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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Neo-Latin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neo-Latin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_of_Neo-Latin_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_of_Neo-Latin_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Character of Neo-Latin writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_of_Neo-Latin_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Corpus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Geographical spread </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Beginnings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height:_1500–1700" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height:_1500–1700"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Height: 1500–1700 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height:_1500–1700-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_in_school_education_1500–1700" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_in_school_education_1500–1700"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Latin in school education 1500–1700 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_in_school_education_1500–1700-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_in_university_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_in_university_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Latin in university education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_in_university_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_in_academia,_law,_science_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_in_academia,_law,_science_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Latin in academia, law, science and medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_in_academia,_law,_science_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_and_religious_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_and_religious_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Latin and religious usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_and_religious_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_as_a_literary_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_as_a_literary_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Latin as a literary vehicle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_as_a_literary_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_of_written_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_of_written_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Standards of written Latin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_of_written_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_as_a_spoken_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_as_a_spoken_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Latin as a spoken language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_as_a_spoken_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_as_an_official_and_diplomatic_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_as_an_official_and_diplomatic_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Latin as an official and diplomatic language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_as_an_official_and_diplomatic_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighteenth_century_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteenth_century_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Eighteenth century decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteenth_century_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_in_school_education_in_the_1700s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_in_school_education_in_the_1700s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Latin in school education in the 1700s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_in_school_education_in_the_1700s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_in_university_education_in_the_1700s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_in_university_education_in_the_1700s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Latin in university education in the 1700s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_in_university_education_in_the_1700s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sciences_and_Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciences_and_Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Sciences and Academia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sciences_and_Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Literature and poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spoken_Latin_in_the_1700s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoken_Latin_in_the_1700s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Spoken Latin in the 1700s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoken_Latin_in_the_1700s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy_and_official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy_and_official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Diplomacy and official status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy_and_official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Nineteenth century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_and_Classical_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_and_Classical_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Latin and Classical education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_and_Classical_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_and_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_and_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Latin and linguistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_and_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_Latin_in_the_late_1800s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_Latin_in_the_late_1800s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Uses of Latin in the late 1800s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_Latin_in_the_late_1800s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_uses_of_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_uses_of_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Official uses of Latin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_uses_of_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_from_1900_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_from_1900_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Latin from 1900 onwards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_from_1900_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Relics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diacritics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works_(1500–1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works_(1500–1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notable works (1500–1900) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_works_(1500–1900)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable works (1500–1900) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_works_(1500–1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Literature and biography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Scientific works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_technical_subjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_technical_subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other technical subjects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_technical_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 History of Latin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Latin_overviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Latin_overviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Neo-Latin overviews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Latin_overviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Latin_readers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Latin_readers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Neo-Latin readers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Latin_readers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Latin_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Latin_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Neo-Latin studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Latin_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Latin_specifics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Latin_specifics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Neo-Latin specifics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Latin_specifics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_general_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_general_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Other general sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_general_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Other Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Neo-Latin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieu-Latyn" title="Nieu-Latyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nieu-Latyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لاتينية جديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاتينية جديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_La-teng-g%C3%AD" title="Sin La-teng-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin La-teng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neollat%C3%AD" title="Neollatí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neollatí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_latina" title="Nová latina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nová latina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lladin_Newydd" title="Lladin Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lladin Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolat%C3%ADn" title="Neolatín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neolatín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لاتین نوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین نوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9olatin" title="Néolatin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néolatin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn_moderno" title="Latín moderno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Latín moderno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EB%8C%80_%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4%EC%96%B4" title="근대 라틴어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근대 라틴어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Neo-Latin" title="Bahasa Neo-Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Neo-Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94" title="לטינית חדשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לטינית חדשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Neolatina" title="Lingua Neolatina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Neolatina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolatin" title="Neolatin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neolatin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylatin" title="Nylatin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nylatin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolatim" title="Neolatim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neolatim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Новая латынь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новая латынь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Latince" title="Yeni Latince – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni Latince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нова латина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нова латина" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of the Latin language used from the 14th century to present</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Modern Latin" redirects here. For the modern Latin alphabet, see <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>. For the artificial language, see <a href="/wiki/Latino_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino Moderne">Latino Moderne</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the language of original Latin works created since the beginning of the 20th century, see <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a>. For the modern languages descended from ancient Latin, see <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Neo-Latin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Neolatina</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Systema_naturae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Systema_naturae.jpg/200px-Systema_naturae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Systema_naturae.jpg/300px-Systema_naturae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Systema_naturae.jpg/400px-Systema_naturae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="2000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">1st edition of Systema Naturae</a> is a famous New Latin text.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Western World</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">From <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> in the 14th century; height 1500–1700; current usage <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Neo-Latin</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=la">la</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=257">lat</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lat">lat</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Neo-Latin<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knight_2015_13–26-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (sometimes called New Latin<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> or Modern Latin)<a href="#cite_note-OxfordDictionaries-6">[5]</a> is the style of written Latin used in original literary, scholarly, and scientific works, first in Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and then across northern Europe after about 1500, as a key feature of the humanist movement.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Through comparison with <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Latin of the Classical period</a>, scholars from <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> onwards promoted a standard of Latin closer to that of the ancient Romans, especially in grammar, style, and spelling. The term Neo-Latin was however coined much later, probably in Germany in the late eighteenth century, as Neulatein, spreading to French and other languages in the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> had diverged quite substantially from the classical standard and saw notable regional variation and influence from vernacular languages. Neo-Latin attempts to return to the ideal of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin#Authors_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Classical Latin">Golden Latinity</a> in line with the Humanist slogan <a href="/wiki/Ad_fontes" title="Ad fontes">ad fontes</a>. The new style of Latin was adopted throughout Europe, first through the spread of urban education in Italy, and then the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and of early modern schooling. Latin was learnt as a spoken language as well as written, as the vehicle of schooling and University education, while vernacular languages were still infrequently used in such settings. As such, Latin dominated early publishing, and made up a significant portion of printed works until the early nineteenth century. In Neo-Latin's most productive phase, it dominated science, philosophy, law, and theology, and it was important for history, literature, plays, and poetry. Classical styles of writing, including approaches to rhetoric, poetical metres, and theatrical structures, were revived and applied to contemporary subject matter. It was a pan-European language for the dissemination of knowledge and communication between people with different vernaculars in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Letters" title="Republic of Letters">Republic of Letters</a> (Res Publica Litterarum).<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Even as Latin receded in importance after 1650, it remained vital for international communication of works, many of which were popularised in Latin translation, rather than as vernacular originals. This in large part explains the continued use of Latin in Scandinavian countries and Russia – places that had never belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> – to disseminate knowledge until the early nineteenth century. Neo-Latin includes extensive <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">new word formation</a>. Modern scholarly and technical <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a>, such as in zoological and botanical <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific vocabulary</a>, draws extensively from this newly minted vocabulary, often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">classical or neoclassical compounds</a>. Large parts of this new Latin vocabulary have seeped into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, French and several Germanic languages, particularly through Neo-Latin.<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> In the eighteenth century, Latin was increasingly being learnt as a written and read language, with less emphasis on oral fluency. While it still dominated education, its position alongside Greek was increasingly attacked and began to erode. In the nineteenth century, education in Latin (and Greek) focused increasingly on reading and grammar, and mutated into the 'classics' as a topic, although it often still dominated the school curriculum, especially for students aiming for entry to university. Learning moved gradually away from poetry composition and other written skills; as a language, its use was increasingly passive outside of classical commentaries and other specialised texts. Latin remained in active use in eastern Europe and Scandinavia for a longer period. In Poland, it was used as a vehicle of local government. This extended to those parts of Poland absorbed by Germany. Latin was used as a common tongue between parts of the Austrian Empire, particularly Hungary and Croatia, at least until the 1820s. Croatia maintained a Latin poetry tradition through the nineteenth century. Latin also remained the language of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and of oral debate at a high level in international conferences until the mid twentieth century. Over time, and especially in its later phases after its practical value had severely declined, education that included strong emphasis on Latin and Greek became associated with elitism and as a deliberate class barrier for entry to educational institutions. Post-classical Latin, including medieval, Renaissance and Neo-Latin, makes up the vast majority of extant Latin output, estimated as well over 99.99% of the totality.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> Given the size of output and importance of Latin, the lack of attention to it is surprising to many scholars. The trend is a long one, however, dating back to the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as Neo-Latin texts became looked down on as non-classical. Reasons could include the rising belief during this period in the superiority of vernacular literatures, and the idea that only writing in one's first language could produce genuinely creative output, found in nationalism and Romanticism.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> More recently, the lack of trained Latinists has added to the barriers. More academic attention has been given to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin_studies" title="Neo-Latin studies">Neo-Latin studies</a> since 1970, and the role and influence of Latin output in this period has begun to be reassessed. Rather than being an adjunct to Classical Latin forms, or an isolated, derivative and now largely irrelevant cultural output, Neo-Latin literature is seen as a vital context for understanding the vernacular cultures in the periods when Latin was in widespread productive use. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Classical_reception_studies" title="Classical reception studies">Classical reception studies</a> have begun to assess the differing ways that Classical culture was understood in different nations and times. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent_and_characteristics">Extent and characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent and characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_period">Time period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Time period">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classicists</a> use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> that developed in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Italy as a result of renewed interest in classical civilization in the 14th and 15th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knight_2015_13–26-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> Scientific nomenclatures sometimes prefer the term "New Latin", to show where their terms were coined in the same period. Neo-Latin describes the use of the Latin language for any purpose, scientific or literary, during and after the Renaissance. The beginning of the period cannot be precisely identified. The spread of secular education, the acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanistic</a> literary norms, and the wide availability of Latin texts following the invention of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, mark the transition to a new era of scholarship at the end of the 15th century, but there was no simple, decisive break with medieval traditions.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Rather, there was a process of change in education, a choice of literary and stylistic models, and a move away from medieval techniques of language formation and argumentation.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> The end of the Neo-Latin period is likewise indeterminate, but Latin as a regular vehicle of communicating ideas became rare following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, where French replaced Latin as the language of diplomacy. By 1900, Latin survived primarily in <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific vocabulary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, or more actively, in the upper echelons of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. The term "Neo-Latin" came into use during the 1800s among <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Neo-Latin can be said to be the current style of Latin writing, but different periods in its evolution can be seen. Neo-Latin writings were seen as less relevant and deserving of less attention than Classical Latin during the 1800s, as Classical models were asserted as the prime focus for study. Productive use of Latin for most purposes ended in the early 1800s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_of_Neo-Latin_writing">Character of Neo-Latin writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Character of Neo-Latin writing">edit</a>]</div> While Latin remained an actively used language, the process of emulating Classical models did not become complete.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> For instance, Catholic traditions preserved some features of medieval Latin, given the continued influence of some aspects of medieval theology.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> In secular texts, such as scientific, legal and philosophical works, neologisms continued to be needed, so while Neo-Latin authors might choose new formulations, they might also continue to use customary medieval forms, but in either case, could not aim for a purified Classical Latin vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Recent study tends to identify a style of Latin that was closer to Classical Latin in grammar, sometimes influenced by vernaculars in syntax especially in more everyday writing, but eclectic in choice of vocabulary and generation of new words.<a href="#cite_note-Waquet_2001_124–127-21">[18]</a> Some authors including <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> have criticised the Neo-Latin and classicising nature of humanistic Latin teaching for creating a dynamic for purification and ossification of Latin, and thus its decline from a more productive medieval background.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Modern Neo-Latin scholars tend to reject this, as for instance word formation and even medieval uses continued; but some see a kernel of truth, in that the standards of Latin were set very high, making it hard to achieve the necessary confidence to use Latin.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> In any case, other factors are certainly at play, particularly the widening of education and its needs to address many more practical areas of knowledge, many of which were being written about for national audiences in the vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corpus">Corpus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Corpus">edit</a>]</div> The exact size of the Neo-Latin corpus is currently incalculable, but dwarfs that of Latin in all other periods combined. Material includes personal, unpublished, bureaucratic, educational, and academic output such as notes and theses.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Given the extent of potential records, even regarding printed works, there is extensive basic work to be done in cataloguing what is available, as well as in digitisation and translation of important works.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_spread">Geographical spread</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical spread">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hondius_-_Nova_Europae_Descriptio_1619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hondius_-_Nova_Europae_Descriptio_1619.jpg/220px-Hondius_-_Nova_Europae_Descriptio_1619.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hondius_-_Nova_Europae_Descriptio_1619.jpg/330px-Hondius_-_Nova_Europae_Descriptio_1619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hondius_-_Nova_Europae_Descriptio_1619.jpg/440px-Hondius_-_Nova_Europae_Descriptio_1619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jodocus_Hondius" title="Jodocus Hondius">Jodocus Hondius</a>' map Nova Europae Descriptio of 1619, printed during the peak of Neo-Latin's productive heights</figcaption></figure> Neo-Latin was, at least in its early days, an international language used throughout Catholic and Protestant Europe, as well as in the colonies of the major European powers. This area consisted of most of Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>; its southern border was the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> Sea, with the division more or less corresponding to the modern eastern borders of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic state">Baltic states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Latin_literature" title="Croatian Latin literature">Croatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> in the later 17th century introduced the study of Latin to Russia. Russia relied on Latin for some time as a vehicle to exchange scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, the use of Latin in Orthodox eastern Europe did not reach pervasive levels due to their strong cultural links to the cultural heritage of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonhardt2009264-29">[26]</a> Latin was taught extensively in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">USA</a>, during the colonial period on the European model of Latin medium education, but was among the first to allow this monopoly to recede. Both Latin and the Classics were very influential nevertheless, and supported an active Latin literature, especially in poetry.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Latin played a strong role in education and writing in early colonial Mexico, Brazil and in other parts of Catholic Americas.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Catholicism also brought Latin to India, China and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beginnings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/170px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/255px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/340px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption>Erasmus stood at the forefront of the movement to reform Latin and learning.</figcaption></figure> Neo-Latin began in Italy with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanist</a> reform of Latin education,<a href="#cite_note-Knight_2015_224-33">[30]</a> then brought to prominence in northern Europe by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">Colet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> had been the practical working language of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, and was taught throughout Europe to clerics through the medieval university system. It was a flexible language, with many neologisms. Changes in grammatical practices regarding syntax and other elements such as conjunctions had become established.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken and written language by the scholarship by the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Humanism">Renaissance Humanists</a>. Although scholarship initially focused on Ancient Greek texts, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and others began to change their understanding of good style and their own usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of author's works were published by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Scaliger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Scaliger">Joseph Scaliger</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> Nevertheless, despite the careful work of Petrarch, <a href="/wiki/Politian" class="mw-redirect" title="Politian">Politian</a> and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> As the humanist reformers sought both to purify Latin grammar and style, and to make Latin applicable to concerns beyond the ecclesiastical, they began to create a body of Latin literature outside the bounds of the Church. Nevertheless, studies and criticism of Biblical translations were a particular and important focus of early Humanism, in Italy and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Prominent Neo-Latin writers who were admired for their style in this early period included <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pontano" title="Giovanni Pontano">Pontano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salutati" class="mw-redirect" title="Salutati">Salutati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ficino" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficino">Ficino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a> in Italy; the Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives">Juan Luis Vives</a>; and in northern Europe, the German <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Celtes" title="Conrad Celtes">Celtis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[35]</a> In the late 1400s, some schools in the Low Countries were using the new Italian standards of Latin. Erasmus and other pupils promoted the new learning and Latin standards. The Low Countries established itself as a leading centre of humanism and Neo-Latin; Rotterdam and Leuven were especially well known for these intellectual currents.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Neo-Latin developed in advance of and in parallel with vernacular languages, but not necessarily in direct competition with them.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> Frequently the same people were codifying and promoting both Latin and vernacular languages, in a wider post-medieval process of linguistic standardisation.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> However, Latin was the first language that was available, fully formed, widely taught and used internationally across a wide variety of subjects. As such, it can be seen as the first "modern European language".<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> It should also be noted that for Italian reformers of written Latin, there was no clear divide between Italian and Latin; the latter was seen by <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> for example as an artificial and literary version of the spoken language. While Italian in this period also begins to be used as a separate written language, it was not always seen as wholly separate from Latin.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height:_1500–1700">Height: 1500–1700</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Height: 1500–1700">edit</a>]</div> The Protestant Reformation (1520–1580), though it removed Latin from the liturgies of the churches of Northern Europe, promoted the reform of the new secular Latin teaching.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The heyday of Neo-Latin was 1500–1700, when in the continuation of the Medieval Latin tradition, it served as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of science, medicine, legal discourse, theology, education, and to some degree diplomacy in Europe. This coincided with the growth of printed literature; Latin dominated early publishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaquet200181–82-45">[42]</a> Classic works such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a> were published. Other prominent writers of this period include Dutchmen <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Secundus" title="Johannes Secundus">Secundus</a> and Scotsman <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[35]</a> Women, while rarely published, also wrote and composed poetry in Latin, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jane_Weston" title="Elizabeth Jane Weston">Elizabeth Jane Weston</a> being the most well known example.<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_in_school_education_1500–1700">Latin in school education 1500–1700</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latin in school education 1500–1700">edit</a>]</div> Throughout this period, Latin was a universal school subject, and indeed, the pre-eminent subject for <a href="/wiki/Elementary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary education">elementary education</a> in most of Europe and other places of the world that shared its culture. Schools were variously known as <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Latin_school" title="Latin school">Latin schools</a> in France, Germany, the Netherlands and colonial North America, and also <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasia</a> in Germany and many other countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Latin was frequently the normal medium of education, both for teaching the Latin language, and for other subjects. Fluency in spoken Latin was an objective as well as the ability to read and write; evidence of this includes the emphasis on use of diacritics to maintain understanding of vowel quantity, which is important orally, and also on the use of Colloquia for children's learning, which would help to equip the learner with spoken vocabulary for common topics, such as play and games, home work and describing travel. In short, Latin was taught as a "completely normal language",<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> to be used as any other. Colloquia would also contain moral education. At a higher level, Erasmus' Colloquia helped equip Latin speakers with urbane and polite phraseology, and means of discussing more philosophical topics.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Changes to Latin teaching varied by region. In Italy, with more urbanised schools and Universities, and wider curricula aimed at professions rather than just theology, Latin teaching evolved more gradually, and earlier, in order to speed up the learning of Latin.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> For instance, initial learning of grammar in a basic Latin word order followed the practice of medieval schools. In both medieval and Renaissance schools, practice in Latin written skills would then extend to prose style composition, as part of 'rhetoric'. In Italy, for prose for instance, a pupil would typically be asked to convert a passage in ordo naturalis to ordo artificialis, that is from a natural to stylised word order.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Unlike medieval schools, however, Italian Renaissance methods focused on Classical models of Latin prose style, reviving texts from that period, such as Cicero's <a href="/wiki/De_Inventione" title="De Inventione">De Inventione</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knight_2015_224-33">[30]</a> Teaching of specific, gradually harder Latin authors and texts followed rhetorical practice and learning. In Italy, during the medieval period, at different periods, Classical and Christian authors competed for attention, but the Renaissance and Neo-Latin period saw a decisive move back to authors from the Classical period, and away from non-Classical 'minor' authors such as <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, whose language was simpler.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png/220px-John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png/330px-John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png/440px-John_Calvin_Museum_Catharijneconvent_RMCC_s84_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="4457" data-file-height="6187" /></a><figcaption>John Calvin was among the promoters of reform of Latin education, working with Corderius.</figcaption></figure> The changes to schooling in Northern Europe were more profound, as methods had not evolved as quickly. Adopting Italian innovations, changes to the teaching of grammar and rhetoric were promoted by reformers including <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Protestants needed Latin to promote and disseminate their ideas, so were heavily involved with the reform of Latin teaching. Among the most influential of these reformers was Calvin's Latin teacher and educational collaborator <a href="/wiki/Corderius" title="Corderius">Corderius</a>, whose bilingual colloquies were aimed at helping French-speaking children learn to speak Latin.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Among Latin schools, the rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> schools made them known for their dedication to high attainment in written and spoken Latin to educate future priests. This took place after the Catholic church affirmed their commitment to Latin in the liturgy and as a working language within the hierarchy at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> in 1545–63. Jesuit schools were particularly well known for their production of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_drama" title="Jesuit drama">Latin plays</a>, exclusive use of spoken Latin and emphasis on classical written style.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> However, the standards ultimately achieved by the whole school system were uneven. Not all students would acquire Latin to a high standard. Even in this period, an excessive focus on grammar and poor teaching methods were seen by reformers as a barrier to the acquisition of Latin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaquet20017–40-54">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comenius">Comenius</a> for instance was credited with significant attempts to make Latin more accessible through use of parallel Latin and native language texts, and more interesting through acquisition of vocabulary and the use of modern and more relevant information in texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonhardt2009234–236-55">[52]</a> Others worried whether it was appropriate to put so much emphasis on abstract language skills such as Latin poetry composition. As time went on, the difficulties with Latin teaching began to lead to calls to move away from an emphasis on spoken Latin and the introduction of more native-language-medium teaching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaquet20017–40-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_in_university_education">Latin in university education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Latin in university education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christophorus_Stimmelius_-_Frantz_Friderich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Christophorus_Stimmelius_-_Frantz_Friderich.jpg/220px-Christophorus_Stimmelius_-_Frantz_Friderich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Christophorus_Stimmelius_-_Frantz_Friderich.jpg/330px-Christophorus_Stimmelius_-_Frantz_Friderich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Christophorus_Stimmelius_-_Frantz_Friderich.jpg/440px-Christophorus_Stimmelius_-_Frantz_Friderich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Christophorus Stimmelius, the German author of the first and highly successful comedy about student life</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the Renaissance, universities in northern Europe were still dominated by theology and related topics, while Italian universities were teaching a broader range of courses relating to urban professions such as law and medicine. All <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> required Latin proficiency, obtained in local grammar schools, to obtain admittance as a student. Throughout the period, Latin was the dominant language of university education, where rules were enforced against the use of vernacular languages.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Lectures and debates took place in Latin, and writing was in Latin, across the curriculum. Many universities hosted <a href="/wiki/Academic_drama" title="Academic drama">newly or recently-written Latin plays</a>, which formed a significant body of literature before 1650.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordTaylor20137–18-57">[54]</a> Plays included satires on student life, such as the play <a href="/wiki/Studentes" title="Studentes">Studentes</a> (Students), which went through many reprints. Enforcement of Latin-only rules tended to decline especially after 1650. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_in_academia,_law,_science_and_medicine">Latin in academia, law, science and medicine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latin in academia, law, science and medicine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediaeval_lecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mediaeval_lecture.jpg/220px-Mediaeval_lecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mediaeval_lecture.jpg/330px-Mediaeval_lecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mediaeval_lecture.jpg/440px-Mediaeval_lecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>A fifteenth century lecture</figcaption></figure> Latin dominated topics of international academic and scientific interest, especially at the level of abstract thought addressed to other specialists. To begin with, knowledge was already transmitted through Latin and it maintained specialised vocabularies not found in vernacular languages. This did not preclude scientific writings also existing in vernaculars; for example <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>, some of whose scientific writings were in Latin, while others were in Italian, the latter less academic and intended to reach a wider audience using the same ideas with more practical applications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaquet200191-58">[55]</a> Over time, the use of Latin continued where international communication with specialist audiences was paramount. Later, where some of the discourse moved to French, English or German, translations into Latin would allow texts to cross language boundaries, while authors in countries with much smaller language populations or less known languages would tend to continue to compose in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Latin was of course the major language of Christian theology. Both Catholic and Protestant writers published in Latin. While Protestant writers would also write in vernaculars, Latin was important for the international dissemination of ideas.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Legal discourse, medicine, philosophy and sciences started from a strong Latin tradition, and continued as such. This began to change in the late seventeenth century, as philosophers and others began to write in their native language first, and translate into Latin for international audiences.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Translations would tend to prioritise accuracy over style. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_and_religious_usage">Latin and religious usage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Latin and religious usage">edit</a>]</div> The Catholic Church made exclusive use of Latin in the liturgy, resisting attempts even in the New World and China to diverge from it. As noted above, Jesuit schools fuelled a high standard of Latinity, and this was also supported by the growth of seminaries, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a>'s attempts to revitalise Catholic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> While in Protestant areas Latin was pushed out of the Church, this did not make Protestants hostile to Latin in education or universities. In fact, Latin remained a kind of bridge of communication across religious as well as linguistic divides in the Res Publica Litterarum.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> One exception to the general rule of vernacular services in Protestant countries can be observed in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a>, where with the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> of 1559, a Latin edition was published in 1560 for use in universities such as <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> and the leading <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a>" (in the period, English schools established with charitable structures open to the general public; now a kind of private academy), where the liturgy was still permitted to be conducted in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_as_a_literary_vehicle">Latin as a literary vehicle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Latin as a literary vehicle">edit</a>]</div> In this period, it was common for poets and authors to write in Latin, either in place of or in addition to their native language. Latin was a language for "high art" in an "eternal language", that authors supposed might outlast contemporary vernacular writings. It allowed for an international readership that shared the same Classical and recent Latin cultural reference points. The literature did not stand apart from vernaculars, as naturally allusions and the same reference points could flow across language boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> However, these dynamics have become less well understood, as academics and other readers are not as familiar with the Latin works of the period, sometimes resulting in simplistic notions of competition and replacement of Latin over time. The actual processes were more complicated and are now a focus of Neo-Latin studies. For instance, stylistic borrowings flowed from Latin to the Dutch vernacular, where models were lacking in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Barclay_(poet).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Barclay_%28poet%29.jpg/220px-John_Barclay_%28poet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Barclay_%28poet%29.jpg/330px-John_Barclay_%28poet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Barclay_%28poet%29.jpg/440px-John_Barclay_%28poet%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>The Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_(poet)" title="John Barclay (poet)">John Barclay</a> is among the internationally influential Latin writers of the seventeenth century.</figcaption></figure> Outputs included novels, poems, plays and occasional pieces, stretching across genres analogous to those found in vernacular writings of the period, such as tragedy, comedy, satire, history and political advice.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles">Epistulary</a> (letter) writing containing poems and prose, designed for publication rather than purely receipt, had Classical antecedents and often contained strong elements of self-promotion.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Some of these genres are harder for modern readers to evaluate; for instance many poems were written for specific occasions, such as appointments or institutional events. To modern audiences, such poetry appears contrived at its inception, so it is easy for the reader to assume a lack of pathos or skill.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> At the time that many of these works were written, writers viewed their Latin output as perhaps we do high art; a particularly refined and lofty activity, for the most educated audiences. Moreover, there was a hope of greater, international recognition, and that the works written in the "Eternal language" of Latin would outlast writings in the vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2016xii–xiii-71">[68]</a> Some very influential works written in Latin are not always commonly remembered, despite their ground-breaking nature. For example, <a href="/wiki/Argenis" title="Argenis">Argenis</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_(poet)" title="John Barclay (poet)">John Barclay</a> was perhaps the first modern historical novel, and was popular across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Opinions vary about the achievements of this literary movement, and also the extent to which it reached its goal of being "classical" in style. Modern critics sometimes claim that the output of Neo-Latinists was largely derivative and imitative of Classical authors. Latin authors themselves could recognise the dangers of imitation caused by the long training they were given in ingesting compositional techniques of Classical writers, and could struggle against it.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> From another perspective, the "learned artifice" of Neo-Latin writing styles requires that we understand that "one of the most fundamental aspects of this artifice is imitation".<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Different approaches to imitation can be discerned, from attempting to adopt the style and manner of a specific author, especially of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, through to syntheses of Latin from good authors, as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Poliziano" title="Poliziano">Angelo Poliziano</a>, taking elements from a range, to provide what Tunberg calls an "eclectic" style that was "new from the perspective of the whole creation".<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The use of Latin exclusively as used by Cicero was <a href="/wiki/Ciceronianus" title="Ciceronianus">heavily satirised by Erasmus</a> who proposed a more flexible approach to Latin as a medium.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Other critics have claimed that the expressive abilities of writers could not truly reach the same heights as in their native language; such concerns were sometimes expressed by contemporaries especially as time went on and vernaculars became more established. On the other hand, this criticism at the very least ignores the early age and intensity with which Latin was acquired.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standards_of_written_Latin">Standards of written Latin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Standards of written Latin">edit</a>]</div> Not all Latin aspired to be high literature, and whether it did or not, standards varied. Standards were most classical and writing more fluid in France and Italy. In England, among typically unpublished scholarly works such as dissertations through the sixteenth century, written Latin improved in morphological accuracy, but sentence construction and idiom often reflected the vernacular. Similar patterns have been found in Sweden, where academic Latin tended to be very accurate in terms of morphology, but less Classical in its sentence patterns. In vocabulary and spelling, usage tend to be quite eclectic, using medieval forms and re-using Classical terms with modern meanings. In any case, it was accepted that technical terms would require neologisms.<a href="#cite_note-Waquet_2001_124–127-21">[18]</a> There are occasional differences between Classical and Neo-Latin, which can sometimes be assumed to be mistakes of the authors. However, careful analysis of available grammars often shows these differences to be based on the understanding of the grammar rules at the time. For instance, many grammarians believed that all names of rivers were masculine, even those ending in -a.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Additionally, Neo-Latin authors tended to form new unattested words, such as abductor<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> or fulminatrix,<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> by using Classical rules. Helander says: <blockquote>"Apparently the authors did not care whether these words existed in the preserved Latin literature, as long as they were regularly formed. As a rule, their judgement was very sound, and in most cases we will not as readers realize that we are dealing with neologisms ... A large number of them were probably on the lips of the ancient Romans, although they have not survived in the texts preserved to us. One might wonder whether we are right in calling such words 'neologisms'."<a href="#cite_note-:1-81">[78]</a></blockquote> The words used derived from a wider set of authors than just the "classical" period, especially among authors aiming at a higher level of style.<a href="#cite_note-:1-81">[78]</a> Similarly, some Classical words which were uncommonly used were in much greater currency, such as adorea (glory).<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The Latin used in scientific publications can be perceived as tending towards a simpler modern idiom, perhaps following the language patters of the writers' native language. Often it served a clear, less literary purpose, however, of providing an accurate international Latin text or translation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_as_a_spoken_language">Latin as a spoken language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Latin as a spoken language">edit</a>]</div> As a learnt language, levels of fluency would have varied. Discussions in specialised topics between specialists, or between educated people from different native language backgrounds would be preferred. Even among highly proficient Latin writers, sometimes spoken skills could be much lower, reflecting reticence for making mistakes in public, or simple lack of oral practice. As noted below, an important feature of Latin in this period was that pronunciation tended to national or even local practice. This could make especially initial spoken communication difficult between Latinists from different backgrounds, English and French pronunciation being notably odd.<a href="#cite_note-:2-83">[80]</a> In terms of status, the Italian pronunciation tended to have higher status and acceptability. From some time in the seventeenth century, Latin oral skills began to decline. Complaints about standards of oral Latin can be increasingly found from this time onwards.<a href="#cite_note-:2-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_as_an_official_and_diplomatic_language">Latin as an official and diplomatic language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin as an official and diplomatic language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trait%C3%A9_de_paix_de_M%C3%BCnster_1_sur_97_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-1-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trait%C3%A9_de_paix_de_M%C3%BCnster_1_sur_97_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-1-11.jpg/220px-Trait%C3%A9_de_paix_de_M%C3%BCnster_1_sur_97_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-1-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trait%C3%A9_de_paix_de_M%C3%BCnster_1_sur_97_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-1-11.jpg/330px-Trait%C3%A9_de_paix_de_M%C3%BCnster_1_sur_97_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-1-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trait%C3%A9_de_paix_de_M%C3%BCnster_1_sur_97_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-1-11.jpg/440px-Trait%C3%A9_de_paix_de_M%C3%BCnster_1_sur_97_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-1-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Treaty of Münster, part of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, negotiated and written in Latin</figcaption></figure> Official and diplomatic settings are specific cases where the use of oral and conversational Latin would have taken place, in legal settings, in Parliaments, or between negotiators. The use of Latin would extend of course also to set speeches and texts such as treaties, but would also be the medium in which details would be discussed and problems resolved. Latin was an official language of Poland, recognised and widely used.<a href="#cite_note-84">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Between the 9th and 18th centuries, commonly used in foreign relations and popular as a second language among some of the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-Friedrich-88">[84]</a> Through most of the 17th century, Latin was also supreme as an international language of diplomatic correspondence, used in negotiations between nations and the writing of treaties, e.g. the peace treaties of <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Osnabrück and Münster</a> (1648). As an auxiliary language to the local vernaculars, Latin appeared in a wide variety of documents. The need to read such documents continued to be important for diplomats.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The use of Latin in diplomatic contexts was especially important for smaller nations which maintained Latin for a variety of international purposes, who therefore pressed for it even as French established itself as a more common medium for diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighteenth_century_decline">Eighteenth century decline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eighteenth century decline">edit</a>]</div> As languages like French, Italian, German, and English became more widely known, the use of a "difficult" auxiliary language seemed less necessary. With greater readerships, many fields of literature became more national, and as vernaculars became better known, translation across language boundaries became more practical. In short, the utility of Latin in many areas decreased, and with it the output. Nevertheless, Latin continued to be important through the 1700s, especially in higher education, where it remained the dominant language of lectures. In particular fields, such as medicine, biology, law, and theology, Latin retained its grip more fully and for longer, and in some countries, particularly in Scandinavia and eastern Europe, Latin played a stronger role due to the small size of language communities or the need to work across such boundaries with a neutral, mutually acceptable medium. In school education, Latin came under increasing attack as pupils needed time to study other more practical subjects, but it was not displaced from its dominant position, especially as a skill needed for university entry. Increasingly, even as Latin's relevance and pupils' attainment in it diminished, the language became associated with class boundaries, as a passport to a certain kind of education and social cachet, which were denied to those who were unable to dedicate the time to studying it.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_in_school_education_in_the_1700s">Latin in school education in the 1700s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Latin in school education in the 1700s">edit</a>]</div> It became a widespread view in the 1700s that Latin and Ancient Greek lacked utility for all but a small minority.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> The use of Latin in education began to come under serious attack, as the need for education widened, while the relevance of Latin had diminished. However, these changes met resistance. In the American colonies, calls for more practical education began to grow in the 1750s. In Poland, attempts to roll back the place of Latin were made in 1774, to make it a subject and to give up spoken Latin, but hit resistance and were withdrawn in 1778, when Latin was restored as a spoken medium. Attempts to introduce Italian and reduce Latin teaching in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> in the 1790s also met with problems, not least due to the divergence between the local dialect and standard Italian; the changes were withdrawn, and children continued to learn and read and write in Latin before other languages.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> In France, under the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Regime">Ancien Regime</a>, teaching remained largely focused on Latin until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>. Although some moves were made to teach Latin grammar in French, and to learn to read and write in French first, these tended to be limited to urban centres and state-founded colleges such as those in Paris. Children learnt to read and write in Latin before French in most of the countryside until the 1790s. Use of spoken Latin in schools, however, reduced through the century, particularly from the 1750s. Gradually Latin in schools moved from a language taught for usage and production to written comprehension.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_in_university_education_in_the_1700s">Latin in university education in the 1700s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Latin in university education in the 1700s">edit</a>]</div> At the academy, however, Latin retained its grip. At the Sorbonne, for instance, Latin remained the dominant language of tuition, with nearly all courses being delivered and examined in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> At Oxford, Latin-only rules remained in force, but there is clear evidence of a decline in spoken Latin standards, and it was no longer expected outside of classes. Elsewhere, courses in technical subjects tended to move towards the vernacular, while some were delivered in both Latin and vernaculars. Courses using Italian become more common from the 1750s, in subjects such as commerce and mathematics. In any case, even when courses were delivered in vernaculars, formal occasions such as inaugural lectures and ceremonies often remained in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sciences_and_Academia">Sciences and Academia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sciences and Academia">edit</a>]</div> In the early part of the 1700s, Latin was still making a significant contribution to academic publishing, but was no longer dominant. For example, over 50% of the works published in Oxford between 1690 and 1710 were in Latin, and 31% of the total publications mentioned in the French Biliothèque raisonnée des ouvrages des savants de l'Europe between 1728 and 1740.<a href="#cite_note-Waquet_2001_83–84-97">[93]</a> Regional and subject differences counted for a lot in the choice of language and audience. An example of the transition towards the vernacular in England can be seen in Newton's writing career, which began in Neo-Latin and ended in English (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a>, 1704). By contrast, while German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a> (1679–1754) popularized German as a language of scholarly instruction and research, and wrote some works in German, he continued to write primarily in Latin, so that his works could more easily reach an international audience (e.g., Philosophia moralis, 1750–1753). Around 20% of academic periodicals were in Latin. Latin was particularly well-used in the German-speaking world, where the vernacular was not as well established. Erudition, theology, science and medicine were topics that were often addressed in Latin, such as by the long-running medical journal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscellania_curiosa_medico-physica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miscellania curiosa medico-physica (page does not exist)">Miscellania curiosa medico-physica</a> printed from 1670 until 1791. Some periodicals were general in nature, such as the Acta litteraria Bohemiae et Moraviae, from Prague, launched in 1744.<a href="#cite_note-Waquet_2001_83–84-97">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature_and_poetry">Literature and poetry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature and poetry">edit</a>]</div> As the 18th century progressed, the extensive literature in Latin being produced at the beginning slowly contracted. Latin literature tended to be produced in countries where the vernaculars were by themselves still likely to attract small readerships. Some well known, influential and popular Latin books were produced, for instance <a href="/wiki/Niels_Klim%27s_Underground_Travels" title="Niels Klim's Underground Travels">Iter Subterraneum</a>, a fantastical allegory in 1741.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spoken_Latin_in_the_1700s">Spoken Latin in the 1700s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spoken Latin in the 1700s">edit</a>]</div> As late as the 1720s, Latin was still used conversationally, and was serviceable as an international auxiliary language between people of different countries who had no other language in common. For instance, the Hanoverian king <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I of Great Britain</a> (reigned 1714–1727), who had no command of spoken English, communicated in Latin with his Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[e]</a> There is also no shortage of recorded complaints about poor standards of spoken Latin in universities and similar settings. While there is also praise, it is clear that oral skills were in decline. In academia, lectures began to include a vernacular summary at the end. In some contexts, such as Poland, it was simply accepted that oral Latin did not need to be perfected as a working administrative language. In other contexts, it led to pressure for the oral use of Latin to be abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-:2-83">[80]</a> Latin shifted towards increasingly being a written rather than spoken language. Evidence for this includes changes in the use of diacritics in texts, which ceased to be used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diplomacy_and_official_status">Diplomacy and official status</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Diplomacy and official status">edit</a>]</div> In the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> replaced Latin as the dominant diplomatic language, due to the commanding presence in Europe of the France of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>. However, Latin continued to be preferred by some smaller nations such as Denmark and Sweden for some time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some of the last major international treaties to be written in Latin include the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1738)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1738)">Treaty of Vienna</a> in 1738 and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Treaty of Belgrade</a> in 1739; after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–48) international diplomacy was conducted predominantly in French. Some more minor trade treaties were written in Latin in 1737 and 1756 between Denmark and the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Latin retained a significant role in diplomatic correspondence beyond these dates. The Papacy, Holy Roman Empire, Sweden continued to prefer Latin for communications through the century. In any case, due to the need to consult prior historic agreements, Latin remained an important skill for diplomats and was provided for in their training.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Prussia found Latin indispensable as late as 1798, for practical reasons in administering partitioned Poland from the 1770s onwards, where Latin remained the main administrative language.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> In central Europe, Latin retained an official status in Hungary and Croatia, as a neutral language.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neo-Latin" title="Special:EditPage/Neo-Latin">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> By 1800, Latin publications were far outnumbered, and often outclassed, by writings in the modern languages. Latin literature lasted longest in very specific fields (e.g. botany and zoology) where it had acquired a technical character, and where a literature available only to a small number of learned individuals could remain viable. By the end of the 19th century, Latin in some instances functioned less as a language than as a code capable of concise and exact expression, as for instance in physicians' prescriptions, or in a botanist's description of a specimen. In other fields (e.g. anatomy or law) where Latin had been widely used, it survived in technical phrases and terminology. The perpetuation of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> through the 20th century can be considered a special case of the technicalizing of Latin, and the narrowing of its use to an elite class of readers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_and_Classical_education">Latin and Classical education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Latin and Classical education">edit</a>]</div> Despite the trends in the 1700s towards lessening emphasis on Latin, study of the language alongside Greek was given a significant boost after 1800 through a revival of humanist education, especially for elite education in France, Germany, England and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> In this model, Latin suffered in status against Ancient Greek, which was seen as the better aesthetic example, but both languages were deemed necessary for a "Classical education". Latin was still generally a requirement for University education. Composition skills were still needed for submission of theses, for instance, in the early part of the century. In England, study of the Classics became more intense at institutions like <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_School" title="Charterhouse School">Charterhouse</a>. In grammar schools, however, study of Latin had declined, stopped or become tokenistic in the majority of cases at the point of the <a href="/wiki/Taunton_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Taunton Commission">Taunton Commission</a>'s enquiry in 1864, a situation which it helped to reverse in the coming decades.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> The renewed emphasis on the study of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> as the spoken language of the Romans of the 1st centuries BC and AD, was similar to that of the Humanists but based on broader linguistic, historical, and critical studies of Latin literature. It led to the exclusion of Neo-Latin literature from academic studies in schools and universities (except for advanced historical language studies); to the abandonment of Neo-Latin neologisms; and to an increasing interest in the reconstructed Classical pronunciation, which displaced the several regional pronunciations in Europe in the early 20th century. Coincident with these changes in Latin instruction, and to some degree motivating them, came a concern about lack of Latin proficiency among students. Latin had already lost its privileged role as the core subject of elementary instruction; and as education spread to the middle and lower classes, it tended to be dropped altogether. Latin and the Classics were under pressure from the need for much broader, general education for the wider population. It was clearly not useful or appropriate for everyone to attain high levels of Latin or Greek. Nevertheless, as a requirement for University entry, it formed a barrier to access against people from less privileged backgrounds; this was even seen as good thing. In this way, education in Latin became increasingly associated with a kind of elitism, associated with the education of English "gentlemen" or the French <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, and forming a common bond of references within these social classes.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_and_linguistics">Latin and linguistics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Latin and linguistics">edit</a>]</div> As academic study of languages in Germany and elsewhere intensified, so did knowledge of Latin. This manifested itself in the proposal for restoring Classical pronunciation, but also in further refining knowledge of vowel quantity, use of grammatical constructions and the meaning of particular words. Study of non-standard Latin began. Overall, this intensified the purification, standardisation and academisation of Latin. In education, this led to an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Grammar%E2%80%93translation_method" title="Grammar–translation method">grammar based approach</a> to learning in many countries, reinforcing its reputation for being difficult and abstruse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uses_of_Latin_in_the_late_1800s">Uses of Latin in the late 1800s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Uses of Latin in the late 1800s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1899eugenio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1899eugenio.jpg/220px-1899eugenio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1899eugenio.jpg/330px-1899eugenio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1899eugenio.jpg/440px-1899eugenio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Handwritten document in Latin by <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a> (later Pope Pius XII), 1899</figcaption></figure> By 1900, creative Latin composition in many countries, for purely artistic purposes, had become rare. Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Beerbohm" title="Max Beerbohm">Max Beerbohm</a> wrote Latin verse, but these texts were either school exercises or occasional pieces. However, the tradition was still strong enough in Holland, Croatia, Italy and elsewhere to sustain an annual Latin poetry competition, the Certamen Hoeufftianum, until 1978.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> Classicists themselves were the last redoubt for use of Latin in an academic context. Textual commentaries to Latin texts could be made in Latin, for instance. Academic papers in Classics journals could sometimes be published in Latin. Some of the last survivals of Neo-Latin to convey information appear in the use of Latin to cloak passages and expressions deemed too indecent to be read by children, the lower classes, or (most) women. Such passages appear in translations of foreign texts and in works on folklore, anthropology, and psychology.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> An example of this can be found in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Freiherr_von_Krafft-Ebing" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing">Krafft-Ebing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a> (1886). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_uses_of_Latin">Official uses of Latin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Official uses of Latin">edit</a>]</div> A special case was the use of Latin in Hungary and Croatia, where it remained a language of government in the first half of the century. Papers were published in Latin in Hungary, and it was used as the language of Parliamentary debate. This was in large part a compromise between Hungarians and Croats, to both avoid the imposition of German, or their own languages, on each other. The legacy of the political situation meant that a strong Latin tradition continued in Croatia for some time afterwards, where Latin poetry continued to be produced for the remainder of the century. The abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> ended its use of Latin as an official language. Sweden continued to use Latin for diplomatic correspondence in the nineteenth century, as did the Vatican. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_from_1900_onwards">Latin from 1900 onwards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Latin from 1900 onwards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_recent_original_books_in_Latin" title="List of recent original books in Latin">List of recent original books in Latin</a></div> Latin as a language held a place of educational pre-eminence until the second half of the 19th century in the English speaking world. At that point its value was increasingly questioned; in the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">educational philosophies</a> such as that of <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> dismissed its relevance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Philological" class="mw-redirect" title="Philological">philological</a> study of Latin appeared to show that the traditional methods and materials for teaching Latin were dangerously out of date and ineffective. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics">Relics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Relics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sjukhusfickur_(gabbe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sjukhusfickur_%28gabbe%29.jpg/220px-Sjukhusfickur_%28gabbe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sjukhusfickur_%28gabbe%29.jpg/330px-Sjukhusfickur_%28gabbe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sjukhusfickur_%28gabbe%29.jpg/440px-Sjukhusfickur_%28gabbe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket watch</a> made for the medical community has Latin instructions for measuring a patient's <a href="/wiki/Pulse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse rate">pulse rate</a> on its dial: enumeras ad XX pulsus, "count to 20 beats".</figcaption></figure> Ecclesiastical Latin, the form of Neo-Latin used in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, remained in use throughout the period and after. Until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> of 1962–1965 all priests were expected to have competency in it, and it was studied in Catholic schools. It is today still the official language of the Church, and all Catholic priests of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a> are required by canon law to have competency in the language.<a href="#cite_note-109">[f]</a> Neo-Latin is also the source of the <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> and classification of living organisms devised by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, although the rules of the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">ICZN</a> allow the construction of names that deviate considerably from historical norms. (See also <a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">classical compounds</a>.) Another continuation is the use of Latin names for the surface features of planets and planetary satellites (<a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature" title="Planetary nomenclature">planetary nomenclature</a>), originated in the mid-17th century for <a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">selenographic</a> toponyms. Neo-Latin has also contributed a vocabulary for specialized fields such as <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_Latin" title="Law Latin">law</a>; some of these words have become part of the normal, non-technical vocabulary of various European languages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Latin_regional_pronunciation" title="Latin regional pronunciation">Latin regional pronunciation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_English_pronunciation_of_Latin" title="Traditional English pronunciation of Latin">Traditional English pronunciation of Latin</a></div> Neo-Latin had no single pronunciation, but a host of local variants or dialects, all distinct both from each other and from the historical pronunciation of Latin at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. As a rule, the local pronunciation of Latin used sounds identical to those of the dominant local language, the result of a concurrently evolving pronunciation in the living languages and the corresponding spoken dialects of Latin. Despite this variation, there are some common characteristics to nearly all of the dialects of Neo-Latin, for instance: <ul><li>The use of a <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> in place of a stop for the letters c and sometimes g, when preceding a front vowel.</li> <li>The use of a sibilant fricative or affricate for the letter t when not at the beginning of the first syllable and preceding an unstressed i followed by a vowel.</li> <li>The use of a labiodental fricative for most instances of the letter v (or consonantal u), instead of the classical labiovelar approximant /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/.</li> <li>A tendency for medial s to be voiced to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>], especially between vowels.</li> <li>The merger of æ and œ with e, and of y with i.</li> <li>The loss of the distinction between short and long vowels, with such vowel distinctions as remain being dependent upon word-stress.</li></ul> The regional dialects of Neo-Latin can be grouped into families, according to the extent to which they share common traits of pronunciation. The major division is between Western and Eastern family of Neo-Latin. The Western family includes most Romance-speaking regions (France, Spain, Portugal, Italy) and the British Isles; the Eastern family includes Central Europe (Germany and Poland), Eastern Europe (Russia and Ukraine) and Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden). The Western family is characterized, inter alia, by having a front variant of the letter g before the vowels æ, e, i, œ, y and also pronouncing j in the same way (except in Italy). In the Eastern Latin family, j is always pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant"> j </a>], and g had the same sound (usually [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]) in front of both front and back vowels; exceptions developed later in some Scandinavian countries. The following table illustrates some of the variation of Neo-Latin consonants found in various countries of Europe, compared to the Classical Latin pronunciation of the 1st centuries BC to AD.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> In Eastern Europe, the pronunciation of Latin was generally similar to that shown in the table below for German, but usually with [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] for z instead of [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]. <table class="wikitable" align="center" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" rowspan="3">Roman letter</th> <th align="center" colspan="10">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Classical</th> <th colspan="4">Western</th> <th colspan="2">Central</th> <th colspan="3">Eastern </th></tr> <tr> <th>France</th> <th>England</th> <th>Portugal</th> <th>Spain</th> <th>Italy</th> <th>Romania</th> <th>Germany</th> <th>Netherlands</th> <th>Scandinavia </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>c before "æ", "e", "i", "œ", "y"</td> <td>/ k /</td> <td>/ s /</td> <td>/ s /</td> <td>/ s /</td> <td>/ θ /</td> <td>/ tʃ /</td> <td>/ tʃ /</td> <td>/ ts /</td> <td>/ s /</td> <td>/ s / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>cc before "æ", "e", "i", "œ", "y"</td> <td>/ kː /</td> <td>/ ks /</td> <td>/ ks /</td> <td>/ ss /</td> <td>/ kθ /</td> <td>/ ttʃ /</td> <td>/ ktʃ /</td> <td>/ kts /</td> <td>/ ss /</td> <td>/ ss / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ch</td> <td>/ kʰ /</td> <td>/ ʃ /</td> <td>/ tʃ /</td> <td>/ tʃ /</td> <td>/ tʃ /</td> <td>/ k /</td> <td>/ k /</td> <td>/ k /, / x /</td> <td>/ x /</td> <td>/ k / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>g before "æ", "e", i", "œ", "y"</td> <td>/ ɡ /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ ʒ /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ dʒ /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ ʒ /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ x /</td> <td>/ dʒ /</td> <td>/ dʒ /</td> <td>/ ɡ /</td> <td>/ ɣ / or / x /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ j / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>j</td> <td>/ j /</td> <td>/ j /</td> <td>/ ʒ /</td> <td>/ j /</td> <td>/ j / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>qu before "a", "o", "u"</td> <td rowspan="2">/ kʷ /</td> <td>/ kw /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ kw /</td> <td>/ kw /</td> <td>/ kw /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ kw /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ kv /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ kv /</td> <td rowspan="2">/kw /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ kv / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>qu before "æ", "e", "i"</td> <td>/ k /</td> <td>/ k /</td> <td>/ k / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>s between vowels unless ss </td> <td>/ s̠ /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ s /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ s / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>sc before "æ", "e", "i", "œ", "y"</td> <td>/ sk /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ s /</td> <td>/ s /</td> <td rowspan="2">/ s /</td> <td>/ sθ /</td> <td>/ ʃ /</td> <td>/ stʃ /, / sk / (earlier / ʃt /)</td> <td>/ sts /</td> <td>/ s /</td> <td>/ s / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>t before unstressed i+vowel except initially or after "s", "t", "x"</td> <td>/ t /</td> <td>/ ʃ /</td> <td>/ θ /</td> <td>/ ts /</td> <td>/ ts /</td> <td>/ ts /</td> <td>/ ts /</td> <td>/ ts / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>v</td> <td>/ w /</td> <td>/ v /</td> <td>/ v /</td> <td>/ v /</td> <td>/ b / ([β])</td> <td>/ v /</td> <td>/ v /</td> <td>/ f / or / v /</td> <td>/ v /</td> <td>/ v / </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>z</td> <td>/ zz /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ θ /</td> <td>/ dz /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ ts /</td> <td>/ z /</td> <td>/ s / </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_inscription,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Latin_inscription%2C_Ireland.jpg/220px-Latin_inscription%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Latin_inscription%2C_Ireland.jpg/330px-Latin_inscription%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Latin_inscription%2C_Ireland.jpg/440px-Latin_inscription%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Latin grave inscription in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, 1877; it uses distinctive letters U and J in words like APUD and EJUSDEM, and the digraph <a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">Œ</a> in MŒRENTES.</figcaption></figure> Neo-Latin texts are primarily found in early printed editions, which present certain features of spelling and the use of diacritics distinct from the Latin of antiquity, medieval Latin manuscript conventions, and representations of Latin in modern printed editions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characters">Characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Characters">edit</a>]</div> In spelling, Neo-Latin, in all but the earliest texts, distinguishes the letter <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> from <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> and <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> from <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a>. In older texts printed down to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1630, v was used in initial position (even when it represented a vowel, e.g. in vt, later printed ut) and u was used elsewhere, e.g. in nouus, later printed novus. By the mid-17th century, the letter v was commonly used for the consonantal sound of Roman V, which in most pronunciations of Latin in the Neo-Latin period was [v] (and not [w]), as in vulnus "wound", corvus "crow". Where the pronunciation remained [w], as after g, q and s, the spelling u continued to be used for the consonant, e.g. in lingua, qualis, and suadeo. The letter j generally represented a consonantal sound (pronounced in various ways in different European countries, e.g. [j], [dʒ], [ʒ], [x]). It appeared, for instance, in jam "already" or jubet "he/she orders" (earlier spelled iam and iubet). It was also found between vowels in the words ejus, hujus, cujus (earlier spelled eius, huius, cuius), and pronounced as a consonant; likewise in such forms as major and pejor. J was also used when the last in a sequence of two or more i's, e.g. radij (now spelled radii) "rays", alijs "to others", iij, the Roman numeral 3; however, ij was for the most part replaced by ii by 1700. In common with texts in other languages using the Roman alphabet, Latin texts down to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800 used the letter-form ſ (the <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a>) for s in positions other than at the end of a word; e.g. ipſiſſimus. The digraphs ae and oe were typically written using the ligatures æ and œ (e.g. Cæsar, pœna) except when part of a word in all capitals, such as in titles, chapter headings, or captions. More rarely (and usually in 16th- to early 17th-century texts) the <a href="/wiki/E_caudata" title="E caudata">e caudata</a> was used as a substitute for the digraphs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Diacritics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neo-Latin" title="Special:EditPage/Neo-Latin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Three kinds of diacritic were in common use: the acute accent ´, the grave accent `, and the circumflex accent ˆ. These were normally only marked on vowels (e.g. í, è, â); but see below regarding que. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RenaissanceLatinHandwriting1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RenaissanceLatinHandwriting1.jpg/220px-RenaissanceLatinHandwriting1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RenaissanceLatinHandwriting1.jpg/330px-RenaissanceLatinHandwriting1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RenaissanceLatinHandwriting1.jpg/440px-RenaissanceLatinHandwriting1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Handwriting in Latin from 1595</figcaption></figure> The acute accent marked a stressed syllable, but was usually confined to those where the stress was not in its normal position, as determined by vowel length and syllabic weight. In practice, it was typically found on the vowel in the syllable immediately preceding a final <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a>, particularly que "and", ve "or" and ne, a question marker; e.g. idémque "and the same (thing)". Some printers, however, put this acute accent over the q in the enclitic que, e.g. eorumq́ue "and their". The acute accent fell out of favor by the 19th century. The grave accent had various uses, none related to pronunciation or stress. It was always found on the preposition à (variant of ab "by" or "from") and likewise on the preposition è (variant of ex "from" or "out of"). It might also be found on the interjection ò "O". Most frequently, it was found on the last (or only) syllable of various adverbs and conjunctions, particularly those that might be confused with prepositions or with inflected forms of nouns, verbs, or adjectives. Examples include certè "certainly", verò "but", primùm "at first", pòst "afterwards", cùm "when", adeò "so far, so much", unà "together", quàm "than". In some texts the grave was found over the clitics such as que, in which case the acute accent did not appear before them. The circumflex accent represented metrical length (generally not distinctively pronounced in the Neo-Latin period) and was chiefly found over an a representing an ablative singular case, e.g. eâdem formâ "with the same shape". It might also be used to distinguish two words otherwise spelled identically, but distinct in vowel length; e.g. hîc "here" differentiated from hic "this", fugêre "they have fled" (=fūgērunt) distinguished from fugere "to flee", or senatûs "of the senate" distinct from senatus "the senate". It might also be used for vowels arising from contraction, e.g. nôsti for novisti "you know", imperâsse for imperavisse "to have commanded", or dî for dei or dii. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works_(1500–1900)">Notable works (1500–1900)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notable works (1500–1900)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_biography">Literature and biography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Literature and biography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1511. <a href="/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Praise of Folly">Stultitiæ Laus</a>, essay by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>.</li> <li>1516. <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411045348/http://www.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/diglib/more/utopia/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/colloquia/utopia/index.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007185557/http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/colloquia/utopia/index.html">Archived</a> 7 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li>1525 and 1538. Hispaniola and Emerita, two comedies by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Maldonado_(jesuit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Maldonado (jesuit)">Juan Maldonado</a>.</li> <li>1546. Sintra, a poem by <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Sigea_de_Velasco" title="Luisa Sigea de Velasco">Luisa Sigea de Velasco</a>.</li> <li>1602. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817172051/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/bider3/te02.html">Cenodoxus</a>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bidermann" title="Jacob Bidermann">Jacob Bidermann</a>.</li> <li>1608. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215024701/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/desbillons/west.html">Parthenica</a>, two books of poetry by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jane_Weston" title="Elizabeth Jane Weston">Elizabeth Jane Weston</a>.</li> <li>1621. <a href="/wiki/Argenis" title="Argenis">Argenis</a>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_(poet)" title="John Barclay (poet)">John Barclay</a>.</li> <li>1626–1652. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AF-Ewq5CEzEC&pg=PA251">Poems</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>.</li> <li>1634. <a href="/wiki/Somnium_(novel)" title="Somnium (novel)">Somnium</a>, a scientific fantasy by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>.</li> <li>1685. Piscatoria et Nautica, a collection of didactic poems by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Partenio_Giannettasio" title="Nicola Partenio Giannettasio">Nicola Partenio Giannettasio</a>.</li> <li>1741. <a href="/wiki/Niels_Klim%27s_Underground_Travels" title="Niels Klim's Underground Travels">Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3wOAAAAQAAJ">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www2.kb.dk/elib/lit//dan/holberg/klim/">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218224122/http://www2.kb.dk/elib/lit/dan/holberg/klim/">Archived</a> 18 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a satire by <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a>.</li> <li>1761. Slawkenbergii Fabella, short parodic piece in <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tristram_Shandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristram Shandy">Tristram Shandy</a>.</li> <li>1767. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0708.HTM">Apollo et Hyacinthus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609103513/http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0708.HTM">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">intermezzo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_Widl" title="Rufinus Widl">Rufinus Widl</a> (with music by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>).</li> <li>1835. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alifegeorgewash00reyngoog">Georgii Washingtonii, Americæ Septentrionalis Civitatum Fœderatarum Præsidis Primi, Vita</a>, biography of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> by Francis Glass.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_works">Scientific works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Scientific works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1543. <a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></li> <li>1545. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Gerolamo_Cardano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)">Ars Magna</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Hieronymus Cardanus</a></li> <li>1551–58 and 1587. <a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a>.</li> <li>1600. <a href="/wiki/De_Magnete" title="De Magnete">De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus et de Magno Magnete Tellure</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gilbert (astronomer)">William Gilbert</a>.</li> <li>1609. <a href="/wiki/Astronomia_nova" title="Astronomia nova">Astronomia nova</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>.</li> <li>1610. <a href="/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius" title="Sidereus Nuncius">Sidereus Nuncius</a> by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>.</li> <li>1620. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Organum" title="Novum Organum">Novum Organum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bacon/bacon.hist1.shtml">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515215233/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bacon/bacon.hist1.shtml">Archived</a> 15 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1628. <a href="/wiki/Exercitatio_Anatomica_de_Motu_Cordis_et_Sanguinis_in_Animalibus" title="Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus">Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127002138/http://rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html">Archived</a> 27 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1659. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens.htm">Systema Saturnium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429165145/http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens.htm">Archived</a> 29 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>.</li> <li>1673. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324072021/http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=531.1_H98H_1673">Horologium Oscillatorium</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>. Also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF37246751.htm">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061229003944/http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF37246751.htm">Archived</a> 29 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>1687. <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513101947/http://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C">Archived</a> 13 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1703. <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Malabaricus" title="Hortus Malabaricus">Hortus Malabaricus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_Rheede" title="Hendrik van Rheede">Hendrik van Rheede</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721021455/http://imgbase-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/displayimage.php?pos=-29691">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100512190811/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/b11939795">[9]</a></li> <li>1735. <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNw4AAAAMAAJ">[10]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413074220/https://books.google.com/books?id=dNw4AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 13 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPgTAAAAQAAJ">[11]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406003055/https://books.google.com/books?id=bPgTAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1737. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/pages/E015.html">Mechanica sive motus scientia analytice exposita</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060917104558/http://math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/pages/E015.html">Archived</a> 17 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a>.</li> <li>1738. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607051056/http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=532_B52H_1738">Hydrodynamica, sive de viribus et motibus fluidorum commentarii</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a>.</li> <li>1747. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antilucretius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antilucretius (page does not exist)">Antilucretius</a> by Cardinal de Polignac</li> <li>1748. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ4OAAAAQAAJ">Introductio in analysin infinitorum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a>.</li> <li>1753. <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>.</li> <li>1758. <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> (10th ed.) by Carolus Linnaeus.</li> <li>1791. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402190813/http://cis.alma.unibo.it/galvani/pagina.html">De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari</a> by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Aloysius Galvani</a>.</li> <li>1801. <a href="/wiki/Disquisitiones_Arithmeticae" title="Disquisitiones Arithmeticae">Disquisitiones Arithmeticae</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gauss">Carl Gauss</a>.</li> <li>1810. <a href="/wiki/Prodromus_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_et_Insulae_Van_Diemen" title="Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen">Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)">Robert Brown</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.botanicus.org/title/b13218943">[12]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041555/http://www.botanicus.org/title/b13218943">Archived</a> 20 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1830. <a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_nova_theoriae_functionum_ellipticarum" title="Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum">Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi</a>.</li> <li>1840. <a href="/wiki/Flora_Brasiliensis" title="Flora Brasiliensis">Flora Brasiliensis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Philipp_von_Martius" title="Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius">Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/opus?vol=1&part=1">[13]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313040343/http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/opus?vol=1&part=1">Archived</a> 13 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1864. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophiazool00hoevgoog/page/n74">Philosophia zoologica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_der_Hoeven" title="Jan van der Hoeven">Jan van der Hoeven</a>.</li> <li>1889. <a href="/wiki/Arithmetices_principia,_nova_methodo_exposita" title="Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita">Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_technical_subjects">Other technical subjects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other technical subjects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1511–1516. De Orbe Novo Decades by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a>.</li> <li>1514. De Asse et Partibus by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a>.</li> <li>1524. De motu Hispaniæ by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Maldonado_(jesuit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Maldonado (jesuit)">Juan Maldonado</a>.</li> <li>1525. De subventione pauperum sive de humanis necessitatibus libri duo by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives">Juan Luis Vives</a>.</li> <li>1530. Syphilis, sive, De Morbo Gallico by <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro" title="Girolamo Fracastoro">Girolamo Fracastoro</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetiditalia.it/poetiditalia/testo.jsp?nocc=pf2329708">transcription</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍])</li> <li>1531. De disciplinis libri XX by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives">Juan Luis Vives</a>.</li> <li>1552. Colloquium de aulica et privata vivendi ratione by <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Sigea_de_Velasco" title="Luisa Sigea de Velasco">Luisa Sigea de Velasco</a>.</li> <li>1553. Christianismi Restitutio by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a>. A mainly theological treatise, where the function of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a> was first described by a European, more than half a century before Harvey. For the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">non-trinitarian</a> message of this book Servetus was denounced by Calvin and his followers, condemned by the French Inquisition, and burnt alive just outside Geneva. Only three copies survived.</li> <li>1554. De naturæ philosophia seu de Platonis et Aristotelis consensione libri quinque by <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Fox_Morcillo" title="Sebastián Fox Morcillo">Sebastián Fox Morcillo</a>.</li> <li>1582. Rerum Scoticarum Historia by <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/frontlat.html">transcription</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226024615/http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/frontlat.html">Archived</a> 26 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>1587. Minerva sive de causis linguæ Latinæ by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_S%C3%A1nchez_de_las_Brozas" title="Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas">Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas</a>.</li> <li>1589. De natura Novi Orbis libri duo et de promulgatione euangelii apud barbaros sive de procuranda Indorum salute by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta" title="José de Acosta">José de Acosta</a>.</li> <li>1597. Disputationes metaphysicæ by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>.</li> <li>1599. De rege et regis institutione by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Juan de Mariana</a>.</li> <li>1604–1608. Historia sui temporis by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou" title="Jacques Auguste de Thou">Jacobus Augustus Thuanus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/autoren/thou_hist.html">[14]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512024512/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahist/autoren/thou_hist.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>1612. De legibus by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>.</li> <li>1615. <a href="/wiki/De_Christiana_expeditione_apud_Sinas" title="De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas">De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Trigault" title="Nicolas Trigault">Nicolas Trigault</a>.</li> <li>1625. <a href="/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis" title="De jure belli ac pacis">De jure belli ac pacis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095039/http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/pages.cgi?call=341_G88H_1625&layout=vol0%2Fpart0%2Fcopy0&file=0001">Posner Collection facsimile</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k580227">Gallica facsimile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426180757/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k580227">Archived</a> 26 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>1641. <a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditationes de prima philosophia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/medl.html">The Latin, French and English by John Veitch.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310023308/http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/medl.html">Archived</a> 10 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>1642–1658. Elementa Philosophica by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>.</li> <li>1652–1654. <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Aegyptiacus" title="Oedipus Aegyptiacus">Œdipus Ægyptiacus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>.</li> <li>1655. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Novus_Atlas_Sinensis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Novus Atlas Sinensis">Novus Atlas Sinensis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martino_Martini" title="Martino Martini">Martino Martini</a>.</li> <li>1656. <a href="/wiki/Flora_Sinensis" title="Flora Sinensis">Flora Sinensis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Boym" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Boym">Michael Boym</a>.</li> <li>1657. <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Pictus" title="Orbis Pictus">Orbis Sensualium Pictus</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Amos_Comenius" title="John Amos Comenius">John Amos Comenius</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pxkaVd0-bpgC">Hoole parallel Latin/English translation, 1777</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329044934/http://www.grexlat.com/biblio/comenius/index.html">Online version in Latin</a>)</li> <li>1670. <a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Theologico-Politicus" title="Tractatus Theologico-Politicus">Tractatus Theologico-Politicus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>.</li> <li>1677. <a href="/wiki/Ethica,_ordine_geometrico_demonstrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata">Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata</a> by <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>.</li> <li>1689. <a href="/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Toleration" title="A Letter Concerning Toleration">Epistola de tolerantia</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>.</li> <li>1725. Gradus ad Parnassum by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Johann Joseph Fux</a>. An influential treatise on musical counterpoint.</li> <li>1780. De rebus gestis Caroli V Imperatoris et Regis Hispaniæ and De rebus Hispanorum gestis ad Novum Orbem Mexicumque by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gin%C3%A9s_de_Sep%C3%BAlveda" title="Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda">Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda</a>.</li> <li>1891. De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud Lutherum, Kant, Fichte et Hegel by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Latin" title="Botanical Latin">Botanical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">Classical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann_Institute_for_Neo-Latin_Studies" title="Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Neo-Latin Studies">Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Neo-Latin Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin_studies" title="Neo-Latin studies">Neo-Latin studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGaudio2019" class="citation web cs1">Gaudio, Andrew (14 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/neo-latin">"Neo-Latin Texts Written Outside of Europe: A Resource Guide"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142919/https://guides.loc.gov/neo-latin">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Neo-Latin+Texts+Written+Outside+of+Europe%3A+A+Resource+Guide&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.aulast=Gaudio&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.loc.gov%2Fneo-latin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight_2015_13–26-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2015_13–26_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2015_13–26_2-1">b</a> Sidwell, Keith Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 13–26; others, throughout. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButterfield2011">Butterfield 2011</a>, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/new-latin">"New Latin"</a>. Collins Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175606/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/new-latin">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft.atitle=New+Latin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fnew-latin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordDictionaries-6"><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordDictionaries_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205174408/https://www.lexico.com/definition/modern_latin">"modern Latin"</a>. Lexico. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/modern_latin">the original</a> on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=modern+Latin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmodern_latin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "When we talk about "Neo-Latin", we refer to the Latin ... from the time of the early Italian humanist Petrarch (1304–1374) up to the present day" <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Waquet, Francoise The Republic of Letters, in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 66–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonhardt2009">Leonhardt 2009</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCelenza2006">Celenza 2006</a>, pp. 1–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009191707/http://www.mml.cam.ac.uk/neo-latin">"What is Neo-Latin?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mml.cam.ac.uk/neo-latin">the original</a> on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Neo-Latin%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mml.cam.ac.uk%2Fneo-latin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Black, Robert School <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 223–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> See Sidwell, Keith Classical Latin – Medieval Latin – Neo Latin; and Black, Robert School in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 13–26 and pp. 217–231 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Harris, Jason Catholicism in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 313–328 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Sidwell, Keith Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 13–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-Waquet_2001_124–127-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waquet_2001_124–127_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waquet_2001_124–127_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 124–127 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Haskell, Yasmin Neo-Latin Poets and their Pagan Familiars, p. 19 in <a href="#CITEREFMoul2017"> & Moul 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonhardt2009">Leonhardt 2009</a>, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTunberg2012">Tunberg 2012</a>, pp. 91–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemo2022">Demo 2022</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofmann2017">Hofmann 2017</a>, p. 521 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Ström, Annika and Zeeberg, Peter Scandinavia, in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 493–508 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Neagu, Cristina East-Central Europe, in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 509–524 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonhardt2009264-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonhardt2009264_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonhardt2009">Leonhardt 2009</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Cottier, Jean-Francois, Westra, Haijo and Gallucci, John North America, in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 541–556 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Laird, Andrew, Colonial Spanish America and Brazil in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 525–540 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Golvers, Noël, Asia in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 557–573 </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight_2015_224-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2015_224_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_2015_224_33-1">b</a> Black, Robert School in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Sidwell, Keith Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 16–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Latin Studies in <a href="#CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004">Bergin, Law & Speake 2004</a>, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Criticism, textual in <a href="#CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004">Bergin, Law & Speake 2004</a>, p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Taylor, Andrew, Biblical Humanism, and Sacré, Dirk The Low Countries, esp pp. 477–479, in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 295–312 and 477–489 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-2">c</a> Neo-Latin literature, in <a href="#CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004">Bergin, Law & Speake 2004</a>, pp. 338–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Sacré, Dirk The Low Countries, esp pp. 477–479, in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 477–489 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeneire2014">Deneire 2014</a>, pp. 1–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonhardt2009">Leonhardt 2009</a>, pp. 224–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonhardt2009">Leonhardt 2009</a>, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> See Introduction, <a href="#CITEREFDeneire2014">Deneire 2014</a>, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Black, Robert School, pp. 228–9 in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaquet200181–82-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaquet200181–82_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonhardt2009">Leonhardt 2009</a>, pp. 223 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonhardt2009">Leonhardt 2009</a>, pp. 222–224 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 227 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Black, Robert School in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 222–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Black, Robert School in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 228–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Backus, Irena in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 336–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Black, Robert School in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 228–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaquet20017–40-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaquet20017–40_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaquet20017–40_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 7–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonhardt2009234–236-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeonhardt2009234–236_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeonhardt2009">Leonhardt 2009</a>, pp. 234–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Knight, Sarah University, p. 236, in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordTaylor20137–18-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordTaylor20137–18_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordTaylor2013">Ford & Taylor 2013</a>, pp. 7–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaquet200191-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaquet200191_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> See chapters on the Low Countries, Scandinavia and East-Central Europe in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Backus, Irena, Protestantism p. 342 in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Guiglioni, Giudo, Philosophy p. 254-56 in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Harris, Jason, Catholicism p. 314-17 in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Waquet, Francois, The Republic of Letters, p. 68, in <a href="#CITEREFMoul2017">Moul 2017</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1878">Adams 1878</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612041548/https://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Latin1560/BCP_Latin1560.htm">"Liber Precum Publicarum, The Book of Common Prayer in Latin (1560). Society of Archbishop Justus, resources, Book of Common Prayer, Latin, 1560. Retrieved 22 May 2012"</a>. Justus.anglican.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Latin1560/BCP_Latin1560.htm">the original</a> on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liber+Precum+Publicarum%2C+The+Book+of+Common+Prayer+in+Latin+%281560%29.+Society+of+Archbishop+Justus%2C+resources%2C+Book+of+Common+Prayer%2C+Latin%2C+1560.+Retrieved+22+May+2012&rft.pub=Justus.anglican.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjustus.anglican.org%2Fresources%2Fbcp%2FLatin1560%2FBCP_Latin1560.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Deniere, Tom, Neo-Latin literature and the Vernacular in <a href="#CITEREFMoul2017">Moul 2017</a>, pp. 35–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Thomas, Deneire Neo-Latin and Vernacular Poetics of Self-Fashioning in Dutch Occasional Poetry (1635–1640) in <a href="#CITEREFDeneire2014">Deneire 2014</a>, pp. 33–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 27–216 See section one covering these and other genres </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Papy, Jan, Leters in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 167–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoul2017">Moul 2017</a>, pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2016xii–xiii-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2016xii–xiii_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiley2016">Riley 2016</a>, pp. xii–xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Riley, Mark, Fiction in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 183–198 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> See Haskell, Yasmin, Conjuring with the Classics: Neo Latin Poets and their familiars, pp. 17–19 for an overview of these points and some arguments for and against originality in <a href="#CITEREFMoul2017">Moul 2017</a>, pp. 17–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tunberg" title="Terence Tunberg">Tunberg, Terence</a>, in <a href="#CITEREFMoul2017">Moul 2017</a>, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tunberg" title="Terence Tunberg">Tunberg, Terence</a>, Approaching Neo-Latin Prose as Literature in <a href="#CITEREFMoul2017">Moul 2017</a>, pp. 237–254 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Baker, Patrick, Historiography in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Sidwell, Keith Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a>, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelander2001">Helander 2001</a>, pp. 29–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelander2001">Helander 2001</a>, p. 33 See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abductor" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:abductor">Abductor: Wiktionary)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelander2001">Helander 2001</a>, p. 33 See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fulminatrix" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Fulminatrix">Fulminatrix: Wiktionary)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelander2001">Helander 2001</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHelander2001">Helander 2001</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 160–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence, Yale University Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300060785" title="Special:BookSources/0300060785">0300060785</a>, Google Print, p.48 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Kevin O'Connor, Culture And Customs of the Baltic States, Greenwood Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33125-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33125-1">0-313-33125-1</a>, Google Print, p.115 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Karin Friedrich et al., The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772, Cambridge University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521583357" title="Special:BookSources/0521583357">0521583357</a>, Google Print, p.88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedrich-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich_88-0">^</a> Karin Friedrich et al., The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772, Cambridge University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521583357" title="Special:BookSources/0521583357">0521583357</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsBco40rMPcC&dq=Latin+language+szlachta&pg=PA88">Google Print, p. 88</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915150106/https://books.google.com/books?id=qsBco40rMPcC&pg=PA88&dq=Latin+language+szlachta&as_brr=3&ei=J44rR5_XFZXC7AK4xeGVBQ&sig=3ecP0DjPuCLnTaEdVI76Ck8xSE8">Archived</a> 15 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 97–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstler2009">Ostler 2009</a>, pp. 295–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 207–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 174–176 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 24–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 9–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 11–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 25–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-Waquet_2001_83–84-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waquet_2001_83–84_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waquet_2001_83–84_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 83–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Sacré, Dirk; "Neo-Latin: the Twilight years"; in: <a href="#CITEREFFordBloemendalFantazzi2014">Ford, Bloemendal & Fantazzi 2014</a>, p. 884 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 97–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 98–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Sacré, Dirk; "Neo-Latin: the Twilight years"; in: <a href="#CITEREFFordBloemendalFantazzi2014">Ford, Bloemendal & Fantazzi 2014</a>, pp. 894–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 26–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 207–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Sacré, Dirk p485, in <a href="#CITEREFKnightTilg2015">Knight & Tilg 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaquet2001">Waquet 2001</a>, pp. 243–254 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1879" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Michael Montgomery (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threepronunciati0000fish">The Three Pronunciations of Latin</a>. Boston: New England Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threepronunciati0000fish/page/10">10</a>–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Pronunciations+of+Latin&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=New+England+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreepronunciati0000fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The term "New Latin" can be found in scientific lexicons, for instance <a href="#CITEREFBrown1954">Brown 1954</a>, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> In the case of English, about 60% of the lexicon can trace its origin to Latin, thus many English speakers can recognize Neo-Latin terms with relative ease as cognates are quite common. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Particular academic studies may however refer to subsets of the time period. See <a href="#CITEREFKnight2016">Knight 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> "Who only knows Latin can go across the whole Poland from one side to the other one just like he was at his own home, just like he was born there. So great happiness! I wish a traveler in England could travel without knowing any other language than Latin!" Daniel Defoe, 1728 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> "Before I conclude the reign of George the First, one remarkable fact must not be omitted: As the king could not readily speak English, nor Sir Robert Walpole French, the minister was obliged to deliver his sentiments in Latin; and as neither could converse in that language with readiness and propriety, Walpole was frequently heard to say, that during the reign of the first George, he governed the kingdom by means of bad Latin." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxe1800" class="citation book cs1">Coxe, William (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVu2kU9VQJwC&pg=PA465">Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford</a>. London: Cadell and Davies. p. 465. Retrieved 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+and+Administration+of+Sir+Robert+Walpole%2C+Earl+of+Orford&rft.place=London&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Cadell+and+Davies&rft.date=1800&rft.aulast=Coxe&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVu2kU9VQJwC%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> "It was perhaps still more remarkable, and an instance unparalleled, that Sir Robert governed George the First in Latin, the King not speaking English, and his minister no German, nor even French. It was much talked of that Sir Robert, detecting one of the Hanoverian ministers in some trick or falsehood before the King's face, had the firmness to say to the German Mentiris impudissime!" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalpole1842" class="citation book cs1">Walpole, Horace (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettershoracewa03walpgoog">The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford</a>. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettershoracewa03walpgoog/page/n76">70</a>. Retrieved 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Horace+Walpole%2C+Earl+of+Orford&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Lea+and+Blanchard&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettershoracewa03walpgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> This requirement is found under canon 249 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PW.HTM">"1983 Code of Canon Law"</a>. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508022209/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PW.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1983+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F__PW.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Neo-Latin <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Neo-Latin&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Neo-Latin">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Neo-Latin&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Latin">History of Latin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: History of Latin">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstler2009" class="citation book cs1">Ostler, Nicholas (2009). Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin. HarperPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007343065" title="Special:BookSources/9780007343065"><bdi>9780007343065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ad+Infinitum%3A+A+Biography+of+Latin&rft.pub=HarperPress&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780007343065&rft.aulast=Ostler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Churchill, Laurie J., Phyllis R. Brown, and Jane E. Jeffrey, eds. 2002. Women Writing in Latin: From Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Europe. Vol. 3, Early Modern Women Writing Latin. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTore2007" class="citation book cs1">Tore, Janson (2007). A Natural History of Latin. Translated by Merethe Damsgaard Sorensen; Nigel Vincent. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Latin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Tore&rft.aufirst=Janson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2009" class="citation book cs1">Leonhardt, Jürgen (2009). Latin: story of a World Language. Translated by Kenneth Kronenberg. Harvard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674659964" title="Special:BookSources/9780674659964"><bdi>9780674659964</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL35499574M">35499574M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin%3A+story+of+a+World+Language&rft.pub=Harvard&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL35499574M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780674659964&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Latin_overviews">Neo-Latin overviews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Neo-Latin overviews">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2011" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, David (2011). "Neo-Latin". In Clackson, James (ed.). A Blackwell Companion to the Latin Language. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 303–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neo-Latin&rft.btitle=A+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+Latin+Language&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=303-18&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_IJsewijn" title="Jozef IJsewijn">IJsewijn, Jozef</a> with Dirk Sacré. Companion to Neo-Latin Studies. Two vols. Leuven University Press, 1990–1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2016" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Sarah (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199846719/obo-9780199846719-0009.xml">"Neo-Latin Literature"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199846719-0009">10.1093/OBO/9780199846719-0009</a>. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Neo-Latin+Literature&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199846719-0009&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199846719%2Fobo-9780199846719-0009.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightTilg2015" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Sarah; Tilg, Stefan, eds. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190886998" title="Special:BookSources/9780190886998"><bdi>9780190886998</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28648475M">28648475M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Neo-Latin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28648475M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780190886998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordBloemendalFantazzi2014" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Philip; Bloemendal, Jan; Fantazzi, Charles, eds. (2014). Brill's Encyclopaedia of the Neo-Latin World. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004265721" title="Special:BookSources/9789004265721"><bdi>9789004265721</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL23334768W">23334768W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Neo-Latin+World&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL23334768W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9789004265721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoul2017" class="citation book cs1">Moul, Victoria, ed. (2017). A Guide to Neo-Latin Literature. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108820066" title="Special:BookSources/9781108820066"><bdi>9781108820066</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL29875053M">29875053M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Neo-Latin+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL29875053M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781108820066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaquet2001" class="citation book cs1">Waquet, Françoise (2001). Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. Translated by John Howe. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859844022" title="Special:BookSources/1859844022"><bdi>1859844022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin%2C+or+the+Empire+of+a+Sign%3A+From+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1859844022&rft.aulast=Waquet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Latin_readers">Neo-Latin readers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Neo-Latin readers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2016" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Mark (2016). The Neo-Latin Reader. Sophron Editor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780989783682" title="Special:BookSources/9780989783682"><bdi>9780989783682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neo-Latin+Reader&rft.pub=Sophron+Editor&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780989783682&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Latin_studies">Neo-Latin studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Neo-Latin studies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Demo, Šime (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/407237">"A paradox of the linguistic research of Neo–Latin. Symptoms and causes"</a>. Suvremena Lingvistika. 48 (93). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22210%2Fsuvlin.2022.093.01">10.22210/suvlin.2022.093.01</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413191751/https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/407237">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Suvremena+Lingvistika&rft.atitle=A+paradox+of+the+linguistic+research+of+Neo%E2%80%93Latin.+Symptoms+and+causes&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=93&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22210%2Fsuvlin.2022.093.01&rft.aulast=Demo&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0ime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F407237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>De Smet, Ingrid A. R. 1999. "Not for Classicists? The State of Neo-Latin Studies". Journal of Roman Studies 89: 205–9.</li> <li>Ford, Philip. 2000. "Twenty-Five Years of Neo-Latin Studies". Neulateinisches Jahrbuch 2: 293–301.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelander2001" class="citation journal cs1">Helander, Hans (2001). "Neo-Latin Studies: Significance and Prospects". Symbolae Osloenses. 76 (1): 5–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F003976701753387950">10.1080/003976701753387950</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161755340">161755340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symbolae+Osloenses&rft.atitle=Neo-Latin+Studies%3A+Significance+and+Prospects&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-102&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F003976701753387950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161755340%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Helander&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hofmann, Heinz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26871662">"Some considerations on the theoretical status of Neo-Latin studies"</a>. Humanistica Lovaniensia. 66: 513–526. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26871662">26871662</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414094244/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26871662">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanistica+Lovaniensia&rft.atitle=Some+considerations+on+the+theoretical+status+of+Neo-Latin+studies&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=513-526&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26871662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26871662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>van Hal, Toon. 2007. "Towards Meta-neo-Latin Studies? Impetus to Debate on the Field of Neo-Latin Studies and its Methodology". Humanistica Lovaniensia 56:349–365.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Latin_specifics">Neo-Latin specifics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Neo-Latin specifics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bloemendal, Jan, and Howard B. Norland, eds. 2013. Neo-Latin Drama and Theatre in Early Modern Europe. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</li> <li>Burnett, Charles, and Nicholas Mann, eds. 2005. Britannia Latina: Latin in the Culture of Great Britain from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century. Warburg Institute Colloquia 8. London: Warburg Institute.</li> <li>Coroleu, Alejandro. 2010. "Printing and Reading Italian Neo-Latin Bucolic Poetry in Early Modern Europe". Grazer Beitrage 27: 53–69.</li> <li>de Beer, Susanna, K. A. E. Enenkel, and David Rijser. 2009. The Neo-Latin Epigram: A Learned and Witty Genre. Supplementa Lovaniensia 25. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven Univ. Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeneire2014" class="citation book cs1">Deneire, Thomas, ed. (2014). Dynamics of Neo-Latin and the Vernacular: Language and Poetics, Translation and Transfer. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004269071" title="Special:BookSources/9789004269071"><bdi>9789004269071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Neo-Latin+and+the+Vernacular%3A+Language+and+Poetics%2C+Translation+and+Transfer&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004269071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Godman, Peter, and Oswyn Murray, eds. 1990. Latin Poetry and the Classical Tradition: Essays in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Oxford: Clarendon.</li> <li>Haskell, Yasmin, and Juanita Feros Ruys, eds. 2010. Latin and Alterity in the Early Modern Period. Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 30. Tempe: Arizona Univ. Press</li> <li>Miller, John F. 2003. "Ovid's Fasti and the Neo-Latin Christian Calendar Poem". International Journal of Classical Tradition 10.2:173–186.</li> <li>Tournoy, Gilbert, and Terence O. Tunberg. 1996. "On the Margins of Latinity? Neo-Latin and the Vernacular Languages". Humanistica Lovaniensia 45:134–175.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunberg2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Tunberg" title="Terence Tunberg">Tunberg, Terence</a> (2012). "De rationibus quibus homines docti artem Latine colloquendi et ex tempore dicendi saeculis XVI et XVII coluerunt". Supplementa Humanistica Lovaniensia. 31. Leuven: Leuven University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058679161" title="Special:BookSources/9789058679161"><bdi>9789058679161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supplementa+Humanistica+Lovaniensia&rft.atitle=De+rationibus+quibus+homines+docti+artem+Latine+colloquendi+et+ex+tempore+dicendi+saeculis+XVI+et+XVII+coluerunt&rft.volume=31&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789058679161&rft.aulast=Tunberg&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunberg2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Tunberg" title="Terence Tunberg">Tunberg, Terence</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS2058631020000446">"Spoken Latin in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance Revisited"</a>. Journal of Classics Teaching. 21 (42): 66–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS2058631020000446">10.1017/S2058631020000446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Classics+Teaching&rft.atitle=Spoken+Latin+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages+and+Renaissance+Revisited&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=66-71&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS2058631020000446&rft.aulast=Tunberg&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS2058631020000446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunberg2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Tunberg" title="Terence Tunberg">Tunberg, Terence</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43938928">"Observations on pronunciation of Latin during the Renaissance"</a>. The Classical Outlook. 82 (2): 68–71. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43938928">43938928</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703192355/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43938928">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Outlook&rft.atitle=Observations+on+pronunciation+of+Latin+during+the+Renaissance&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=68-71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43938928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tunberg&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43938928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_general_sources">Other general sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other general sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerginLawSpeake2004" class="citation book cs1">Bergin, Thomas G; Law, Jonathan; Speake, Jennifer, eds. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and Reformation. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816054517" title="Special:BookSources/0816054517"><bdi>0816054517</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3681138M">3681138M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Renaissance+and+Reformation&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3681138M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0816054517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Black, Robert. 2007. Humanism and Education in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelenza2006" class="citation book cs1">Celenza, Christopher S (2006). The lost Italian Renaissance humanists, historians & Latin's legacy. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801883842" title="Special:BookSources/9780801883842"><bdi>9780801883842</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7871452M">7871452M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lost+Italian+Renaissance+humanists%2C+historians+%26+Latin%27s+legacy&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7871452M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780801883842&rft.aulast=Celenza&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaCourse_MunteanuMartirosova_TorloneDutsch2017" class="citation book cs1">LaCourse Munteanu, Dana; Martirosova Torlone, Zara; Dutsch, Dorota, eds. (2017). A Handbook to Classical Reception in Eastern and Central Europe. Wiley-Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+to+Classical+Reception+in+Eastern+and+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLvovichKellman2021" class="citation book cs1">Lvovich, Natasha; Kellman, Steven G, eds. (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000441512" title="Special:BookSources/9781000441512"><bdi>9781000441512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Literary+Translingualism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000441512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Philip; Taylor, Andrew, eds. (2013). The Early Modern Cultures of Neo-Latin Drama. Leuven University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Modern+Cultures+of+Neo-Latin+Drama&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittonGibson2023" class="citation book cs1">Whitton, Christopher; Gibson, Roy, eds. (2023). The Cambridge Critical Guide to Latin Literature. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108421089" title="Special:BookSources/9781108421089"><bdi>9781108421089</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL46572274M">46572274M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Critical+Guide+to+Latin+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL46572274M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781108421089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Sources">Other Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cadwallader_Adams" title="Henry Cadwallader Adams">Adams, Henry C</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wykehamicahistor00adamuoft">Wykehamica: A History of Winchester College</a>. Oxford, London and Winchester: James Parker. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7595302W">7595302W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wykehamica%3A+A+History+of+Winchester+College&rft.place=Oxford%2C+London+and+Winchester&rft.pub=James+Parker&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL7595302W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Henry+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwykehamicahistor00adamuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_W._Brown" title="Roland W. Brown">Brown, R. W.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compositionofsci00brow/page/6/mode/1up?view=theater">Composition of Scientific Words: A Manual of Methods and a Lexicon of Materials for the Practice of Logotechnics</a>. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Composition+of+Scientific+Words%3A+A+Manual+of+Methods+and+a+Lexicon+of+Materials+for+the+Practice+of+Logotechnics&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompositionofsci00brow%2Fpage%2F6%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/neo-latin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/neo-latin">neo-latin</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography/index.htm">An Analytic Bibliography of On-line Neo-Latin Titles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122050457/http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography/index.htm">Archived</a> 22 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — Bibliography of Renaissance Latin and Neo-Latin literature on the web.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124192702/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/itatti/neolatin_lit.html">A Lost Continent of Literature: The rise and fall of Neo-Latin, the universal language of the Renaissance.</a> — An essay on Neo-Latin literature by James Hankins from the <a href="/wiki/I_Tatti_Renaissance_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="I Tatti Renaissance Library">I Tatti Renaissance Library</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahtdocs/camena_e.html">CAMENA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020095118/https://www2.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahtdocs/camena_e.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Latin Texts of Early Modern Europe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uib.no/neolatin/">Database of Nordic Neo-Latin Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140117082917/http://www.uib.no/neolatin/">Archived</a> 17 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch/Latijn/Heinsius.html">Heinsius collection: Dutch Neo-Latin poetry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323174041/http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch/Latijn/Heinsius.html">Archived</a> 23 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/a_chron.html#latnov">Latinitas Nova</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823113523/http://www.fh-augsburg.de/%7Eharsch/a_chron.html#latnov">Archived</a> 23 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Bibliotheca Augustana</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hofmanni, Joh. Jac. (2009) [1698]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525214748/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann.html">Lexicon Universale</a> (in German and Latin). Corpus Automatum Multiplex Electorum Neolatinitatis Auctorum (CAMENA), University of Mannheim. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann.html">the original</a> on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+Universale&rft.pub=Corpus+Automatum+Multiplex+Electorum+Neolatinitatis+Auctorum+%28CAMENA%29%2C+University+of+Mannheim&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hofmanni&rft.aufirst=Joh.+Jac.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-mannheim.de%2Fmateo%2Fcamenaref%2Fhofmann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/neo.html">"Neo-Latin"</a> (in Latin). The Latin Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705151542/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/neo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neo-Latin&rft.pub=The+Latin+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fneo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Patzdasch, Bernd (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pantoia.de/pantoia.html">"PANTOIA: Unterhaltsame Literatur und Dichtung in lateinischer und griechischer Übersetzung"</a> (in German). Pantoia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313054601/http://www.pantoia.de/pantoia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PANTOIA%3A+Unterhaltsame+Literatur+und+Dichtung+in+lateinischer+und+griechischer+%C3%9Cbersetzung&rft.pub=Pantoia&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Patzdasch&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pantoia.de%2Fpantoia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/sph/">"Seminarium Philologiae Humanisticae"</a>. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723201639/http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/sph/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seminarium+Philologiae+Humanisticae&rft.pub=Katholieke+Universiteit+Leuven&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.kuleuven.be%2Fsph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/ren/snls/">"Society for Neo-Latin Studies"</a>. University of Warwick. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002112459/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/ren/snls">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+for+Neo-Latin+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Warwick&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.warwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Farts%2Fren%2Fsnls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianls.com/">"International Association for Neo-Latin Studies"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004202759/http://www.ianls.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Association+for+Neo-Latin+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianls.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Latin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ages_of_Latin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_periods" title="Template:Latin periods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_periods" title="Template talk:Latin periods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_periods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin periods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ages_of_Latin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ages of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> until 75 BC <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> 75 BC – 200 AD <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> 200–700 <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> 700–1500 <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> 1300–1500 <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> 1300–present <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neo-Latin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> 1900–present <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History of Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin_studies" title="Neo-Latin studies">Neo-Latin studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Latin" title="Hiberno-Latin">Hiberno-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&oldid=1258945255">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-Latin&oldid=1258945255</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Latin" title="Category:Forms of Latin">Forms of Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin-language_literature" title="Category:Latin-language literature">Latin-language literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Latin" title="Category:Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_literature" title="Category:History of literature">History of 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