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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Local government in Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_government_in_Canada&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Municipal government in Canada</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Elected local authorities in Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg/110px-Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg/165px-Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg/220px-Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="273" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align: left"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">structure</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">list</a>)</span>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">list</a>)</span>: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative#Canada" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King’s Privy Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime minister</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List of prime ministers</a>)</span>: <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ministries" title="List of Canadian ministries">List of Canadian ministries</a>)</span>: <a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">29th Canadian Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">President of the Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)">Clerk of the Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Public Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Canada)" title="Executive Council (Canada)">Provincial and territorial executive councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">Premiers</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Federal parliament</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_parliaments" title="List of Canadian federal parliaments">List of parliaments</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">Speaker of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate" title="Representative of the Government in the Senate">Government Leader in the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_the_Senate_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)">Opposition Leader in the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senate_divisions" title="Canadian Senate divisions">Senate divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)">Speaker of the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Canada)">Government Leader in the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_House_Leader" title="Opposition House Leader">Opposition Leader in the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (Canada)">Shadow cabinet</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories">Provincial and territorial parliaments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Judicial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme court</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">List of justices</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Courts_of_the_provinces_and_territories" title="Court system of Canada">Courts of the Provinces and Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Federal_courts" title="Court system of Canada">Federal courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Military_courts" title="Court system of Canada">Military courts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">Constitution Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">Federal electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_system" title="Canadian electoral system">Federal electoral system</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">List of federal elections</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_provincial_electoral_districts" title="Canadian provincial electoral districts">Provincial electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Canadian_provinces" title="Template:Politics of Canadian provinces">Politics of the provinces</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Local government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Municipal government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Mélanie Joly</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions of Canada">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions in Canada">in Canada</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_passport" title="Canadian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Canadian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Canadian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Canada" title="Visa policy of Canada">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Canada–Latin America relations">Canada–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">Canada–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Canadian_annexation_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed Canadian annexation of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">Canadian Aboriginal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Aboriginal self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">First Nations bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Peoples in Canada">Indigenous Peoples in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat" title="Inuit Nunangat">Inuit Nunangat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office-holders_of_Canada" title="Office-holders of Canada">Office-holders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Political culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Republicanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Canada" title="Template:Politics of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Politics of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Local government in Canada</b> can be defined as all elected <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local authorities</a> which are legally empowered to make decisions on behalf of its electors, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial and territorial governments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">First Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis#Métis_settlements_of_Alberta" title="Métis">Métis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat" title="Inuit Nunangat">Inuit</a> governments. This can include municipalities, <a href="/wiki/School_board" class="mw-redirect" title="School board">school boards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_regions_of_Canada" title="Health regions of Canada">health authorities</a>, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prominent form of local government in Canada is <b>municipal government</b>, which is a local council authority which provides local services, facilities, safety and infrastructure for communities. Municipal governments are local general-purpose authorities which provide services to all residents within a defined geographic area called a municipality. </p><p>According to Section 92(8) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>, <i>"</i>In each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to … Municipal Institutions in the Province." There are about 3,700 municipal governments in Canada. Municipal governments are established under provincial/territorial authority.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The powers granted to municipal governments are delegated by each of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories of Canada</a> according to governing legislation. Therefore, the legislation passed by municipalities has the status of subordinate legislation under provincial and territorial jurisdiction. However, rather than being "mere 'creatures of the provinces,'" municipal governments are "democratically elected by members of the general public and are accountable to their constituents in a manner analogous to that in which Parliament and the provincial legislatures are accountable to the electorates."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, while municipalities do not have independent constitutional status, they are considered a separate level of government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal_government">Municipal government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Municipal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organisation of local government is complex. For instance, in some provinces there are several tiers of local government: regional governments, county governments and municipal governments. There are also special service districts in some unincorporated areas. Municipal local governments take various forms including cities, towns and villages. There are also innumerable specific purpose authorities. </p><p>In Ontario province alone there are at least 2000 of these bodies, including 'police commissions, health units, conservation authorities, public utilities commissions, parks boards and school boards.’ Schools are usually provided locally by school boards, with the 'school trustees' being elected.<sup id="cite_ref-ausreport_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausreport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_municipalities">Regional municipalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regional municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some provinces, several municipalities in a particular area are also part of an upper tier of municipal government, which provides more regionally oriented services. Depending on the province, this second tier may be called a <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">regional municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">regional district</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">regional county municipality</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, three municipalities are designated as "regional municipalities".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A regional municipality is a single municipal government covering an entire historical county including all formerly incorporated towns and cities within the county.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Within the three regional municipalities, designations such as "city" and "town" exist only as informal signifiers for historically chartered towns and cities that used to exist prior to the establishment of the regional municipality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_municipalities">Local municipalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Local municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, the types of municipal government vary between provinces, although they all perform the same functions. The general hierarchy was established in 1849 with the passing of the Municipal Corporations Act in <a href="/wiki/United_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="United Canada">United Canada</a>. The largest municipalities are usually called <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>, and their governments, city councils. Smaller governments are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">parishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">rural municipalities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">townships</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlets</a>. Some may also be directly designated as <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> rather than as a particular type of municipality, but this term is still considered inclusive of all local governments regardless of their status. </p><p>The term "borough" was previously used in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Toronto" title="Metropolitan Toronto">Metropolitan Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, to denote suburban municipalities. The Borough of <a href="/wiki/East_York" title="East York">East York</a> was the last municipality to hold this status, relinquishing it upon becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Toronto_government" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Toronto government">City of Toronto government</a> on January 1, 1998. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, there is no legal distinction between cities and towns – although an informal and subjective distinction may be observed by English speakers, legally all "cities" and "towns" in Quebec have the same status of <i><a href="/wiki/Ville#Usage_in_Canada" title="Ville">ville</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sublocal_divisions">Sublocal divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sublocal divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, the term <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> is generally used as the English translation of <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement" title="Arrondissement">arrondissement</a>, referring to an administrative division of a municipality. Only eight municipalities in Quebec are divided into boroughs. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_in_Quebec" title="List of boroughs in Quebec">List of boroughs in Quebec</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unincorporated_areas">Unincorporated areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unincorporated areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some areas in Canada are <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated</a>, meaning that they do not have a municipal government at all. Any government services in an unincorporated area are provided either by a local agency, such as a <a href="/wiki/Local_services_board" title="Local services board">Local services board</a> or <a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">local service district</a>, or by the province itself.<sup id="cite_ref-ausreport_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausreport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_and_functions">Powers and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Powers and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While many municipal governments have different functions to others (urban vs. rural, etc.), and vary from province to province, most of the services and functions they perform are effectively the same. Functions of municipal governments can include: </p> <ul><li>Management of the local policing and firefighting stations. Whilst this sometimes comes under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, there is often municipal police and fire services.</li> <li>Transportation. Whilst municipal governments may not be responsible for provincial and federally designated highways, roads may come under their control. Additionally, municipal governments may operate local transit services.</li> <li>Education management or funding school boards. In many municipalities, the school board is voted by the people and funded by the municipal government itself from the taxes it collects.</li> <li>Planning and development. Municipal government is responsible for local planning and approvals based on legislative requirements. They are also responsible for enforcing compliance with local requirements.</li> <li>Finance and collecting municipality taxes. Most municipalities (with the exception of some rural ones) have the power to collect taxes in order to provide the services mentioned in this list. Almost 10% of the national <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">GDP</a> is spent on municipal government services,<sup id="cite_ref-mayors_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayors-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when the government is not funded by the provincial government, taxes need to be imposed.</li> <li>Public utilities and other services. Usually, parks are taken care of by the municipal government and occasionally sewerage, water, etc.</li> <li>In Quebec, Ontario and Alberta the range of local government services is broadened to include electricity, telephone and gas services.<sup id="cite_ref-ausreport_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausreport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cagovt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cagovt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mlw_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_funding">Structure and funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure and funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MunicipalGovernmentFunding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MunicipalGovernmentFunding.jpg/200px-MunicipalGovernmentFunding.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MunicipalGovernmentFunding.jpg/300px-MunicipalGovernmentFunding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MunicipalGovernmentFunding.jpg/400px-MunicipalGovernmentFunding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Municipal government funding sources, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Most local governments are formed by a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">charter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act</a> granted by the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province or territory</a>. Local governments are not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Constitution">Canadian Constitution</a> other than to say they are the responsibility of the provinces. Consequently, municipalities can be created, <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamated</a>, or disbanded by the provincial government. Mayors frequently interact with their federal and provincial counterparts over areas of shared responsibility. The federal government does fund quite a few projects in many cities, like major transit and roads. These funds come from a variety of federal programs like P3 Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a private company/consortia does a percentage of a project, construction, operations, maintenance, financing and designing, the Building Canada Fund,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where major projects can receive federal funds for a project. Unlike many US projects and cities, most projects only get approximately a quarter of their funds from the federal government, and they are not obligated<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to have a certain amount of the work done by Canadians or Canadian companies. </p><p>Since each province is responsible for creating local governments in its own territory, the names, functions, and powers of local bodies vary widely across the country. Local governments generally have limited powers, namely creating local <a href="/wiki/By-laws" class="mw-redirect" title="By-laws">by-laws</a> and taxation (<a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property tax</a>). </p><p>Typically, a municipal government is made up of one <a href="/wiki/Mayor#Canada" title="Mayor"><i>mayor</i></a> (occasionally <i>reeve</i> or <i>warden</i>) and a set number of <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor"><i>councillors</i></a> (occasionally <i><a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">alderman</a></i>). There are usually 10−20 councillors in one council; however, an exception to this is <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, with over 50 councillors. The councillors may represent districts called <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)"><i>wards</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-affadavit_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affadavit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woodbuffalo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodbuffalo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, 83% of the municipal government revenue is raised through their own sources, and legally their accounts cannot go into deficit, safeguarding the provinces from unintentionally guaranteeing their municipal governments' debts. The majority of funding for Canadian municipal governments comes from <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a>. Additional funding sources include the sale of goods and services, fines and <a href="/wiki/Tax_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax transfer">tax transfers</a> from the provincial government.<sup id="cite_ref-statscanada_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statscanada-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Canada" title="Municipal elections in Canada">Municipal elections in Canada</a></div> <p>Due to the control that the provinces have over their municipal governments, terms that councillors serve vary from province to province. Unlike most provincial elections, municipal elections are usually held on a fixed date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_elections_by_province_and_territory">Dates of elections by province and territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dates of elections by province and territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Province or Territory </th> <th width="15%">Occurrence </th> <th width="25%">Date </th> <th width="8%">Last election </th> <th width="8%">Next election </th></tr> <tr> <td width="19%"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td width="17%">Excluding <a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a></td> <td>4 years (3 years prior to 2013)</td> <td>3rd Monday in October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Alberta_municipal_elections" title="2021 Alberta municipal elections">2021</a></td> <td>2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td>4 years (3 years prior to 2014)</td> <td>3rd Saturday in October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_British_Columbia_municipal_elections" title="2022 British Columbia municipal elections">2022</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2026_British_Columbia_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2026 British Columbia municipal elections (page does not exist)">2026</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></td> <td>4 years</td> <td>4th Wednesday in October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Manitoba_municipal_elections" title="2022 Manitoba municipal elections">2022</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2026_Manitoba_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2026 Manitoba municipal elections (page does not exist)">2026</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td> <td>4 years</td> <td>2nd Monday in May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_New_Brunswick_municipal_elections" title="2022 New Brunswick municipal elections">2022</a> (special)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2026_New_Brunswick_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2026 New Brunswick municipal elections (page does not exist)">2026</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></td> <td>4 years</td> <td>last Tuesday in September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_municipal_elections" title="2021 Newfoundland and Labrador municipal elections">2021</a></td> <td>2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></td> <td>Taxed communities</td> <td>3 years</td> <td>3rd Monday in October</td> <td>2021</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hamlets</td> <td>2 years</td> <td>2nd Monday in December</td> <td>2022</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td>4 years</td> <td>3rd Saturday in October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Nova_Scotia_municipal_elections" title="2020 Nova Scotia municipal elections">2020</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Nova_Scotia_municipal_elections" title="2024 Nova Scotia municipal elections">2024</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></td> <td>4 years</td> <td>4th Monday in October</td> <td>2019</td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>4 years (3 years prior to 2006)</td> <td>4th Monday in October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_municipal_elections" title="2022 Ontario municipal elections">2022</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2026_Ontario_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2026 Ontario municipal elections (page does not exist)">2026</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></td> <td>4 years</td> <td>1st Monday in November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Prince_Edward_Island_municipal_elections" title="2022 Prince Edward Island municipal elections">2022</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2026_Prince_Edward_Island_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2026 Prince Edward Island municipal elections (page does not exist)">2026</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></td> <td>4 years</td> <td>1st Sunday in November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Quebec_municipal_elections" title="2021 Quebec municipal elections">2021</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_Quebec_municipal_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 Quebec municipal elections (page does not exist)">2025</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></td> <td>Urban municipalities,<br />including Alberta portion of <a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a></td> <td>4 years (3 years prior to 2012)</td> <td>2nd Wednesday in October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Saskatchewan_municipal_elections" title="2020 Saskatchewan municipal elections">2020</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Saskatchewan_municipal_elections" title="2024 Saskatchewan municipal elections">2024</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Odd-numbered districts in rural municipalities</td> <td>4 years (2 years prior to 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2nd Wednesday in October</td> <td>2020</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Even-numbered districts in rural municipalities</td> <td>4 years (2 years prior to 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2nd Wednesday in October</td> <td>2022</td> <td>2026 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></td> <td>3 years</td> <td>3rd Thursday in October</td> <td>2021</td> <td>2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many Canadian political institutions, the municipal government has its roots in the medieval system of government in England. Famously, the city of <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> was given its charter in 1185, and the granting of freedoms became endorsed in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, which was signed in 1215. The first formal municipality in Canada was the city of <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, which received royal approval in 1785. For municipal government, this began an almost 50-year hiatus of receiving approval from the government, ending in the 1830s when the issue was placed on the agenda once again. In 1835, the British parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act</a>, which specified how municipalities were to function and be elected. The ideas from this law were transferred to Canada by Lord Durham, who submitted a report to then-<a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Lord Sydenham</a>. In late 1840 to early 1841, the governments of what was Canada at the time enacted various acts which established municipal government in all areas of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-affadavit_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affadavit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a> approved a Canadian version of the Municipal Corporations Act, often referred to as the Baldwin Act in honour of its creator, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a>. It <a href="/wiki/Delegated_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegated legislation">delegated authority</a> to the municipal governments so they could raise taxes and enact <a href="/wiki/By-law" title="By-law">by-laws</a>. It also established a hierarchy of types of municipal governments, starting at the top with cities and continued down past towns, villages and finally townships. Changes to the boundaries of these new governments could be made by petitioning the provincial Municipal Board or by requesting a change through the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-affadavit_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affadavit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 20th century, Canada was deeply involved in a period of municipal reform. An attempt to distinguish municipal government from the provincial legislature occurred, and the municipal governments were compared with a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> – this form of government was not for advancing a certain political party's view, it was for sitting down and running it 'like a business'. As such, the idea that a larger municipality should have more councillors was the same as having a large board of directors for a larger company, i.e., not functionally possible.<sup id="cite_ref-affadavit_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affadavit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 1920s and the 1960s, the municipalities received increased funding from their provincial government parents. This was partly due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, but further discussion about reform reared its head in the 1970s. In many cities, the system of having a few very large wards encompassing many different walks of life was replaced with one ward for every area with different demographics; this was to ensure that councillors would not have conflicting interests between the well-off and those not so. The arguments over municipal government reform continue, seen in the recent <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Toronto_Act" title="City of Toronto Act">City of Toronto Act</a></i> 1997 dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-affadavit_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affadavit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cities_in_Canada" title="History of cities in Canada">History of cities in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Canada_by_annual_expenditures" title="List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures">List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities in Canada">List of municipalities in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">List of cities in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Canada" title="List of towns in Canada">List of towns in Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112175017/http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/L30-1.pdf">"The Local Government Election Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Printer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queen's Printer">The Queen's Printer</a>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/L30-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Local+Government+Election+Act&rft.pub=The+Queen%27s+Printer&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qp.gov.sk.ca%2Fdocuments%2FEnglish%2FStatutes%2FStatutes%2FL30-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/edu_grade6_glossary.cfm#municipal_government">"Alberta.ca > Municipal Affairs > Municipalities & Communities> Education> Municipal Government for Students > Glossary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Municipal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Municipal Affairs">Alberta Municipal Affairs</a>. 2012. <q>Municipal government is local government that is created by the province to provide essential and desired services to communities. Municipal government works within communities to represent the interests and goals of community members, provide services to citizens, and encourage them to make local decisions together."... "A First Nations reserve is not part of any municipality. The federal government takes responsibility for First Nations reserves."... "Local authorities are areas in Alberta that provide local government. A municipality is considered to be a local authority. Examples of local authorities are municipalities, improvement districts and special areas, as well as regional health authorities and school district authorities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alberta.ca+%3E+Municipal+Affairs+%3E+Municipalities+%26+Communities%3E+Education%3E+Municipal+Government+for+Students+%3E+Glossary&rft.pub=Alberta+Municipal+Affairs&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca%2Fedu_grade6_glossary.cfm%23municipal_government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice_Canada2024" class="citation web cs1">Justice Canada, Legislative Services (18 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-3.html#docCont">"Constitution Act, 1867"</a>. <i>laws-lois.justice.gc.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Constitution+Act%2C+1867&rft.date=2024-10-18&rft.aulast=Justice+Canada&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fconst%2Fpage-3.html%23docCont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "<a href="/wiki/Godbout_v_Longueuil_(City_of)" title="Godbout v Longueuil (City of)">Godbout v Longueuil (City of)</a>", [1997] 3 SCR 844, per LaForest J at para. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See, “<a href="/wiki/Toronto_(City)_v_Ontario_(Attorney_General)" title="Toronto (City) v Ontario (Attorney General)">Toronto (City) v Ontario (Attorney General)</a>”, 2021 SCC 34, at paras. 2 and 116, majority and dissenting opinions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ausreport-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ausreport_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ausreport_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ausreport_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regional.gov.au/local/publications/reports/2002_2003/C7.aspx">Chapter 7 : Special report: local government in Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515020838/http://regional.gov.au/local/publications/reports/2002_2003/C7.aspx">Archived</a> 2017-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Government of Australia. Retrieved May 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101844/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/contact/">"Service Nova Scotia - Municipal Services"</a>. Province of Nova Scotia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/contact/">the original</a> on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Service+Nova+Scotia+-+Municipal+Services&rft.pub=Province+of+Nova+Scotia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ns.ca%2Fsnsmr%2Fmuns%2Fcontact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayors-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mayors_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citymayors.com/canada/canada_locgov.html">Canada offers its people an array of local governments</a>, Nick Swift. Retrieved May 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cagovt-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cagovt_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004737">Local Government</a>: The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlw-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mlw_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/local-government-canada-organization-amp-basic-institutions#introduction">Local Government in Canada</a>: MapleLeafWeb. Retrieved May 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.p3canada.ca/">"PPP Canada"</a>. <i>www.p3canada.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.p3canada.ca&rft.atitle=PPP+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.p3canada.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2011" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Government of Canada, Infrastructure (26 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infrastructure.gc.ca/prog/bcf-fcc-eng.html">"Infrastructure Canada - Building Canada Fund"</a>. <i>www.infrastructure.gc.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.infrastructure.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Infrastructure+Canada+-+Building+Canada+Fund&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada%2C+Infrastructure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infrastructure.gc.ca%2Fprog%2Fbcf-fcc-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Buy_American_Act" title="Buy American Act">Buy American Act</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-affadavit-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-affadavit_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affadavit_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affadavit_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affadavit_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affadavit_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localgovernment.ca/show_library.cfm?id=56">Canadian municipal history</a> - Andrew Sancton, Professor, University of Western Ontario.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodbuffalo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woodbuffalo_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/municipal_government/index.asp">Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo</a>. Example of council structure. Retrieved May 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statscanada-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statscanada_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/govt46a-eng.htm">Local general government revenue and expenditures, by province and territory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626140104/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/govt46a-eng.htm">Archived</a> 2009-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. Retrieved May 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/sk/laws/stat/ss-2015-c-l-30.11/latest/ss-2015-c-l-30.11.html">"Local Government Election Act, 2015, SS 2015, c L-30.11"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CanLII" title="CanLII">CanLII</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CanLII&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Election+Act%2C+2015%2C+SS+2015%2C+c+L-30.11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Fen%2Fsk%2Flaws%2Fstat%2Fss-2015-c-l-30.11%2Flatest%2Fss-2015-c-l-30.11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamPhillipsMasiove1998" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Katherine A.; Phillips, Susan D.; Masiove, Allan M. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbangovernancei0000grah"><i>Urban governance in Canada : representation, resources, and restructuring</i></a></span>. Toronto: Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7747-3392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7747-3392-2"><bdi>978-0-7747-3392-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+governance+in+Canada+%3A+representation%2C+resources%2C+and+restructuring&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Fort+Worth+%3A+Harcourt+Brace+Canada&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7747-3392-2&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Katherine+A.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Susan+D.&rft.au=Masiove%2C+Allan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furbangovernancei0000grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSancton2011" class="citation book cs1">Sancton, Andrew (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianlocalgov0000sanc"><i>Canadian local government: an urban perspective</i></a></span>. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542756-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542756-1"><bdi>978-0-19-542756-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+local+government%3A+an+urban+perspective&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-542756-1&rft.aulast=Sancton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadianlocalgov0000sanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanctonYoung2009" class="citation book cs1">Sancton, Andrew; Young, Robert, eds. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofgov0000unse"><i>Foundations of governance : municipal government in Canada's provinces</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9724-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9724-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-9724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+governance+%3A+municipal+government+in+Canada%27s+provinces&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-9724-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofgov0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTindalTindal2009" class="citation book cs1">Tindal, C. Richard; Tindal, Susan Nobes (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900176103940"><i>Local Government in Canada</i></a></span>. Toronto: Nelson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-610394-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-610394-1"><bdi>978-0-17-610394-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Government+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Nelson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-17-610394-1&rft.aulast=Tindal&rft.aufirst=C.+Richard&rft.au=Tindal%2C+Susan+Nobes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_2900176103940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins1977" class="citation book cs1">Higgins, Donald J. H. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbancanadaitsgo0000higg"><i>Urban Canada: its government and politics</i></a>. Toronto: Gage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-5686-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7715-5686-9"><bdi>978-0-7715-5686-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Canada%3A+its+government+and+politics&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Gage&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7715-5686-9&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furbancanadaitsgo0000higg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALocal+government+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/local-government-canada-organization-amp-basic-institutions">Local Government in Canada: Organization & Basic Institutions | Mapleleafweb.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811084209/http://www.cd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/history/index.htm">Local government history in British Columbia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_government_in_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topic" title="Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topic" title="Template talk:Canada topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_government_in_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Local government in Canada</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province or territory</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Prince_Edward_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_the_Northwest_Territories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in the Northwest Territories (page does not exist)">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_government_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_government_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Local government in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Local government in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Bahamas" title="Local government in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Belize" title="Local government in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Costa_Rica" title="Local government in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local government in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&oldid=1252185500#Municipal_government">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_government_in_Canada&oldid=1252185500#Municipal_government</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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