</a> as he felt that a re-armed Britain would ally itself with Germany against the Soviet Union. However, after 1936, he resigned from the Manchester Peace Council, urged British rearmament in the face of what Taylor considered to be the Nazi menace, and advocated an Anglo-Soviet alliance to contain Germany. After 1936, he also fervently criticised <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>, a stance that he would disavow in 1961. </p><p>In 1938, he denounced the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> at several rallies and may have written several leaders in the <i>Manchester Guardian</i> criticising it; later, he would compare the smaller number of Czechoslovak dead with the number of Polish dead. In October 1938, Taylor attracted particular controversy by a speech he gave at a dinner held every October to commemorate a protest by a group of Oxford dons against <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> in 1688, an event that was an important prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. He denounced the Munich Agreement and those who supported it, warning the assembled dons that if action were not taken immediately to resist Nazi Germany, then they might all soon be living under the rule of a much greater tyrant than James II. Taylor's speech was highly contentious, in part because in October 1938 the Munich Agreement was popular with the public even if subsequently it was to be reviled along with the policy of appeasement, and also because he used a non-partisan and non-political occasion to make a highly partisan, politically charged attack on government policy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his life, Taylor was sympathetic to the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, and after 1941 he was overjoyed to have the Soviet Union as Britain's ally, as this was the realisation of his desire for an Anglo-Soviet alliance. The Second World War further increased Taylor's pro-Soviet feelings, as he was always profoundly grateful for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s role in destroying <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Despite his pro-Soviet views, he was strongly critical of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, and in 1948 he attended and did his best to sabotage a Stalinist cultural congress in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland. His speech, which was broadcast live on Polish radio and via speakers on the streets of Wrocław, about the right of everyone to hold different views from those who hold power, was enthusiastically received by the delegates and was met with thunderous applause. The speech was clearly intended as a rebuttal of a speech given by the Soviet writer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alexandrovich_Fadeyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev">Alexander Fadeyev</a> the previous day, who had demanded obedience on the part of everyone to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, Taylor saw the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> system as wrong on practical and moral grounds, although he rejected the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> view that capitalism was responsible for wars and conflicts. He felt that the status quo in the West was highly unstable and prone to accidents, and prevented a just and moral international system from coming into being. Moreover, Taylor was enraged by the decision of the Western powers, which he blamed on the US, to re-build and establish the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German state</a> in the late 1940s, which Taylor saw as laying the foundations for a <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Reich" title="Fourth Reich">Fourth Reich</a> that would one day plunge the world back into war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He also blamed the United States for the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and in the 1950s and 1960s was one of the leading lights of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a>. Though he preferred that the United Kingdom be neutral in the Cold War, he felt that if Britain should have to align itself with a major power, the best partner was the Soviet Union rather than America, which in Taylor's opinion was carrying out reckless policies that increased the risk of <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War Three</a>. Taylor never visited the United States, despite receiving many invitations. </p><p>In 1950, he was again temporarily banned by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> when he attempted to deliver a radio address against British participation in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. After a public outcry, the BBC relented and allowed him to deliver his address. In 1956 Taylor demonstrated against the <a href="/wiki/Suez_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez War">Suez War</a>, though not the Soviet crushing of the <a href="/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Hungarian Revolution">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a>, which he believed had saved Hungary from a return to the rule of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>. He also championed <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which he saw as a model socialist <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> threatened by reactionary <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> dictatorships. Taylor was also opposed to, and condemned, the US intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </p><p>Taylor was also opposed to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and against Britain's participation in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview with Irish State radio in April 1976, Taylor argued that the British presence in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> was perpetuating the <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">conflict</a> there. Taylor claimed the best solution would be for an "armed push" by the Irish nationalists to drive out the one million Ulster Protestants from Ireland. He cited as a successful precedent the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a> after the Second World War. On the question of whether there would be a civil war should Britain quit Northern Ireland, Taylor answered: "What we have, after all, is an incipient civil war. To put it brutally, if there were a civil war in Northern Ireland, and I am not convinced that there would be, quite a lot of people would be killed and the war would be decided within a few months. Spread over the years, probably more people have been killed".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980 Taylor resigned from the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> in protest against the expulsion of the art historian and Soviet spy <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a>, which he saw as an act of <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>. Closer to his work as a historian, Taylor espoused less government secrecy and, paradoxically for a staunch leftist, fought for more privately owned television stations. His experiences with being banned by the BBC had led him to appreciate the value of having many broadcasters. In regard to government archives, Taylor took part in a successful attempt to lobby the British government to replace the 50-year rule with a <a href="/wiki/30-year_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="30-year rule">30-year rule</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanophobia">Germanophobia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Germanophobia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/A._J._P._Taylor" title="Special:EditPage/A. J. P. Taylor">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22A.+J.+P.+Taylor%22">"A. J. P. 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In 1944, he was temporarily banned from the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> following complaints about a series of lectures he gave on air in which he gave full vent to his anti-German feelings. In his 1945 book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_German_History" title="The Course of German History">The Course of German History</a></i>, he argued that <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a> was the inevitable product of the entire history of the Germans going back to the days of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a>. He was an early champion of what has since been called the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i> (Special Way) interpretation of German history, that German culture and society developed over the centuries in such a way as to make <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> inevitable. Moreover, he argued that there was a symbiotic relationship between Hitler and the German people, with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> needing the Germans to fulfil his dreams of conquest and the German people needing Hitler to fulfil their dreams of subjugation of their neighbours. In particular, he accused the Germans of waging an endless <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a> against their <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> neighbours since the days of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. </p><p>For Taylor, Nazi racial imperialism was a continuation of policies pursued by every German ruler. <i>The Course of German History</i> was a best-seller in both the United Kingdom and the United States; it was the success of this book that made Taylor's reputation in the United States. Its success also marked the beginning of the breach between Taylor and his mentor Namier, who wanted to write a similar book. By the 1950s, relations between Taylor and Namier had noticeably cooled and in his 1983 autobiography, <i>A Personal History</i>, Taylor, though acknowledging a huge intellectual debt to Namier, portrayed him as a pompous bore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populism">Populism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Populism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor's approach to history was a <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> one. He felt that history should be open to all and enjoyed being called the "People's Historian" and the "Everyman's Historian". He usually favoured an anti-<a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">great man theory</a>, history being made for the most part by towering figures of stupidity rather than of genius. In his view, leaders did not make history; instead they reacted to events – what happened in the past was due to sequences of blunders and errors that were largely outside anyone's control. To the extent that anyone made anything happen in history, it was only through their mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Taylor normally preferred to portray leaders as fools blundering their way forward, he did think that individuals sometimes could play a positive role in history; his heroes were <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But for Taylor, people like Lloyd George and Lenin were the exceptions. Despite Taylor's increasing ambivalence toward appeasement from the late 1950s, which became explicitly evident in his 1961 book <i>Origins of the Second World War</i>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> remained another of his heroes. In <i>English History 1914–1945</i> (1965), he famously concluded his biographical footnote of Churchill with the phrase "the saviour of his country".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another person Taylor admired was the historian <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a>, who was his favourite historian and a good friend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irony_and_humour">Irony and humour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Irony and humour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His narratives used irony and humour to entertain as well as inform. He examined history from odd angles, exposing what he considered to be the pomposities of various historical characters. He was famed for "Taylorisms": witty, epigrammatic, and sometimes cryptic remarks that were meant to expose what he considered to be the absurdities and paradoxes of modern <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. An example is in his television piece <i>Mussolini</i> (1970), in which he said the dictator "kept up with his work – by doing none"; or, about <a href="/wiki/Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Metternich">Metternich</a>'s political philosophies: "Most men could do better while shaving". His determination to bring history to everyone drove his frequent appearances on radio and later on television. He was also careful to puncture any aura of infallibility that historians might have. On one occasion when asked what he thought the future might bring, he replied "Dear boy, you should never ask an historian to predict the future – frankly we have a hard enough time predicting the past." Taylor wrote about <i>English History 1914–1945</i> that he offered up a parody of Oxford historians "delivering the Judgement of History in the highest Olympian spirit. I followed their example except the poor were always right and the rich always wrong – a judgement that happens to be correct historically. Some of the details were also a parody, as for instance the solemn discussion as when 'Fuck' attained literary though not conversational respectability. I had more fun writing <i>English History 1914–1945</i> than in writing any of my other books".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2002302_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk2002302-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Establishment""><span id=".22The_Establishment.22"></span>"The Establishment"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: "The Establishment""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor has been credited<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> with coining the term "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">the Establishment</a>" in a 1953 book review, but this is disputed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> On 29 August 1953, in reviewing a biography of <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>, Taylor wrote "The Establishment draws in recruits from outside as soon as they are ready to conform to its standards and become respectable. There is nothing more agreeable in life than to make peace with the Establishment – and nothing more corrupting." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_limits">Speed limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Speed limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, Taylor wrote an article for the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express"><i>Sunday Express</i></a> in which he argued that <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">speed limits</a> had made absolutely no positive difference to road safety and that "on the contrary, [speed limits] tend to increase the risks and dangers". Taylor went on to claim "I have been driving a car for 45 years. I have consistently ignored all the various speed limits. Never once have I encountered the slightest risk as a result." The article caused a member of the public to lodge a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/Press_Council_(UK)" title="Press Council (UK)">Press Council</a>, on the grounds that Taylor's remarks "amount[ed] to an indirect incitement to drivers to break the law". The Council eventually rejected the complaint and ruled that "while Mr Taylor's views are controversial, he has an unchallengeable right to express them".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War_2"><i>The Origins of the Second World War</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The Origins of the Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War" title="The Origins of the Second World War">The Origins of the Second World War</a></div> <p><i>The Origins of the Second World War</i> was received negatively in some quarters when it was published in 1961. The book set off a huge storm of controversy and debate that lasted for years. At least part of the vehement criticism was due to the confusion in the public's mind between Taylor's book and another book published in 1961, <i>Der Erzwungene Krieg</i> (<i>The Forced War</i>) by the American historian <a href="/wiki/David_Hoggan" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hoggan">David Hoggan</a>. Taylor criticised Hoggan's thesis that Germany was the innocent victim of an Anglo-Polish conspiracy in 1939 as nonsense, but many critics confused Taylor's thesis with that of Hoggan. Most of the criticism was over Taylor's arguments for <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> as a rational political strategy, his mechanistic portrayal of a world destined for another world war by post-war settlement of 1918–1919, his depiction of the Second World War as an "accident" caused by diplomatic blunders, his portrayal of Hitler as a "normal leader" and what many considered his flippant dismissal of Nazi ideology as a motivating force. Leading the charge against Taylor was his arch-enemy Trevor-Roper, who contended that Taylor had wilfully and egregiously misinterpreted the evidence. In particular, Trevor-Roper criticised Taylor's argument that the <a href="/wiki/Hossbach_Memorandum" title="Hossbach Memorandum">Hossbach Memorandum</a> of 1937 was a meaningless document because none of the scenarios outlined in the Memorandum as the prerequisite for war, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> leading to a war between Italy and France in the Mediterranean, or civil war breaking out in France, occurred. In Trevor-Roper's opinion, what really mattered about the Hossbach Memorandum was that Hitler clearly expressed an intention to go to war sooner rather than later and it was Hitler's intentions rather than his plans at the time which mattered. However, in the last edition of the book, Taylor argues that the significant parts, if not the whole, of the memorandum are in fact fabrications. </p><p>Other historians who criticised <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i> included: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Barbara Tuchman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Morrow" title="Ian Morrow">Ian Morrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wiskemann" title="Elizabeth Wiskemann">Elizabeth Wiskemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._N._Medlicott" title="W. N. Medlicott">W. N. Medlicott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Tim Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Karl Dietrich Bracher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Freidel" title="Frank Freidel">Frank Freidel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hinsley" title="Harry Hinsley">Harry Hinsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">John Wheeler-Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Golo Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz">Lucy Dawidowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sontag" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Sontag">Raymond Sontag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Andreas Hillgruber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Yehuda Bauer</a>. Rowse, who had once been a close friend of Taylor's, attacked him with an intensity and vehemence that was second only to Trevor-Roper's. In addition, several historians wrote books on the origins of the Second World War with the aim of refuting Taylor's thesis. Taylor was angered by some of the criticism, especially the implication that he had set out to exonerate Hitler, writing that "to the best of my recollection, those who now display indignation against me were not active [against appeasement] on the public platform".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a>'s two-volume <i>The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany</i> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Andreas Hillgruber</a>'s <i>Deutschlands Rolle in der Vorgeschichte der beiden Weltkriege</i> [<i>Germany's Role in the Background to Both World Wars</i>], translated as <i>Germany and the Two World Wars</i>. </p><p>The issue of misinterpretation is also addressed in <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a>'s book <i>Germany: 1866–1945</i>, where it is argued that Taylor dismissed Hitler's foreign policy, as presented in <i>Mein Kampf</i>, and in particular, the remilitarisation of the Rhineland, as a jumble of idle thoughts written down under the impact of the French occupation of the Ruhr. </p><p>As angry as the reaction in Britain was to <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i>, it was greater when the book was published in January 1962 in the United States. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Elmer_Barnes" title="Harry Elmer Barnes">Harry Elmer Barnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> every American historian who reviewed Taylor's book gave it a negative review. Perhaps ironically, Taylor had indirectly criticised Barnes when he wrote contemptuously of certain self-styled American Revisionist historians whose work Taylor characterised as marked by obsessive loathing for their own country, nostalgia for <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>, hatred for the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and a tendency to engage in bizarre conspiracy theories. Despite the best efforts of Barnes and his protégé <a href="/wiki/David_Hoggan" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hoggan">David Hoggan</a> to recruit Taylor to their cause, Taylor always made clear that he wanted nothing to do with either Barnes or Hoggan. </p><p>Despite the criticism, <i>The Origins of the Second World War</i> is regarded as a watershed in the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of the origins of the Second World War. In general, historians have praised Taylor for the following: </p> <ul><li>In focussing on the improvised character of German and Italian foreign policy, he helped to create a debate over the degree to which fascist states were fulfilling a programme versus taking advantage of events.</li> <li>In highlighting certain continuities in German foreign policy between 1871 and 1939, he helped to place Nazi foreign policy in a wider perspective, although the degree of continuity is still subject to considerable debate.</li> <li>As the first English-language historian to bring attention to the work of the French economist and historian <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mantoux" title="Étienne Mantoux">Étienne Mantoux</a>, especially his 1946 book <i>The Carthaginian Peace: or The Economic Consequences of Mr Keynes</i>, he was able to show that Germany was capable of paying <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">reparations</a> to France after the First World War; the only problem was that the Germans were unwilling. In this way, he started an important debate over who was really responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> that destroyed the German economy in 1923.</li> <li>In showing that <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> was a popular policy and that there was continuity in British foreign policy after 1933, he shattered the common view of the appeasers as a small, degenerate clique that had mysteriously hijacked the British government sometime in the 1930s and who had carried out their policies in the face of massive public resistance.</li> <li>In showing that the <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i> was enormously popular in Austria, he helped to discredit the notion of Austria as a victim of Nazi aggression brought unwillingly into the <i>Reich</i>.</li> <li>In portraying the leaders of the 1930s as real people attempting to deal with real problems, he made the first strides towards attempting an explanation of the actions of the appeasers rather than merely condemning them.</li> <li>He was one of the first historians to present Hitler as an ordinary human being rather than as a "madman", albeit one who held morally repellent beliefs, thus offering possibilities to explain his actions.</li> <li>In showing that Hitler just as often reacted as acted, he offered a balance to previous accounts in which Hitler was portrayed as the sole agent and the leaders of Britain and France as entirely reactive.</li></ul> <p>In response to Taylor's argument that Hitler had no programme because his foreign policy seemed to operate in a haphazard and slapdash way, Taylor's critics such as Trevor-Roper construed a theorem in which Hitler held "consistent aims" but sought to achieve them via "flexible methods". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayal_of_Mussolini">Portrayal of Mussolini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Portrayal of Mussolini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor drew a picture of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> as a great showman, but also as an inept leader with no beliefs. The first part of this picture has not been generally challenged by historians, but the second part has. Taylor argued that Mussolini was sincere when he helped forge the <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a> with Britain and France to resist any German challenge to the <i>status quo</i> in Europe and that only the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">sanctions</a> imposed on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo%E2%80%93Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo–Abyssinian War">Italian invasion of Ethiopia</a> drove Mussolini into an alliance with Nazi Germany. Recently, a number of specialists in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italian history</a> have challenged this by arguing that Mussolini possessed a belief in the <i><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">spazio vitale</a></i> (vital space) as a guiding foreign policy concept in which the entire <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the Middle East and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> were regarded as rightfully belonging to Italy, leading to inevitable conflict with the two dominant Mediterranean powers, Britain and France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_Third_Republic">The French Third Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The French Third Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor has been criticised<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> for promoting the <i>La décadence</i> view of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>. This historical concept portrays the Third Republic as a decadent state, forever on the verge of collapse. In particular, advocates of the <i>La décadence</i> concept have asserted that inter-war France was riven by political instability; possessed a leadership that was deeply divided, corrupt, incompetent and pusillanimous, which ruled over a nation rent by mass unemployment, strikes, a sense of despair over the future, riots and a state of near-civil war between the Left and the Right. Of all the French governments of the interwar era, only the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> government of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a> was presented sympathetically by Taylor, which he praised for carrying out what he regarded as long overdue social reforms. Many experts in <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French history</a> have admitted that there is a kernel of truth to Taylor's picture of France but have complained that Taylor presented French politics and society in such a manner as to border on caricature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor was badly injured in 1984 when he was run over by a car while crossing <a href="/wiki/Old_Compton_Street" title="Old Compton Street">Old Compton Street</a> in London. The effect of the accident led to his retirement in 1985. In his last years, he endured <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, which left him incapable of writing. His last public appearance was at his 80th birthday, in 1986, when a group of his former students, including Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sked" title="Alan Sked">Alan Sked</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Paul Kennedy</a>, organised a public reception in his honour. He had, with considerable difficulty, memorised a short speech, which he delivered in a manner that managed to hide the fact that his memory and mind had been permanently damaged by Parkinson's. </p><p>In 1987, he entered a nursing home in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet" title="London Borough of Barnet">Barnet</a>, London, where he died on 7 September 1990 aged 84. He was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green Crematorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><i>The Italian Problem in European Diplomacy, 1847–1849</i>, 1934.</li> <li>(editor) <i>The Struggle for Supremacy in Germany, 1859–1866</i> by Heinrich Friedjung, 1935.</li> <li><i>Germany's First Bid for Colonies 1884–1885: a Move in Bismarck's European Policy</i>, 1938.</li> <li><i>The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918</i>, 1941, revised edition 1948, reissued in 1966 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4311308">4311308</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_German_History" title="The Course of German History">The Course of German history: a Survey of the Development of Germany since 1815</a></i>, 1945. Reissued in 1962. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33368634">33368634</a></li> <li><i>Trieste</i>, (London: Yugoslav Information Office, 1945). 32 pages.</li> <li>Co-edited with R. Reynolds <i>British Pamphleteers</i>, 1948.</li> <li>Co-edited with <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Alan Bullock</a> <i>A Select List of Books on European History</i>, 1949.</li> <li><i>From Napoleon to Stalin</i>, 1950.</li> <li><i>Rumours of Wars</i>, 1952.</li> <li><i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918</i> (<i>Oxford History of Modern Europe</i>), 1954.</li> <li><i>Bismarck: the Man and Statesman</i>, 1955. Reissued by Vintage Books in 1967 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/351039">351039</a>.</li> <li><i>Englishmen and Others</i>, 1956.</li> <li>co-edited with Sir Richard Pares <i>Essays Presented to Sir Lewis Namier</i>, 1956.</li> <li><i>The Trouble Makers: Dissent over Foreign Policy, 1792–1939</i>, 1957.</li> <li><i>Lloyd George</i>, 1961.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecond00tayl/mode/2up">The Origins of the Second World War</a></i>, 1961. Reissued by Fawcett Books in 1969 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/263622959">263622959</a>.</li> <li><i>The First World War: an Illustrated History</i>, 1963. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2054370">2054370</a> American edition has the title: <i>Illustrated history of the First World War</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/253080">253080</a></li> <li><i>Politics in Wartime</i>, 1964.</li> <li><i>English History 1914–1945</i> (Volume XV of the <i>Oxford History of England</i>), 1965. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36661639">36661639</a></li> <li><i>From Sarajevo to Potsdam</i>, 1966. 1st American edition, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1499372">1499372</a></li> <li><i>From Napoleon to Lenin</i>, 1966.</li> <li><i>The Abdication of King Edward VIII</i> by Lord Beaverbrook, (editor) 1966.</li> <li><i>Europe: Grandeur and Decline</i>, 1967.</li> <li>Introduction to <i>1848: The Opening of an Era</i> by F. Fejto, 1967.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warbytimetableho00tayl/mode/2up">War by Timetable</a></i>, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-02818-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-02818-6">0-356-02818-6</a></li> <li><i>Churchill Revised: A Critical Assessment</i>, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4194">4194</a></li> <li>(editor) <i>Lloyd George: Twelve Essays</i>, 1971.</li> <li>(editor) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/lloydgeorgediary00lloy" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lloydgeorgediary00lloy">Lloyd George: A Diary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Stevenson" title="Frances Stevenson">Frances Stevenson</a>, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0091072700" title="Special:BookSources/0091072700">0091072700</a></li> <li><i>Beaverbrook</i>, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-21376-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-21376-8">0-671-21376-8</a></li> <li>(editor) <i>Off the Record: Political Interviews, 1933–43</i> by W. P. Corzier, 1973.</li> <li><i>A History of World War Two</i>: 1974.</li> <li>"Fritz Fischer and His School," <i>The Journal of Modern History</i> Vol. 47, No. 1, March 1975</li> <li><i>The Second World War: an Illustrated History</i>, 1975.</li> <li>(editor) <i>My Darling Pussy: The Letters of Lloyd George and Frances Stevenson</i>, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77017-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-77017-9">0-297-77017-9</a></li> <li><i>The Last of Old Europe: a Grand Tour</i>, 1976. Reissued in 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99170-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-99170-4">0-283-99170-4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80148134">80148134</a></li> <li><i>Essays in English History</i>, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-021862-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-021862-9">0-14-021862-9</a></li> <li>"Accident Prone, or What Happened Next," <i>The Journal of Modern History</i> Vol. 49, No. 1, March 1977</li> <li><i>The War Lords</i>, 1977.</li> <li><i>The Russian War</i>, 1978.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a.j.p.taylorhowwarsbegin1979/mode/2up">How Wars Begin</a></i>, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-10982-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-10982-2">0-689-10982-2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5536093">5536093</a></li> <li><i>Politicians, Socialism, and Historians</i>, 1980.</li> <li><i>Revolutions and Revolutionaries</i>, 1980.</li> <li><i>A Personal History</i>, 1983.</li> <li><i>An Old Man's Diary</i>, 1984.</li> <li><i>How Wars End</i>, 1985.</li> <li><i>Letters to Eva: 1969–1983</i>, edited by Eva Haraszti Taylor, 1991.</li> <li><i>From Napoleon to the Second International: Essays on Nineteenth-century Europe</i>. Ed. 1993.</li> <li><i>From the Boer War to the Cold War: Essays on Twentieth-century Europe</i>. Ed. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-13445-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-13445-5">0-241-13445-5</a></li> <li><i>Struggles for Supremacy: Diplomatic Essays by A.J.P. Taylor</i>. Edited by Chris Wigley. Ashgate, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84014-661-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84014-661-3">1-84014-661-3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42289691">42289691</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">Historiography of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery,_Richard1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (30 January 1994). "Riddle Radical Ridicule". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Riddle+Radical+Ridicule&rft.date=1994-01-30&rft.au=Overy%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/top-historians-results">"Top Historians: The Results"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. 16 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Top+Historians%3A+The+Results&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Ftop-historians-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Thompson" title="Pat Thompson">Thompson, A. F.</a> (2008). "Taylor, Alan John Percivale". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39823">10.1093/ref:odnb/39823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taylor%2C+Alan+John+Percivale&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39823&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10162255"><i>A personal history</i></a>. London: Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-10972-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-10972-8"><bdi>0-241-10972-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10162255">10162255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+personal+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamilton&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10162255&rft.isbn=0-241-10972-8&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F10162255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrigley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wrigley_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wrigley 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2011" class="citation book cs1">Staff (2011). <i>Bootham School Register</i>. York, England: Bootham Old Scholars Association (BOSA).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bootham+School+Register&rft.place=York%2C+England&rft.pub=Bootham+Old+Scholars+Association+%28BOSA%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burk_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burk_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burk 2002, p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1984" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (1984). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldmansdiary1984tayl"><i>An Old Man's Diary</i></a></span>. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldmansdiary1984tayl/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241112472" title="Special:BookSources/9780241112472"><bdi>9780241112472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Old+Man%27s+Diary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780241112472&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldmansdiary1984tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alc.manchester.ac.uk/subjects/history/our-people/former-historians/taylor/">"Our History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213616/http://www.alc.manchester.ac.uk/subjects/history/our-people/former-historians/taylor/">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burk 2002<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donnelly-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donnelly_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donnelly_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donnelly_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly1993" class="citation web cs1">Donnelly, James (Autumn 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/the-famine/the-great-famine-and-its-interpreters-old-and-new/">"The Great Famine and its interpreters, old and new"</a>. History Ireland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Famine+and+its+interpreters%2C+old+and+new&rft.pub=History+Ireland&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fthe-famine%2Fthe-great-famine-and-its-interpreters-old-and-new%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernstein, Richard (8 September 1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/08/obituaries/ajp-taylor-british-historian-dies.html">"A.J.P. Taylor, British Historian, Dies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809042522/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/08/obituaries/ajp-taylor-british-historian-dies.html">Archived</a> 9 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurk2000" class="citation book cs1">Burk, Kathleen (2000). <i>Troublemaker The Life and History of A.J.P. Taylor</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troublemaker+The+Life+and+History+of+A.J.P.+Taylor&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Burk&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2000236_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurk2000">Burk 2000</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukes1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Lukes" title="Igor Lukes">Lukes, Igor</a> (1996). <i>Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Benes in the 1930s</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechoslovakia+Between+Stalin+and+Hitler%3A+The+Diplomacy+of+Edvard+Benes+in+the+1930s&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lukes&rft.aufirst=Igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, A. J. P. (1983) <i>A Personal History</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. p.267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Addison" title="Paul Addison">Addison, Paul</a> (1993) "Introduction" to Taylor, A. J. P. <i>The Troublemakers</i> Pimlico. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5922-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5922-6">0-7126-5922-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martel-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martel_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martel_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martel 1999, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1951" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (28 January 1951). "UNO Has Failed!". <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Pictorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Pictorial">Sunday Pictorial</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Pictorial&rft.atitle=UNO+Has+Failed%21&rft.date=1951-01-28&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1957" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (27 October 1957). "Why Must We Soft-Soap The Germans?". <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Express&rft.atitle=Why+Must+We+Soft-Soap+The+Germans%3F&rft.date=1957-10-27&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1962" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (15 July 1962). "Macmillan Has Not Found The Answer Yet". <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Express&rft.atitle=Macmillan+Has+Not+Found+The+Answer+Yet&rft.date=1962-07-15&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1962" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (31 October 1962). "Why Don't These "Top People" Think For Themselves?". <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Express&rft.atitle=Why+Don%27t+These+%22Top+People%22+Think+For+Themselves%3F&rft.date=1962-10-31&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1968" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (2 June 1968). "Will Germany Be The Next To Explode?". <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Express&rft.atitle=Will+Germany+Be+The+Next+To+Explode%3F&rft.date=1968-06-02&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1969" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (25 May 1969). "Why Not Tell Us Where You Stand Mr. Heath?". <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Express&rft.atitle=Why+Not+Tell+Us+Where+You+Stand+Mr.+Heath%3F&rft.date=1969-05-25&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_A._J._P.1971" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (11 July 1971). "The Path To Ruin". <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Express&rft.atitle=The+Path+To+Ruin&rft.date=1971-07-11&rft.au=Taylor%2C+A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wrigley 2006, p.320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montypython.net/scripts/18thcent.php">"Eighteenth Century Social Legislation/The Battle of Trafalgar"</a>. MontyPython.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eighteenth+Century+Social+Legislation%2FThe+Battle+of+Trafalgar&rft.pub=MontyPython.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montypython.net%2Fscripts%2F18thcent.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burk, 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himmelfarb, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Christopher (12 April 1976) "Protestant expulsion from Ulster by Irish nationalists would be the best solution, Mr A J P Taylor says", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himmelfarb, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himmelfarb, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1965" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A. J. P. (1965). <i>English History 1914–1945</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+History+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk2002302-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk2002302_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurk2002">Burk 2002</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Press and the People</i>. London: The Press Council. 1968. pp. 45–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+and+the+People&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=The+Press+Council&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Press Writer's Freedom is Defended". <i>Birmingham Daily Post</i>. 11 December 1967. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birmingham+Daily+Post&rft.atitle=Press+Writer%27s+Freedom+is+Defended&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1967-12-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burk 2002, p. 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2017" class="citation web cs1">Rothbard, Murray N. (13 March 2017) [first published 18 April 1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/review-origins-second-world-war">"Review of The Origins of the Second World War"</a>. <i>Rothbard Archives</i>. Mises Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rothbard+Archives&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Freview-origins-second-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurk2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Burk" title="Kathleen Burk">Burk, Kathleen</a> (2002). <i>Troublemaker: The Life and History of A. J. P. Taylor</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troublemaker%3A+The+Life+and+History+of+A.+J.+P.+Taylor&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Burk&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA.+J.+P.+Taylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Martel" title="Gordon Martel">Martel, Gordon</a> (editor) (1986, rev. 1999) <i>The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians</i> London; New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Wrigley, Chris J. (2006) <i>A. J. P. Taylor: Radical Historian of Europe</i>. London: I. B. Tauris. (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-286-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-286-1">1-86064-286-1</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71295901">71295901</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Bosworth, Robert <i>Explaining Auschwitz and Hiroshima: History Writing and the Second World War, 1945–90</i>, London: Routledge, 1993.</li> <li>Boyer, John "A. J. P. Taylor and the Art of Modern History" pages 40–72 from <i>Journal of Modern History</i>, Volume 49, Issue 1, March 1977.</li> <li>Cole, Robert <i>A. J. P. Taylor: The Traitor Within The Gates</i> London: Macmillan, 1993.</li> <li>Cook, Chris and Sked, Alan (editors) <i>Crisis and Controversy: Essays in Honour of A. J. P. Taylor</i>, London: Macmillan Press, 1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert_Dray" title="William Herbert Dray">Dray, William</a>, <i>Concepts of Causation in A. J. P. Taylor's Account of the Origins of the Second World War</i> pages 149–172 from <i>History and Theory</i>, Volume 17, Issue #1, 1978.</li> <li>Gilbert, Martin (editor) <i>A Century of Conflict, 1850–1950; Essays for A. J. P. Taylor</i>, London, H. Hamilton 1966.</li> <li>Hauser, Oswald "A. J. P. Taylor" pages 34–39 from <i>Journal of Modern History</i>, Volume 49, Issue #1, March 1977.</li> <li>Hett, Benjamin C. "Goak Here: A. J. P. Taylor and the Origins of the Second World War" pages 257–280 from <i>Canadian Journal of History</i>, Volume 32, Issue #2, 1996.</li> <li>Himmelfarb, Gertrude. "Taylor-Made History," <i>National Interest</i> (June 1994), Issue 36, pp32-43.</li> <li>Johnson, Paul "A. J. P. Taylor: A Saturnine Star Who Had Intellectuals Rolling in the Aisles" page 31 from <i>The Spectator</i>, Volume 300, Issue # 9266, 11 March 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.W._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="R.W. Johnson">Johnson, R. W.</a>, <i>Look Back in Laughter: Oxford's Golden Postwar Age</i>, Threshold Press, 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Kennedy, Paul</a> "A. J. P. Taylor 'Profound Forces' in History" pages 9–13 from <i>History Today</i>, Volume 33, Issue #3, March 1986.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Kennedy, Paul</a> "The Nonconformist" pages 109–114 from <i>The Atlantic</i>, Volume 287, Issue #4, April 2001.</li> <li>Louis, William (editor) <i>The Origins of the Second World War: A. J. P. Taylor And His Critics</i>, New York: Wiley & Sons, 1972.</li> <li>Mehta, Ved <i>Fly and Fly Bottle: Encounters with British Intellectuals</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962.</li> <li>Pepper, F. S., <i>Handbook of 20th century Quotations</i>, Sphere Study Aids, 1984, passim.</li> <li>Robertson, Esmonde (editor) <i>The Origins of the Second World War: Historical Interpretations</i>, London: Macmillan, 1971.</li> <li>Sisman, Adam <i>A. J. P. Taylor: A Biography</i> London: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair-Stevenson" title="Sinclair-Stevenson">Sinclair-Stevenson</a>, 1994.</li> <li>Smallwood, J. "A Historical Debate of the 1960s: World War II Historiography—The Origins of the Second World War, A. J. P. Taylor and his Critics" pages 403–410 from <i>Australian Journal of Politics and History</i>, Volume 26, Issue #3, 1980.</li> <li>Watt, D.C. "Some Aspects of AJP Taylor's Work as Diplomatic Historian" pages 19–33 from <i>Journal of Modern History</i>, Volume 49, Issue #1, March 1977.</li> <li>Williams, H. Russell "A. J. P. Taylor" from <i>Historians of Modern Europe</i> edited by Hans Schmitt, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Press, 1971.</li> <li>Wrigley, Chris (editor) <i>A. J. P. Taylor: A Complete Bibliography and Guide to his Historical and Other Writings</i>, Brighton: Harvester, 1982.</li> <li>Wrigley, Chris (editor) <i>Warfare, Diplomacy and Politics: Essays in Honour of A. J. P. Taylor</i>, London: Hamilton, 1986.</li> <li>Wrighley, Chris 'A. J. P. Taylor: a Nonconforming Radical Historian of Europe" pages 74–75 from <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a></i>, Volume 3, 1994.</li> <li>"Taylor, A(lan) J(ohn) P(ercivale)" pages 389–392 from <i>Current Biography 1983</i> edited by Charles Moritz, H.W. Wilson Company, New York, US, 1983, 1984.</li> <li>"A. J. P. Taylor" pages 564–570 from <i>The Annual Obituary 1990</i> edited by Deborah Andrews, St. James Press, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 1991.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/A._J._P._Taylor" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/A. 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Taylor</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ae.metu.edu.tr/~evren/history/texts/taylor1.htm">AJP Taylor's Railroad Timetable Theory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII1_sandiegotaylorthesis.html">The Taylor Thesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027175954/http://www.orange.k12.oh.us/teachers/ohs/tshreve/apwebpage/readings/hitlerstresseman.html">Hitler, Stresemann and the Discontinuity of German Foreign Policy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205063231/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1969/jul-aug/detwiler.html">The Origins of the Second World War Reflections on Three Approaches to the Problem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/biography/0,,1967714,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=10">Review of AJP Taylor: Radical Historian of Europe</a> by Tristram Hunt in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/ajp-taylor">Taylor author page and archive</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Review of Books">The London Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_TAY">Parliamentary Archives, Papers of A. 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Taylor (1906-1990)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923043610/https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_TAY">Archived</a> 23 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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Taylor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Course_of_German_History" title="The Course of German History">The Course of German History</a></i> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_for_Mastery_in_Europe_1848%E2%80%931918" title="The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918">The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918</a></i> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bismarck:_The_Man_and_the_Statesman" title="Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman">Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman</a></i> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_the_Second_World_War" title="The Origins of the Second World War">The Origins of the Second World War</a></i> (1961)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historians_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historians_of_Europe" title="Template:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historians_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historians_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historians_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_of_Europe" title="Category:Historians of Europe">Historians of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein" title="Elizabeth Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Jean_Martin" title="Henri-Jean Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Roberts" title="J. M. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Zamoyski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_de_Schaepdrijver" title="Sophie de Schaepdrijver">de Schaepdrijver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Pe%C3%A7evi" title="İbrahim Peçevi">Peçevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antun_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87" title="Antun Knežević">Knežević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdija_Kre%C5%A1evljakovi%C4%87" title="Hamdija Kreševljaković">Kreševljaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Red%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Enver Redžić">Redžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Vego" title="Marko Vego">Vego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmedin_Mesihovi%C4%87" title="Salmedin Mesihović">Mesihović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bailyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rudolph_Elton" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Rudolph Elton">Elton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Firth" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Harding Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rawson_Gardiner" title="Samuel Rawson Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Christopher_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edward Christopher Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Lloyd" title="John Edward Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bernstein_Namier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Bernstein Namier">Namier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley" title="John Robert Seeley">Seeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stone" title="Lawrence Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper,_Baron_Dacre_of_Glanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton">Trevor-Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood" title="C. V. Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirjana_Gross" title="Mirjana Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radoslav Katičić">Katičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Klai%C4%87" title="Nada Klaić">Klaić (Nada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Klai%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Klaić">Klaić (Vjekoslav)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lucius" title="Johannes Lucius">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trpimir_Macan" title="Trpimir Macan">Macan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Ra%C4%8Dki" title="Franjo Rački">Rački</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdo_%C5%A0i%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ferdo Šišić">Šišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadija_Smi%C4%8Diklas" title="Tadija Smičiklas">Smičiklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavao_Ritter_Vitezovi%C4%87" title="Pavao Ritter Vitezović">Vitezović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodkin" title="Mikhail Borodkin">Borodkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesar_Ordin" title="Kesar Ordin">Ordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Becker" title="Jean-Jacques Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Duby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Febvre" title="Lucien Febvre">Febvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Johnson_(historian)" title="Douglas Johnson (historian)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie">Ladurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Marrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Mousnier" title="Roland Mousnier">Mousnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renouvin" title="Pierre Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Sternhell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Bock" title="Gisela Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Broszat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Citino" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Citino">Citino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Hillgruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Hirschfeld" title="Gerhard Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel">Jäckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komlos" title="John Komlos">Komlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Koonz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Langewiesche" title="Dieter Langewiesche">Langewiesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Meinecke" title="Friedrich Meinecke">Meinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Mommsen (Hans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen">Mommsen (Wolfgang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mosse" title="George Mosse">Mosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Peukert" title="Detlev Peukert">Peukert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rothfels" title="Hans Rothfels">Rothfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">Stahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Wehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wolffsohn" title="Michael Wolffsohn">Wolffsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Maurice_de_Zayas" title="Alfred-Maurice de Zayas">de Zayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonaventure_Browne" title="Mary Bonaventure Browne">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Mícheál Ó Cléirigh">Cléirigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hughes_(historian)" title="Kathleen Hughes (historian)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.S.L._Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="F.S.L. Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirchu_moccu_Machtheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Muirchu moccu Machtheni">Machtheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry" title="Eugene O'Curry">O'Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)" title="John O'Donovan (scholar)">O'Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADrech%C3%A1n" title="Tírechán">Tírechán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Ware">Ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Arnone_Sipari" title="Lorenzo Arnone Sipari">Arnone Sipari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.J.B._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J.B. Bosworth">Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice" title="Renzo De Felice">De Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ginsborg" title="Paul Ginsborg">Ginsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Petacco" title="Arrigo Petacco">Petacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Cazacu" class="mw-redirect" title="Petre Cazacu">Cazacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Nistor" title="Ion Nistor">Nistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Geyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawel_Jasienica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawel Jasienica">Jasienica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickham_Steed" title="Wickham Steed">Steed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hermano_Saraiva" title="José Hermano Saraiva">Hermano Saraiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mattoso" title="José Mattoso">Mattoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._de_Oliveira_Marques" title="A. H. de Oliveira Marques">Oliveira Marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rosas" title="Fernando Rosas">Rosas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Boia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Hasdeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kogalniceanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihail Kogalniceanu">Kogalniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mitrany" title="David Mitrany">Mitrany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tismaneanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Tismaneanu">Tismaneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_D._Xenopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru D. Xenopol">Xenopol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bethell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bethell">Bethell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Danilov" title="Viktor Danilov">Danilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Grimsted" title="Patricia Kennedy Grimsted">Grimsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Kenez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Khlevniuk" title="Oleg Khlevniuk">Khlevniuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrov" title="Nikita Petrov">Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shearer" title="David Shearer">Shearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taubman" title="William Taubman">Taubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Werth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C4%86orovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Ćorović">Ćorović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_I._Dereti%C4%87" title="Jovan I. Deretić">Deretić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_Mihalj%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Rade Mihaljčić">Mihaljčić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stojan_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Stojan Novaković">Novaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanoje_Stanojevi%C4%87" title="Stanoje Stanojević">Stanojević</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Boece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Fordun" title="John of Fordun">John of Fordun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Harvie" title="Christopher Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Oram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Tranter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_De%C3%A1k" title="Ladislav Deák">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kamenec" title="Ivan Kamenec">Kamenec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1r" title="Adam František Kollár">Kollár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juraj_Marusiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Juraj Marusiak">Marusiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Mintalov%C3%A1-Zubercov%C3%A1" title="Zora Mintalová-Zubercová">Mintalová-Zubercová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jozef_%C5%A0af%C3%A1rik" title="Pavel Jozef Šafárik">Šafárik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogo_Grafenauer" title="Bogo Grafenauer">Grafenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilij_Melik" title="Vasilij Melik">Melik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Verginella" title="Marta Verginella">Verginella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Altamira_y_Crevea" title="Rafael Altamira y Crevea">Altamira y Crevea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ari%C3%A9" title="Rachel Arié">Arié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Bennassar" title="Bartolomé Bennassar">Bennassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Biclaro" title="John of Biclaro">John of Biclaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elliott (historian)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Florencio" title="Rafael Núñez Florencio">Florencio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gibson_(author)" title="Ian Gibson (author)">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreu_Ivars" title="Andreu Ivars">Ivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Rada" title="Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada">de Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ribera_y_Tarrag%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Ribera y Tarragó">Ribera y Tarragó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Englund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Fryxell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Grimberg" title="Carl Grimberg">Grimberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Harrison" title="Dick Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Hatton" title="Ragnhild Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_L%C3%B6nnroth" title="Erik Lönnroth">Lönnroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">von Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Ringmar" title="Erik Ringmar">Ringmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(1650%E2%80%931723)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson (1650–1723)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Stolpe" title="Sven Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Weibull" title="Curt Weibull">Weibull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauritz_Weibull" title="Lauritz Weibull">Weibull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwartz (journalist)">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706931#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120990177">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9859788">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/44434/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcyG7mMC4hxKJT8QhWDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119173638">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79121325">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12020291j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12020291j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458374">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Taylor, A. J. P."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV059397">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35540653">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990008432&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1134318">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/101725">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068350538">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90110650">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000002220&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000033623&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=103855">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201822748">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmj9kr4hl60sg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810609167605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/269956">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275556605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515128706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14095881">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00390313?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/989599">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119173638.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119173638">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028349202">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582488">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rb8wrr">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&oldid=1257701393">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._J._P._Taylor&oldid=1257701393</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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