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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_895"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Before 895 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_895-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_(895–1526)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_(895–1526)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages (895–1526) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_(895–1526)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_of_Árpádian_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Árpádian_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Age of Árpádian kings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Árpádian_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_elected_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_elected_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Age of elected kings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_elected_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_wars_(1526–1699)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_wars_(1526–1699)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ottoman wars (1526–1699) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_wars_(1526–1699)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_18th_century_to_World_War_I_(1699–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_18th_century_to_World_War_I_(1699–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_18th_century_to_World_War_I_(1699–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_World_Wars_(1918–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_World_Wars_(1918–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Between the World Wars (1918–1941) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_World_Wars_(1918–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 World War II (1941–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism_(1945–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism_(1945–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Communism (1945–1989) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism_(1945–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Republic_(1989–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Republic_(1989–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Third Republic (1989–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Republic_(1989–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_judicial_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_judicial_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Law and judicial system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_judicial_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cities and towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hungary</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 279 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-279" aria-hidden="true" > 279 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaria" title="Hongaria – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hongaria" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Мэжарей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мэжарей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хунгарие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хунгарие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hongarye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%80%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%AA" title="ሀንጋሪ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሀንጋሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%8Bgar" title="Uŋgar – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Uŋgar" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हंगरी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हंगरी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungerland" title="Ungerland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ungerland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Венгриа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Венгриа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="المجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongr%C3%ADa" title="Hongría – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hongría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%93%DC%AA" title="ܡܓܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܓܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հունգարիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հունգարիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung%C3%A3rii" title="Ungãrii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ungãrii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongries" title="Hongries – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hongries" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Hungría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hungría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हंगरी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हंगरी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungyria" title="Hungyria – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hungyria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мажар – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мажар" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunkariya" title="Hunkariya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hunkariya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar%C4%B1stan" title="Macarıstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Macarıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماجاریستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماجاریستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="হাঙ্গেরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাঙ্গেরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4ng-g%C3%A2-l%C4%AB" title="Hông-gâ-lī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hông-gâ-lī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaria" title="Hongaria – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Hongaria" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венгрия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Венгрия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Венгрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венгрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вугоршчына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугоршчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हंगरी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हंगरी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungriya" title="Hungriya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hungriya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangari" title="Hangari – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Hangari" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Унгария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унгария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧུང་གྷ་རི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧུང་གྷ་རི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91arska" title="Mađarska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mađarska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Унгар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Унгар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongria" title="Hongria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hongria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хункăри – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хункăри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unggriya" title="Unggriya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Unggriya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsko" title="Maďarsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maďarsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunggria" title="Hunggria – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Hunggria" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Hungría – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Hungría" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungariya" title="Hungariya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hungariya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungheria" title="Ungheria – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ungheria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwngari" title="Hwngari – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hwngari" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هنݣاريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هنݣاريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung%C3%A1ra" title="Ungára – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ungára" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AD%DE%83%DE%A9" title="ހަންގޭރީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހަންގޭރީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeed%C3%ADch%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Azeedíchʼííʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Azeedíchʼííʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungorska" title="Hungorska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hungorska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हंगेरी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हंगेरी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungari" title="Ungari – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ungari" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ουγγαρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουγγαρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungher%C3%AE" title="Ungherî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ungherî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мадьяронь Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мадьяронь Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Hungría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hungría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungario" title="Hungario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hungario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungria" title="Ungria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ungria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مجارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongrie" title="Hongrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongarije" title="Hongarije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hongarije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunngariya" title="Hunngariya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Hunngariya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongjarie" title="Ongjarie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ongjarie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ung%C3%A1ir" title="An Ungáir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ungáir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ungaar" title="Yn Ungaar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ungaar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungariya" title="Ungariya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ungariya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ungair" title="An Ungair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ungair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Hungría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hungría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Маджарче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Маджарче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar%C4%A9" title="Hangarĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Hangarĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="હંગેરી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હંગેરી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हंगेरी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हंगेरी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%BBng-ng%C3%A0-li" title="Hiûng-ngà-li – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hiûng-ngà-li" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC" title="헝가리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헝가리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungariya" title="Hungariya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hungariya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunakalia" title="Hunakalia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hunakalia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հունգարիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունգարիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हंगरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हंगरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%BAarska" title="Madźarska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Madźarska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91arska" title="Mađarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mađarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="হাঙ্গেরী – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হাঙ্গেরী" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiaruusaaq" title="Makiaruusaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Makiaruusaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Венгри – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Венгри" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHungariya" title="IHungariya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IHungariya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungverjaland" title="Ungverjaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ungverjaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungheria" title="Ungheria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ungheria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="הונגריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הונגריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honggari" title="Honggari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Honggari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%94%C5%8Birii" title="Hɔŋirii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɔŋirii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹಂಗರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಂಗರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unggr%C3%ADa" title="Unggría – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Unggría" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Маджар – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Маджар" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="უნგრეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნგრეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%BCarsk%C3%B4" title="Madżarskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Madżarskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мажарстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мажарстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungari" title="Hungari – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hungari" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongiriya" title="Hongiriya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Hongiriya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%83" title="Маддяр Му – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Маддяр Му" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongrie" title="Hongrie – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyara" title="Magyara – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Magyara" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongri" title="Ongri – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ongri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongri" title="Ongri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ongri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecaristan" title="Mecaristan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mecaristan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мажарстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мажарстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Венгри – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Венгри" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungaria" title="Ungaria – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madjaristan" title="Madjaristan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Madjaristan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດຮົງກາລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຮົງກາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengreja" title="Vengreja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vengreja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung%C4%81rija" title="Ungārija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ungārija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венгрия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Венгрия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengrija" title="Vengrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vengrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungher%C3%AEa" title="Ungherîa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ungherîa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongarie%C3%AB" title="Hongarieë – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hongarieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungri" title="Ungri – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ungri" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiar" title="Magiar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Magiar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengrii" title="Vengrii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vengrii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/madjiar" title="madjiar – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="madjiar" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cngheria" title="Üngheria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Üngheria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g" title="Magyarország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magyarország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaria" title="Hongaria – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Hongaria" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Унгарија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Унгарија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4ngria" title="Hôngria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hôngria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹംഗറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹംഗറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungerija" title="Ungerija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ungerija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanekeria" title="Hanekeria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hanekeria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हंगेरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हंगेरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="უნგრეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უნგრეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="المجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مجارستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مجارستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯍꯪꯒꯦꯔꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯪꯒꯦꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-ng%C3%A0-l%C3%A9" title="Hṳ̆ng-ngà-lé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hṳ̆ng-ngà-lé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungrie" title="Hungrie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Hungrie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мадярмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мадярмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Унгар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Унгар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဟန်ဂေရီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟန်ဂေရီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongarije" title="Hongarije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hongarije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaarnlaand" title="Hongaarnlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hongaarnlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हङ्गेरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हङ्गेरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हङ्गेरी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हङ्गेरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ハンガリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンガリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungaria" title="Ungaria – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Мажаройчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мажаройчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn/fe" title="Ungarn/fe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ungarn/fe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungrii" title="Hungrii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hungrii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongrie" title="Hongrie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongria" title="Ongria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ongria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Венгрий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Венгрий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangaarii" title="Hangaarii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hangaarii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengriya" title="Vengriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vengriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਹੰਗਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੰਗਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हंगरी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हंगरी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ہنگری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہنگری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဟန်ဂေရီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟန်ဂေရီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungria" title="Hungria – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hungria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="هنګري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هنګري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onggari" title="Onggari – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Onggari" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Мадьярму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мадьярму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="ហុងគ្រី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហុងគ្រី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongrie" title="Hongrie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungher%C3%ACa" title="Ungherìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ungherìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangari" title="Hangari – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Hangari" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gry" title="Węgry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ουγγαρία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ουγγαρία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungria" title="Hungria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hungria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengriya" title="Vengriya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vengriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaristan" title="Macaristan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Macaristan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungaria" title="Ungaria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungariya" title="Ungariya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Ungariya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungaria" title="Ungaria – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ungaria" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unriya" title="Unriya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Unriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мадярьско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мадярьско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венгрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венгрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Биэнгирийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биэнгирийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanikeri" title="Hanikeri – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Hanikeri" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हङ्गरी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हङ्गरी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ہنگری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہنگری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungheria" title="Ungheria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ungheria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unghir%C3%ACa" title="Unghirìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Unghirìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="හන්ගේරියානු සමුහාණ්ඩුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හන්ගේරියානු සමුහාණ්ඩුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="هنگري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هنگري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHangareyi" title="IHangareyi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IHangareyi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsko" title="Maďarsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maďarsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%BEarska" title="Madžarska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madžarska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%AA%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ѫгри – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѫгри" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%BAary" title="Madźary – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Madźary" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungariya" title="Hungariya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hungariya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مەجارستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەجارستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogarnikondre" title="Ogarnikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ogarnikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мађарска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мађарска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91arska" title="Mađarska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mađarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkari" title="Unkari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unkari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungern" title="Ungern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ungern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unggriya" title="Unggriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unggriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="அங்கேரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்கேரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarya" title="Hungarya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Hungarya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C7%A7ar" title="Maǧar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Maǧar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungherie" title="Ungherie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Ungherie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маҗарстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маҗарстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းႁၢင်ႇၵေႇရီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းႁၢင်ႇၵေႇရီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="హంగరి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హంగరి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungria" title="Ungria – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Ungria" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศฮังการี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศฮังการี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Маҷористон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маҷористон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungakalia" title="Hungakalia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Hungakalia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B2%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎲᏂᎦᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎲᏂᎦᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaristan" title="Macaristan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Macaristan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wengri%C3%BDa" title="Wengriýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wengriýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honggi%CC%B1ri" title="Honggi̱ri – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Honggi̱ri" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Венгрия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Венгрия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Угорщина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Угорщина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مجارستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مجارستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ۋېنگرىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېنگرىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunghyazleih" title="Yunghyazleih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yunghyazleih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongar%C3%ACa" title="Ongarìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ongarìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%27jaranma" title="Mad'jaranma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mad'jaranma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar%C3%A4n" title="Macarän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Macarän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungari" title="Ungari – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ungari" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongreye" title="Hongreye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hongreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="匈牙利" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongareye" title="Hongareye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hongareye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarya" title="Hungarya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hungarya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongiri" title="Ongiri – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ongiri" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="匈牙利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Hungary" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="אונגארן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אונגארן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAng%C3%A1r%C3%AC" title="Húngárì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Húngárì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="匈牙利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar%C4%B1stan" title="Macarıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Macarıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honharije" title="Honharije – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Honharije" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingr%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vingrėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vingrėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="匈牙利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cn%CC%84gari" title="Ọn̄gari – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ọn̄gari" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honggari" title="Honggari – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Honggari" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungari" title="Hungari – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Hungari" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Daryston" title="Mačaryston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mačaryston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li 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(September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hungary</div><div class="ib-country-names">Magyarország (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hungary"><img alt="Flag of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hungary"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2130" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Himnusz" title="Himnusz">Himnusz</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (English: "Hymn") <div style="display:inline-block;padding-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="Hungarian_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_(1997_arrangement).mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Hungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3/Hungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Hungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Hungary (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]"><img alt="Location of Hungary (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/EU-Hungary.svg/250px-EU-Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/EU-Hungary.svg/375px-EU-Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/EU-Hungary.svg/500px-EU-Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Hungary (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Hungary.svg" title="File:EU-Hungary.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hungary&params=47_26_N_19_15_E_type:city">47°26′N 19°15′E / 47.433°N 19.250°E / 47.433; 19.250</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a><a href="#cite_note-Flaw-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022 census)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>87.9% <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li><li>2.2% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Roma</a></li><li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">Germans</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">others</a></li><li>7.3% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022 census)<a href="#cite_note-Census2022-religion-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>42.5% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>29.2% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Catholicism</a></li> <li>9.8% <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li>3.5% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">16.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">others</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">40.1% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Tamás Sulyok</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_K%C3%B6v%C3%A9r" title="László Kövér">László Kövér</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">862–895<a href="#cite_note-Tortenelem_5-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">895<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Christian Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1000<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull of 1222</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 April 1222</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1526</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1686)" title="Siege of Buda (1686)">Liberation of Buda</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1686</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1867</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 October 1989</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">93,030<a href="#cite_note-factbook-7">[7]</a> km2 (35,920 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">108th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.7<a href="#cite_note-factbook-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• January 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,584,627<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">95th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,603,634<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">103/km2 (266.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $448.456 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HU-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">53rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $46,807<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HU-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">43rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $228.806 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HU-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">57th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $23,881<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HU-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 29.0<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.851<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-12">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">47th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">HUF</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">yyyy. mm. dd.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Hungary" title="Telephone numbers in Hungary">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Hungary" title="Telephone numbers in Hungary">+36</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HU" title="ISO 3166-2:HU">HU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.hu" title=".hu">.hu</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_aaa">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_aaa">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hungary<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flaw-2">[2]</a> Spanning 93,030 square kilometres (35,920 sq mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>, it is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> to the east and southeast, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> to the west. Hungary has a population of 9.5 million, mostly ethnic <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> and a significant <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Romani minority</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">official language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> is the country's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">largest city</a>. Prior to the foundation of the Hungarian state, various peoples settled in the territory of present-day Hungary, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> was established in the late 9th century by <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lmos" title="Álmos">Álmos</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acta_orientalia_Academiae_Scientiarum_Hungaricae-15">[14]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a> ascended the throne in 1000, converting his realm to a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Christian kingdom</a>. The medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> was a European power, reaching <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">its height in the 14th–15th centuries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> After a long period of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman wars</a>, Hungary's forces were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> and its capital was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1541)" title="Siege of Buda (1541)">captured</a> in 1541, opening roughly a 150 years long period when the country was divided into three parts: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a>, loyal to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>; and the largely independent <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>. The reunited Hungary came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century, fighting a <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">war of independence</a> in 1703–1711, and a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">war of independence</a> in 1848–1849 until a <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">compromise</a> allowed the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a> in 1867, a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">major power</a> into the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[16]</a> Austria-Hungary collapsed after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> in 1920 established Hungary's current borders, resulting in the loss of 71% of its historical territory, 58% of its population, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">32% of its ethnic Hungarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">interwar period</a>, after initial turmoil, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> ascended as a determining politician, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">representing the monarchy as regent</a> in place of the Habsburgs. Hungary joined the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, suffering significant damage and casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_pg._11-22">[21]</a> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a> was established as a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Following the failed <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 revolution</a>, Hungary became <a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">comparatively freer</a>, but still remained a repressed member of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. In 1989, concurrently with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, Hungary peacefully transitioned into a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2004 and being part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> since 2007. Since the election of <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> in 2010, Hungary has undergone <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> becoming an <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>. Hungary is a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">universal health care</a> and tuition-free <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">secondary education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-europa-25">[24]</a> Hungary has a long history of significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">science and technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannic_.=-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">popular</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">tourist destination</a> in Europe, drawing 24.5 million international tourists in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> It is a member of numerous international organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Hungary" title="Name of Hungary">Name of Hungary</a></div> The "H" in the name of Hungary is most likely derived from historical associations with the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, who had settled Hungary prior to the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The rest of the word comes from the Latinised form of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> Oungroi (Οὔγγροι). The Greek name might be borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Slavonic</a> ągrinŭ, in turn borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghur-Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogur</a> ('ten [tribes of the] Ogurs').<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogur</a> was the collective name for the tribes who later joined the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars.<a href="#cite_note-Király-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Peter B. Golden</a> also considers the suggestion of Árpád Berta that the name derives from <a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar Turkic</a> ongar (oŋ "right", oŋar- "to make something better, to put (it) right", oŋgar-  "to make something better, to put (it) right", oŋaru "towards the right") "right wing". This points to the idea that the Magyar Union before the Conquest formed the "right wing" (= western wing) of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a> military forces.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> is Magyarország, composed of magyar ('Hungarian') and ország ('country'). The name "Magyar", which refers to the people of the country, more accurately reflects the name of the country in some other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and other languages as Magyaristan or Land of Magyars or similar. The word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The first element magy is likely from Proto-Ugric *mäńć- 'man, person', also found in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi people</a> (mäńćī, mańśi, måńś). The second element eri, 'man, men, lineage', survives in Hungarian férj 'husband', and is cognate with <a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> erge 'son', <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> archaic yrkä 'young man'.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of Hungary</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_895">Before 895</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian mythology</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> conquered the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the area west of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> River from 16 to 15 BC, the Danube being the frontier of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw-40">[39]</a> In 14 BC, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>, which includes the west of today’s Hungary, was recognised by emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a> as part of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw-40">[39]</a> The area south-east of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> was organised as the Roman province <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> in 6 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Kershaw-40">[39]</a> An area east of the river <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> became the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> in 106 AD, which included today's east Hungary. It remained under Roman rule until 271.<a href="#cite_note-Scarre-41">[40]</a> From 235, the Roman Empire went through troubled times, caused by revolts, rivalry and rapid succession of emperors. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century under the stress of the migration of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpi people">Carpian</a> pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Scarre-41">[40]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannonia_t%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p_2._sz%C3%A1zad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pannonia_t%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p_2._sz%C3%A1zad.jpg/220px-Pannonia_t%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p_2._sz%C3%A1zad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pannonia_t%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p_2._sz%C3%A1zad.jpg/330px-Pannonia_t%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p_2._sz%C3%A1zad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pannonia_t%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p_2._sz%C3%A1zad.jpg/440px-Pannonia_t%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p_2._sz%C3%A1zad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>Roman provinces and barbarian peoples in and near the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> in the 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure>This period brought many invaders into Central Europe, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 370–469). The most powerful ruler of the Hunnic Empire was <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> the Hun (434–453), who later became a central figure in Hungarian mythology.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-42">[41]</a> After the disintegration of the Hunnic Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, an Eastern Germanic tribe, who had been vassalised by the Huns, established their own kingdom in the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Bona_The_Gepids_during_and_after_the_Hun_Period-43">[42]</a> Other groups which reached the Carpathian Basin during the Migration Period were the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scarre-41">[40]</a> In the 560s, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> founded the Avar Khaganate, a state that maintained supremacy in the region for more than two centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> defeated the Avars in a series of campaigns during the 790s.<a href="#cite_note-Gubcsi-44">[43]</a> Between 804 and 829, the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> conquered the lands east of the Danube and took over the rule of the local Slavic tribes and remnants of the Avars.<a href="#cite_note-Skutsch-45">[44]</a> By the mid-9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia#Principality" title="Slavs in Lower Pannonia">Balaton Principality</a>, also known as Lower Pannonia, was established west of the Danube as part of the Frankish <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">March of Pannonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Luthar-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_(895–1526)">Middle Ages (895–1526)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages</a></div> Foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Hungarian state</a> is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquerors</a>, who arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic-Caspian steppe</a> as a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Magyars" title="Seven chieftains of the Magyars">seven tribes</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugrian theory</a>, they originated from an ancient <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>-speaking population that formerly inhabited the forested area between the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> River and the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> However, genetic and linguistic evidence suggests that the Hungarians’ origins lie east of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ural" title="Southern Ural">Southern Urals</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> as a frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lmos" title="Álmos">Álmos</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>: founders of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>, the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> claimed to be a direct descendant of Attila the Hun.<a href="#cite_note-:02-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> took possession of the area in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895.<a href="#cite_note-:2822-56">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalandozasok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/220px-Kalandozasok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/330px-Kalandozasok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/440px-Kalandozasok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian raids in the 9–10th centuries</a></figcaption></figure> The rising <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> ("Western Tourkia" in medieval Greek sources)<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> conducted successful <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">fierce campaigns and raids</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to as far as today's Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Wyley-58">[57]</a> The Hungarians defeated <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">three major East Frankish imperial armies</a> between 907 and 910.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> A defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 955 signaled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the west. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_of_Árpádian_kings">Age of Árpádian kings</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg/220px-Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg/330px-Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg/440px-Istvan-ChroniconPictum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">King Saint Stephen</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>, converted the nation to Christianity.</figcaption></figure> In 972, the ruling prince (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: fejedelem) <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za,_Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarians" title="Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians">Géza</a> of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> officially started to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> His son <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Saint Stephen I</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> after defeating his <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> uncle <a href="/wiki/Kopp%C3%A1ny" title="Koppány">Koppány</a>. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognised as a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Applying to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Pope Sylvester II</a>, Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a>) from the papacy. By 1006, Stephen consolidated his power and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western-style <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal state</a>. The country switched to using Latin for administration purposes, and until as late as 1844, Latin remained the official language of administration. King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus I of Hungary">Saint Ladislaus</a> completed the work of King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Saint Stephen</a>, consolidating the Hungarian state's power and strengthening <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. His charismatic personality, strategic leadership and military talents resulted in the termination of internal power struggles and foreign military threats.<a href="#cite_note-Saint_Ladislaus_DNA-62">[61]</a> The wife of the Croatian king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_Zvonimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia">Demetrius Zvonimir</a> was Ladislaus's sister.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Hungary,_Queen_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen of Hungary, Queen of Croatia">Helen's</a> request, Ladislaus intervened in the conflict and invaded Croatia in 1091.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1991282,_284-64">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a> entered a <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1102 with the coronation of King <a href="/wiki/Coloman,_King_of_Hungary" title="Coloman, King of Hungary">Coloman</a> as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1102 in <a href="/wiki/Biograd_na_Moru" title="Biograd na Moru">Biograd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HR-HU-Heka-65">[64]</a> The most powerful and wealthiest king of the Árpád dynasty was <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III</a>, who disposed of the equivalent of 23 tonnes of silver per year, according to a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Income_register_of_B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Income register of Béla III of Hungary">income register</a>. This exceeded the income of the French king (estimated at 17 tonnes) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Diploma_Andreanum" title="Diploma Andreanum">Diploma Andreanum</a> which secured the special privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> and is considered the first <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomy</a> law in the world.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> He led the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades. His <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull of 1222</a> was the first constitution in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament (parlamentum publicum). In 1241–1242, the kingdom received a major blow with the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_invasion_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian invasion of Hungary">Mongol (Tatar) invasion</a>. Up to half of Hungary's population of 2 million were victims of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV</a> let <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jassic people</a> into the country, who were fleeing the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Over the centuries, they were fully assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> After the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications, to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongols returned to Hungary</a> in 1285, but the newly built stone-castle systems and new tactics (using a higher proportion of heavily armed knights) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> near Pest by the royal army of King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV</a>. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_of_elected_kings">Age of elected kings</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian Wars">Ottoman–Hungarian Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg/220px-A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg/330px-A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg/440px-A_Szent_Korona_el%C3%B6lr%C5%91l_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a> (Szent Korona), one of the key symbols of Hungary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1097, Europe, map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg/220px-Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg/330px-Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg/440px-Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>Europe in 1097</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> reached one of its greatest extents during the Árpádian kings, yet royal power was weakened at the end of their rule in 1301. After a destructive period of <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> (1301–1308), the first <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a> – a bilineal descendant of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> – successfully restored royal power and defeated oligarch rivals, the so-called "little kings". The second Angevin Hungarian king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis the Great</a> (1342–1382), led many successful military campaigns from Lithuania to southern Italy (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>) and was also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King of Poland</a> from 1370. After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilised only when <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a> (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The first Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translation</a> was completed in 1439. For half a year in 1437, there was an antifeudal and anticlerical <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_peasant_revolt" title="Transylvanian peasant revolt">peasant revolt in Transylvania</a> which was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> ideas. From a small noble family in Transylvania, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his capabilities as a mercenary commander. He was elected governor, then regent. He was a successful crusader against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a>, one of his greatest victories being the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">siege of Belgrade</a> in 1456. The last strong king of medieval Hungary was the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> king <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> (1458–1490), son of John Hunyadi. His election was the first time that a member of the nobility mounted to the Hungarian royal throne without dynastic background. He was a successful military leader and an enlightened patron of the arts and learning.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-72">[71]</a> His library, the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Corviniana" title="Bibliotheca Corviniana">Bibliotheca Corviniana</a>, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>. Items from the Bibliotheca Corviniana were inscribed on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Register</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The serfs and common people considered him a just ruler because he protected them from excessive demands and other abuses by the magnates.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Under his rule, in 1479, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Battle of Breadfield</a>. Abroad he defeated the Polish and German imperial armies of Frederick at Breslau (<a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>). Matthias' mercenary standing army, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Army_of_Hungary" title="Black Army of Hungary">Black Army of Hungary</a>, was an unusually large army for its time, and it conquered <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> as well as parts of Austria and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus,_King_of_Hungary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait, Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, Hunyadi, relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Matthias_Corvinus%2C_King_of_Hungary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Renaissance portrait of <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>, King of Hungary and Croatia (1458–1490), King of Bohemia (1469–1490) and Archduke of Austria (1487–1490)</figcaption></figure>King Matthias died without lawful sons, and the Hungarian magnates procured the accession of the Pole <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II</a> (1490–1516), supposedly because of his weak influence on Hungarian aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-72">[71]</a> Hungary's international role declined, its political stability was shaken, and social progress was deadlocked.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In 1514, the weakened old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_D%C3%B3zsa" title="György Dózsa">György Dózsa</a>, which was ruthlessly crushed by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">nobles</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John Zápolya</a>. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman preeminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (today's <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia), <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1521)">fell to the Turks</a>. The early appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_wars_(1526–1699)">Ottoman wars (1526–1699)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sz%C3%A9kely,_Bertalan_-_The_Women_of_Eger_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sz%C3%A9kely%2C_Bertalan_-_The_Women_of_Eger_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Sz%C3%A9kely%2C_Bertalan_-_The_Women_of_Eger_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sz%C3%A9kely%2C_Bertalan_-_The_Women_of_Eger_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Sz%C3%A9kely%2C_Bertalan_-_The_Women_of_Eger_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sz%C3%A9kely%2C_Bertalan_-_The_Women_of_Eger_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Sz%C3%A9kely%2C_Bertalan_-_The_Women_of_Eger_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>"The Women of Eger", oil painting from 1867 commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1552)" title="Siege of Eger (1552)">siege of Eger</a>, a major victory against the Ottomans</figcaption></figure> After some <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">150 years of wars</a> with the Hungarians and other states, the Ottomans gained a decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526, where King <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II</a> died while fleeing. Amid political chaos, the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, <a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John Zápolya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg dynasty</a>. With the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> by the Turks in 1541, Hungary was divided into three parts and remained so until the end of the 17th century. The north-western part, termed as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a>, was annexed by the Habsburgs who ruled as kings of Hungary. The eastern part of the kingdom became independent as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>, under Ottoman (and later Habsburg) <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. The remaining central area, including the capital Buda, was known as the Pashalik of Buda. In 1686, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">Holy League's</a> army, containing over 74,000 men from various nations, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1686)" title="Siege of Buda (1686)">reconquered Buda</a> from the Turks. After some more crushing <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">defeats of the Ottomans</a> in the next few years, the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule by 1718. The last raid into Hungary by the Ottoman vassals <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Tatars</a> from <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> took place in 1717.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The constrained Habsburg Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted the majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. The ethnic composition of Hungary was fundamentally changed as a consequence of the prolonged warfare with the Turks. A large part of the country became devastated, population growth was stunted, and many smaller settlements perished.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The Austrian-Habsburg government settled large groups of <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and other Slavs in the depopulated south, and settled <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">Germans</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Danube_Swabians" title="Danube Swabians">Danube Swabians</a>) in various areas, but Hungarians were not allowed to settle or re-settle in the south of the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_18th_century_to_World_War_I_(1699–1918)">From the 18th century to World War I (1699–1918)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Hungarian Reform Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">Hungary in World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A1nyoki,_%C3%81dam_-_Portrait_of_Prince_Ferenc_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_II_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/M%C3%A1nyoki%2C_%C3%81dam_-_Portrait_of_Prince_Ferenc_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_II_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-M%C3%A1nyoki%2C_%C3%81dam_-_Portrait_of_Prince_Ferenc_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_II_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/M%C3%A1nyoki%2C_%C3%81dam_-_Portrait_of_Prince_Ferenc_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_II_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-M%C3%A1nyoki%2C_%C3%81dam_-_Portrait_of_Prince_Ferenc_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_II_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/M%C3%A1nyoki%2C_%C3%81dam_-_Portrait_of_Prince_Ferenc_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_II_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-M%C3%A1nyoki%2C_%C3%81dam_-_Portrait_of_Prince_Ferenc_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_II_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Francis II Rákóczi">Francis II Rákóczi</a>, leader of the war of independence against Habsburg rule (1703–1711)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakobey_Buda_ostroma_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jakobey_Buda_ostroma_2.jpg/220px-Jakobey_Buda_ostroma_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jakobey_Buda_ostroma_2.jpg/330px-Jakobey_Buda_ostroma_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jakobey_Buda_ostroma_2.jpg/440px-Jakobey_Buda_ostroma_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1849)" title="Siege of Buda (1849)">siege of Buda</a> in May 1849</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E._Poulton_Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth_1860s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/E._Poulton_Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth_1860s.jpg/220px-E._Poulton_Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth_1860s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/E._Poulton_Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth_1860s.jpg/330px-E._Poulton_Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth_1860s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/E._Poulton_Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth_1860s.jpg/440px-E._Poulton_Portrait_of_Lajos_Kossuth_1860s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a>, Regent-President during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria-Hungary_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Austria-Hungary_map.svg/220px-Austria-Hungary_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Austria-Hungary_map.svg/330px-Austria-Hungary_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Austria-Hungary_map.svg/440px-Austria-Hungary_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a> consisted of the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (16) and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> (17).</figcaption></figure> Between 1703 and 1711, there was a large-scale <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">war of independence</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Francis II Rákóczi">Francis II Rákóczi</a>, who after the dethronement of the Habsburgs in 1707 at the Diet of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93nod" title="Ónod">Ónod</a>, took power provisionally as the ruling prince for the wartime period, but refused the Hungarian crown and the title "king". The uprisings lasted for years. The Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Kuruc" title="Kuruc">Kuruc</a> army, although taking over most of the country, lost the main <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Trenčín">battle at Trencsén</a> (1708). Three years later, because of the growing desertion, defeatism, and low morale, the Kuruc forces surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and afterward, the Hungarian Diet had not convened for decades.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In the 1820s, the emperor was forced to convene the Diet, which marked the beginning of a Reform Period (1825–1848, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: reformkor). The Hungarian Parliament was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs. A liberal party emerged and focused on providing for the peasantry. <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a> emerged as a leader of the lower <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> in the Parliament. A remarkable upswing started as the nation concentrated its forces on modernisation even though the Habsburg monarchs obstructed all important liberal laws relating to <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a> and economic reforms. Many reformers (<a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_T%C3%A1ncsics" title="Mihály Táncsics">Mihály Táncsics</a>) were imprisoned by the authorities. On 15 March 1848, mass demonstrations in Pest and Buda enabled Hungarian reformists to push through a list of <a href="/wiki/12_points_of_the_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1848" title="12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848">12 demands</a>. Under Governor and President <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Lajos Kossuth</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Batthy%C3%A1ny" title="Lajos Batthyány">Lajos Batthyány</a>, the House of Habsburg was dethroned. The Habsburg ruler and his advisors skillfully manipulated the Croatian, Serbian and Romanian peasantry, led by priests and officers firmly loyal to the Habsburgs, into rebelling against the Hungarian government, though the Hungarians were supported by the vast majority of the Slovak, German and <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a> nationalities and by all the Jews of the kingdom, as well as by a large number of Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In July 1849 the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed and enacted the first laws of ethnic and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Many members of the nationalities gained the coveted highest positions within the Hungarian Army, like <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Damjanich" title="János Damjanich">János Damjanich</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bem" title="Józef Bem">Józef Bem</a>. The Hungarian forces (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Landwehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungarian Landwehr">Honvédség</a>) defeated Austrian armies. To counter the successes of the Hungarian revolutionary army, Habsburg Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a> asked for help from the "Gendarme of Europe", Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>, whose Russian armies invaded Hungary. This made <a href="/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgei" title="Artúr Görgei">Artúr Görgey</a> surrender in August 1849. The leader of the Austrian army, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau" title="Julius Jacob von Haynau">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a>, became governor of Hungary for a few months and ordered the execution of <a href="/wiki/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad" title="The 13 Martyrs of Arad">the 13 Martyrs of Arad</a>, leaders of the Hungarian army, and Prime Minister Batthyány in October 1849. Kossuth escaped into exile. Following the war of 1848–1849, the whole country was in "passive resistance". Because of external and internal problems, reforms seemed inevitable, and major military defeats of Austria forced the Habsburgs to negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>, by which the dual monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> was formed. This empire had the second largest area in Europe (after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>), and it was the third most populous (after Russia and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>). The two realms were governed separately by two parliaments from two capital cities, with a common monarch and common external and military policies. Economically, the empire was a customs union. The old Hungarian Constitution was restored, and Franz Joseph I was crowned as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>. The era witnessed impressive economic development. The formerly backward Hungarian economy became relatively modern and industrialised by the turn of the 20th century, although agriculture remained dominant until 1890. In 1873, the old capital Buda and <a href="/wiki/%C3%93buda" title="Óbuda">Óbuda</a> were officially united with <a href="/wiki/Pest,_Hungary" title="Pest, Hungary">Pest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> creating the new metropolis of Budapest. Many of the state institutions and the modern administrative system of Hungary were established during this period. After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> in Sarajevo, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">István Tisza</a> and his cabinet tried to avoid the outbreak and escalating of a war in Europe, but their diplomatic efforts were unsuccessful. Austria-Hungary drafted over 4 million soldiers from the Kingdom of Hungary on the side of Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The troops raised in the Kingdom of Hungary spent little time defending the actual territory of Hungary, with the exceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a> in June 1916 and a few months later when the Romanian army made an attack into Transylvania,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] both of which were repelled. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> conquered Serbia. Romania declared war. The Central Powers conquered southern Romania and the Romanian capital <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. In 1916 Franz Joseph died, and the new monarch <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles IV</a> sympathised with the pacifists. With great difficulty, the Central Powers stopped and repelled the attacks of the Russian Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> of the Allied (<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a>) Powers completely collapsed. The Austro-Hungarian Empire then withdrew from all defeated countries. Despite great success on the Eastern Front, Germany suffered complete defeat on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. By 1918, the economic situation had deteriorated (strikes in factories were organised by leftist and pacifist movements) and uprisings in the army had become common. In the capital cities, the Austrian and Hungarian leftist liberal movements and their leaders supported the separatism of ethnic minorities. Austria-Hungary signed a general armistice in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> on 3 November 1918.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> In October 1918, Hungary's union with Austria was dissolved. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_World_Wars_(1918–1941)">Between the World Wars (1918–1941)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Hungary between the World Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_interwar_economy" title="Hungarian interwar economy">Hungarian interwar economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trianon_consequences.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/220px-Trianon_consequences.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/330px-Trianon_consequences.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/440px-Trianon_consequences.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea ports, and 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Majority Hungarian areas (according to the 1910 census) detached from Hungary</div></figcaption></figure> Following the First World War, Hungary underwent a period of profound political upheaval, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a> in 1918, which brought the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a> to power as prime minister. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Hungarian Royal Honvéd army</a> still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> when Károlyi was installed. Károlyi yielded to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s demand for <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> by ordering the disarmament of the Hungarian army.<a href="#cite_note-Dixon_1986-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_2008-91">[90]</a> Disarmament meant that Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary lost control over approximately 75% of its pre-war territories (325,411 square kilometres (125,642 sq mi)) without a fight and was subject to foreign occupation. The <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>, sensing an opportunity, invaded the country from three sides—<a href="/wiki/Hungarian-Romanian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian-Romanian War">Romania invaded Transylvania</a>, Czechoslovakia annexed <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a> (today's Slovakia), and a joint <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serb</a>-<a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French</a> coalition annexed <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and other southern regions. In March 1919, communists led by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> ousted the Károlyi government and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> (Tanácsköztársaság), followed by a thorough <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Hungary)" title="Red Terror (Hungary)">Red Terror</a> campaign. Despite some successes on the Czechoslovak front, Kun's forces were ultimately unable to resist the Romanian invasion; by August 1919, Romanian troops occupied Budapest and ousted Kun. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg/220px-Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg/330px-Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg/440px-Portraits_de_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)</figcaption></figure> In November 1919, rightist forces led by former Austro-Hungarian admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> entered Budapest; exhausted by the war and its aftermath, the populace accepted Horthy's leadership. In January 1920, parliamentary elections were held, and Horthy was proclaimed regent of the reestablished <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, inaugurating the so-called "Horthy era" (Horthy-kor). The new government worked quickly to normalise foreign relations while turning a blind eye to a <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">White Terror</a> that swept through the countryside; extrajudicial killings of suspected communists and Jews lasted well into 1920. On 4 June 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> established new borders for Hungary. The country lost 71% of its territory and 66% of its pre-war population, as well as many sources of raw materials and its sole port at <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Fiume</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Macartney37-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Though the revision of the treaty quickly rose to the top of the national political agenda, the Horthy government was not willing to resort to military intervention to do so. The initial years of the Horthy regime were preoccupied with putsch attempts by <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles IV of Hungary">Charles IV</a>, the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a>; continued suppression of communists; and a migration crisis triggered by the Trianon territorial changes. The government's actions continued to drift right with the passage of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> laws and, because of the continued isolation of the Little Entente, economic and then political gravitation towards <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> further exacerbated the situation, and the popularity of fascist politicians increased, such as <a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a>, promising economic and social recovery. Horthy's nationalist agenda reached its apogee in 1938 and 1940, when the Nazis rewarded Hungary's staunchly pro-Germany foreign policy in the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Awards</a>, peacefully restoring ethnic-Hungarian-majority areas lost after Trianon. In 1939, Hungary regained further territory from Czechoslovakia <a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">through force</a>. Hungary <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">formally joined</a> the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> on 20 November 1940 and in 1941 participated in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a>, gaining some of its former territories in the south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1941–1945)">World War II (1941–1945)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungary_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary during World War II">Hungary during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Hungary">Holocaust in Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">Soviet occupation of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png/220px-Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png/330px-Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png/440px-Hungary_1941-44_Administrative_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2157" /></a><figcaption>Kingdom of Hungary, 1941–1944</figcaption></figure> Hungary formally entered World War II as an Axis power on 26 June 1941, declaring war on the Soviet Union after unidentified planes bombed <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Kassa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munkacheve" class="mw-redirect" title="Munkacheve">Munkács</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rakhiv" title="Rakhiv">Rahó</a>. Hungarian troops fought on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> for two years. Despite early success at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Battle of Uman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-J._Lee_Ready_1995_page_130-94">[93]</a> the government began seeking a secret peace pact with <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">the Allies</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Hungary)" title="Second Army (Hungary)">Second Army</a> suffered catastrophic losses <a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">at the River Don</a> in January 1943. Learning of the planned defection, German troops <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">occupied Hungary</a> on 19 March 1944 to guarantee Horthy's compliance. In October, as the Soviet front approached, and the government made further efforts to disengage from the war, German troops ousted Horthy and installed a puppet government under Szálasi's fascist <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-J._Lee_Ready_1995_page_130-94">[93]</a> Szálasi pledged all the country's capabilities in service of the German war machine. By October 1944, the Soviets had reached the river Tisza, and despite <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">some losses</a>, succeeded in encircling and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">besieging Budapest</a> in December. On 13 February 1945, Budapest surrendered; by April, German troops left the country under Soviet military occupation. 200,000 Hungarians were expelled from Czechoslovakia in exchange for 70,000 Slovaks living in Hungary. 202,000 ethnic Germans were expelled to Germany,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> and through the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a>, Hungary was again reduced to its immediate post-Trianon borders. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8285A-08,_Budapest,_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8285A-08%2C_Budapest%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8285A-08%2C_Budapest%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8285A-08%2C_Budapest%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8285A-08%2C_Budapest%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8285A-08%2C_Budapest%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-680-8285A-08%2C_Budapest%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> women being arrested on Wesselényi Street in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20–22 October 1944</figcaption></figure> The war left Hungary devastated, destroying over 60% of the economy and causing significant <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties#endnote_Hungary" title="World War II casualties">loss of life</a>. In addition to the over 600,000 Hungarian Jews killed,<a href="#cite_note-ind09/96-96">[95]</a> as many as 280,000<a href="#cite_note-EU38-97">[96]</a> other Hungarians were raped, murdered and executed or deported for slave labour.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> After German occupation, Hungary participated in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-no-warning-to-hungary-jews-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> deporting nearly 440,000 Jews, mainly to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>. Nearly all of them were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The Horthy government's complicity in the Holocaust remains a point of controversy and contention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism_(1945–1989)">Communism (1945–1989)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1946%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)">Hungarian Republic (1946–1949)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg/220px-Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg/330px-Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg/440px-Sz%C3%A9tl%C5%91tt_harckocsi_a_M%C3%B3ricz_Zsigmond_k%C3%B6rt%C3%A9ren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2243" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>A destroyed Soviet tank in Budapest during the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine_Person_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> for 1956 was the Hungarian freedom fighter.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, Hungary became a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> of the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership selected <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a> to front the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinisation</a> of the country, and Rákosi de facto ruled Hungary from 1949 to 1956. His government's policies of militarisation, industrialisation, collectivisation, and war compensation led to a severe decline in living standards. In imitation of Stalin's <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, the Rákosi government established a secret political police, the <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">ÁVH</a>, to enforce the regime; approximately 350,000 officials and intellectuals were imprisoned or executed from 1948 to 1956.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Many freethinkers, democrats, and Horthy-era dignitaries were secretly arrested and extrajudicially interned in domestic and foreign <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulags</a>. Some 600,000 Hungarians were deported to Soviet labour camps, where at least 200,000 died.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union pursued a programme of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinisation</a> that was inimical to Rákosi, leading to his deposition. The following political cooling saw the ascent of <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> to the premiership. Nagy promised market liberalisation and political openness. Rákosi eventually managed to discredit Nagy and replace him with the more hard-line <a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a>. Hungary joined the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in May 1955, as societal dissatisfaction with the regime swelled. Following the firing on peaceful demonstrations by Soviet soldiers and secret police, and rallies throughout the country on 23 October 1956, protesters took to the streets in Budapest, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Revolution</a>. In an effort to quell the chaos, Nagy returned as premier, promised free elections, and took Hungary out of the Warsaw Pact. The violence nonetheless continued as revolutionary militias sprung up against the Soviet Army and the ÁVH; the roughly 3,000-strong resistance fought Soviet tanks using <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> and machine-pistols. Though the preponderance of the Soviets was immense, they suffered heavy losses, and by 30 October 1956, most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrison the countryside. For a time, the Soviet leadership was unsure how to respond but eventually decided to intervene to prevent a destabilisation of the Soviet bloc. On 4 November, reinforcements of more than 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks entered the country from the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Nearly 20,000 Hungarians were killed resisting the intervention, while an additional 21,600 were imprisoned afterward for political reasons. Some 13,000 were interned and 230 brought to trial and executed. Nagy was secretly tried, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging in June 1958. Because borders were briefly opened, nearly a quarter of a million people fled the country by the time the revolution was suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r_1962.jpg/220px-J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r_1962.jpg/330px-J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r_1962.jpg/440px-J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a>, General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a> (1956–1988)</figcaption></figure> After a second, briefer period of Soviet military occupation, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a>, Nagy's former minister of state, was chosen by the Soviet leadership to head the new government and chair the new ruling <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Socialist Workers' Party</a>. Kádár quickly normalised the situation. In 1963, the government granted a general amnesty. Kádár proclaimed a new policy line, according to which the people were no longer compelled to profess loyalty to the party if they tacitly accepted the socialist regime as a fact of life. Kádár introduced new planning priorities in the economy, such as allowing farmers significant plots of private land within the collective farm system (háztáji gazdálkodás). The living standard rose as consumer goods and food production took precedence over military production, which was reduced to one-tenth of prerevolutionary levels. In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Mechanism" title="New Economic Mechanism">New Economic Mechanism</a> introduced free-market elements into the socialist command economy. From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc. During the latter part of the Cold War Hungary's <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of countries by GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> was fourth only to <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-madison185-117">[116]</a> As a result of this relatively high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>, a more liberalised economy, a less censored press, and less restricted travel rights, Hungary was generally considered one of the more liberal countries in which to live in Central Europe during communism. In 1980, Hungary sent a <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">Cosmonaut</a> into space as part of the <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a>. The first Hungarian astronaut was <a href="/wiki/Bertalan_Farkas" title="Bertalan Farkas">Bertalan Farkas</a>. Hungary became <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_travel_by_nationality" title="Timeline of space travel by nationality">the seventh nation to be represented in space</a> by him.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In the 1980s, however, living standards steeply declined again because of <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">a worldwide recession</a> to which communism was unable to respond.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> By the time Kádár died in 1989, the Soviet Union was in steep decline and a younger generation of reformists saw liberalisation as the solution to economic and social issues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Republic_(1989–present)">Third Republic (1989–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_protests_in_Hungary" title="2006 protests in Hungary">2006 protests in Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary">COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Foundation_of_the_Visegr%C3%A1d_Group.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a> signing ceremony in February 1991</figcaption></figure> Hungary's transition from communism to capitalism (rendszerváltás, "regime change") was peaceful and prompted by economic stagnation, domestic political pressure, and changing relations with other Warsaw Pact countries. Although the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a> began <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Round Table Talks</a> with various opposition groups in March 1989, the reburial of Imre Nagy as a revolutionary martyr that June is widely considered the symbolic end of communism in Hungary. Free elections were held <a href="/wiki/1990_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Hungarian parliamentary election">in May 1990</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a>, a major conservative opposition group, was elected to the head of a coalition government. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Antall" title="József Antall">József Antall</a> became the first democratically elected prime minister since World War II. With the removal of state subsidies and rapid privatisation in 1991, Hungary was affected by a severe economic recession. The Antall government's austerity measures proved unpopular, and the Communist Party's legal and political heir, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a>, won the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1994_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1994 Hungarian parliamentary election">1994 elections</a>. This abrupt shift in the political landscape was repeated in <a href="/wiki/1998_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Hungarian parliamentary election">1998</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="2002 Hungarian parliamentary election">2002</a>; in each electoral cycle, the governing party was ousted and the erstwhile opposition elected. Like most other post-communist European states, however, Hungary broadly pursued an <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">integrationist</a> agenda, <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">joining NATO</a> in 1999 and the European Union <a href="/wiki/2003_Hungarian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Hungarian European Union membership referendum">in 2004</a>. As a NATO member, Hungary was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/2006_protests_in_Hungary" title="2006 protests in Hungary">major nationwide protests</a> erupted after it was revealed that Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Gyurcs%C3%A1ny" title="Ferenc Gyurcsány">Ferenc Gyurcsány</a> had claimed in <a href="/wiki/%C5%90sz%C3%B6d_speech" title="Őszöd speech">a closed-door speech</a> that his party "lied" to win the <a href="/wiki/2006_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="2006 Hungarian parliamentary election">recent elections</a>. The popularity of left-wing parties plummeted in the ensuing political upheaval, and in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>'s national-conservative <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> party was <a href="/wiki/2010_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Hungarian parliamentary election">elected</a> to a parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a>. The legislature consequently approved a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">new constitution</a>, among other sweeping governmental and legal changes including the establishment of new parliamentary constituencies, decreasing the number of parliamentarians, and shifting to single-round parliamentary elections. Since Orbán's election, Hungary has undergone <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> and has been characterized as an <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a>: 95  <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">mafia state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VDem2020-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-KrekóEnyedi-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Orbán has publicly embraced illiberalism,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a>: 9  and has characterized Hungary as an "illiberal Christian democracy".<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> It has also received criticism regarding <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT rights in Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_car_at_Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Police_car_at_Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg/220px-Police_car_at_Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Police_car_at_Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg/330px-Police_car_at_Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Police_car_at_Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg/440px-Police_car_at_Hungary-Serbia_border_barrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Police car at Hungary-Serbia border barrier</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 migrant crisis</a>, the government built a <a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">border barrier</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" title="Hungarian border barrier">Hungarian-Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" title="Hungarian border barrier">Hungarian-Serbian borders</a> to prevent illegal migration.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The Hungarian government also criticised the official <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> policy for not dissuading migrants from entering Europe.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> From 17 October 2015 onward, thousands of migrants were diverted daily to Slovenia instead.<a href="#cite_note-SloveniaCroatia2-133">[132]</a> Migration became a key issue in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Hungarian parliamentary election">2018 parliamentary elections</a>, which Fidesz won with a supermajority.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> In the late 2010s, Orbán's government came under increased international scrutiny over alleged rule-of-law violations. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> voted to act against Hungary under the terms of <a href="/wiki/Article_7_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union</a>. Hungary has and continues to dispute these allegations.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">coronavirus pandemic</a> significantly impacted Hungary. The first cases were announced in Hungary on 4 March 2020;<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> on 18 March 2020, <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_general" title="Surgeon general">surgeon general</a> <a href="/wiki/Cec%C3%ADlia_M%C3%BCller" title="Cecília Müller">Cecília Müller</a> announced that the virus had spread to every part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In February 2021, after Hungary became the first EU country and one of the first in the former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> to authorize <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik vaccine">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">Chinese vaccines</a>, it briefly enjoyed one of the highest vaccination rates in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Relations between Hungary and its Western partners have strained, because Orbán's government has maintained relations with Russia despite <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Russia_for_the_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Russia for the invasion of Ukraine">sanctions against Russia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate of Hungary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">List of national parks of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary-geographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hungary-geographic_map-en.svg/220px-Hungary-geographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hungary-geographic_map-en.svg/330px-Hungary-geographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hungary-geographic_map-en.svg/440px-Hungary-geographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Geographic map of Hungary</figcaption></figure> Hungary is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>. Its geography has traditionally been defined by its two main waterways, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> rivers. The common tripartite division—Dunántúl ("beyond the Danube", <a href="/wiki/Transdanubia" title="Transdanubia">Transdanubia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tisz%C3%A1nt%C3%BAl" title="Tiszántúl">Tiszántúl</a> ("beyond the Tisza"), and Duna–Tisza köze ("between the Danube and Tisza")—is a reflection of this. The Danube flows north–south through the centre of contemporary Hungary, and the entire country lies within its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>. Transdanubia, which stretches westward from the centre of the country towards Austria, is a primarily hilly region with a terrain varied by low mountains. These include the very eastern stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpokalja" title="Alpokalja">Alpokalja</a>, in the west of the country, the <a href="/wiki/Transdanubian_Mountains" title="Transdanubian Mountains">Transdanubian Mountains</a> in the central region of Transdanubia, and the <a href="/wiki/Mecsek" title="Mecsek">Mecsek</a> Mountains and <a href="/wiki/Vill%C3%A1ny_Mountains" title="Villány Mountains">Villány Mountains</a> in the south. The highest point of the area is the Írott-kő in the Alps, at 882 metres (2,894 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Little_Hungarian_Plain" title="Little Hungarian Plain">Little Hungarian Plain</a> (Kisalföld) is found in northern Transdanubia. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Lake Balaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_H%C3%A9v%C3%ADz" title="Lake Hévíz">Lake Hévíz</a>, the largest lake in Central Europe and the largest thermal lake in the world, respectively, are in Transdanubia as well. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balaton_Hungary_Landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Balaton_Hungary_Landscape.jpg/220px-Balaton_Hungary_Landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Balaton_Hungary_Landscape.jpg/330px-Balaton_Hungary_Landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Balaton_Hungary_Landscape.jpg/440px-Balaton_Hungary_Landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Lake Balaton</a></figcaption></figure> The Duna–Tisza köze and Tiszántúl are characterised mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a> (Alföld), which stretches across most of the eastern and southeastern areas of the country. To the north of the plain are the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> in a wide band near the <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakian</a> border. The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9kes" title="Kékes">Kékes</a> at 1,014 m (3,327 ft) is the tallest mountain in Hungary and is found there. <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Hungary belongs to the Central European province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, the territory of Hungary belongs to the terrestrial ecoregion of <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-140">[139]</a> It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 2.25/10, ranking it 156th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-141">[140]</a> Hungary has 10 national parks, 145 minor nature reserves, and 35 landscape protection areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Hungary has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate seasonal climate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> with generally warm summers with low overall humidity levels but frequent rain showers and cold snowy winters. Average annual temperature is 9.7 °C (49.5 °F). Temperature extremes are 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) on 20 July 2007 at <a href="/wiki/Kiskunhalas" title="Kiskunhalas">Kiskunhalas</a> in the summer and −35 °C (−31.0 °F) on 16 February 1940 at <a href="/wiki/Miskolc" title="Miskolc">Miskolc</a> in the winter. Average high temperature in the summer is 23 to 28 °C (73 to 82 °F) and average low temperature in the winter is −3 to −7 °C (27 to 19 °F). The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 mm (23.6 in). Hungary is ranked sixth in an environmental protection index by GW/<a href="/wiki/Climate_Action_Network" title="Climate Action Network">CAN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Government of Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation in Hungary</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulyok_Tam%C3%A1s_hivatalos_portr%C3%A9ja_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sulyok_Tam%C3%A1s_hivatalos_portr%C3%A9ja_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-Sulyok_Tam%C3%A1s_hivatalos_portr%C3%A9ja_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sulyok_Tam%C3%A1s_hivatalos_portr%C3%A9ja_%28cropped%29.jpg/233px-Sulyok_Tam%C3%A1s_hivatalos_portr%C3%A9ja_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sulyok_Tam%C3%A1s_hivatalos_portr%C3%A9ja_%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-Sulyok_Tam%C3%A1s_hivatalos_portr%C3%A9ja_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1343" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Tamás Sulyok</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> since 2024</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Viktor_Orban_2021_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Viktor_Orban_2021_crop.jpg/145px-Viktor_Orban_2021_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Viktor_Orban_2021_crop.jpg/218px-Viktor_Orban_2021_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Viktor_Orban_2021_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="318" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> since 2010</div></div></div></div></div> Hungary is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>. The Hungarian political system operates under a framework reformed in 2012; this constitutional document is the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Fundamental Law of Hungary</a>. Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution (as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the state structure, and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>) are valid in perpetuity. 199 Members of Parliament (országgyűlési képviselő) are elected to the highest organ of state authority, the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> Országgyűlés (<a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">National Assembly</a>), every four years in a single-round <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> election with an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">election threshold</a> of 5%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budapest_Hungarian_Parliament_(31363963556).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Budapest_Hungarian_Parliament_%2831363963556%29.jpg/220px-Budapest_Hungarian_Parliament_%2831363963556%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Budapest_Hungarian_Parliament_%2831363963556%29.jpg/330px-Budapest_Hungarian_Parliament_%2831363963556%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Budapest_Hungarian_Parliament_%2831363963556%29.jpg/440px-Budapest_Hungarian_Parliament_%2831363963556%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3825" data-file-height="2295" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Hungarian Parliament Building</a> on the banks of the Danube in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President of the Republic</a> (köztársasági elnök) serves as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and is elected by the National Assembly every five years. The president is invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers: receiving foreign heads of state, formally nominating the prime minister at the recommendation of the National Assembly, and serving as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ground_Forces" title="Hungarian Ground Forces">armed forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Importantly, the president is also invested with <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> power and may send legislation to the 15-member <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Hungary" title="Constitutional Court of Hungary">Constitutional Court</a> for review. The third most significant governmental position in Hungary is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker of the National Assembly</a>, who is elected by the National Assembly and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">prime minister</a> (miniszterelnök) is elected by the National Assembly, serving as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and exercising <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a>. Traditionally, the prime minister is the leader of the largest party in parliament. The prime minister selects <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a> ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them, although cabinet nominees must appear before consultative open hearings before one or more parliamentary committees, survive a vote in the National Assembly, and be formally approved by the president. The Cabinet reports to Parliament.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Hungary">Political parties in Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections in Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Hungary" title="Electoral system of Hungary">Electoral system of Hungary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Current Structure of the National Assembly of Hungary</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">199</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_of_Hungary_(as_of_18.03.2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Current Structure of the National Assembly of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%28as_of_18.03.2022%29.svg/250px-National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%28as_of_18.03.2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%28as_of_18.03.2022%29.svg/375px-National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%28as_of_18.03.2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%28as_of_18.03.2022%29.svg/500px-National_Assembly_of_Hungary_%28as_of_18.03.2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Orb%C3%A1n_Government" title="Fourth Orbán Government">Government</a> (135) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> (116)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">KDNP</a> (19)</li></ul> Supported by (1) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/National_Self-Government_of_Germans_in_Hungary" title="National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary">German minority</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imre_Ritter" title="Imre Ritter">1</a>)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition</a> (65) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/United_for_Hungary" title="United for Hungary">United for Hungary</a> (57) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Coalition_(Hungary)" title="Democratic Coalition (Hungary)">DK</a> (16)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Momentum_Movement" title="Momentum Movement">Momentum</a> (10)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Party">MSZP</a> (10)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a> (8)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_for_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue for Hungary">Dialogue</a> (6)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/LMP_%E2%80%93_Hungary%27s_Green_Party" title="LMP – Hungary's Green Party">LMP</a> (5)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a> (2)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement" title="Our Homeland Movement">MHM</a> (6)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Since the fall of communism, Hungary has a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2022_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="2022 Hungarian parliamentary election">last Hungarian parliamentary election</a> took place on 3 April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The result was a victory for Fidesz–KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority with Orbán remaining prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> It was the third election according to the new Constitution of Hungary which went into force on 1 January 2012. The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Hungary" title="Electoral system of Hungary">new electoral law</a> also entered into force that day. The voters elected 199 MPs instead of previous 386 lawmakers.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Since 2014, voters of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">ethnic minorities in Hungary</a> are able to vote on nationality lists. The minorities can obtain a preferential mandate if they reach the quarter of the ninety-third part of the list votes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-150">[149]</a> Nationalities who did not get a mandate could send a nationality spokesman to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">National Assembly</a>. The current political landscape in Hungary is dominated by the conservative Fidesz, who have a near supermajority, and three medium-sized parties, the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Coalition_(Hungary)" title="Democratic Coalition (Hungary)">Democratic Coalition</a> (DK), the far-right <a href="/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement" title="Our Homeland Movement">Our Homeland Movement</a> and liberal <a href="/wiki/Momentum_Movement" title="Momentum Movement">Momentum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_judicial_system">Law and judicial system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hungary" title="Law of Hungary">Law of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kossuth_Square_12,_facade,_2015-05-12_Budapest_-_panoramio_(45).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kossuth_Square_12%2C_facade%2C_2015-05-12_Budapest_-_panoramio_%2845%29.jpg/220px-Kossuth_Square_12%2C_facade%2C_2015-05-12_Budapest_-_panoramio_%2845%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kossuth_Square_12%2C_facade%2C_2015-05-12_Budapest_-_panoramio_%2845%29.jpg/330px-Kossuth_Square_12%2C_facade%2C_2015-05-12_Budapest_-_panoramio_%2845%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kossuth_Square_12%2C_facade%2C_2015-05-12_Budapest_-_panoramio_%2845%29.jpg/440px-Kossuth_Square_12%2C_facade%2C_2015-05-12_Budapest_-_panoramio_%2845%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5733" data-file-height="3822" /></a><figcaption>The original and future seat of the <a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Hungary" title="Curia of Hungary">Curia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme court</a> of Hungary</figcaption></figure> The judicial system of Hungary is a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system, divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Hungarian law is codified and based on <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">German law</a> and, in a wider sense, civil law or <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (járásbíróság), regional appellate courts (ítélőtábla), and the supreme court (<a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Hungary" title="Curia of Hungary">Kúria</a>). Hungary's highest courts are located in Budapest.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Law enforcement in Hungary is split among the police and the National Tax and Customs Administration. The <a href="/wiki/Rend%C5%91rs%C3%A9g" title="Rendőrség">Hungarian Police</a> is the main and largest state law enforcement agency in Hungary. It carries nearly all general police duties such as criminal investigation, patrol activity, traffic policing, border control. It is led by the national police commissioner under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Hungary)" title="Ministry of Interior (Hungary)">Minister of the Interior</a>. The body is divided into county police departments which are also divided into regional and town police departments. The National Police has subordinate agencies with nationwide jurisdiction, such as the "Nemzeti Nyomozó Iroda" (National Bureau of Investigation), a civilian police force specialised in investigating serious crimes, and the <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>-like, militarised "Készenléti rendőrség" (Stand-by Police) mainly dealing with riots and often reinforcing local police forces. Because of Hungary's accession to the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Treaty</a>, the police and border guards were merged into a single national corps, with the border guards (Határőrség Magyarországon) becoming police officers. This merger took place in January 2008. The Customs and Excise Authority remained subject to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Hungary)" title="Ministry of Finance (Hungary)">Ministry of Finance</a> under the National Tax and Customs Administration.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necasmeeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Necasmeeting.jpg/220px-Necasmeeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Necasmeeting.jpg/330px-Necasmeeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Necasmeeting.jpg/440px-Necasmeeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>, Germany and France in 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg/220px-BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg/330px-BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg/440px-BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> conference in the assembly hall of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates" title="House of Magnates">House of Magnates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Hungarian Parliament Building</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> is based on four basic commitments: to <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlantic co-operation</a>, to <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, to <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">international development</a> and to <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Hungary has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> since December 1955 and a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">AIIB</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>. Hungary took on the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largest OECD non-DAC donor of <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a> in the world, which represents <a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_country_donors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of development aid country donors">0.13% of its Gross National Income</a>. Budapest is home to more than 100 embassies and representative bodies as an international political actor.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organisations as well, including <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">European Institute of Innovation and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Police_College" class="mw-redirect" title="European Police College">European Police College</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Democratic_Transition" title="International Centre for Democratic Transition">International Centre for Democratic Transition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Education" title="Institute of International Education">Institute of International Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Red Cross</a>, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Danube_Commission_(1948)" title="Danube Commission (1948)">Danube Commission</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Since 1989, the top foreign policy goal has been achieving integration into Western economic and security organisations. Hungary joined the <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> programme in 1994 and has actively supported the <a href="/wiki/Implementation_Force" title="Implementation Force">IFOR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina">SFOR</a> missions in Bosnia. Since 1989 Hungary has improved its often frosty neighbour relations by signing basic treaties with Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">ethnic Hungarian minority</a> rights in Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia periodically cause bilateral tensions to flare up. However, relations with Serbia have more recently become extremely close due to strong Hungarian advocacy for Serbian EU membership, while relations with Slovakia have warmed due to cooperation on shared priorities within EU structures.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Since 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Hungary–Ukraine relations">relations with Ukraine</a> rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Hungarian minority in Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Since 1989, Hungary has signed all of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Historically, Hungary has had particularly friendly <a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Hungary–Poland relations">relations with Poland</a>; this special relationship was recognised by the parliaments of both countries in 2007 with the joint declaration of 23 March as "The Day of Polish-Hungarian Friendship".<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Hungary is the 14th most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Hungarian Defence Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military history of Hungary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars involving Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Hungarian_Ground_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Hungarian Ground Forces">List of equipment of the Hungarian Ground Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunspec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hunspec.jpg/220px-Hunspec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hunspec.jpg/330px-Hunspec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hunspec.jpg/440px-Hunspec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HDF_34th_Bercs%C3%A9nyi_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Special_Forces_Battalion" title="HDF 34th Bercsényi László Special Forces Battalion">HDF 34th Special Forces Battalion</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JAS_39_pair_HuAF_Kecskem%C3%A9t_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JAS_39_pair_HuAF_Kecskem%C3%A9t_2007.JPG/220px-JAS_39_pair_HuAF_Kecskem%C3%A9t_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JAS_39_pair_HuAF_Kecskem%C3%A9t_2007.JPG/330px-JAS_39_pair_HuAF_Kecskem%C3%A9t_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/JAS_39_pair_HuAF_Kecskem%C3%A9t_2007.JPG/440px-JAS_39_pair_HuAF_Kecskem%C3%A9t_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/JAS_39_Gripen" class="mw-redirect" title="JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39 Gripen</a> <a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">multirole combat aircraft</a></figcaption></figure> The president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces. The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Hungary)" title="Minister of Defence (Hungary)">Ministry of Defence</a> jointly with <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Defence_Forces_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Defence Forces (Hungary)">chief of staff</a> administers the armed forces, including the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ground_Forces" title="Hungarian Ground Forces">Hungarian Ground Force</a> (HDF) and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force" title="Hungarian Air Force">Hungarian Air Force</a>. Since 2007, the Hungarian Armed Forces has been under a unified command structure. The Ministry of Defence maintains political and civil control over the army. A subordinate Joint Forces Command coordinates and commands the HDF. In 2016, the armed forces had 31,080 personnel on active duty, the operative reserve brought the total number of troops to fifty thousand. In 2016, it was planned that military spending the following year would be $1.21 billion, about 0.94% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2012, the government adopted a resolution in which it pledged to increase defence spending to 1.4% of GDP by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Military service</a> is voluntary, though <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> may occur in wartime. In a significant move for modernisation, Hungary decided in 2001 to buy 14 <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39 Gripen</a> fighter aircraft for about 800 million EUR. Hungarian National Cyber Security Center was re-organised in 2016 in order to become more efficient through <a href="/wiki/Cyber_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber security">cyber security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> In 2016, the Hungarian military had about 700 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including 100 HDF troops in the NATO-led <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a> force in Afghanistan, 210 Hungarian soldiers in Kosovo under command of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a>, and 160 troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hungary sent a 300-strong logistics unit to Iraq in order to help the U.S. occupation with armed transport convoys, though public opinion opposed the country's participation in the war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions of Hungary</a></div> Hungary is divided into 19 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">counties</a> (vármegye). The <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Hungary" title="List of historical capitals of Hungary">capital</a> (főváros) <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> is an independent entity. The counties and the capital are the 20 <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">NUTS</a> third-level units of Hungary. The states are further subdivided into 174 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hungary" title="Districts of Hungary">districts</a> (járás).<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The districts are further divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">towns and villages</a>, of which 25 are designated <a href="/wiki/City_with_county_rights" title="City with county rights">towns with county rights</a> (megyei jogú város), sometimes known as "urban counties" in English. The local authorities of these towns have extended powers, but these towns belong to the territory of the respective district instead of being independent territorial units. County and district councils and municipalities have different roles and separate responsibilities relating to local government. The role of the counties are basically administrative and focus on strategic development, while preschools, public water utilities, garbage disposal, elderly care, and rescue services are administered by the municipalities. Since 1996, the counties and city of Budapest have been grouped into <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">seven regions</a> for statistical and development purposes. These seven regions constitute NUTS' second-level units of Hungary. They are <a href="/wiki/Central_Hungary" title="Central Hungary">Central Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Transdanubia" title="Central Transdanubia">Central Transdanubia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Great_Plain" title="Northern Great Plain">Northern Great Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hungary" title="Northern Hungary">Northern Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transdanubia" title="Southern Transdanubia">Southern Transdanubia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Great_Plain" title="Southern Great Plain">Southern Great Plain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Transdanubia" title="Western Transdanubia">Western Transdanubia</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png/242px-Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png/363px-Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png/484px-Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Counties of Hungary</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:RegionsHungary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RegionsHungary.png/242px-RegionsHungary.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RegionsHungary.png/363px-RegionsHungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RegionsHungary.png/484px-RegionsHungary.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Regions of Hungary</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Townships_(districts)_of_Hungary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Townships_%28districts%29_of_Hungary.png/242px-Townships_%28districts%29_of_Hungary.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Townships_%28districts%29_of_Hungary.png/363px-Townships_%28districts%29_of_Hungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Townships_%28districts%29_of_Hungary.png/484px-Townships_%28districts%29_of_Hungary.png 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1025" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The districts of Hungary</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:154px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_local_administration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hungary_local_administration.png/242px-Hungary_local_administration.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hungary_local_administration.png/363px-Hungary_local_administration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hungary_local_administration.png/484px-Hungary_local_administration.png 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1025" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Towns and villages in Hungary</div></div></div></div></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">County (vármegye)</a> </th> <th scope="col">Administrative centre </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Population</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Hungary">Region</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bacs-kiskun-megye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bacs-kiskun-megye.svg/25px-Bacs-kiskun-megye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bacs-kiskun-megye.svg/38px-Bacs-kiskun-megye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bacs-kiskun-megye.svg/50px-Bacs-kiskun-megye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="726" /></a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1cs-Kiskun_County" title="Bács-Kiskun County">Bács-Kiskun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9t" title="Kecskemét">Kecskemét</a> </td> <td>524,841 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Great_Plain" title="Southern Great Plain">Southern Great Plain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Baranya_megye_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/HUN_Baranya_megye_COA.png/25px-HUN_Baranya_megye_COA.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/HUN_Baranya_megye_COA.png/38px-HUN_Baranya_megye_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/HUN_Baranya_megye_COA.png/50px-HUN_Baranya_megye_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2053" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baranya_County" title="Baranya County">Baranya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a> </td> <td>391,455 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Transdanubia" title="Southern Transdanubia">Southern Transdanubia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_departemento_blazono.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_departemento_blazono.svg/25px-B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_departemento_blazono.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_departemento_blazono.svg/38px-B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_departemento_blazono.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_departemento_blazono.svg/50px-B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_departemento_blazono.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="2458" /></a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_County" title="Békés County">Békés</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9scsaba" title="Békéscsaba">Békéscsaba</a> </td> <td>361,802 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Great_Plain" title="Southern Great Plain">Southern Great Plain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_departemento_blazono.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_departemento_blazono.svg/25px-Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_departemento_blazono.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_departemento_blazono.svg/38px-Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_departemento_blazono.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_departemento_blazono.svg/50px-Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_departemento_blazono.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="3478" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Borsod-Aba%C3%BAj-Zempl%C3%A9n_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County">Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miskolc" title="Miskolc">Miskolc</a> </td> <td>684,793 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hungary" title="Northern Hungary">Northern Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest_big.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest_big.svg/25px-Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest_big.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest_big.svg/38px-Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest_big.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest_big.svg/50px-Coa_Hungary_Town_Budapest_big.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="529" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Capital City of Budapest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td> <td>1,744,665 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Hungary" title="Central Hungary">Central Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HU_Csongr%C3%A1d_megye_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/HU_Csongr%C3%A1d_megye_COA.svg/25px-HU_Csongr%C3%A1d_megye_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/HU_Csongr%C3%A1d_megye_COA.svg/38px-HU_Csongr%C3%A1d_megye_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/HU_Csongr%C3%A1d_megye_COA.svg/50px-HU_Csongr%C3%A1d_megye_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="965" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Csongr%C3%A1d-Csan%C3%A1d_County" title="Csongrád-Csanád County">Csongrád-Csanád</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a> </td> <td>421,827 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Great_Plain" title="Southern Great Plain">Southern Great Plain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Fej%C3%A9r_megye_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/HUN_Fej%C3%A9r_megye_COA.png/25px-HUN_Fej%C3%A9r_megye_COA.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/HUN_Fej%C3%A9r_megye_COA.png/38px-HUN_Fej%C3%A9r_megye_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/HUN_Fej%C3%A9r_megye_COA.png/50px-HUN_Fej%C3%A9r_megye_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1999" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fej%C3%A9r_County" title="Fejér County">Fejér</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a> </td> <td>426,120 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Transdanubia" title="Central Transdanubia">Central Transdanubia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png/25px-HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png/38px-HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png/50px-HUN_Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_megye_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3143" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Győr-Moson-Sopron County">Győr-Moson-Sopron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a> </td> <td>449,967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Transdanubia" title="Western Transdanubia">Western Transdanubia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Hajd%C3%BA-Bihar_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/HUN_Hajd%C3%BA-Bihar_COA.svg/25px-HUN_Hajd%C3%BA-Bihar_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/HUN_Hajd%C3%BA-Bihar_COA.svg/38px-HUN_Hajd%C3%BA-Bihar_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/HUN_Hajd%C3%BA-Bihar_COA.svg/50px-HUN_Hajd%C3%BA-Bihar_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="1833" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hajd%C3%BA-Bihar_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajdú-Bihar County">Hajdú-Bihar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a> </td> <td>565,674 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Great_Plain" title="Northern Great Plain">Northern Great Plain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_County_Heves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coa_Hungary_County_Heves.svg/25px-Coa_Hungary_County_Heves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coa_Hungary_County_Heves.svg/38px-Coa_Hungary_County_Heves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coa_Hungary_County_Heves.svg/50px-Coa_Hungary_County_Heves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heves_County" title="Heves County">Heves</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eger" title="Eger">Eger</a> </td> <td>307,985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hungary" title="Northern Hungary">Northern Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_megye_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/HUN_J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_megye_COA.png/25px-HUN_J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_megye_COA.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/HUN_J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_megye_COA.png/38px-HUN_J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_megye_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/HUN_J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_megye_COA.png/50px-HUN_J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_megye_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2215" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1sz-Nagykun-Szolnok_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County">Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szolnok" title="Szolnok">Szolnok</a> </td> <td>386,752 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Great_Plain" title="Northern Great Plain">Northern Great Plain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_megye_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HUN_Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_megye_COA.png/25px-HUN_Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_megye_COA.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HUN_Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_megye_COA.png/38px-HUN_Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_megye_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HUN_Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_megye_COA.png/50px-HUN_Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_megye_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rom-Esztergom_County" title="Komárom-Esztergom County">Komárom-Esztergom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatab%C3%A1nya" title="Tatabánya">Tatabánya</a> </td> <td>311,411 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Transdanubia" title="Central Transdanubia">Central Transdanubia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_County_N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coa_Hungary_County_N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d.svg/25px-Coa_Hungary_County_N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coa_Hungary_County_N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d.svg/38px-Coa_Hungary_County_N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coa_Hungary_County_N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d.svg/50px-Coa_Hungary_County_N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="490" /></a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d_County" title="Nógrád County">Nógrád</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salg%C3%B3tarj%C3%A1n" title="Salgótarján">Salgótarján</a> </td> <td>201,919 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hungary" title="Northern Hungary">Northern Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Pest_megye_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HUN_Pest_megye_COA.svg/25px-HUN_Pest_megye_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HUN_Pest_megye_COA.svg/38px-HUN_Pest_megye_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HUN_Pest_megye_COA.svg/50px-HUN_Pest_megye_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="610" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pest_County" title="Pest County">Pest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td> <td>1,237,561 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Hungary" title="Central Hungary">Central Hungary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Somogy_megye_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HUN_Somogy_megye_COA.svg/25px-HUN_Somogy_megye_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HUN_Somogy_megye_COA.svg/38px-HUN_Somogy_megye_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HUN_Somogy_megye_COA.svg/50px-HUN_Somogy_megye_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="2507" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Somogy_County" title="Somogy County">Somogy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaposv%C3%A1r" title="Kaposvár">Kaposvár</a> </td> <td>317,947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Transdanubia" title="Southern Transdanubia">Southern Transdanubia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_megye_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/HUN_Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_megye_COA.svg/25px-HUN_Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_megye_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/HUN_Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_megye_COA.svg/38px-HUN_Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_megye_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/HUN_Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_megye_COA.svg/50px-HUN_Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_megye_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1057" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County">Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%ADregyh%C3%A1za" title="Nyíregyháza">Nyíregyháza</a> </td> <td>552,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Great_Plain" title="Northern Great Plain">Northern Great Plain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Tolna_megye_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/HUN_Tolna_megye_COA.png/25px-HUN_Tolna_megye_COA.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/HUN_Tolna_megye_COA.png/38px-HUN_Tolna_megye_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/HUN_Tolna_megye_COA.png/50px-HUN_Tolna_megye_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2087" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tolna_County" title="Tolna County">Tolna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szeksz%C3%A1rd" title="Szekszárd">Szekszárd</a> </td> <td>231,183 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Transdanubia" title="Southern Transdanubia">Southern Transdanubia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Vas_megye_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HUN_Vas_megye_COA.png/25px-HUN_Vas_megye_COA.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HUN_Vas_megye_COA.png/38px-HUN_Vas_megye_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HUN_Vas_megye_COA.png/50px-HUN_Vas_megye_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1679" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vas_County" title="Vas County">Vas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a> </td> <td>257,688 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Transdanubia" title="Western Transdanubia">Western Transdanubia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_County_Veszpr%C3%A9m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coa_Hungary_County_Veszpr%C3%A9m.svg/25px-Coa_Hungary_County_Veszpr%C3%A9m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coa_Hungary_County_Veszpr%C3%A9m.svg/38px-Coa_Hungary_County_Veszpr%C3%A9m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Coa_Hungary_County_Veszpr%C3%A9m.svg/50px-Coa_Hungary_County_Veszpr%C3%A9m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m_County" title="Veszprém County">Veszprém</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a> </td> <td>353,068 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Transdanubia" title="Central Transdanubia">Central Transdanubia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Hungary_County_Zala_(2010-).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coa_Hungary_County_Zala_%282010-%29.svg/25px-Coa_Hungary_County_Zala_%282010-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coa_Hungary_County_Zala_%282010-%29.svg/38px-Coa_Hungary_County_Zala_%282010-%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coa_Hungary_County_Zala_%282010-%29.svg/50px-Coa_Hungary_County_Zala_%282010-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zala_County" title="Zala County">Zala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zalaegerszeg" title="Zalaegerszeg">Zalaegerszeg</a> </td> <td>287,043 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Transdanubia" title="Western Transdanubia">Western Transdanubia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">List of cities and towns of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge_in_Budapest_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge_in_Budapest_at_night.jpg/220px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge_in_Budapest_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge_in_Budapest_at_night.jpg/330px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge_in_Budapest_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge_in_Budapest_at_night.jpg/440px-Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge_in_Budapest_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3580" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, the capital and most populous city of Hungary</figcaption></figure> Hungary has 3,152 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities">municipalities</a> as of 15 July 2013: 346 towns (Hungarian term: város, plural: városok; the terminology does not distinguish between <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a> – the term town is used in official translations) and 2,806 villages (Hungarian: község, plural: községek) which fully cover the territory of the country. The number of towns can change, since villages can be elevated to town status by act of the president. Budapest has a special status and is not included in any county while 23 of the towns are so-called urban counties (megyei jogú város – town with county rights). All county seats except Budapest are urban counties. Four of the cities (Budapest, Miskolc, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>) have agglomerations, and the Hungarian Statistical Office distinguishes seventeen other areas in earlier stages of agglomeration development.<a href="#cite_note-portal-164">[163]</a> The largest city is Budapest. There are more than 100 villages with fewer than 100 inhabitants while the smallest villages have fewer than 20 inhabitants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy of Hungary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> Hungary is an OECD high-income <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">very high human development index</a> and skilled labour force with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">16th lowest income inequality</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Furthermore, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_complexity" title="List of countries by economic complexity">9th most complex economy</a> according to the Economic Complexity Index.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The economy is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">57th-largest in the world</a> (out of 188 countries measured by <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>) with $265.037 billion output<a href="#cite_note-imf2-167">[166]</a> and ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">49th in the world in terms of GDP per capita</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>. Hungary is an export-oriented <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> with a heavy emphasis on foreign trade, thus the country is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">36th largest export economy</a> in the world. The country has more than $100 billion export in 2015 with high, $9.003 billion <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">trade surplus</a>, of which 79% went to the EU and 21% was extra-EU trade.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Hungary has a more than 80% <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">privately owned</a> economy with <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_to_GDP_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio">39.1% overall taxation</a>, which provides the basis for the country's <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare economy</a>. On the expenditure side, household consumption is the main component of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> and accounts for 50% of its total use, followed by gross fixed <a href="/wiki/Capital_formation" title="Capital formation">capital formation</a> with 22% and government expenditure with 20%.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Hungary continues to be one of the leading nations for attracting <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>; the inward FDI in the country was $119.8 billion in 2015, while investing more than $50 billion abroad.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-7">[7]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungary&action=edit">[update]</a>, the key trading partners were Germany, Austria, Romania, Slovakia, France, Italy, Poland and Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Major industries include food processing, pharmaceuticals, motor vehicles, information technology, chemicals, metallurgy, machinery, electrical goods, and tourism (with 12.1 million international tourists in 2014).<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Hungary is the largest electronics producer in Central and Eastern Europe. Electronics manufacturing and research are among the main drivers of innovation and economic growth in the country. In the past 20 years Hungary has also grown into a major centre for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_technology" title="Mobile technology">mobile technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a>, and related hardware research.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">employment rate</a> was 68.3% in 2017;<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> the employment structure shows the characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial economies</a>, 63.2% of employed workforce work in service sector, the industry contributed by 29.7%, while agriculture with 7.1%. Unemployment rate was 4.1% in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> down from 11% during the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. Hungary is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a> which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union members and by EU legislation. Large <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Hungarian companies</a> are included in the <a href="/wiki/BUX" title="BUX">BUX</a>, the stock market index listed on <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Budapest Stock Exchange</a>. Well-known companies include the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> firm <a href="/wiki/MOL_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="MOL Group">MOL Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OTP_Bank" title="OTP Bank">OTP Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gedeon_Richter_Plc." class="mw-redirect" title="Gedeon Richter Plc.">Gedeon Richter Plc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telekom" title="Magyar Telekom">Magyar Telekom</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIG_Pannonia" title="CIG Pannonia">CIG Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/FHB_Mortgage_Bank" title="FHB Mortgage Bank">FHB Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwack_liqueur" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwack liqueur">Zwack Unicum</a> and more.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Besides this Hungary has a large portion of specialised <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium enterprise</a>, for example a significant number of automotive suppliers and technology <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start ups</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Budapest is the financial and business capital, classified as an Alpha <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">world city</a> in the study by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Budapest is the <a href="/wiki/Primate_city" title="Primate city">primate city</a> of Hungary regarding business and economy, accounting for 39% of the national income, the city has a <a href="/wiki/Gross_metropolitan_product" title="Gross metropolitan product">gross metropolitan product</a> more than $100 billion in 2015, making it one of the largest regional economies in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Budapest is also among the Top 100 GDP performing cities in the world, measured by <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Hungary maintains its own currency, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a> (HUF), although the economy fulfills the <a href="/wiki/Euro_convergence_criteria" title="Euro convergence criteria">Maastricht criteria</a> with the exception of public debt, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by public debt">but it is also significantly below the EU average</a> with the level of 75.3% in 2015. The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a> is currently focusing on price stability with an inflation target of 3%.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Hungary's corporate tax rate is only 9%, which is relatively low for EU states.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology in Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">List of Hungarian Nobel laureates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szentgyorgyi_Albert_es_a_c_vitamin_keplete_1937_okt_31_Pesti_Naplo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Szentgyorgyi_Albert_es_a_c_vitamin_keplete_1937_okt_31_Pesti_Naplo.jpg/220px-Szentgyorgyi_Albert_es_a_c_vitamin_keplete_1937_okt_31_Pesti_Naplo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Szentgyorgyi_Albert_es_a_c_vitamin_keplete_1937_okt_31_Pesti_Naplo.jpg/330px-Szentgyorgyi_Albert_es_a_c_vitamin_keplete_1937_okt_31_Pesti_Naplo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Szentgyorgyi_Albert_es_a_c_vitamin_keplete_1937_okt_31_Pesti_Naplo.jpg/440px-Szentgyorgyi_Albert_es_a_c_vitamin_keplete_1937_okt_31_Pesti_Naplo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> has been awarded to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">15 Hungarians</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary-02046_-_Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics_(31670993764).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hungary-02046_-_Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics_%2831670993764%29.jpg/220px-Hungary-02046_-_Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics_%2831670993764%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hungary-02046_-_Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics_%2831670993764%29.jpg/330px-Hungary-02046_-_Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics_%2831670993764%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hungary-02046_-_Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics_%2831670993764%29.jpg/440px-Hungary-02046_-_Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics_%2831670993764%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1782, the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics" title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">institute of technology</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> Hungary's achievements in science and technology have been significant, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the country's economy. Hungary spent 1.61% of its gross domestic product (GDP) on civil research and development in 2020, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by research and development spending">25th highest ratio in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-183">[182]</a> Hungary ranks 32nd among the most innovative countries in the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Hungary was ranked 36th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> In 2014, Hungary counted 2,651 full-time equivalent researchers per million inhabitants, steadily increasing from 2,131 in 2010 and compares with 3,984 in the U.S. or 4,380 in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Hungary's high technology industry has benefited from both the country's skilled workforce and the strong presence of foreign high-tech firms and research centres. Hungary also has one of the highest rates of filed patents, the sixth highest ratio of high-tech and medium high-tech output in the total industrial output, the 12th highest research FDI inflow, placed 14th in research talent in business enterprise and has the 17th best overall innovation efficiency ratio in the world.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> The key actor of research and development in Hungary is the National Research, Development and Innovation (NRDI) Office, which is a national strategic and <a href="/wiki/Funding_of_science" title="Funding of science">funding agency for scientific research, development and innovation</a>, the primary source of advice on RDI policy for the Hungarian government and the primary RDI funding agency. Its role is to develop RDI policy and ensure that Hungary adequately invest in RDI by funding excellent research and supporting innovation to increase competitiveness and to prepare the RDI strategy of the government, to handle the NRDI Fund and represents the government and RDI community in international organisations.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Scientific research is supported partly by industry and partly by the state, through universities and by scientific state-institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Hungary has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. As of 2018, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">thirteen Hungarian scientists</a> have been recipients of a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Until 2012 three individuals—Csoma, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bolyai" title="János Bolyai">János Bolyai</a> and Tihanyi—were included in the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World</a> register as well as the collective contributions <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Hungariae" title="Tabula Hungariae">Tabula Hungariae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Corviniana" title="Bibliotheca Corviniana">Bibliotheca Corviniana</a>. Contemporary scientists include mathematician <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lov%C3%A1sz" title="László Lovász">László Lovász</a>, physicist <a href="/wiki/Albert-L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Barab%C3%A1si" title="Albert-László Barabási">Albert-László Barabási</a>, physicist <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a>, and biochemist <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Pusztai" title="Árpád Pusztai">Árpád Pusztai</a>. Hungary has excellent <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">mathematics education</a> which has trained numerous outstanding scientists. Famous Hungarian mathematicians include father <a href="/wiki/Farkas_Bolyai" title="Farkas Bolyai">Farkas Bolyai</a> and son <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Bolyai" title="János Bolyai">János Bolyai</a>, who was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s" title="Paul Erdős">Paul Erdős</a>, famed for publishing in over forty languages and whose <a href="/wiki/Erd%C5%91s_number" title="Erdős number">Erdős numbers</a> are still tracked, and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, a key contributor in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a>, a pioneer of digital computing, and the chief mathematician in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. Notable Hungarian inventions include the <a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">lead dioxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">match</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Irinyi" title="János Irinyi">János Irinyi</a>), a type of <a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">carburetor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Don%C3%A1t_B%C3%A1nki" title="Donát Bánki">Donát Bánki</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Csonka" title="János Csonka">János Csonka</a>), the electric (AC) train engine and generator (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Kand%C3%B3" title="Kálmán Kandó">Kálmán Kandó</a>), <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube" title="Rubik's Cube">Rubik's Cube</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Rubik" title="Ernő Rubik">Ernő Rubik</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esztergom.desiro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Esztergom.desiro.JPG/220px-Esztergom.desiro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Esztergom.desiro.JPG/330px-Esztergom.desiro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Esztergom.desiro.JPG/440px-Esztergom.desiro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Desiro" title="Siemens Desiro">Siemens Desiro</a> passenger trains on the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Railways" title="Hungarian State Railways">Hungarian State Railways</a> network, which is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size" title="List of countries by rail transport network size">densest in the world</a></figcaption></figure> Hungary has a highly developed road, railway, air, and water transport system. Budapest serves as an important hub for the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Railways" title="Hungarian State Railways">Hungarian railway system</a> (MÁV). The capital is served by three large train stations called <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Keleti_station" title="Budapest Keleti station">Keleti</a> (Eastern), <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Nyugati_station" title="Budapest Nyugati station">Nyugati</a> (Western), and <a href="/wiki/Budapest_D%C3%A9li_station" title="Budapest Déli station">Déli</a> (Southern) pályaudvars (termii). <a href="/wiki/Szolnok" title="Szolnok">Szolnok</a> is the most important railway hub outside Budapest, while <a href="/wiki/Miskolc_Tiszai_railway_station" title="Miskolc Tiszai railway station">Tiszai Railway Station</a> in Miskolc and the main stations of <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a> are also key to the network. From March 2024, transport on the Hungarian railway MÁV will be free for people aged 65 and over and under 14 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Budapest, <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, Miskolc, and <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a> have tram networks. The <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Metro" title="Budapest Metro">Budapest Metro</a> is the second-oldest underground <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system in the world; its <a href="/wiki/Metro_Line_M1_(Budapest_Metro)" title="Metro Line M1 (Budapest Metro)">Line 1</a> dates from 1896. The system consists of four lines. A <a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">commuter rail</a> system, <a href="/wiki/BH%C3%89V" title="BHÉV">HÉV</a>, operates in the Budapest metropolitan area. Hungary has a total length of approximately 1,314 km (816.48 mi) motorways (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: autópálya). Motorway sections are being added to the existing network, which already connects many major economically important cities to the capital. Ports are located at Budapest, <a href="/wiki/Duna%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ros" title="Dunaújváros">Dunaújváros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baja,_Hungary" title="Baja, Hungary">Baja</a>. There are five international airports: <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ferenc_Liszt_International_Airport" title="Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport">Budapest Ferenc Liszt</a> (informally called "Ferihegy"), <a href="/wiki/Debrecen_International_Airport" title="Debrecen International Airport">Debrecen</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9v%C3%ADz%E2%80%93Balaton_Airport" title="Hévíz–Balaton Airport">Hévíz–Balaton</a> (also called Sármellék Airport), <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r-P%C3%A9r_International_Airport" title="Győr-Pér International Airport">Győr-Pér</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs-Pog%C3%A1ny_International_Airport" title="Pécs-Pogány International Airport">Pécs-Pogány</a>, but only two of these (Budapest and Debrecen) receive scheduled flights. Low-budget airline <a href="/wiki/Wizz_Air" title="Wizz Air">Wizz Air</a> is based at Ferihegy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy in Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Renewable energy in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mol_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mol_Campus.jpg/220px-Mol_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mol_Campus.jpg/330px-Mol_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mol_Campus.jpg/440px-Mol_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/MOL_(company)" title="MOL (company)">MOL Group</a> </figcaption></figure> Hungary's total energy supply is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> occupying the largest share, followed by <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[192]</a> In June 2020, Hungary passed a law binding itself to a target of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">net-zero emissions</a> by 2050. As part of a broader restructuring of the nation's energy and climate policies, Hungary also extended its National Energy Strategy 2030 to look even further, adding an outlook until 2040 that prioritizes carbon-neutral and cost-effective energy while focusing on reinforcing <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_independence" title="Energy independence">energy independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[192]</a> Key forces in the country's 2050 target include <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a> electricity, and <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> of end-use sectors. Significant investments in the power sector are expected, including for the construction of two new nuclear energy generating units. Renewable energy capacity has increased significantly, but in recent years growth in the renewables sector has stagnated. What is more, certain policies that limit development of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> are expected to negatively impact the renewables sector.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[192]</a> Hungary's emission of greenhouse gases has dropped alongside the economy's decreasing use of carbon-based fuels. However, independent analysis has identified space for Hungary to set more ambitious emissions reduction targets.<a href="#cite_note-:0-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_in_Hungary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Population_density_in_Hungary.png/220px-Population_density_in_Hungary.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Population_density_in_Hungary.png/330px-Population_density_in_Hungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Population_density_in_Hungary.png/440px-Population_density_in_Hungary.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Population density in Hungary by <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hungary" title="Districts of Hungary">district</a></figcaption></figure> Hungary's population was 9,689,000 in 2021, according to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, making it the fifth most populous country in Central and Eastern Europe, and a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">medium-sized member state of the European Union</a>. As in other former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern bloc countries</a>, its population has decreased markedly since the fall of communism, having peaked at 10.8 million in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Hungary_1800–2020-194">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> stands at 107 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is about two times higher than the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">world average</a>. Around 70% of the population lives in cities and towns overall, which is well above the global rate of 56% but <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_sovereign_state" title="Urbanization by sovereign state">lower than most developed countries</a>; one quarter of Hungarians live in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_metropolitan_area" title="Budapest metropolitan area">Budapest metropolitan area</a> in north-central region. Like most European countries, Hungary is experiencing <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a>; its estimated <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> of 1.43 children per woman is well below the replacement rate of 2.1.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-7">[7]</a> Consequently, its population has been gradually declining and rapidly aging; the average age is 42.7 years, among the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-7">[7]</a> This trend has been exacerbated by a high rate of emigration, particularly among young adults, and anti-immigration policies, which accelerated in the 1990s but have since somewhat abated.<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Hungary_1800–2020-194">[193]</a> In 2011, the conservative government began a programme to increase the birth rate among <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">ethnic Magyars</a> by reinstating three-year maternity leave and boosting the availability of part-time jobs; the fertility rate has since gradually increased from its nadir of 1.27 children per woman in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> in some years rising as high as 1.5.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> In 2023, the population grew by 0.77% compared to the prior year, due mostly to an influx of immigrants from neighboring countries.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> In 2015, 47.9% of births were to unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> was 71.96 years for men and 79.62 years for women in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-factbook-7">[7]</a> growing continuously since the fall of Communism.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Hungary recognises two sizeable minority groups, designated as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries in Hungary: a <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">German community</a> of about 130,000 that lives throughout the country, and a <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Romani minority</a> that numbers around 300,000 and mainly resides in the northern part of the country. Some studies indicate a considerably larger number of Romani in Hungary (876,000 people – c. 9% of the population.).<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> According to the 2011 census, there were 8,314,029 (83.7%) ethnic <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, 308,957 (3.1%) <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, 131,951 (1.3%) <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, 29,647 (0.3%) <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, 26,345 (0.3%) <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, and 23,561 (0.2%) <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> in Hungary; 1,455,883 people (14.7% of the total population) did not declare their ethnicity. Thus, Hungarians made up more than 90% of people who declared their ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-Census2011det-202">[201]</a> In Hungary, people can declare more than one ethnicity, so the sum of ethnicities is higher than the total population.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Approximately <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">5 million Hungarians live outside Hungary</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MagyarsOutsideHungary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MagyarsOutsideHungary.png/220px-MagyarsOutsideHungary.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MagyarsOutsideHungary.png/330px-MagyarsOutsideHungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MagyarsOutsideHungary.png/440px-MagyarsOutsideHungary.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Regions of Central and Eastern Europe inhabited by Hungarian speakers today</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and predominant spoken language. Hungarian is the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">13th most widely spoken first language in Europe</a> with around 13 million native speakers and it is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Outside Hungary, it is also spoken in neighbouring countries and by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide. According to the 2011 census, 9,896,333 people (99.6%) speak Hungarian in Hungary, of whom 9,827,875 people (99%) speak it as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>, while 68,458 people (0.7%) speak it as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census2011det-202">[201]</a> English (1,589,180 speakers, 16.0%), and German (1,111,997 speakers, 11.2%) are the most widely spoken foreign languages, while there are several recognised minority languages in Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Census2011-205">[204]</a> Hungarian is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a>, unrelated to any neighbouring language and distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>. It is the largest of the Uralic languages in terms of the number of speakers and the only one spoken in Central Europe. Standard Hungarian is based on the variety spoken in Budapest. Although the use of the standard dialect is enforced, Hungarian has several urban and rural <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C5%91sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_(6238._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k)_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F%C5%91sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_%286238._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_22.jpg/300px-F%C5%91sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_%286238._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F%C5%91sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_%286238._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_22.jpg/450px-F%C5%91sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_%286238._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/F%C5%91sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_%286238._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_22.jpg/600px-F%C5%91sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_%286238._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Esztergom_Basilica" title="Esztergom Basilica">Basilica in Esztergom</a>, where the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Hungarian Catholic Church</a> is</figcaption></figure> Hungary is a historically <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> country with a deep-rooted Christian heritage.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Hungarian historiography identifies the foundation of the Hungarian state with Stephen I's <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and coronation with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a> in A.D. 1000. Stephen promulgated <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, and his successors were traditionally known as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Catholic Church in Hungary</a> remained strong through the centuries, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Esztergom%E2%80%93Budapest" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest">Archbishop of Esztergom</a> was granted extraordinary temporal privileges as <a href="/wiki/Prince-primate" title="Prince-primate">prince-primate</a> (hercegprímás) of Hungary. The transition to statehood occurred at the turn of the 1st to 2nd millennium when the federation of Magyar tribes was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, was adopted as <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bencz%C3%BAr_-_Painting_of_St_Stephen_in_the_Basilica_of_Budapest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bencz%C3%BAr_-_Painting_of_St_Stephen_in_the_Basilica_of_Budapest.jpg/170px-Bencz%C3%BAr_-_Painting_of_St_Stephen_in_the_Basilica_of_Budapest.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bencz%C3%BAr_-_Painting_of_St_Stephen_in_the_Basilica_of_Budapest.jpg/255px-Bencz%C3%BAr_-_Painting_of_St_Stephen_in_the_Basilica_of_Budapest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bencz%C3%BAr_-_Painting_of_St_Stephen_in_the_Basilica_of_Budapest.jpg/340px-Bencz%C3%BAr_-_Painting_of_St_Stephen_in_the_Basilica_of_Budapest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="2585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">King Saint Stephen</a> offering the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Hungarian crown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> – painting by Gyula Benczúr, in the <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Basilica" title="St. Stephen's Basilica">St. Stephen's Basilica</a>, Budapest</figcaption></figure> Although contemporary Hungary has no <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a> and recognises <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> as a fundamental right, the constitution "recognises Christianity's nation-building role" in its preamble<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> and in Article VII affirms that "the state may cooperate with the churches for community goals."<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> The 2022 census showed that 42.5% of the Hungarians were Christians, most of whom were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Roman Catholics</a> (római katolikusok) (27.5%) and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary" title="Reformed Church in Hungary">Hungarian Reformed</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a> (reformátusok) (9.8%), alongside <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> (evangélikusok) (1.8%), <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholics</a> (1.7%), and other Christians (1.7%). <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> (0.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> (0.1%) communities are small minorities. 40.1% of the population did not declare a religious affiliation, while 16.1% declared themselves explicitly irreligious.<a href="#cite_note-Census2022-religion-3">[3]</a> During the initial stages of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, most Hungarians adopted first Lutheranism and then Calvinism in the form of the Hungarian Reformed Church. Key figures in the Calvinist movement included <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rton_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1ncsehi" title="Márton Kálmáncsehi">Márton Kálmáncsehi</a> (1500–1550) and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Melius_Juh%C3%A1sz" title="Péter Melius Juhász">Péter Melius Juhász</a>. Melius Juhász played a pivotal role in translating the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and other religious texts into Hungarian, and he established <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a> in the Great Plain as the heart of Hungarian Calvinism, earning it the titles "Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>" or the second "<a href="/wiki/Calvinist_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist Rome">Calvinist Rome</a>".<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> In the second half of the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> campaign, and the population once again became predominantly Catholic. This campaign was only partially successful, however, and the (mainly Reformed) Hungarian nobility were able to secure freedom of worship for Protestants. In practice, this meant <a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a>; thus, most individual localities in Hungary are still identifiable as historically Catholic, Lutheran, or Reformed. The country's eastern regions, especially around Debrecen (the "Calvinist Rome"), remain almost completely Reformed,<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> a trait they share with historically contiguous ethnically Hungarian regions across the Romanian border. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> in Hungary is associated with the country's ethnic minorities: Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs. Historically, Hungary was home to a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">significant Jewish community</a>, with a pre-World War II population of more than 800,000; however, it is estimated that just over 564,000 Hungarian Jews were killed between 1941 and 1945 during the Holocaust in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Between 15 May and 9 July 1944 alone, over 434,000 Jews were deported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraham2016771,_774–775-215">[214]</a> Of over 800,000 Jews living within Hungary's borders in 1941–1944, about 255,500 are thought to have survived. There are about 120,000 Jews in Hungary today.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education in Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">List of universities and colleges in Hungary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DE-foepulet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DE-foepulet.jpg/189px-DE-foepulet.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DE-foepulet.jpg/284px-DE-foepulet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DE-foepulet.jpg/378px-DE-foepulet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Debrecen" title="University of Debrecen">University of Debrecen</a> is the oldest continuously operating institution of higher education in Hungary (<a href="/wiki/1538" title="1538">1538</a>).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskola%C3%A9p%C3%BClet_(527._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iskola%C3%A9p%C3%BClet_%28527._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29.jpg/95px-Iskola%C3%A9p%C3%BClet_%28527._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iskola%C3%A9p%C3%BClet_%28527._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29.jpg/143px-Iskola%C3%A9p%C3%BClet_%28527._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Iskola%C3%A9p%C3%BClet_%28527._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29.jpg/190px-Iskola%C3%A9p%C3%BClet_%28527._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Business_School" title="Budapest Business School">Budapest Business School</a>, the first public <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business school</a> in the world (<a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_076University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_076University.jpg/129px-Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_076University.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_076University.jpg/194px-Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_076University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_076University.jpg/258px-Hungary_Pecs_2005_June_076University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/University_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="University of Pécs">University of Pécs</a> is the oldest university in Hungary, founded 1367 by <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis the Great</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ElteFotoThalerTamas1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ElteFotoThalerTamas1.jpg/155px-ElteFotoThalerTamas1.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ElteFotoThalerTamas1.jpg/233px-ElteFotoThalerTamas1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ElteFotoThalerTamas1.jpg/310px-ElteFotoThalerTamas1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="2257" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a> is one of the largest and most prestigious institutions.</div></div></div></div></div> Education is predominantly public, run by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(Hungary)" title="Minister of Education (Hungary)">Ministry of Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> education is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> and provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is also compulsory until the age of sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-europa-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a> usually lasts for eight years. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a> includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> enrolls the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the secondary vocational schools for intermediate students lasts four years and the technical school prepares pupils for <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a> and work. The system is partly flexible and bridges exist.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title="Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a> rated 13–14-year-old pupils in Hungary among the best in the world for maths and science. Most of the universities are <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public institutions</a>, and students traditionally study without fees. The general requirement for university is the <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a>. The Hungarian public <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> system includes universities and other higher education institutes that provide both education curricula and related degrees up to doctoral degree and also contribute to research activities. Health insurance for students is free until the end of their studies. English and German language are important in Hungarian higher education; there are a number of degree programmes that are taught in these languages, which attracts thousands of <a href="/wiki/Student_exchange_program" title="Student exchange program">exchange students</a> every year. Hungary's higher education and training has been ranked 44 out of 148 countries in the Global Competitiveness Report 2014.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Hungary has a long tradition of higher education and an established <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a>. Several universities are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest in continuous operation in the world</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="University of Pécs">University of Pécs</a> (founded 1367), <a href="/wiki/%C3%93buda_University" title="Óbuda University">Óbuda University</a> (1395), and <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Istropolitana" title="Universitas Istropolitana">Universitas Istropolitana</a> (1465). <a href="/wiki/Nagyszombat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagyszombat">Nagyszombat</a> University was founded in 1635 and moved to Buda in 1777, and it is called <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a> today. The world's first <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">institute of technology</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Selmecb%C3%A1nya" class="mw-redirect" title="Selmecbánya">Selmecbánya</a> in 1735; its legal successor is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miskolc" title="University of Miskolc">University of Miskolc</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics" title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a> is considered the oldest institute of technology in the world with university rank and structure, its legal predecessor the Institutum Geometrico-Hydrotechnicum was founded in 1782 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Joseph II</a>. Hungary ranks fourth (above neighbour Romania, and after China, the United States and Russia) in the all-time medal count at the <a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad" title="International Mathematical Olympiad">International Mathematical Olympiad</a> with 336 total medals, dating back to 1959. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuglo_uzsoki_korhaz_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Zuglo_uzsoki_korhaz_%281%29.jpg/220px-Zuglo_uzsoki_korhaz_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Zuglo_uzsoki_korhaz_%281%29.jpg/330px-Zuglo_uzsoki_korhaz_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Zuglo_uzsoki_korhaz_%281%29.jpg/440px-Zuglo_uzsoki_korhaz_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Uzsoki Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></figcaption></figure> Hungary maintains a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system largely financed by government <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, 100% of the population is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_health_insurance_coverage" title="List of countries by health insurance coverage">covered by universal health insurance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-24">[23]</a> which is free for children, students, pensioners, people with low income, handicapped people, and church employees.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Hungary spends 7.2% of GDP on healthcare, spending $2,045 per capita, of which $1,365 is provided by the government.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Hungary is one of the main destinations of <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> in Europe, particularly for dentistry,<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBJ1-224">[223]</a> in which its share is 42% in Europe and 21% worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-BBJ1-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBJ2-225">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a> is also a key sector, with 30% of the clients coming from abroad. Hungary is well known for its spa culture and is home to <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">numerous medicinal spas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IMTJ-226">[225]</a> which attract "spa tourism".<a href="#cite_note-BBJ3-227">[226]</a> In common with developed countries, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality, accounting for 49.4% (62,979) of all deaths in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-KSH-228">[227]</a> However, this number peaked in 1985 with 79,355 deaths, and has been declining continuously since the fall of communism.<a href="#cite_note-KSH-228">[227]</a> The second leading cause of death is cancer with 33,274 (26.2%), which has been stagnant since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-KSH-228">[227]</a> Deaths from accidents dropped from 8,760 in 1990 to 3,654 in 2013; the number of suicides has declined precipitously from 4,911 in 1983 to 2,093 in 2013 (21.1 per 100,000 people), the lowest since 1956.<a href="#cite_note-KSH-228">[227]</a> There are considerable health disparities between the western and eastern parts of Hungary; heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and suicide is prevalent in the mostly agricultural and low-income Great Plain region in the east, but infrequent in the high-income, middle class areas of Western Transdanubia and Central Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Smoking is a leading cause of death, although it is in steep decline: The proportion of adult smokers declined to 19% in 2013 from 28% in 2012, owing to strict regulations such as a nationwide smoking ban in every indoor public place and the limiting of tobacco sales to state-controlled "National Tobacco Shops".<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Hungary ranks as the <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">17th safest country</a> in the world, with a homicide rate of 1.3 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">National symbols of Hungary</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Budapest" title="List of films shot in Budapest">List of films shot in Budapest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals_from_Hungary" title="List of domesticated animals from Hungary">List of domesticated animals from Hungary</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Hungary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hungary%22">"Hungary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hungary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hungary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hungary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hungary%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hungary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_(8941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k)_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_%288941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_7.jpg/220px-Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_%288941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_%288941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_7.jpg/330px-Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_%288941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_%288941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_7.jpg/440px-Ap%C3%A1ts%C3%A1gi_templom_%288941._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Romanesque <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1k_Abbey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ják Abbey (page does not exist)">Ják Abbey</a>, built between 1220 and 1256</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_(4051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg/220px-Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg/330px-Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg/440px-Esterh%C3%A1zy-kast%C3%A9ly_%284051._sz%C3%A1m%C3%BA_m%C5%B1eml%C3%A9k%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10303" data-file-height="4077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eszterh%C3%A1za" title="Eszterháza">Eszterháza Palace</a>, the "Hungarian Versailles"</figcaption></figure> Hungary is home to the <a href="/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue" title="Dohány Street Synagogue">largest synagogue in Europe</a>, built in 1859 in <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a> style with a capacity of 3,000 people; the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_thermal_bath" title="Széchenyi thermal bath">largest medicinal bath in Europe</a>, completed in 1913 in Modern <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance style</a> and located in the Budapest city park; one of the <a href="/wiki/Esztergom_Basilica" title="Esztergom Basilica">largest basilicas in Europe</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Pannonhalma_Archabbey" title="Pannonhalma Archabbey">second-largest territorial abbey</a> in the world; and the largest <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">early Christian necropolis</a> outside Italy. Notable architectural styles include <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a> and variants of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>. In contrast to Historicism, Hungarian Art Nouveau is based on national architectural characteristics. Taking the eastern origins of the Hungarians into account, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_Lechner" title="Ödön Lechner">Ödön Lechner</a>, the most important figure in Hungarian Art Nouveau, was initially inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture and later by traditional Hungarian decorative designs. In this way, he created an original synthesis of architectural styles. By applying them to three-dimensional architectural elements, he produced a version of Art Nouveau that was specific to Hungary. Turning away from the style of Lechner, yet taking inspiration from his approach, the group of "Young People" (Fiatalok), which included <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_K%C3%B3s" title="Károly Kós">Károly Kós</a> and Dezsö Zrumeczky, used the characteristic structures and forms of traditional Hungarian architecture to achieve the same end. Besides the two principal styles, Budapest also displays local versions of trends originating from other European countries. The Sezession from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a>, Art Nouveau from Belgium and France, and the influence of English and Finnish architecture are all reflected in the buildings constructed at the turn of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Lajta" title="Béla Lajta">Béla Lajta</a> initially adopted Lechner's style, subsequently drawing his inspiration from English and Finnish trends; after developing an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> style, he finally arrived at modern architecture. <a href="/wiki/Alad%C3%A1r_%C3%81rkay" title="Aladár Árkay">Aladár Árkay</a> took almost the same route. <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Medgyaszay" title="István Medgyaszay">István Medgyaszay</a> developed his own style, which differed from Lechner's, using stylised traditional motifs to create decorative designs in concrete. In the sphere of applied arts, those chiefly responsible for promoting the spread of Art Nouveau were the School and Museum of Decorative Arts, which opened in 1896. In the Budapest downtown area almost all the buildings are about one hundred years old, with thick walls, high ceilings, and motifs on the front walls.<a href="#cite_note-Eliznik.org.uk-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music of Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budapest_Opera_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Budapest_Opera_1.jpg/220px-Budapest_Opera_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Budapest_Opera_1.jpg/330px-Budapest_Opera_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Budapest_Opera_1.jpg/440px-Budapest_Opera_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4845" data-file-height="3286" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Opera_House" title="Hungarian State Opera House">Hungarian State Opera House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1ssy_%C3%BAt" title="Andrássy út">Andrássy út</a> (a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>)</figcaption></figure> Hungarian music consists mainly of traditional <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_folk_music" title="Hungarian folk music">Hungarian folk music</a> and music by prominent composers such as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, considered to be among the greatest Hungarian composers. Other renowned composers are <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi" title="Ernst von Dohnányi">Ernst von Dohnányi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schmidt_(composer)" title="Franz Schmidt (composer)">Franz Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_von_Wayditch" title="Gabriel von Wayditch">Gabriel von Wayditch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wagner-R%C3%A9geny" title="Rudolf Wagner-Régeny">Rudolf Wagner-Régeny</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lajtha" title="László Lajtha">László Lajtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leh%C3%A1r" title="Franz Lehár">Franz Lehár</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmerich_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Emmerich Kálmán">Imre Kálmán</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Veress" title="Sándor Veress">Sándor Veress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Miklós Rózsa">Miklós Rózsa</a>. Hungarian traditional music tends to have a strong <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)" title="Dactyl (poetry)">dactylic</a> rhythm, as the language is invariably stressed on the first syllable of each word. Hungary has renowned composers of contemporary classical music, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Péter Eötvös">Péter Eötvös</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Jeney" title="Zoltán Jeney">Zoltán Jeney</a> among them. Bartók was among the most significant musicians of the 20th century. His music was invigorated by the themes, modes, and rhythmic patterns of the Hungarian and neighbouring folk music traditions he studied, which he synthesised with influences from his contemporaries into his own distinctive style.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and has been significant in former country parts that belong—since the 1920 Treaty of Trianon—to neighbouring countries such as Romania, Slovakia, Poland and especially in southern Slovakia and Transylvania. After the establishment of a music academy led by Liszt and <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Ferenc Erkel</a>, <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg/220px-Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg/330px-Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Bart%C3%B3k_B%C3%A9la_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Composer <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a></figcaption></figure> Broughton claims that Hungary's "infectious sound has been surprisingly influential on neighboring countries (thanks perhaps to the common Austro-Hungarian history) and it's not uncommon to hear Hungarian-sounding tunes in Romania, Slovakia and Poland".<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> It is also strong in the <a href="/wiki/Szabolcs-Szatm%C3%A1r-Bereg_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County">Szabolcs-Szatmár</a> area and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The <a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Busójárás">Busójárás</a> carnival in Mohács is a major Hungarian folk music event, formerly featuring the long-established and well-regarded <a href="/wiki/Bogyiszl%C3%B3_Orchestra" title="Bogyiszló Orchestra">Bogyiszló Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broughton-236">[235]</a> Hungarian classical music has long been an "experiment, made from Hungarian antecedents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture [using the] musical world of the folk song".<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th-century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style.<a href="#cite_note-Szabolcsi-238">[237]</a> For example, Bartók collected folk songs from across Central and Eastern Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, while Kodály was more interested in creating a distinctively Hungarian musical style. During the era of communist rule in Hungary, a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. Since then, however, the Hungarian music industry has begun to recover, producing successful performers in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> such as trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tomsits" title="Rudolf Tomsits">Rudolf Tomsits</a>, pianist-composer <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Binder" title="Károly Binder">Károly Binder</a> and, in a modernised form of Hungarian folk, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Seb%C5%91" title="Ferenc Sebő">Ferenc Sebő</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rta_Sebesty%C3%A9n" title="Márta Sebestyén">Márta Sebestyén</a>. The three giants of Hungarian rock, <a href="/wiki/Ill%C3%A9s_(band)" title="Illés (band)">Illés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metr%C3%B3_(Hungarian_band)" title="Metró (Hungarian band)">Metró</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omega_(band)" title="Omega (band)">Omega</a>, remain very popular, especially Omega, which has followings in Germany and beyond as well as in Hungary. Older veteran underground bands such as <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_(band)" title="Beatrice (band)">Beatrice</a>, from the 1980s, also remain popular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungarian wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dobos_cake_(Gerbeaud_Confectionery_Budapest_Hungary).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dobos_cake_%28Gerbeaud_Confectionery_Budapest_Hungary%29.jpg/220px-Dobos_cake_%28Gerbeaud_Confectionery_Budapest_Hungary%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dobos_cake_%28Gerbeaud_Confectionery_Budapest_Hungary%29.jpg/330px-Dobos_cake_%28Gerbeaud_Confectionery_Budapest_Hungary%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dobos_cake_%28Gerbeaud_Confectionery_Budapest_Hungary%29.jpg/440px-Dobos_cake_%28Gerbeaud_Confectionery_Budapest_Hungary%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dobos_torte" title="Dobos torte">Dobos torte</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional dishes such as the world-famous <a href="/wiki/Goulash" title="Goulash">goulash</a> (gulyás stew or gulyás soup) feature prominently in Hungarian cuisine. Dishes are often flavoured with <a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">paprika</a> (ground red peppers), a Hungarian innovation.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> The paprika powder, obtained from a special type of pepper, is one of the most common spices used in typical Hungarian cuisine. Thick, heavy sour cream called <a href="/wiki/Tejf%C3%B6l" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejföl">tejföl</a> is often used to soften the flavour of a dish. The famous Hungarian hot river fish soup called <a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_soup" title="Fisherman's soup">fisherman's soup</a> or halászlé is usually a rich mixture of several kinds of poached fish.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Other dishes are <a href="/wiki/Chicken_paprikash" title="Chicken paprikash">chicken paprikash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a> made of goose liver, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6rk%C3%B6lt" title="Pörkölt">pörkölt</a> stew, vadas, (game stew with vegetable gravy and <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tzle" title="Spätzle">dumplings</a>), trout with almonds and salty and sweet dumplings, like <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAr%C3%B3s_csusza" title="Túrós csusza">túrós csusza</a>, (dumplings with fresh <a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">quark</a> cheese and thick sour cream). Desserts include the iconic <a href="/wiki/Dobos_torte" title="Dobos torte">Dobos torte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strudel" title="Strudel">strudels</a> (rétes), filled with apple, cherry, poppy seed or cheese, <a href="/wiki/Palatschinke" title="Palatschinke">Gundel pancake</a>, plum dumplings (<a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%B6del" title="Knödel">szilvás gombóc</a>), somlói dumplings, dessert soups like chilled <a href="/wiki/Sour_cherry_soup" title="Sour cherry soup">sour cherry soup</a> and sweet chestnut puree, gesztenyepüré (cooked <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a> mashed with sugar and rum and split into crumbs, topped with whipped cream). <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">Perec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kifli" title="Kifli">kifli</a> are widely popular pastries.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> The csárda is the most distinctive type of Hungarian inn, an old-style tavern offering traditional cuisine and beverages. Borozó usually denotes a cosy old-fashioned wine tavern, pince is a beer or wine cellar and a söröző is a <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> offering draught beer and sometimes meals. The bisztró is an inexpensive restaurant often with self-service. The büfé is the cheapest place, although one may have to eat standing at a counter. Pastries, cakes and coffee are served at the confectionery called cukrászda, while an eszpresszó is a café. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokaji_6p_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tokaji_6p_1989.jpg/220px-Tokaji_6p_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tokaji_6p_1989.jpg/330px-Tokaji_6p_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tokaji_6p_1989.jpg/440px-Tokaji_6p_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>The famous <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaji</a> wine. It was called Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum ("Wine of Kings, King of Wines") by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV of France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a> is a fruit brandy, distilled from fruit grown in the orchards situated on the Great Hungarian Plain. It is a spirit native to Hungary and comes in a variety of flavours including apricot (barack) and cherry (cseresznye). However, plum (szilva) is the most popular flavour. Beer goes well with many traditional Hungarian dishes. The five main Hungarian beer brands are: <a href="/wiki/Borsod_Brewery" title="Borsod Brewery">Borsodi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soproni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soproni (page does not exist)">Soproni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arany_%C3%81szok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arany Ászok (page does not exist)">Arany Ászok</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B5b%C3%A1nyai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kõbányai (page does not exist)">Kõbányai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dreher_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreher Brewery">Dreher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> People traditionally do not clink their glasses or mugs when drinking beer. There is an urban legend in Hungarian culture that Austrian generals clinked their beer glasses to celebrate the execution of <a href="/wiki/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad" title="The 13 Martyrs of Arad">the 13 Martyrs of Arad</a> in 1849. Many people still follow the tradition, although younger people often disavow it, citing that the vow was only meant to last 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary is ideal for wine-making</a>, and the country can be divided into numerous regions.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> The Romans brought vines to Pannonia, and by the 5th century AD, there are records of extensive vineyards in what is now Hungary. The Hungarians brought their wine-making knowledge from the East. According to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ibn Rustah</a>, the Hungarian tribes were familiar with wine-making long before their <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> The different wine regions offer a great variety of styles: the main products of the country are elegant and full-bodied dry whites with good acidity, although complex sweet whites (<a href="/wiki/Tokaj_wine_region" title="Tokaj wine region">Tokaj</a>), elegant (<a href="/wiki/Eger_wine_region" title="Eger wine region">Eger</a>) and full-bodied robust reds (<a href="/wiki/Vill%C3%A1ny" title="Villány">Villány</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szeksz%C3%A1rd" title="Szekszárd">Szekszárd</a>). The main varieties are: Olaszrizling, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1rslevel%C5%B1" title="Hárslevelű">Hárslevelű</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furmint" title="Furmint">Furmint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a> or Szürkebarát, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> (whites), Kékfrankos (or <a href="/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch" title="Blaufränkisch">Blaufrankisch</a> in German), <a href="/wiki/Kadarka" title="Kadarka">Kadarka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blauer_Portugieser" title="Blauer Portugieser">Portugieser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zweigelt" title="Zweigelt">Zweigelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>. The most famous wines from Hungary are <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaji Aszú</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egri_Bikav%C3%A9r" title="Egri Bikavér">Egri Bikavér</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokaji" title="Tokaji">Tokaji</a> wine has received accolades from numerous great writers and composers.<a href="#cite_note-royal_tokaji-248">[247]</a> For over 150 years, a blend of forty Hungarian herbs has been used to create the liqueur <a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">unicum</a>, a bitter, dark-coloured liqueur that can be drunk as an apéritif or after a meal.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Hungary" title="Football in Hungary">Football in Hungary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaterpolo_Hungary_vs_Italy_semifinal_game2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vaterpolo_Hungary_vs_Italy_semifinal_game2.jpg/220px-Vaterpolo_Hungary_vs_Italy_semifinal_game2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vaterpolo_Hungary_vs_Italy_semifinal_game2.jpg/330px-Vaterpolo_Hungary_vs_Italy_semifinal_game2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vaterpolo_Hungary_vs_Italy_semifinal_game2.jpg/440px-Vaterpolo_Hungary_vs_Italy_semifinal_game2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hungary_men%27s_national_water_polo_team" title="Hungary men's national water polo team">Hungary men's national water polo team</a> is considered among the best in the world, holding the world record for Olympic golds and overall medals.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Hungarian athletes</a> have been successful contenders in the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>. Hungary ranks 9th with a total of 511 medals in the <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">all-time Summer Olympic Games medal count</a>. Hungary has the third-highest number of <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic medals</a> per capita and second-highest number of gold medals per capita in the world.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Hungary has historically excelled in Olympic water sports. In <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a> the men's Hungarian team is the <a href="/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Water polo at the Summer Olympics">leading medal winner by a significant margin</a>, and in swimming <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_swimming_(men)" title="List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)">the men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_swimming_(women)" title="List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)">the women's</a> teams are both rank fifth-most successful. Hungary leads the overall medal count in <a href="/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Canoeing at the Summer Olympics">canoeing and kayaking</a>. Hungary won its first gold medal in Winter Olympics in 2018 in men's short track speed skating with a team of four: <a href="/wiki/Csaba_Burj%C3%A1n" title="Csaba Burján">Csaba Burján</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_S%C3%A1ndor_Liu" title="Shaolin Sándor Liu">Shaolin Sándor Liu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaoang_Liu" title="Shaoang Liu">Shaoang Liu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Knoch" title="Viktor Knoch">Viktor Knoch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groupama_Arena_Budapest_(17267881892).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Groupama_Arena_Budapest_%2817267881892%29.jpg/220px-Groupama_Arena_Budapest_%2817267881892%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Groupama_Arena_Budapest_%2817267881892%29.jpg/330px-Groupama_Arena_Budapest_%2817267881892%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Groupama_Arena_Budapest_%2817267881892%29.jpg/440px-Groupama_Arena_Budapest_%2817267881892%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5465" data-file-height="3644" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1ros_Stadion" title="Ferencváros Stadion">Groupama Aréna</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC" title="Ferencvárosi TC">Ferencvárosi TC</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UEFA_stadium_categories" title="UEFA stadium categories">UEFA Category 4 Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> Hungary hosted many global sports events, including the <a href="/wiki/1997_World_Amateur_Boxing_Championships" title="1997 World Amateur Boxing Championships">1997 World Amateur Boxing Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_World_Fencing_Championships" title="2000 World Fencing Championships">2000 World Fencing Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships" title="2001 World Allround Speed Skating Championships">2001 World Allround Speed Skating Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_World_Interuniversity_Games" title="2008 World Interuniversity Games">2008 World Interuniversity Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_World_Modern_Pentathlon_Championships" title="2008 World Modern Pentathlon Championships">2008 World Modern Pentathlon Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_ITU_World_Championship_Series" title="2010 ITU World Championship Series">2010 ITU World Championship Series</a>, 2011 <a href="/wiki/IIHF_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="IIHF World Championship">IIHF World Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_World_Fencing_Championships" title="2013 World Fencing Championships">2013 World Fencing Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_World_Wrestling_Championships" title="2013 World Wrestling Championships">2013 World Wrestling Championships</a>, 2014 <a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Athletics_Championships" title="World Masters Athletics Championships">World Masters Athletics Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Aquatics_Championships" title="2017 World Aquatics Championships">2017 World Aquatics Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Judo_Championships" title="2017 World Judo Championships">2017 World Judo Championships</a>, only in the last two decade. Besides these, Hungary was the home of many European-level tournaments, like <a href="/wiki/2006_European_Aquatics_Championships" title="2006 European Aquatics Championships">2006 European Aquatics Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_European_Aquatics_Championships" title="2010 European Aquatics Championships">2010 European Aquatics Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_European_Judo_Championships" title="2013 European Judo Championships">2013 European Judo Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_European_Karate_Championships" title="2013 European Karate Championships">2013 European Karate Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_European_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 European Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">2017 European Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship</a> and hosted 4 matches in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a>, which were held in the 67,889-seat new <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium" title="Multi-purpose stadium">multi-purpose</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Pusk%C3%A1s_Ferenc_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="New Puskás Ferenc Stadium">Puskás Ferenc Stadium</a>. Hungary has won three Olympic football titles. Hungary revolutionised the sport in the 1950s, laying the tactical fundamentals of <a href="/wiki/Total_Football" title="Total Football">total football</a> and dominating international football with the Aranycsapat ("<a href="/wiki/Golden_Team" title="Golden Team">Golden Team</a>"), which included <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Ferenc Puskás">Ferenc Puskás</a>, top goal scorer of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-FIFA_benefit-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_obit-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puskás_auction-254">[253]</a> to whom FIFA dedicated<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> its newest award, the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Pusk%C3%A1s_Award" title="FIFA Puskás Award">Puskás Award</a>. The team of that era has the second <a href="/wiki/World_Football_Elo_Ratings#All-time_highest_ratings" title="World Football Elo Ratings">all-time highest Football Elo Rating in the world</a>, with 2166, and one of the longest undefeated runs in football history, remaining unbeaten in 31 games spanning more than four years.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> The post-golden age decades saw a gradually weakening Hungary, though recently there is renewal in all aspects. The Hungarian Children's Football Federation was founded in 2008, as youth development thrives. They hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_UEFA_Futsal_Championship" title="2010 UEFA Futsal Championship">2010 UEFA Futsal Championship</a> in Budapest and Debrecen, the first time the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation" title="Hungarian Football Federation">MLSZ</a> staged a <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> finals tournament. The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Grand_Prix" title="Hungarian Grand Prix">Hungarian Grand Prix</a> in <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> has been held at the <a href="/wiki/Hungaroring" title="Hungaroring">Hungaroring</a> just outside Budapest, which circuit has <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> Grade 1 license.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Since 1986, the race has been a round of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> World Championship. The track was completely resurfaced for the first time in early 2016, and it was announced the Grand Prix's deal was extended for a further five years, until 2026.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is a popular and successful sport, and the Hungarian players are the eighth most powerful overall on the ranking of <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">World Chess Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> There are about 54 <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmasters</a> and 118 <a href="/wiki/FIDE_titles" title="FIDE titles">International Masters</a>, which is more than in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judit_Polg%C3%A1r" title="Judit Polgár">Judit Polgár</a> generally considered the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#Strength" title="Glossary of chess">strongest</a> female chess player of all time. Some of the world's best <a href="/wiki/Sabre_(fencing)" title="Sabre (fencing)">sabre</a> athletes have historically also hailed from Hungary,<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> and in 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Hungary_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Hungary men's national ice hockey team">Hungary men's national ice hockey team</a> qualified for their first <a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Ice Hockey World Championships">IIHF World Championship</a>, in 2015, they qualified for their second world championship in the top division. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index of Hungary-related articles</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Magyarország <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/20\/Hu-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g.ogg\/Hu-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hu-Magyarorsz\u00e1g.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Hu-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g.ogg/Hu-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hu-Magyarorsz%C3%A1g.ogg" title="File:Hu-Magyarország.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075407/http://magyarnews.org/news.php?viewStory=619">"The Story Behind the Hungarian National Anthem"</a>. Jules S. Vállay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magyarnews.org/news.php?viewStory=619">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+Behind+the+Hungarian+National+Anthem&rft.pub=Jules+S.+V%C3%A1llay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagyarnews.org%2Fnews.php%3FviewStory%3D619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flaw-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flaw_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flaw_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629205136/http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf">"The Fundamental Law of Hungary"</a> (PDF). Hungarian State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kormany.hu/download/e/02/00000/The%20New%20Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Hungary.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 June 2014. 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Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4"><bdi>978-615-6178-37-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem+5.+az+%C3%A1ltal%C3%A1nos+iskol%C3%A1sok+sz%C3%A1m%C3%A1ra&rft.pages=15%2C+112%2C+116%2C+137%2C+138%2C+141&rft.pub=Oktat%C3%A1si+Hivatal+%28Hungarian+Educational+Authority%29&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-615-6178-37-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tankonyvkatalogus.hu%2Fpdf%2FOH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igzYAAAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia Americana: Heart to India</a>. Vol. 1. Scholastic Library Pub. 2006. p. 581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0139-6"><bdi>978-0-7172-0139-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%3A+Heart+to+India&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=Scholastic+Library+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigzYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> University of British Columbia. Committee for Medieval Studies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xV7xAAAAMAAJ">Studies in medieval and renaissance history</a>, Committee for Medieval Studies, University of British Columbia, 1980, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hungary/">"Hungary"</a>. The World Factbook. CIA. 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Retrieved 26 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ksh.hu&rft.atitle=2022+Hungarian+census&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepszamlalas2022.ksh.hu%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.HU-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HU_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HU_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HU_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.HU_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=944,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Hungary)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. 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Kosztolnyik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ">Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063</a>, Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Curalic%5Curalet&first=1&text_proto=&method_proto=substring&ic_proto=on&text_meaning=&method_meaning=substring&ic_meaning=on&text_germmean=&method_germmean=substring&ic_germmean=on&text_fin=&method_fin=substring&ic_fin=on&text_est=&method_est=substring&ic_est=on&text_saa=&method_saa=substring&ic_saa=on&text_mrd=&method_mrd=substring&ic_mrd=on&text_mar=&method_mar=substring&ic_mar=on&text_udm=&method_udm=substring&ic_udm=on&text_kom=&method_kom=substring&ic_kom=on&text_khn=&method_khn=substring&ic_khn=on&text_man=&method_man=substring&ic_man=on&text_ugr=magyar&method_ugr=substring&ic_ugr=on&text_smd=&method_smd=substring&ic_smd=on&text_nen=&method_nen=substring&ic_nen=on&text_enc=&method_enc=substring&ic_enc=on&text_nga=&method_nga=substring&ic_nga=on&text_slk=&method_slk=substring&ic_slk=on&text_kam=&method_kam=substring&ic_kam=on&text_janh=&method_janh=substring&ic_janh=on&text_samm2=&method_samm2=substring&ic_samm2=on&text_redei=&method_redei=substring&ic_redei=on&text_add=&method_add=substring&ic_add=on&text_reshet=&method_reshet=substring&ic_reshet=on&text_yuk=&method_yuk=substring&ic_yuk=on&text_lit=&method_lit=substring&ic_lit=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=number&ic_any=on">"Uralic etymology : Query result"</a>. starling.rinet.ru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=starling.rinet.ru&rft.atitle=Uralic+etymology+%3A+Query+result&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarling.rinet.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresponse.cgi%3Froot%3Dconfig%26morpho%3D0%26basename%3D%255Cdata%255Curalic%255Curalet%26first%3D1%26text_proto%3D%26method_proto%3Dsubstring%26ic_proto%3Don%26text_meaning%3D%26method_meaning%3Dsubstring%26ic_meaning%3Don%26text_germmean%3D%26method_germmean%3Dsubstring%26ic_germmean%3Don%26text_fin%3D%26method_fin%3Dsubstring%26ic_fin%3Don%26text_est%3D%26method_est%3Dsubstring%26ic_est%3Don%26text_saa%3D%26method_saa%3Dsubstring%26ic_saa%3Don%26text_mrd%3D%26method_mrd%3Dsubstring%26ic_mrd%3Don%26text_mar%3D%26method_mar%3Dsubstring%26ic_mar%3Don%26text_udm%3D%26method_udm%3Dsubstring%26ic_udm%3Don%26text_kom%3D%26method_kom%3Dsubstring%26ic_kom%3Don%26text_khn%3D%26method_khn%3Dsubstring%26ic_khn%3Don%26text_man%3D%26method_man%3Dsubstring%26ic_man%3Don%26text_ugr%3Dmagyar%26method_ugr%3Dsubstring%26ic_ugr%3Don%26text_smd%3D%26method_smd%3Dsubstring%26ic_smd%3Don%26text_nen%3D%26method_nen%3Dsubstring%26ic_nen%3Don%26text_enc%3D%26method_enc%3Dsubstring%26ic_enc%3Don%26text_nga%3D%26method_nga%3Dsubstring%26ic_nga%3Don%26text_slk%3D%26method_slk%3Dsubstring%26ic_slk%3Don%26text_kam%3D%26method_kam%3Dsubstring%26ic_kam%3Don%26text_janh%3D%26method_janh%3Dsubstring%26ic_janh%3Don%26text_samm2%3D%26method_samm2%3Dsubstring%26ic_samm2%3Don%26text_redei%3D%26method_redei%3Dsubstring%26ic_redei%3Don%26text_add%3D%26method_add%3Dsubstring%26ic_add%3Don%26text_reshet%3D%26method_reshet%3Dsubstring%26ic_reshet%3Don%26text_yuk%3D%26method_yuk%3Dsubstring%26ic_yuk%3Don%26text_lit%3D%26method_lit%3Dsubstring%26ic_lit%3Don%26text_any%3D%26method_any%3Dsubstring%26sort%3Dnumber%26ic_any%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_40-2">c</a> Kershaw, Stephen P. (2013). A Brief History of The Roman Empire: Rise and Fall. London. Constable & Robinson Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-048-8">978-1-78033-048-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scarre-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scarre_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scarre_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scarre_41-2">c</a> Scarre, Chris (2012). Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. London. 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Source: U.S. Library of Congress. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Abondolo, Daniel (1998). "Introduction". The Uralic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZemplényi2023" class="citation web cs1">Zemplényi, Lili (8 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/khanty_mansi_linguistic_relatives_hungarians_siberia_russia/">"The Khanty and the Mansi, the Closest Linguistic Relatives of the Hungarians | Hungarian Conservative"</a>. www.hungarianconservative.com. 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Genome Biology. 19 (1): 139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13059-018-1522-1">10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-760X">1474-760X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6151024">6151024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30241495">30241495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=Genes+reveal+traces+of+common+recent+demographic+history+for+most+of+the+Uralic-speaking+populations&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6151024%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1474-760X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30241495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13059-018-1522-1&rft.aulast=Tambets&rft.aufirst=Kristiina&rft.au=Yunusbayev%2C+Bayazit&rft.au=Hudjashov%2C+Georgi&rft.au=Ilum%C3%A4e%2C+Anne-Mai&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+Siiri&rft.au=Honkola%2C+Terhi&rft.au=Vesakoski%2C+Outi&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Quentin&rft.au=Skoglund%2C+Pontus&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Litvinov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Reidla%2C+Maere&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Rantanen%2C+Timo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6151024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzeifertGerberCsákyLangó2022" class="citation journal cs1">Szeifert, Bea; Gerber, Dániel; Csáky, Veronika; Langó, Péter; Stashenkov, Dmitrii A; Khokhlov, Aleksandr A; Sitdikov, Ayrat G; Gazimzyanov, Ilgizar R; Volkova, Elizaveta V; Matveeva, Natalia P; Zelenkov, Alexander S; Poshekhonova, Olga E; Sleptsova, Anastasiia V; Karacharov, Konstantin G; Ilyushina, Viktoria V (29 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/31/19/3266/6582494">"Tracing genetic connections of ancient Hungarians to the 6th–14th century populations of the Volga-Ural region"</a>. Human Molecular Genetics. 31 (19): 3266–3280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddac106">10.1093/hmg/ddac106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0964-6906">0964-6906</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9523560">9523560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35531973">35531973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Molecular+Genetics&rft.atitle=Tracing+genetic+connections+of+ancient+Hungarians+to+the+6th%E2%80%9314th+century+populations+of+the+Volga-Ural+region&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=3266-3280&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9523560%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0964-6906&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35531973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddac106&rft.aulast=Szeifert&rft.aufirst=Bea&rft.au=Gerber%2C+D%C3%A1niel&rft.au=Cs%C3%A1ky%2C+Veronika&rft.au=Lang%C3%B3%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Stashenkov%2C+Dmitrii+A&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Aleksandr+A&rft.au=Sitdikov%2C+Ayrat+G&rft.au=Gazimzyanov%2C+Ilgizar+R&rft.au=Volkova%2C+Elizaveta+V&rft.au=Matveeva%2C+Natalia+P&rft.au=Zelenkov%2C+Alexander+S&rft.au=Poshekhonova%2C+Olga+E&rft.au=Sleptsova%2C+Anastasiia+V&rft.au=Karacharov%2C+Konstantin+G&rft.au=Ilyushina%2C+Viktoria+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fhmg%2Farticle%2F31%2F19%2F3266%2F6582494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-53"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorváth-LugossyMakoldiNeparáczki2022" class="citation book cs1">Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor; Makoldi, Miklós; Neparáczki, Endre (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf">Kings and Saints – The Age of the Árpáds</a> (PDF). 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Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16569. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...916569N">2019NatSR...916569N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5">10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">6851379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719606">31719606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+haplogroups+from+Hun%2C+Avar+and+conquering+Hungarian+period+nomadic+people+of+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16569&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...916569N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31719606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=Ma%C3%A1r%2C+Kitti&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Latinovics%2C+D%C3%B3ra&rft.au=Kust%C3%A1r%2C+%C3%81gnes&rft.au=P%C3%A1lfi%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Moln%C3%A1r%2C+Erika&rft.au=Marcsik%2C+Ant%C3%B3nia&rft.au=Balogh%2C+Csilla&rft.au=L%C5%91rinczy%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Tomka%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Kovacs%C3%B3czy%2C+Bernadett&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%2C+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárKocsy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (18 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700">"Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians"</a>. PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0205920. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1305920N">2018PLoSO..1305920N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0205920">10.1371/journal.pone.0205920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700">6193700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335830">30335830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Mitogenomic+data+indicate+admixture+components+of+Central-Inner+Asian+and+Srubnaya+origin+in+the+conquering+Hungarians&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0205920&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6193700%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30335830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0205920&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1305920N&rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=Kocsy%2C+Klaudia&rft.au=Ma%C3%A1r%2C+Kitti&rft.au=Bihari%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=F%C3%B3thi%2C+Erzs%C3%A9bet&rft.au=Pap%2C+Ildik%C3%B3&rft.au=Kust%C3%A1r%2C+%C3%81gnes&rft.au=P%C3%A1lfi%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Rask%C3%B3%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Zink%2C+Albert&rft.au=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%2C+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6193700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2822-56"><a href="#cite_ref-:2822_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221015211/https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf">Történelem 5. az általános iskolások számára</a> [History 5. for primary school students] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4"><bdi>978-615-6178-37-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem+5.+az+%C3%A1ltal%C3%A1nos+iskol%C3%A1sok+sz%C3%A1m%C3%A1ra&rft.pages=15%2C+112%2C+116%2C+137%2C+138%2C+141&rft.pub=Oktat%C3%A1si+Hivatal+%28Hungarian+Educational+Authority%29&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-615-6178-37-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tankonyvkatalogus.hu%2Fpdf%2FOH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Peter B. Golden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ppAAAAMAAJ">Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs</a>, Ashgate/Variorum, 2003. "Tenth-century Byzantine sources, speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms, acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as 'Eastern Tourkia' and Hungary as 'Western Tourkia'". Carter Vaughn Findley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatih.edu/~ayasar/HIST388/The%20Turks%20in%20World%20History.pdf">The Turks in the World History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205130351/http://www.fatih.edu/~ayasar/HIST388/The%20Turks%20in%20World%20History.pdf">Archived</a> 5 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 51, citing Peter B. Golden, 'Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Činggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia,' Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 (1982), 37–76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2003" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ppAAAAMAAJ">Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe</a>. 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Division of the Social Sciences, Human Relations Area Files, inc, A study of contemporary Czechoslovakia, University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files, inc., 1955, Citation 'In January 1947 the Hungarians complained that Magyars were being carried off from Slovakia to Czech lands for forced labor.' </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstvan_S._Pogany1997" class="citation book cs1">Istvan S. Pogany (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BB4NAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA202">Righting Wrongs in Eastern Europe</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3042-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3042-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-3042-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righting+Wrongs+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3042-0&rft.au=Istvan+S.+Pogany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBB4NAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_J._Rieber2000" class="citation book cs1">Alfred J. Rieber (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=it0-Zi2nEX0C&pg=PA90">Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939–1950</a>. Psychology Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5132-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-5132-3</bdi></a>. <q>A presidential decree imposing an obligation on individuals not engaged in useful work to accept jobs served as the basis for this action. As a result, according to documentation in the ministry of foreign affairs of the USSR, approximately 50,000 Hungarians were sent to work in factories and agricultural enterprises in the Czech Republic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Migration+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%2C+1939%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5132-3&rft.au=Alfred+J.+Rieber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dit0-Zi2nEX0C%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Canadian Association of Slavists, Revue canadienne des slavistes, Volume 25, Canadian Association of Slavists., 1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> S. J. Magyarody, The East-central European Syndrome: Unsolved conflict in the Carpathian Basin, Matthias Corvinus Pub., 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Fenyvesi2005" class="citation book cs1">Anna Fenyvesi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3JYwHGYn7MC&pg=PA50">Hungarian Language Contact Outside Hungary: Studies on Hungarian as a Minority Language</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1858-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1858-2"><bdi>978-90-272-1858-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarian+Language+Contact+Outside+Hungary%3A+Studies+on+Hungarian+as+a+Minority+Language&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1858-2&rft.au=Anna+Fenyvesi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3JYwHGYn7MC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_M._Naimark1995" class="citation book cs1">Norman M. Naimark (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MVSjHNKUKoEC&pg=PA70">The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78405-5"><bdi>978-0-674-78405-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russians+in+Germany%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+Zone+of+Occupation%2C+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-78405-5&rft.au=Norman+M.+Naimark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMVSjHNKUKoEC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLászló_Borhi2004" class="citation book cs1">László Borhi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IO-4TxlTaMAC&pg=PA57">Hungary in the Cold War, 1945–1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union</a>. Central European University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-80-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-80-0"><bdi>978-963-9241-80-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary+in+the+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931956%3A+Between+the+United+States+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-80-0&rft.au=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Borhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIO-4TxlTaMAC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_BesselDirk_Schumann2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bessel" title="Richard Bessel">Richard Bessel</a>; Dirk Schumann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NilW70Yol74C&pg=PA133">Life After Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00922-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00922-5"><bdi>978-0-521-00922-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+After+Death%3A+Approaches+to+a+Cultural+and+Social+History+of+Europe+During+the+1940s+and+1950s&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00922-5&rft.au=Richard+Bessel&rft.au=Dirk+Schumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNilW70Yol74C%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibor_Cseres1993" class="citation book cs1">Tibor Cseres (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titoistatrocitie0000cser">Titoist Atrocities in Vojvodina, 1944–1945: Serbian Vendetta in Bácska</a>. Hunyadi Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882785-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882785-01-8"><bdi>978-1-882785-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titoist+Atrocities+in+Vojvodina%2C+1944%E2%80%931945%3A+Serbian+Vendetta+in+B%C3%A1cska&rft.pub=Hunyadi+Pub.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-882785-01-8&rft.au=Tibor+Cseres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftitoistatrocitie0000cser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-no-warning-to-hungary-jews-108"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-no-warning-to-hungary-jews_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Thomson2012" class="citation web cs1">Mike Thomson (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20267659">"Could the BBC have done more to help Hungarian Jews?"</a>. BBC (British broadcasting service). <q>the BBC broadcast every day, giving updates on the war, general news and opinion pieces on Hungarian politics. But among all these broadcasts, there were crucial things that were not being said, things that might have warned thousands of Hungarian Jews of the horrors to come in the event of German occupation. A memo setting out policy for the BBC Hungarian Service in 1942 states: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all". By 1943, the BBC Polish Service was broadcasting the exterminations. And yet his policy of silence on the Jews was followed until the German invasion in March 1944. After the tanks rolled in, the Hungarian Service did then broadcast warnings. But by then it was too late "Many Hungarian Jews who survived the deportations claimed that they had not been informed by their leaders, that no one had told them. But there's plenty of evidence that they could have known," said David Cesarani, professor of history at Royal Holloway, University of London.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+the+BBC+have+done+more+to+help+Hungarian+Jews%3F&rft.pub=BBC+%28British+broadcasting+service%29&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.au=Mike+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-20267659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007259">"Auschwitz: Chronology"</a>. Ushmm.org. Retrieved 13 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Auschwitz%3A+Chronology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Herczl, Moshe Y. Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg6vj?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%22%3A+Christianity+and+the+Holocaust+of+Hungarian+Jewry%22&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522%253A%2BChristianity%2Band%2Bthe%2BHolocaust%2Bof%2BHungarian%2BJewry%2522%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=search%3A4c10eb461bf299248303b912e3bb43db">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/online-features/special-focus/the-holocaust-in-hungary">"The Holocaust in Hungary"</a>. Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+in+Hungary&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Finformation%2Fexhibitions%2Fonline-features%2Fspecial-focus%2Fthe-holocaust-in-hungary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017045908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808898-1,00.html">"Man of the Year, The Land and the People"</a>. Time. 7 January 1957. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808898-1,00.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Man+of+the+Year%2C+The+Land+and+the+People&rft.date=1957-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C808898-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamupress.com/product/First-Domino,4091.aspx">"Granville/ frm"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 20 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Granville%2F+frm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamupress.com%2Fproduct%2FFirst-Domino%2C4091.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8347146.stm">"Hungary's 'forgotten' war victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 November 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hungary%27s+%27forgotten%27+war+victims&rft.date=2009-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F8347146.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Findley, Carter V., and John Rothney. Twentieth Century World. sixth ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6065398.stm">"Hungary's 1956 brain drain"</a>, BBC News, 23 October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-madison185-117"><a href="#cite_ref-madison185_117-0">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2006" class="citation book cs1">Maddison, Angus (2006). The world economy. OECD Publishing. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02261-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02261-4"><bdi>978-92-64-02261-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+economy&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-64-02261-4&rft.aulast=Maddison&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéres2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Béres, Attila (6 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qubit.hu/2018/05/06/hogyan-lettunk-a-vilag-hetedik-urhajos-nemzete-nyolc-magyar-aki-nelkul-nem-tortenhetett-volna-meg">"Hogyan lettünk a világ hetedik űrhajós nemzete? – Nyolc magyar, aki nélkül nem történhetett volna meg"</a>. Qubit (in Hungarian). Retrieved 14 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qubit&rft.atitle=Hogyan+lett%C3%BCnk+a+vil%C3%A1g+hetedik+%C5%B1rhaj%C3%B3s+nemzete%3F+%E2%80%93+Nyolc+magyar%2C+aki+n%C3%A9lk%C3%BCl+nem+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nhetett+volna+meg&rft.date=2018-05-06&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9res&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqubit.hu%2F2018%2F05%2F06%2Fhogyan-lettunk-a-vilag-hetedik-urhajos-nemzete-nyolc-magyar-aki-nelkul-nem-tortenhetett-volna-meg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins" class="citation web cs1">Watkins, Theyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207184439/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hungary.htm">"Economic History and the Economy of Hungary"</a>. sjsu.edu. San José State University Department of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/hungary.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sjsu.edu&rft.atitle=Economic+History+and+the+Economy+of+Hungary&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Theyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fhungary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Innes, Abby (2015). "Hungary's Illiberal Democracy". 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Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Export+Partners+of+Hungary&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2050.html%23hu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2015 Edition. 10 March 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284416899">10.18111/9789284416899</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789284416899" title="Special:BookSources/9789284416899"><bdi>9789284416899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights%2C+2015+Edition&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284416899&rft.isbn=9789284416899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023011250/http://hipa.hu/en/key-sectors/electronics/">"Electronics"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+employment+rate+of+people+aged+15%E2%80%9364+increased+to+68.3%25&rft.pub=KSH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fdocs%2Feng%2Fxftp%2Fgyor%2Ffog%2Fefog1707.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/gyorstajekoztatok/#/en/document/mun1709">"Unemployment rate decreased to 4.1%"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Central_Statistical_Office" title="Hungarian Central Statistical Office">Hungarian Central Statistical Office</a>. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unemployment+rate+decreased+to+4.1%25&rft.pub=Hungarian+Central+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fgyorstajekoztatok%2F%23%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fmun1709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/Hungary.html?iid=smlrr">"Global 500 – Countries: Hungary – Fortune"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Money_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Money (magazine)">Money</a>. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Money&rft.atitle=Global+500+%E2%80%93+Countries%3A+Hungary+%E2%80%93+Fortune&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2012%2Fcountries%2FHungary.html%3Fiid%3Dsmlrr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startupranking.com/top/hungary">"Top – Hungary"</a>. startupRANKING. 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Retrieved 12 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lboro.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2010&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2008t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstrate" class="citation web cs1">Istrate, Emilia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3">"Global MetroMonitor | Brookings Institution"</a>. Brookings.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3">the original</a> on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings.edu&rft.atitle=Global+MetroMonitor+%26%23124%3B+Brookings+Institution&rft.aulast=Istrate&rft.aufirst=Emilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Finteractives%2Fglobal-metro-monitor-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190038/http://www.portfolio.hu/users/elofizetes_info.php?t=cikk&i=167708">"Hungary's GDP (IMF, 2016 est.) is $265.037 billion x 39% = $103,36 billion"</a>. Portfolio online financial journal. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbj.hu/economy/govt-allocates-huf-450-mln-to-company-facilitating-tobacco-sales-monopoly_64136">the original</a> on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbj.hu&rft.atitle=Govt+allocates+HUF+450+mln+to+company+facilitating+tobacco+sales+monopoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbj.hu%2Feconomy%2Fgovt-allocates-huf-450-mln-to-company-facilitating-tobacco-sales-monopoly_64136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429070743/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf">"Global Peace Index"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisionofhumanity.org%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2FGlobal-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliznik.org.uk-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Eliznik.org.uk_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006210045/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/migration-map/hungarian-migration.htm">"Magyar (Hungarian) migration, 9th century"</a>. Eliznik.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/migration-map/hungarian-migration.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eliznik.org.uk&rft.atitle=Magyar+%28Hungarian%29+migration%2C+9th+century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eliznik.org.uk%2FEastEurope%2FHistory%2Fmigration-map%2Fhungarian-migration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214123942/http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information">"General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest"</a>. Budapest Corner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://budapestcorner.com/index.php/flats/general-information">the original</a> on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+information+on+various+student+flats+and+building+types+in+Budapest&rft.pub=Budapest+Corner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbudapestcorner.com%2Findex.php%2Fflats%2Fgeneral-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html">Szabolcsi</a> Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style. For example, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a>, two of Hungary's most famous composers, are known for using folk themes in their own music. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Szalipszki, p. 12 Refers to the country as "widely considered" to be a "home of music". </li> <li id="cite_note-Broughton-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Broughton_236-0">^</a> Broughton, pp. 159–167 </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Szabolcsi, The Specific Conditions of Hungarian Musical Development "Every experiment, made from Hungarian antecedents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture (music written by composers, as different from folk music), had instinctively or consciously striven to develop widely and universally the musical world of the folk song. Folk poetry and folk music were deeply embedded in the collective Hungarian people's culture, and this unity did not cease to be effective even when it was given from and expression by individual creative artists, performers and poets." </li> <li id="cite_note-Szabolcsi-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Szabolcsi_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02172/html/index.html">"Szabolcsi"</a>. Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 20 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mek.oszk.hu&rft.atitle=Szabolcsi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F02100%2F02172%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004145/http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1">"Sulinet: Magyar növény-e a paprika?"</a>. Sulinet.hu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sulinet.hu/tart/fcikk/Kjc/0/23144/1">the original</a> on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sulinet.hu&rft.atitle=Sulinet%3A+Magyar+n%C3%B6v%C3%A9ny-e+a+paprika%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sulinet.hu%2Ftart%2Ffcikk%2FKjc%2F0%2F23144%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundel1992" class="citation book cs1">Gundel, Karoly (1992). Gundel's Hungarian cookbook. Budapest: Corvina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-13-3600-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-13-3600-X"><bdi>963-13-3600-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32227400">32227400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gundel%27s+Hungarian+cookbook&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Corvina&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32227400&rft.isbn=963-13-3600-X&rft.aulast=Gundel&rft.aufirst=Karoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988">page 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzégény2006" class="citation book cs1">Czégény, Clara Margaret (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuM9b9dCG08C&q=kifli+bread&pg=PA157">Helen's Hungarian Heritage Recipes</a>. Dream Machine Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9780254-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9780254-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9780254-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helen%27s+Hungarian+Heritage+Recipes&rft.pub=Dream+Machine+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9780254-0-3&rft.aulast=Cz%C3%A9g%C3%A9ny&rft.aufirst=Clara+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAuM9b9dCG08C%26q%3Dkifli%2Bbread%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304184347/http://www.gaultmillau.hu/kalauz-2017/sorhelyzet-magyarorszag-2016">"Sörhelyzet, Magyarország 2016 – Gault&Millau kalauz – Gault&Millau Magyarország"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanlegends.hu/2005/06/17/koccintas-sorrel/">the original</a> on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Koccint%C3%A1s+s%C3%B6rrel&rft.date=2005-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanlegends.hu%2F2005%2F06%2F17%2Fkoccintas-sorrel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2009-127-20-82">"127/2009. (IX. 29.) FVM rendelet"</a> (in Hungarian). Nemzeti Jogszabálytár / National Legislation (Hungary). Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=127%2F2009.+%28IX.+29.%29+FVM+rendelet&rft.pub=Nemzeti+Jogszab%C3%A1lyt%C3%A1r+%2F+National+Legislation+%28Hungary%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnjt.hu%2Fjogszabaly%2F2009-127-20-82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Ian Spencer Hornsey, The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2007, p. 49, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854042661" title="Special:BookSources/9780854042661">9780854042661</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> This is the world-famous sweet, topaz-colored wine known throughout the English-speaking world as Tokay. "A rich, sweet, moderately strong wine of a topaz color, produced in the vicinity of Tokay, in Hungary; also, a similar wine produced elsewhere." Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language (Springfield, Mass.: G.&C. Merriam, 1913). See Tokay at page 2166. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eger.hu/hu/hirek/vezeto-hirek/c/egri-bikaver-hungarikum-lett-a-voros-cuvee-16832">"Egri Bikavér – Hungarikum Lett a Vörös Cuvée"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=True+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Vinum+Regum%2C+Rex+Vinorum+%E2%80%93+Wine+of+Kings%2C+King+of+Wines&rft.pub=The+Royal+Tokaji+Wine+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal-tokaji.com%2Fwine_of_kings.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zwackunicum.hu/en/markaink/unicum/">"Unicum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zwack" title="Zwack">Zwack</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicum&rft.pub=Zwack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzwackunicum.hu%2Fen%2Fmarkaink%2Funicum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814003211/https://medalspercapita.com/#medals-per-capita:summer">"Medals Per Capita: All Summer Games"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Chinese-Hungarian+brothers+win+gold+for+Hungary+at+Winter+Olympics&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhungarianfreepress.com%2F2018%2F02%2F22%2Fchinese-hungarian-brothers-win-gold-for-hungary-at-winter-olympics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIFA_benefit-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FIFA_benefit_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007122035/http://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0%2C4095%2C110412%2C00.html?articleid=110412">"FIFA President: FIFA to help the Galloping Major"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. 12 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/en/organisation/president/index/0,4095,110412,00.html?articleid=110412">the original</a> on 7 October 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+President%3A+FIFA+to+help+the+Galloping+Major&rft.pub=FIFA&rft.date=2005-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fen%2Forganisation%2Fpresident%2Findex%2F0%2C4095%2C110412%2C00.html%3Farticleid%3D110412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_obit-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_obit_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.com/articulo/Futbol/Coronel/Puskas/zurdo/oro/dasftb/20061117dasdasftb_2/Tes/">"Coronel Puskas, el zurdo de oro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AS_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="AS (newspaper)">AS</a> (in Spanish). 17 November 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AS&rft.atitle=Coronel+Puskas%2C+el+zurdo+de+oro&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.as.com%2Farticulo%2FFutbol%2FCoronel%2FPuskas%2Fzurdo%2Foro%2Fdasftb%2F20061117dasdasftb_2%2FTes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puskás_auction-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Puskás_auction_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2005" class="citation news cs1">Mackay, Duncan (13 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sport.guardian.co.uk/golf/story/0,10069,1590809,00.html">"Lineker tees up another nice little earner"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lineker+tees+up+another+nice+little+earner&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsport.guardian.co.uk%2Fgolf%2Fstory%2F0%2C10069%2C1590809%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430045505/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid%3D1120835.html">"Blatter unveils FIFA Puskas Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. 21 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=1120835.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blatter+unveils+FIFA+Puskas+Award&rft.pub=FIFA&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fclassicfootball%2Fawards%2Fgala%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D1120835.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eloratings.net/Hungary.htm">"World Football Elo Ratings: Hungary"</a>. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Football+Elo+Ratings%3A+Hungary&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eloratings.net%2FHungary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/tableaulicencescircuit.pdf">"List of FIA Licensed Circuits"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/FIA" class="mw-redirect" title="FIA">FIA</a>. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+FIA+Licensed+Circuits&rft.pub=FIA&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fia.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftableaulicencescircuit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hungaroring.hu/hu/hirek/aszfaltavato-a-hungaroringen">"Aszfaltavató a Hungaroringen"</a> (in Hungarian). <a href="/wiki/Hungaroring" title="Hungaroring">Hungaroring</a>. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016. <q>"A Magyar Nagydíj szerződését újabb öt évvel meghosszabbítottuk, ami azt jelenti, hogy a futamunknak 2026-ig helye van a Formula–1-es versenynaptárban." Translates as "We have extended the Hungarian Grand Prix's contract for a further 5 years, which means that our race has a place on the F1 calendar until 2026".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aszfaltavat%C3%B3+a+Hungaroringen&rft.pub=Hungaroring&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhungaroring.hu%2Fhu%2Fhirek%2Faszfaltavato-a-hungaroringen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.fide.com/topfed.phtml">"Federations Ranking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>. 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federations+Ranking&rft.pub=FIDE&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fratings.fide.com%2Ftopfed.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=8C508173B39155DD53B81E624647082B999A7254268EA043313A21E19F3CCE115928F31266BFED5C96744EFE404921371BA0B553CB9419D947CC609C9FC6CCFB48C6AE112ABA5A4EB917D1B7B1AFEA73D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C">"FIE 2009–2010 men's rankings"</a>. Fie.ch. Retrieved 22 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fie.ch&rft.atitle=FIE+2009%E2%80%932010+men%27s+rankings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fie.ch%2FCompetitions%2FRankingList.aspx%3Fparam%3D8C508173B39155DD53B81E624647082B999A7254268EA043313A21E19F3CCE115928F31266BFED5C96744EFE404921371BA0B553CB9419D947CC609C9FC6CCFB48C6AE112ABA5A4EB917D1B7B1AFEA73D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fie.ch/Competitions/RankingList.aspx?param=F822EFF311A4B9B772C67048D9DA32F4B0EED82CC9D791272D364D08FDA7CEAE08236B030B5BAF7869033790E5CBFE0B1DE4945E6BF24D1B417CA444D76B51ABFDBEC84449C9BB34B6AC942A1FF403A3D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C">"FIE 2009–2010 women's rankings"</a>. Fie.ch. Retrieved 22 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fie.ch&rft.atitle=FIE+2009%E2%80%932010+women%27s+rankings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fie.ch%2FCompetitions%2FRankingList.aspx%3Fparam%3DF822EFF311A4B9B772C67048D9DA32F4B0EED82CC9D791272D364D08FDA7CEAE08236B030B5BAF7869033790E5CBFE0B1DE4945E6BF24D1B417CA444D76B51ABFDBEC84449C9BB34B6AC942A1FF403A3D9301125242F40950B39007F8B30803B1428FD85451599C7E8B640F55FBB99F96E85563733B996F4DA086222E241E75C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungary" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Hungary" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Hungary">Hungary</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Kontler, László: Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary, Atlantisz Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1999 (East-European Non-Fiction), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639165373" title="Special:BookSources/9789639165373">9789639165373</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hungary at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hungary" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hungary">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magyarorsz%C3%A1g" class="extiw" title="c:Magyarország">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Hungary" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Hungary">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hungary" class="extiw" title="q:Hungary">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hungary" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Hungary">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hungary" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Hungary">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hungary" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hungary">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hungary" class="extiw" title="voy:Hungary">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kormany.hu/">Official site of the Hungarian Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miniszterelnok.hu/en/">Official site of the Hungarian Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandorpalota.hu/">Official site of the President of Hungary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visithungary.com/">Official Hungarian Tourism website</a></li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary">"Hungary"</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/hungary/">Hungary</a> from the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/hungary_en">Hungary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Hungary" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Hungary">Wikimedia Atlas of Hungary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HU">Forecasts for Hungary</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Hungary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Hungary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Hungary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template talk:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Speaking_States_summits" title="List of Turkic Speaking States summits">Turkic Speaking States summits</a> (1992-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Council_summits" title="List of Turkic Council summits">Turkic Council summits</a> (2011-2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2022 Organization of Turkic States summit">2022 (Samarkand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2023 Organization of Turkic States summit">2023 (Astana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Flag of the Organization of Turkic States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Speaking_Countries_Cooperation_Day" title="Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day">Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Turkic_World" title="Supreme Order of Turkic World">Supreme Order of Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122540380">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128544491">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205132/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBtb4QKCYGrVyyWtMQMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078541-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79053090">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152385422">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320406">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864308g">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152385422">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320406">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864308g">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562919">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129985&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451386">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/117601">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00830303?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e83dc6ef-d1e1-4fab-bbcf-478cfa448af8">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Gq54FnE6">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026385538">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003375">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045318">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\H\U\Hungary">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hungary&params=47_N_20_E_">47°N 20°E / 47°N 20°E / 47; 20</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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[\"CITEREFMartin_Kitchen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Thomson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiklós_Molnár2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMyles,_Robert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Ciolan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárKocsy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárMaár2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman_M._Naimark1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Lendvai2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_F._Sugar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Heather2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlattner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrauserRees2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPál_Engel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn_Hargitai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_BesselDirk_Schumann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_C._Frucht2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchanda2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Wyley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzeifertGerberCsákyLangó2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambetsYunusbayevHudjashovIlumäe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTibor_Cseres1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO-UNEVOC2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargaKristófMaárKis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZemplényi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcs\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 125,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 12,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe members\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"EU members\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"European Economic Area (EEA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive examples\"] = 1,\n [\"Hungary articles\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-hu\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox legislature\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 32,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Organization of Turkic States\"] = 1,\n [\"Party color\"] = 11,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"The Early Medieval Balkans\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource portal\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","660","19.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","500","14.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","320","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","260","7.5"],["recursiveClone 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