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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Search+engine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Search+engine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s:_Birth_of_search_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s:_Birth_of_search_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1990s: Birth of search engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s:_Birth_of_search_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–present:_Post_dot-com_bubble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–present:_Post_dot-com_bubble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2000s–present: Post dot-com bubble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–present:_Post_dot-com_bubble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Approach</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Approach subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Local search</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Market share</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market_share-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Market share subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Market_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia_and_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Russia and East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_engine_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_engine_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Search engine bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_engine_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customized_results_and_filter_bubbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customized_results_and_filter_bubbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Customized results and filter bubbles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customized_results_and_filter_bubbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_search_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_search_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious search engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_search_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_engine_submission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_engine_submission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Search engine submission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_engine_submission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_social_bookmarking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_social_bookmarking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Comparison to social bookmarking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_social_bookmarking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Archie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veronica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veronica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Veronica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veronica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lone_Wanderer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lone_Wanderer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>The Lone Wanderer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lone_Wanderer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Excite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yahoo!" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yahoo!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Yahoo!</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yahoo!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lycos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lycos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Lycos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lycos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_web_search_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_web_search_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Types of web search engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_web_search_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Search engine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Интернет-лъыхъулъэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Интернет-лъыхъулъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_(%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8)" title="محرك بحث (ويب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك بحث (ويب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axtar%C4%B1%C5%9F_sistemi" title="Axtarış sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Axtarış sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ওয়েব অনুসন্ধান ইঞ্জিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েব অনুসন্ধান ইঞ্জিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masin_panggagai_web" title="Masin panggagai web – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Masin panggagai web" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiau-chh%C5%8De_ia%CC%8Bn-j%C3%ADn" title="Chhiau-chhōe ia̋n-jín – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiau-chhōe ia̋n-jín" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пошукавая сістэма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пошукавая сістэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пошукавая сыстэма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пошукавая сыстэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब सर्च इंजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वेब सर्च इंजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetski_pretra%C5%BEiva%C4%8D" title="Internetski pretraživač – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Internetski pretraživač" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_de_cerca_web" title="Motor de cerca web – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motor de cerca web" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webov%C3%BD_vyhled%C3%A1va%C4%8D" title="Webový vyhledávač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Webový vyhledávač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="موطور د التقلاب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موطور د التقلاب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsingumootor" title="Otsingumootor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Otsingumootor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_de_b%C3%BAsqueda" title="Motor de búsqueda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motor de búsqueda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_bilaketa_motore" title="Web bilaketa motore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Web bilaketa motore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8" title="موتور جستجوی وب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتور جستجوی وب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur_de_recherche_web" title="Moteur de recherche web – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur de recherche web" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inneall_cuardaigh" title="Inneall cuardaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inneall cuardaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%B9_%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89_%EC%97%94%EC%A7%84" title="웹 검색 엔진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웹 검색 엔진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Որոնողական համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որոնողական համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="वेब खोजी इंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेब खोजी इंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetska_tra%C5%BEilica" title="Internetska tražilica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internetska tražilica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_pencari" title="Mesin pencari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin pencari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitarv%C3%A9l" title="Leitarvél – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leitarvél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A9_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98)" title="מנוע חיפוש (אינטרנט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע חיפוש (אינטרנט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸರ್ಚ್ ಎಂಜಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರ್ಚ್ ಎಂಜಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_quaesitoria" title="Machina quaesitoria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina quaesitoria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetin%C4%97s_paie%C5%A1kos_sistema" title="Internetinės paieškos sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Internetinės paieškos sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keres%C5%91rendszer_(informatika)" title="Keresőrendszer (informatika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresőrendszer (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शोधयंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शोधयंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjin_gelintar_web" title="Enjin gelintar web – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enjin gelintar web" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masin_paruntun_web" title="Masin paruntun web – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Masin paruntun web" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%98%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဝဘ်ရှာဖွေရေးစက်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝဘ်ရှာဖွေရေးစက်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वेब खोज संयन्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वेब खोज संयन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="検索エンジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="検索エンジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webs%C3%B8kemotor" title="Websøkemotor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Websøkemotor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кычалше системе – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кычалше системе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb_qidiruv_tizimi" title="Veb qidiruv tizimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Veb qidiruv tizimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyszukiwarka_internetowa" title="Wyszukiwarka internetowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyszukiwarka internetowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask%27ay_kuyuchina" title="Mask'ay kuyuchina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mask'ay kuyuchina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Поисковая система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поисковая система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB" title="වෙබ් සෙවුම් යන්ත්‍ර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෙබ් සෙවුම් යන්ත්‍ර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Search engine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8_%DA%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%BB" title="ويب ڳولا انجڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويب ڳولا انجڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine" title="Web search engine – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Web search engine" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spletni_iskalnik" title="Spletni iskalnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spletni iskalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="بزوێنەری گەڕانی وێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بزوێنەری گەڕانی وێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Веб-претраживач – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Веб-претраживач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb-pretra%C5%BEiva%C4%8D" title="Veb-pretraživač – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veb-pretraživač" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakukone" title="Hakukone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hakukone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="வலை தேடு பொறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலை தேடு பொறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansmassu_n_usiggl" title="Ansmassu n usiggl – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ansmassu n usiggl" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="శోధన యంత్రాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శోధన యంత్రాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D2%B7%D3%AF%D3%A3" title="Низомҳои ҷустуҷӯӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Низомҳои ҷустуҷӯӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arama_motoru" title="Arama motoru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arama motoru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Пошукова система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пошукова система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="سرچ انجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرچ انجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_truy_t%C3%ACm_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Máy truy tìm dữ liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy truy tìm dữ liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%90%9C%E5%B0%8B%E5%99%A8" title="網絡搜尋器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網絡搜尋器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" title="网络搜索引擎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="网络搜索引擎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4182287#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Search_engine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav 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You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Search_engine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Search_engine&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Search_engine&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Search_engine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Search_engine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Search_engine&oldid=1258951217" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Search_engine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Search_engine&id=1258951217&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSearch_engine"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSearch_engine"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Search_engine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Search_engine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_search_engines" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/How_To_Search" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Search_engines" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4182287" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until February 16, 2025 at 22:32 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software system for finding relevant information on the Web</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about searching the World Wide Web. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Search engine (disambiguation)">Search engine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Ref_expand plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more complete <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">add missing citation information</a> so that sources are clearly identifiable.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_screenshot_of_suggestions_by_Google_Search_when_%22wikip%22_is_typed_(new).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_screenshot_of_suggestions_by_Google_Search_when_%22wikip%22_is_typed_%28new%29.png/220px-A_screenshot_of_suggestions_by_Google_Search_when_%22wikip%22_is_typed_%28new%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_screenshot_of_suggestions_by_Google_Search_when_%22wikip%22_is_typed_%28new%29.png/330px-A_screenshot_of_suggestions_by_Google_Search_when_%22wikip%22_is_typed_%28new%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/A_screenshot_of_suggestions_by_Google_Search_when_%22wikip%22_is_typed_%28new%29.png/440px-A_screenshot_of_suggestions_by_Google_Search_when_%22wikip%22_is_typed_%28new%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Some engines <a href="/wiki/Search_suggest_drop-down_list" title="Search suggest drop-down list">suggest</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_query" title="Web query">queries</a> when the user is typing in the <a href="/wiki/Search_box" title="Search box">search box</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>search engine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">software system</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> to <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> and other relevant information on <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">the Web</a> in response to a user's <a href="/wiki/Web_query" title="Web query">query</a>. The user <a href="/wiki/Search_box" title="Search box">inputs</a> a query within a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" title="Search engine results page">search results</a> are often a list of hyperlinks, accompanied by textual summaries and images. Users also have the option of limiting the search to a specific type of results, such as images, videos, or news. </p><p>For a search provider, its <a href="/wiki/Software_engine" title="Software engine">engine</a> is part of a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> system that can encompass many <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a> throughout the world. The speed and accuracy of an engine's response to a query is based on a complex system of <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">indexing</a> that is continuously updated by automated <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawlers</a>. This can include <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> the <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> and <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> stored on <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web servers</a>, but some content is <a href="/wiki/Deep_web" title="Deep web">not accessible</a> to crawlers. </p><p>There have been many search engines since the dawn of the Web in the 1990s, but <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a> became the dominant one in the 2000s and has remained so. It currently has a 91% global market share.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NMS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The business of <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> improving their visibility in <a href="/wiki/Search_results" class="mw-redirect" title="Search results">search results</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_marketing" title="Search engine marketing">marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">optimization</a>, has thus largely focused on Google. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines" title="Timeline of web search engines">Timeline of web search engines</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:right; width:25em"> <caption>Timeline (<a href="/wiki/List_of_search_engines" title="List of search engines">full list</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Engine </th> <th style="width: 13em;" scope="col">Current status </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W3Catalog" title="W3Catalog">W3Catalog</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ALIWEB" title="ALIWEB">ALIWEB</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JumpStation" title="JumpStation">JumpStation</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World-Wide_Web_Worm" class="mw-redirect" title="World-Wide Web Worm">WWW Worm</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WebCrawler" title="WebCrawler">WebCrawler</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Go.com" title="Go.com">Go.com</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive, redirects to Disney </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lycos" title="Lycos">Lycos</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infoseek" title="Infoseek">Infoseek</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive, redirects to Disney </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Search">Yahoo! Search</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active, initially a search function for <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Directory">Yahoo! Directory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daum_(web_portal)" title="Daum (web portal)">Daum</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Search.ch" title="Search.ch">Search.ch</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan (search engine)">Magellan</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Excite_(web_portal)" title="Excite (web portal)">Excite</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MetaCrawler" title="MetaCrawler">MetaCrawler</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive, acquired by Yahoo! in 2003, since 2013 redirects to Yahoo! </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RankDex" class="mw-redirect" title="RankDex">RankDex</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive, incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> in 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dogpile" title="Dogpile">Dogpile</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HotBot" title="HotBot">HotBot</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive (used <a href="/wiki/Inktomi_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inktomi (company)">Inktomi</a> search technology) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask Jeeves</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active (rebranded ask.com) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1997 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=AOL_NetFind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AOL NetFind (page does not exist)">AOL NetFind</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active (rebranded <a href="/wiki/AOL_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Search">AOL Search</a> since 1999) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goo.ne.jp" class="mw-redirect" title="Goo.ne.jp">goo.ne.jp</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_Group" title="Northern Light Group">Northern Light</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ixquick" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixquick">Ixquick</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active as Startpage.com </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MSN_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Search">MSN Search</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active as Bing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Empas" title="Empas">empas</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive (merged with NATE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AlltheWeb" title="AlltheWeb">AlltheWeb</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive (URL redirected to Yahoo!) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GenieKnows" title="GenieKnows">GenieKnows</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive, rebranded Yellowee (was redirecting to justlocalbusiness.com) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naver" title="Naver">Naver</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teoma" title="Teoma">Teoma</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive (redirect to Ask.com) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Exalead" title="Exalead">Exalead</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gigablast" title="Gigablast">Gigablast</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kartoo" title="Kartoo">Kartoo</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Info.com" title="Info.com">Info.com</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A9.com" title="A9.com">A9.com</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yippy" title="Yippy">Clusty</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive (redirect to DuckDuckGo) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mojeek" title="Mojeek">Mojeek</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sogou.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogou.com">Sogou</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SearchMe" title="SearchMe">SearchMe</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KidzSearch" class="mw-redirect" title="KidzSearch">KidzSearch</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active, Google Search </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soso_(search_engine)" title="Soso (search engine)">Soso</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive, merged with <a href="/wiki/Sogou" title="Sogou">Sogou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quaero" title="Quaero">Quaero</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Search.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Search.com">Search.com</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChaCha_(search_engine)" title="ChaCha (search engine)">ChaCha</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask.com</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Live_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Search">Live Search</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active as Bing, rebranded MSN Search </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikiseek" title="Wikiseek">wikiseek</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sproose" title="Sproose">Sproose</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikia_Search" title="Wikia Search">Wikia Search</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackle.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackle.com">Blackle.com</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active, Google Search </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive (redirects to Bing) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Picollator" title="Picollator">Picollator</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viewzi" title="Viewzi">Viewzi</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boogami" title="Boogami">Boogami</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LeapFish" title="LeapFish">LeapFish</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Forestle" title="Forestle">Forestle</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive (redirects to Ecosia) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TinEye" title="TinEye">TinEye</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active, rebranded Live Search </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yebol" title="Yebol">Yebol</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goby_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Goby Inc.">Scout (Goby)</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nate_(web_portal)" title="Nate (web portal)">NATE</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecosia" title="Ecosia">Ecosia</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Startpage.com" title="Startpage.com">Startpage.com</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active, sister engine of Ixquick </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blekko" title="Blekko">Blekko</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive, sold to IBM </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuil" title="Cuil">Cuil</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a> (English) </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parsijoo" title="Parsijoo">Parsijoo</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/YaCy" title="YaCy">YaCy</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active, <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">P2P</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volunia" title="Volunia">Volunia</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qwant" title="Qwant">Qwant</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egerin" title="Egerin">Egerin</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active, Kurdish / Sorani </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swisscows" title="Swisscows">Swisscows</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Searx" title="Searx">Searx</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yooz" title="Yooz">Yooz</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cliqz" title="Cliqz">Cliqz</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="inactive table-siteinactive">Inactive </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiddle_(search_engine)" title="Kiddle (search engine)">Kiddle</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active, Google Search </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distributed_search_engine#Presearch" title="Distributed search engine">Presearch</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)" title="Kagi (search engine)">Kagi</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petal_Search" title="Petal Search">Petal</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brave_Search" title="Brave Search">Brave Search</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/You.com" title="You.com">You.com</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-siteactive">Active </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1990s">Pre-1990s</h3></div> <p>In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> described an information retrieval system that would allow a user to access a great expanse of information, all at a single desk.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called it a <a href="/wiki/Memex" title="Memex">memex</a>. He described the system in an article titled "<a href="/wiki/As_We_May_Think" title="As We May Think">As We May Think</a>" that was published in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic Monthly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memex was intended to give a user the capability to overcome the ever-increasing difficulty of locating information in ever-growing centralized indices of scientific work. Vannevar Bush envisioned libraries of research with connected annotations, which are similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Link_analysis" title="Link analysis">Link analysis</a> eventually became a crucial component of search engines through algorithms such as <a href="/wiki/Hyper_Search" title="Hyper Search">Hyper Search</a> and <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AnatomyOfSearch_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnatomyOfSearch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s:_Birth_of_search_engines">1990s: Birth of search engines</h3></div> <p>The first internet search engines predate the debut of the Web in December 1990: <a href="/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS">WHOIS</a> user search dates back to 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-rfc812_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc812-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Knowbot_Information_Service" title="Knowbot Information Service">Knowbot Information Service</a> multi-network user search was first implemented in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first well documented search engine that searched content files, namely <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> files, was <a href="/wiki/Archie_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Archie search engine">Archie</a>, which debuted on 10 September 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to September 1993, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> was entirely indexed by hand. There was a list of <a href="/wiki/Webserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Webserver">webservers</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> and hosted on the <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">webserver</a>. One snapshot of the list in 1992 remains,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as more and more web servers went online the central list could no longer keep up. On the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications" title="National Center for Supercomputing Applications">NCSA</a> site, new servers were announced under the title "What's New!".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first tool used for searching content (as opposed to users) on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> was <a href="/wiki/Archie_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Archie search engine">Archie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeidenUnivSE_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeidenUnivSE-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name stands for "archive" without the "v".<sup id="cite_ref-2020/09/21pcmag_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020/09/21pcmag-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was created by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Emtage" title="Alan Emtage">Alan Emtage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2020/09/21pcmag_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020/09/21pcmag-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> student at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a>, Canada. The program downloaded the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP (<a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a>) sites, creating a searchable <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> of file names; however, <a href="/wiki/Archie_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Archie search engine">Archie Search Engine</a> did not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data was so limited it could be readily searched manually. </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a> (created in 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Mark_McCahill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark McCahill">Mark McCahill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>) led to two new search programs, <a href="/wiki/Veronica_(search_engine)" title="Veronica (search engine)">Veronica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jughead_(search_engine)" title="Jughead (search engine)">Jughead</a>. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) provided a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display) was a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers. While the name of the search engine "<a href="/wiki/Archie_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Archie search engine">Archie Search Engine</a>" was not a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Archie_Comics" title="Archie Comics">Archie comic book</a> series, "<a href="/wiki/Veronica_Lodge" title="Veronica Lodge">Veronica</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Jughead_Jones" title="Jughead Jones">Jughead</a>" are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor. </p><p>In the summer of 1993, no search engine existed for the web, though numerous specialized catalogs were maintained by hand. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Nierstrasz" title="Oscar Nierstrasz">Oscar Nierstrasz</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a> wrote a series of <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> scripts that periodically mirrored these pages and rewrote them into a standard format. This formed the basis for <a href="/wiki/W3Catalog" title="W3Catalog">W3Catalog</a>, the web's first primitive search engine, released on September 2, 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Announcement_html_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Announcement_html-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, produced what was probably the first <a href="/wiki/Web_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Web robot">web robot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>-based <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Wanderer" title="World Wide Web Wanderer">World Wide Web Wanderer</a>, and used it to generate an index called "Wandex". The purpose of the Wanderer was to measure the size of the World Wide Web, which it did until late 1995. The web's second search engine <a href="/wiki/Aliweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliweb">Aliweb</a> appeared in November 1993. Aliweb did not use a <a href="/wiki/Web_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Web robot">web robot</a>, but instead depended on being notified by <a href="/wiki/Webmaster" title="Webmaster">website administrators</a> of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format. </p><p><a href="/wiki/JumpStation" title="JumpStation">JumpStation</a> (created in December 1993<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathon Fletcher">Jonathon Fletcher</a>) used a <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web robot</a> to find web pages and to build its index, and used a <a href="/wiki/Web_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Web form">web form</a> as the interface to its query program. It was thus the first <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">WWW</a> resource-discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching) as described below. Because of the limited resources available on the platform it ran on, its indexing and hence searching were limited to the titles and headings found in the <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> the crawler encountered. </p><p>One of the first "all text" crawler-based search engines was <a href="/wiki/WebCrawler" title="WebCrawler">WebCrawler</a>, which came out in 1994. Unlike its predecessors, it allowed users to search for any word in any <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a>, which has become the standard for all major search engines since. It was also the search engine that was widely known by the public. Also, in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Lycos" title="Lycos">Lycos</a> (which started at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>) was launched and became a major commercial endeavor. </p><p>The first popular search engine on the Web was <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Search">Yahoo! Search</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first product from <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Yang" title="Jerry Yang">Jerry Yang</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Filo" title="David Filo">David Filo</a> in January 1994, was a <a href="/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a> called <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Directory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Directory">Yahoo! Directory</a>. In 1995, a search function was added, allowing users to search Yahoo! Directory.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became one of the most popular ways for people to find web pages of interest, but its search function operated on its web directory, rather than its full-text copies of web pages. </p><p>Soon after, a number of search engines appeared and vied for popularity. These included <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan (search engine)">Magellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excite_(web_portal)" title="Excite (web portal)">Excite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infoseek" title="Infoseek">Infoseek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inktomi_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inktomi (company)">Inktomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_Group" title="Northern Light Group">Northern Light</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a>. Information seekers could also browse the directory instead of doing a keyword-based search. </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Li" title="Robin Li">Robin Li</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/RankDex" class="mw-redirect" title="RankDex">RankDex</a> site-scoring <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> for search engines results page ranking<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rankdex_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rankdex-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received a US patent for the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first search engine that used <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinks</a> to measure the quality of websites it was indexing,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predating the very similar algorithm patent filed by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> two years later in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> referenced Li's work in some of his U.S. patents for PageRank.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li later used his Rankdex technology for the <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine, which was founded by him in China and launched in 2000. </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> was looking to give a single search engine an exclusive deal as the featured search engine on Netscape's web browser. There was so much interest that instead, Netscape struck deals with five of the major search engines: for $5 million a year, each search engine would be in rotation on the Netscape search engine page. The five engines were Yahoo!, Magellan, Lycos, Infoseek, and Excite.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> adopted the idea of selling search terms in 1998 from a small search engine company named <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Search Marketing">goto.com</a>. This move had a significant effect on the search engine business, which went from struggling to one of the most profitable businesses in the Internet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the Internet investing frenzy that occurred in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several companies entered the market spectacularly, receiving record gains during their <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offerings</a>. Some have taken down their public search engine and are marketing enterprise-only editions, such as Northern Light. Many search engine companies were caught up in the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>, a speculation-driven market boom that peaked in March 2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s–present:_Post_dot-com_bubble"><span id="2000s.E2.80.93present:_Post_dot-com_bubble"></span>2000s–present: Post dot-com bubble</h3></div> <p>Around 2000, <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google's search engine</a> rose to prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company achieved better results for many searches with an algorithm called <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>, as was explained in the paper <i>Anatomy of a Search Engine</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>, the later founders of Google.<sup id="cite_ref-AnatomyOfSearch_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnatomyOfSearch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Iterative_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterative algorithm">iterative algorithm</a> ranks web pages based on the number and PageRank of other web sites and pages that link there, on the premise that good or desirable pages are linked to more than others. Larry Page's patent for PageRank cites <a href="/wiki/Robin_Li" title="Robin Li">Robin Li</a>'s earlier <a href="/wiki/RankDex" class="mw-redirect" title="RankDex">RankDex</a> patent as an influence.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rankdex_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rankdex-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google also maintained a minimalist interface to its search engine. In contrast, many of its competitors embedded a search engine in a <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">web portal</a>. In fact, the Google search engine became so popular that spoof engines emerged such as <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Seeker" title="Mystery Seeker">Mystery Seeker</a>. </p><p>By 2000, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> was providing search services based on Inktomi's search engine. Yahoo! acquired Inktomi in 2002, and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Native">Overture</a> (which owned <a href="/wiki/AlltheWeb" title="AlltheWeb">AlltheWeb</a> and AltaVista) in 2003. Yahoo! switched to Google's search engine until 2004, when it launched its own search engine based on the combined technologies of its acquisitions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> first launched MSN Search in the fall of 1998 using search results from Inktomi. In early 1999, the site began to display listings from <a href="/wiki/Looksmart" class="mw-redirect" title="Looksmart">Looksmart</a>, blended with results from Inktomi. For a short time in 1999, MSN Search used results from AltaVista instead. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> began a transition to its own search technology, powered by its own <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Msnbot" title="Msnbot">msnbot</a>). </p><p>Microsoft's rebranded search engine, <a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a>, was launched on June 1, 2009. On July 29, 2009, Yahoo! and Microsoft finalized a deal in which <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Search">Yahoo! Search</a> would be powered by Microsoft Bing technology. </p><p>As of 2019,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Search_engine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> active search engine crawlers include those of Google, <a href="/wiki/Sogou" title="Sogou">Sogou</a>, Baidu, Bing, <a href="/wiki/Gigablast" title="Gigablast">Gigablast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojeek" title="Mojeek">Mojeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approach">Approach</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Workings"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engine technology">Search engine technology</a></div> <p>A search engine maintains the following processes in near real time:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Web_crawling" class="mw-redirect" title="Web crawling">Web crawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (search engine)">Indexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search query">Searching</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jawadekar2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawadekar2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Web search engines get their information by <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawling</a> from site to site. The "spider" checks for the standard filename <i><a href="/wiki/Robots.txt" title="Robots.txt">robots.txt</a></i>, addressed to it. The robots.txt file contains directives for search spiders, telling it which pages to crawl and which pages not to crawl. After checking for robots.txt and either finding it or not, the spider sends certain information back to be <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">indexed</a> depending on many factors, such as the titles, page content, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS), headings, or its <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> in HTML <a href="/wiki/Meta_tags" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta tags">meta tags</a>. After a certain number of pages crawled, amount of data indexed, or time spent on the website, the spider stops crawling and moves on. "[N]o web crawler may actually crawl the entire reachable web. Due to infinite websites, spider traps, spam, and other exigencies of the real web, crawlers instead apply a crawl policy to determine when the crawling of a site should be deemed sufficient. Some websites are crawled exhaustively, while others are crawled only partially".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indexing means associating words and other definable tokens found on web pages to their domain names and <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>-based fields. The associations are made in a public database, made available for web search queries. A query from a user can be a single word, multiple words or a sentence. The index helps find information relating to the query as quickly as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Jawadekar2011_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawadekar2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the techniques for indexing, and <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_cache" title="Search engine cache">caching</a> are trade secrets, whereas web crawling is a straightforward process of visiting all sites on a systematic basis. </p><p>Between visits by the <i>spider</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">cached</a> version of the page (some or all the content needed to render it) stored in the search engine working memory is quickly sent to an inquirer. If a visit is overdue, the search engine can just act as a <a href="/wiki/Web_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Web proxy">web proxy</a> instead. In this case, the page may differ from the search terms indexed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jawadekar2011_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawadekar2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cached page holds the appearance of the version whose words were previously indexed, so a cached version of a page can be useful to the website when the actual page has been lost, but this problem is also considered a mild form of <a href="/wiki/Linkrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Linkrot">linkrot</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WebCrawlerArchitecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/WebCrawlerArchitecture.svg/220px-WebCrawlerArchitecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/WebCrawlerArchitecture.svg/330px-WebCrawlerArchitecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/WebCrawlerArchitecture.svg/440px-WebCrawlerArchitecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>High-level architecture of a standard Web crawler</figcaption></figure> <p>Typically when a user enters a <a href="/wiki/Web_search_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search query">query</a> into a search engine it is a few <a href="/wiki/Keyword_(Internet_search)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword (Internet search)">keywords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Inverted_index" title="Inverted index">index</a> already has the names of the sites containing the keywords, and these are instantly obtained from the index. The real processing load is in generating the web pages that are the search results list: Every page in the entire list must be <a href="/wiki/Weighting" title="Weighting">weighted</a> according to information in the indexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jawadekar2011_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawadekar2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the top search result item requires the lookup, reconstruction, and markup of the <i><a href="/wiki/Snippet_(programming)" title="Snippet (programming)">snippets</a></i> showing the context of the keywords matched. These are only part of the processing each search results web page requires, and further pages (next to the top) require more of this post-processing. </p><p>Beyond simple keyword lookups, search engines offer their own <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>- or command-driven operators and search parameters to refine the search results. These provide the necessary controls for the user engaged in the feedback loop users create by <i>filtering</i> and <i>weighting</i> while refining the search results, given the initial pages of the first search results. For example, from 2007 the Google.com search engine has allowed one to <i>filter</i> by date by clicking "Show search tools" in the leftmost column of the initial search results page, and then selecting the desired date range.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible to <i>weight</i> by date because each page has a modification time. Most search engines support the use of the <a href="/wiki/Boolean_operator_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean operator (computer programming)">Boolean operators</a> AND, OR and NOT to help end users refine the <a href="/wiki/Web_search_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search query">search query</a>. Boolean operators are for literal searches that allow the user to refine and extend the terms of the search. The engine looks for the words or phrases exactly as entered. Some search engines provide an advanced feature called <a href="/wiki/Proximity_search_(text)" title="Proximity search (text)">proximity search</a>, which allows users to define the distance between keywords.<sup id="cite_ref-Jawadekar2011_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawadekar2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also <a href="/wiki/Concept_search" title="Concept search">concept-based searching</a> where the research involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the words or phrases you search for. </p><p>The usefulness of a search engine depends on the <a href="/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)" title="Relevance (information retrieval)">relevance</a> of the <i>result set</i> it gives back. While there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase, some pages may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines employ methods to <a href="/wiki/Rank_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank order">rank</a> the results to provide the "best" results first. How a search engine decides which pages are the best matches, and what order the results should be shown in, varies widely from one engine to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Jawadekar2011_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawadekar2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The methods also change over time as Internet usage changes and new techniques evolve. There are two main types of search engine that have evolved: one is a system of predefined and hierarchically ordered keywords that humans have programmed extensively. The other is a system that generates an "<a href="/wiki/Inverted_index" title="Inverted index">inverted index</a>" by analyzing texts it locates. This first form relies much more heavily on the computer itself to do the bulk of the work. </p><p>Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> revenue and thus some of them allow advertisers to <a href="/wiki/Paid_inclusion" title="Paid inclusion">have their listings ranked higher</a> in search results for a fee. Search engines that do not accept money for their search results make money by running <a href="/wiki/Contextual_advertising" title="Contextual advertising">search related ads</a> alongside the regular search engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_search">Local search</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Local_search_(Internet)" title="Local search (Internet)">Local search</a> is the process that optimizes the efforts of local businesses. They focus on change to make sure all searches are consistent. It is important because many people determine where they plan to go and what to buy based on their searches.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_share">Market share</h2></div> <p>As of January 2022,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Search_engine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google</a> is by far the world's most used search engine, with a market share of 90.6%, and the world's other most used search engines were <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Search">Yahoo!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yandex_Search" title="Yandex Search">Yandex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, Google's dominance was ruled an illegal monopoly in a case brought by the US Department of Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_East_Asia">Russia and East Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Russia, <a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a> has a market share of 62.6%, compared to Google's 28.3%. And Yandex is the second most used search engine on smartphones in Asia and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, Baidu is the most popular search engine.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korea's homegrown search portal, <a href="/wiki/Naver" title="Naver">Naver</a>, is used for 62.8% of online searches in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Japan">Yahoo! Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Search">Yahoo! Taiwan</a> are the most popular avenues for Internet searches in Japan and Taiwan, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China is one of few countries where Google is not in the top three web search engines for market share. Google was previously a top search engine in China, but withdrew after a disagreement with the government over censorship and a cyberattack. But Bing is in top three web search engine with a market share of 14.95%. Baidu is on top with 49.1% market share.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>Most countries' markets in the European Union are dominated by Google, except for the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Seznam" class="mw-redirect" title="Seznam">Seznam</a> is a strong competitor.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The search engine <a href="/wiki/Qwant" title="Qwant">Qwant</a> is based in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, where it attracts most of its 50 million monthly registered users from. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_engine_bias">Search engine bias</h2></div> <p>Although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on some combination of their popularity and relevancy, empirical studies indicate various political, economic, and social biases in the information they provide<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vaughan-thelwall_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaughan-thelwall-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the underlying assumptions about the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These biases can be a direct result of economic and commercial processes (e.g., companies that advertise with a search engine can become also more popular in its <a href="/wiki/Organic_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic search">organic search</a> results), and political processes (e.g., the removal of search results to comply with local laws).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Google will not surface certain <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> websites in France and Germany, where <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> is illegal. </p><p>Biases can also be a result of social processes, as search engine algorithms are frequently designed to exclude non-normative viewpoints in favor of more "popular" results.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indexing algorithms of major search engines skew towards coverage of U.S.-based sites, rather than websites from non-U.S. countries.<sup id="cite_ref-vaughan-thelwall_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaughan-thelwall-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Bombing">Google Bombing</a> is one example of an attempt to manipulate search results for political, social or commercial reasons. </p><p>Several scholars have studied the cultural changes triggered by search engines,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the representation of certain controversial topics in their results, such as <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism in Ireland">terrorism in Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customized_results_and_filter_bubbles">Customized results and filter bubbles</h2></div> <p>There has been concern raised that search engines such as Google and Bing provide customized results based on the user's activity history, leading to what has been termed echo chambers or <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">filter bubbles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eli_Pariser" title="Eli Pariser">Eli Pariser</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument is that search engines and social media platforms use <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to selectively guess what information a user would like to see, based on information about the user (such as location, past click behaviour and search history). As a result, websites tend to show only information that agrees with the user's past viewpoint. According to <a href="/wiki/Eli_Pariser" title="Eli Pariser">Eli Pariser</a> users get less exposure to conflicting viewpoints and are isolated intellectually in their own informational bubble. Since this problem has been identified, competing search engines have emerged that seek to avoid this problem by not tracking or "bubbling" users, such as <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a>. However many scholars have questioned Pariser's view, finding that there is little evidence for the filter bubble.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, a number of studies trying to verify the existence of filter bubbles have found only minor levels of personalisation in search,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that most people encounter a range of views when browsing online, and that Google news tends to promote mainstream established news outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_search_engines">Religious search engines</h2></div> <p>The global growth of the Internet and electronic media in the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> world during the last decade has encouraged Islamic adherents in <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">the Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Asian sub-continent</a>, to attempt their own search engines, their own filtered search portals that would enable users to perform <a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">safe searches</a>. More than usual <i>safe search</i> filters, these Islamic web portals categorizing websites into being either "<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a>", based on interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a>. <a href="/wiki/ImHalal" title="ImHalal">ImHalal</a> came online in September 2011. <a href="/wiki/Halalgoogling" title="Halalgoogling">Halalgoogling</a> came online in July 2013. These use <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> filters on the collections from <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a> (and others).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While lack of investment and slow pace in technologies in the Muslim world has hindered progress and thwarted success of an Islamic search engine, targeting as the main consumers Islamic adherents, projects like <a href="/wiki/Muxlim" title="Muxlim">Muxlim</a> (a Muslim lifestyle site) received millions of dollars from investors like Rite Internet Ventures, and it also faltered. Other religion-oriented search engines are Jewogle, the Jewish version of Google,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christian search engine SeekFind.org. SeekFind filters sites that attack or degrade their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_engine_submission">Search engine submission</h2></div> <p>Web search engine submission is a process in which a webmaster submits a website directly to a search engine. While search engine submission is sometimes presented as a way to promote a website, it generally is not necessary because the major search engines use web crawlers that will eventually find most web sites on the Internet without assistance. They can either submit one web page at a time, or they can submit the entire site using a <a href="/wiki/Sitemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitemap">sitemap</a>, but it is normally only necessary to submit the <a href="/wiki/Home_page" title="Home page">home page</a> of a web site as search engines are able to crawl a well designed website. There are two remaining reasons to submit a web site or web page to a search engine: to add an entirely new web site without waiting for a search engine to discover it, and to have a web site's record updated after a substantial redesign. </p><p>Some search engine submission software not only submits websites to multiple search engines, but also adds links to websites from their own pages. This could appear helpful in increasing a website's <a href="/wiki/Ranking_(information_retrieval)" title="Ranking (information retrieval)">ranking</a>, because external links are one of the most important factors determining a website's ranking. However, John Mueller of <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> has stated that this "can lead to a tremendous number of unnatural links for your site" with a negative impact on site ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-CanBeHarmful_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanBeHarmful-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_social_bookmarking">Comparison to social bookmarking</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_optimization" title="Social media optimization">Social media optimization</a></div> <p>In comparison to search engines, a social bookmarking system has several advantages over traditional automated resource location and classification software, such as <a class="mw-selflink selflink">search engine</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">spiders</a>. All tag-based classification of Internet resources (such as web sites) is done by human beings, who understand the content of the resource, as opposed to software, which algorithmically attempts to determine the meaning and quality of a resource. Also, people can find and <a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">bookmark web pages</a> that have not yet been noticed or indexed by web spiders.<sup id="cite_ref-acm-bookmarking_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acm-bookmarking-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a social bookmarking system can rank a resource based on how many times it has been bookmarked by users, which may be a more useful <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_merit" title="Figure of merit">metric</a> for <a href="/wiki/End-user" class="mw-redirect" title="End-user">end-users</a> than systems that rank resources based on the number of external links pointing to it. However, both types of ranking are vulnerable to fraud, (see <a href="/wiki/Gaming_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a>), and both need technical countermeasures to try to deal with this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section <b>may need to be cleaned up or summarized</b> because it has been split from/to <i><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engine technology">Search engine technology#Web search engines</a></i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archie">Archie</h3></div> <p>The first web search engine was <a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie</a>, created in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-intelligent-technologies_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intelligent-technologies-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Emtage" title="Alan Emtage">Alan Emtage</a>, a student at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in Montreal. The author originally wanted to call the program "archives", but had to shorten it to comply with the Unix world standard of assigning programs and files short, cryptic names such as grep, cat, troff, sed, awk, perl, and so on. </p><p>The primary method of storing and retrieving files was via the <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP). This was (and still is) a system that specified a common way for computers to exchange files over the Internet. It works like this: Some administrator decides that he wants to make files available from his computer. He sets up a program on his computer, called an FTP server. When someone on the Internet wants to retrieve a file from this computer, he or she connects to it via another program called an FTP client. Any FTP client program can connect with any FTP server program as long as the client and server programs both fully follow the specifications set forth in the FTP protocol. </p><p>Initially, anyone who wanted to share a file had to set up an FTP server in order to make the file available to others. Later, "anonymous" FTP sites became repositories for files, allowing all users to post and retrieve them. </p><p>Even with archive sites, many important files were still scattered on small FTP servers. These files could be located only by the Internet equivalent of word of mouth: Somebody would post an e-mail to a message list or a discussion forum announcing the availability of a file. </p><p>Archie changed all that. It combined a script-based data gatherer, which fetched site listings of anonymous FTP files, with a regular expression matcher for retrieving file names matching a user query. (4) In other words, Archie's gatherer scoured FTP sites across the Internet and indexed all of the files it found. Its regular expression matcher provided users with access to its database.<sup id="cite_ref-wileyhistory_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wileyhistory-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veronica">Veronica</h3></div> <p>In 1993, the University of Nevada System Computing Services group developed <a href="/wiki/Veronica_(search_engine)" title="Veronica (search engine)">Veronica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-intelligent-technologies_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intelligent-technologies-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was created as a type of searching device similar to Archie but for Gopher files. Another Gopher search service, called Jughead, appeared a little later, probably for the sole purpose of rounding out the comic-strip triumvirate. Jughead is an acronym for Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation and Display, although, like Veronica, it is probably safe to assume that the creator backed into the acronym. Jughead's functionality was pretty much identical to Veronica's, although it appears to be a little rougher around the edges.<sup id="cite_ref-wileyhistory_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wileyhistory-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lone_Wanderer">The Lone Wanderer</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Wanderer" title="World Wide Web Wanderer">World Wide Web Wanderer</a>, developed by Matthew Gray in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first robot on the Web and was designed to track the Web's growth. Initially, the Wanderer counted only Web servers, but shortly after its introduction, it started to capture URLs as it went along. The database of captured URLs became the Wandex, the first web database. </p><p>Matthew Gray's Wanderer created quite a controversy at the time, partially because early versions of the software ran rampant through the Net and caused a noticeable netwide performance degradation. This degradation occurred because the Wanderer would access the same page hundreds of times a day. The Wanderer soon amended its ways, but the controversy over whether robots were good or bad for the Internet remained. </p><p>In response to the Wanderer, Martijn Koster created Archie-Like Indexing of the Web, or ALIWEB, in October 1993. As the name implies, ALIWEB was the HTTP equivalent of Archie, and because of this, it is still unique in many ways. </p><p>ALIWEB does not have a web-searching robot. Instead, webmasters of participating sites post their own index information for each page they want listed. The advantage to this method is that users get to describe their own site, and a robot does not run about eating up Net bandwidth. The disadvantages of ALIWEB are more of a problem today. The primary disadvantage is that a special indexing file must be submitted. Most users do not understand how to create such a file, and therefore they do not submit their pages. This leads to a relatively small database, which meant that users are less likely to search ALIWEB than one of the large bot-based sites. This Catch-22 has been somewhat offset by incorporating other databases into the ALIWEB search, but it still does not have the mass appeal of search engines such as Yahoo! or Lycos.<sup id="cite_ref-wileyhistory_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wileyhistory-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excite">Excite</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Excite_(web_portal)" title="Excite (web portal)">Excite</a>, initially called Architext, was started by six Stanford undergraduates in February 1993. Their idea was to use statistical analysis of word relationships in order to provide more efficient searches through the large amount of information on the Internet. Their project was fully funded by mid-1993. Once funding was secured. they released a version of their search software for webmasters to use on their own web sites. At the time, the software was called Architext, but it now goes by the name of Excite for Web Servers.<sup id="cite_ref-wileyhistory_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wileyhistory-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excite was the first serious commercial search engine which launched in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed in Stanford and was purchased for $6.5 billion by @Home. In 2001 Excite and @Home went bankrupt and <a href="/wiki/InfoSpace" title="InfoSpace">InfoSpace</a> bought Excite for $10 million. </p><p>Some of the first analysis of web searching was conducted on search logs from Excite<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yahoo!"><span id="Yahoo.21"></span>Yahoo!</h3></div> <p>In April 1994, two Stanford University Ph.D. candidates, <a href="/wiki/David_Filo" title="David Filo">David Filo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Yang_(entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Yang (entrepreneur)">Jerry Yang</a>, created some pages that became rather popular. They called the collection of pages <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> Their official explanation for the name choice was that they considered themselves to be a pair of yahoos. </p><p>As the number of links grew and their pages began to receive thousands of hits a day, the team created ways to better organize the data. In order to aid in data retrieval, Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com) became a searchable directory. The search feature was a simple database search engine. Because Yahoo! entries were entered and categorized manually, Yahoo! was not really classified as a search engine. Instead, it was generally considered to be a searchable directory. Yahoo! has since automated some aspects of the gathering and classification process, blurring the distinction between engine and directory. </p><p>The Wanderer captured only URLs, which made it difficult to find things that were not explicitly described by their URL. Because URLs are rather cryptic to begin with, this did not help the average user. Searching Yahoo! or the Galaxy was much more effective because they contained additional descriptive information about the indexed sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lycos">Lycos</h3></div> <p>At Carnegie Mellon University during July 1994, Michael Mauldin, on leave from CMU, developed the <a href="/wiki/Lycos" title="Lycos">Lycos</a> search engine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_web_search_engines">Types of web search engines</h3></div> <p>Search engines on the web are sites enriched with facility to search the content stored on other sites. There is difference in the way various search engines work, but they all perform three basic tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Finding and selecting full or partial content based on the keywords provided.</li> <li>Maintaining index of the content and referencing to the location they find</li> <li>Allowing users to look for words or combinations of words found in that index.</li></ol> <p>The process begins when a user enters a query statement into the system through the interface provided. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Conventional </td> <td>librarycatalog </td> <td>Search by keyword, title, author, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Text-based </td> <td>Google, Bing, Yahoo! </td> <td>Search by keywords. Limited search using queries in natural language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voice_search" title="Voice search">Voice-based</a> </td> <td>Google, Bing, Yahoo! </td> <td>Search by keywords. Limited search using queries in natural language. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_search" title="Multimedia search">Multimedia search</a> </td> <td>QBIC, WebSeek, SaFe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Content-based_image_retrieval" title="Content-based image retrieval">Search by visual appearance</a> (shapes, colors,..) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q/A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stack_Exchange" title="Stack Exchange">Stack Exchange</a>, NSIR </td> <td>Search in (restricted) natural language </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clustering Systems </td> <td>Vivisimo, Clusty </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Research Systems </td> <td>Lemur, Nutch </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are basically three types of search engines: Those that are powered by robots (called <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">crawlers</a>; ants or spiders) and those that are powered by human submissions; and those that are a hybrid of the two. </p><p>Crawler-based search engines are those that use automated software agents (called crawlers) that visit a Web site, read the information on the actual site, read the site's meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects to performing indexing on all linked Web sites as well. The crawler returns all that information back to a central depository, where the data is indexed. The crawler will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the administrators of the search engine. </p><p>Human-powered search engines rely on humans to submit information that is subsequently indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is put into the index. </p><p>In both cases, when you query a search engine to locate information, you're actually searching through the index that the search engine has created —you are not actually searching the Web. These indices are giant databases of information that is collected and stored and subsequently searched. This explains why sometimes a search on a commercial search engine, such as Yahoo! or Google, will return results that are, in fact, dead links. Since the search results are based on the index, if the index has not been updated since a Web page became invalid the search engine treats the page as still an active link even though it no longer is. It will remain that way until the index is updated. </p><p>So why will the same search on different search engines produce different results? Part of the answer to that question is because not all indices are going to be exactly the same. It depends on what the spiders find or what the humans submitted. But more important, not every search engine uses the same algorithm to search through the indices. The algorithm is what the search engines use to determine the <a href="/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)" title="Relevance (information retrieval)">relevance</a> of the information in the index to what the user is searching for. </p><p>One of the elements that a search engine algorithm scans for is the frequency and location of keywords on a Web page. Those with higher frequency are typically considered more relevant. But search engine technology is becoming sophisticated in its attempt to discourage what is known as keyword stuffing, or spamdexing. </p><p>Another common element that algorithms analyze is the way that pages link to other pages in the Web. By analyzing how pages link to each other, an engine can both determine what a page is about (if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the keywords on the original page) and whether that page is considered "important" and deserving of a boost in ranking. Just as the technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated to ignore keyword stuffing, it is also becoming more savvy to Web masters who build artificial links into their sites in order to build an artificial ranking. </p><p>Modern web search engines are highly intricate software systems that employ technology that has evolved over the years. There are a number of sub-categories of search engine software that are separately applicable to specific 'browsing' needs. These include web search engines (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>), database or structured data search engines (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dieselpoint" title="Dieselpoint">Dieselpoint</a>), and mixed search engines or enterprise search. The more prevalent search engines, such as Google and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, utilize hundreds of thousands computers to process trillions of web pages in order to return fairly well-aimed results. Due to this high volume of queries and text processing, the software is required to run in a highly dispersed environment with a high degree of superfluity. </p><p>Another category of search engines is scientific search engines. These are search engines which search scientific literature. The best known example is Google Scholar. Researchers are working on improving search engine technology by making them understand the content element of the articles, such as extracting theoretical constructs or key research findings.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of web search engines">Comparison of web search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_effect" title="Google effect">Google effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_search_engines_and_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet search engines and libraries">Use of web search engines in libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itpints" title="Itpints">Itpints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_search_engines" title="List of search engines">List of search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_answering" title="Question answering">Question answering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_manipulation_effect" title="Search engine manipulation effect">Search engine manipulation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_privacy" title="Search engine privacy">Search engine privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_development_tools" title="Web development tools">Web development tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_query" title="Web query">Web query</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Search_engine_test" title="Wikipedia:Search engine test">Wikipedia:Search engine test</a>, for a tutorial on using search engines for researching Wikipedia articles</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Search+Engine+Roundtable&rft.atitle=Google%3A+Search+Engine+Submission+Services+Can+Be+Harmful&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seroundtable.com%2Fsearch-engine-submission-google-15906.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acm-bookmarking-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acm-bookmarking_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeymannKoutrika,_GeorgiaGarcia-Molina,_Hector2008" class="citation conference cs1">Heymann, Paul; Koutrika, Georgia; Garcia-Molina, Hector (February 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/2008-2">"Can Social Bookmarking Improve Web Search?"</a>. <i>First ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Can+Social+Bookmarking+Improve+Web+Search%3F&rft.btitle=First+ACM+International+Conference+on+Web+Search+and+Data+Mining&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.aulast=Heymann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Koutrika%2C+Georgia&rft.au=Garcia-Molina%2C+Hector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbpubs.stanford.edu%3A8090%2Fpub%2F2008-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intelligent-technologies-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intelligent-technologies_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intelligent-technologies_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriti_Srinivas_SajjaRajendra_Akerkar2012" class="citation book cs1">Priti Srinivas Sajja; Rajendra Akerkar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqXxoWK7tucC&q=the+University+of+Nevada+System+Computing+Services+group+developed+Veronica.&pg=PA87"><i>Intelligent technologies for web applications</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Search+Engines&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Flegacy%2Fcompbooks%2Fsonnenreich%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriti_Srinivas_SajjaRajendra_Akerkar2012" class="citation book cs1">Priti Srinivas Sajja; Rajendra Akerkar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqXxoWK7tucC&q=the+University+of+Nevada+System+Computing+Services+group+developed+Veronica.&pg=PA87"><i>Intelligent technologies for web applications</i></a>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-7162-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-7162-1"><bdi>978-1-4398-7162-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pccua.edu/kholland/major_search_engines.htm">the original</a> on 5 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Major+Search+Engines&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pccua.edu%2Fkholland%2Fmajor_search_engines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jansen, B. J., Spink, A., Bateman, J., and Saracevic, T. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/jansen_sigir_forum.pdf">Real life information retrieval: A study of user queries on the web</a>. SIGIR Forum, 32(1), 5 -17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jansen, B. J., Spink, A., and Saracevic, T. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.ist.psu.edu/jjansen/academic/pubs/jansen_real_life_real_users_and_real_needs.pdf">Real life, real users, and real needs: A study and analysis of user queries on the web</a>. Information Processing & Management. 36(2), 207–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriti_Srinivas_SajjaRajendra_Akerkar2012" class="citation book cs1">Priti Srinivas Sajja; Rajendra Akerkar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HqXxoWK7tucC&q=the+University+of+Nevada+System+Computing+Services+group+developed+Veronica.&pg=PA87"><i>Intelligent technologies for web applications</i></a>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-7162-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-7162-1"><bdi>978-1-4398-7162-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+technologies+for+web+applications&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-7162-1&rft.au=Priti+Srinivas+Sajja&rft.au=Rajendra+Akerkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHqXxoWK7tucC%26q%3Dthe%2BUniversity%2Bof%2BNevada%2BSystem%2BComputing%2BServices%2Bgroup%2Bdeveloped%2BVeronica.%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLarsenAbbasi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Jingjing; Larsen, Kai; Abbasi, Ahmed (2020-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://misq.org/theoryon-a-design-framework-and-system-for-unlocking-behavioral-knowledge-through-ontology-learning.html">"TheoryOn: A Design Framework and System for Unlocking Behavioral Knowledge Through Ontology Learning"</a>. <i>MIS Quarterly</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 1733–1772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25300%2FMISQ%2F2020%2F15323">10.25300/MISQ/2020/15323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219401379">219401379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIS+Quarterly&rft.atitle=TheoryOn%3A+A+Design+Framework+and+System+for+Unlocking+Behavioral+Knowledge+Through+Ontology+Learning&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1733-1772&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25300%2FMISQ%2F2020%2F15323&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219401379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jingjing&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Kai&rft.au=Abbasi%2C+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmisq.org%2Ftheoryon-a-design-framework-and-system-for-unlocking-behavioral-knowledge-through-ontology-learning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_LawrenceC._Lee_Giles1999" class="citation journal cs1">Steve Lawrence; C. Lee Giles (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F21987">"Accessibility of information on the web"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>400</b> (6740): 107–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.400..107L">1999Natur.400..107L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F21987">10.1038/21987</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10428673">10428673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4347646">4347646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Accessibility+of+information+on+the+web&rft.volume=400&rft.issue=6740&rft.pages=107-9&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F21987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4347646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10428673&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Natur.400..107L&rft.au=Steve+Lawrence&rft.au=C.+Lee+Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F21987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bing Liu (2007), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.uic.edu/~liub/WebMiningBook.html">Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents and Usage Data</a>.</i> Springer,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-37881-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-37881-2">3-540-37881-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judit_Bar-Ilan" title="Judit Bar-Ilan">Bar-Ilan, J.</a> (2004). The use of Web search engines in information science research. ARIST, 38, 231–288.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2005" class="citation book cs1">Levene, Mark (2005). <i>An Introduction to Search Engines and Web Navigation</i>. Pearson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Search+Engines+and+Web+Navigation&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHock2007" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Randolph (2007). <i>The Extreme Searcher's Handbook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Searcher%27s+Handbook&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Randolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910965-76-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910965-76-7">978-0-910965-76-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaved_Mostafa2005" class="citation journal cs1">Javed Mostafa (February 2005). "Seeking Better Web Searches". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>292</b> (2): 66–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SciAm.292b..66M">2005SciAm.292b..66M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0205-66">10.1038/scientificamerican0205-66</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Seeking+Better+Web+Searches&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66-73&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0205-66&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005SciAm.292b..66M&rft.au=Javed+Mostafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossWolfram,_Dietmar2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Nancy; Wolfram, Dietmar (2000). "End user searching on the Internet: An analysis of term pair topics submitted to the Excite search engine". <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science</i>. <b>51</b> (10): 949–958. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-4571%282000%2951%3A10%3C949%3A%3AAID-ASI70%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5">10.1002/1097-4571(2000)51:10<949::AID-ASI70>3.0.CO;2-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science&rft.atitle=End+user+searching+on+the+Internet%3A+An+analysis+of+term+pair+topics+submitted+to+the+Excite+search+engine&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=949-958&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-4571%282000%2951%3A10%3C949%3A%3AAID-ASI70%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Wolfram%2C+Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXieWangGoh1998" class="citation journal cs1">Xie, M.; et al. (1998). "Quality dimensions of Internet search engines". <i>Journal of Information Science</i>. <b>24</b> (5): 365–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F016555159802400509">10.1177/016555159802400509</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34686531">34686531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Information+Science&rft.atitle=Quality+dimensions+of+Internet+search+engines&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=365-372&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F016555159802400509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34686531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Wang%2C+H.&rft.au=Goh%2C+T.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005195805/http://www.ir.uwaterloo.ca/book/"><i>Information Retrieval: Implementing and Evaluating Search Engines</i></a>. MIT Press. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ir.uwaterloo.ca/book/">the original</a> on 2020-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Retrieval%3A+Implementing+and+Evaluating+Search+Engines&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ir.uwaterloo.ca%2Fbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASearch+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yeo, ShinJoung. (2023) <i>Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry</i> (U of Illinois Press, 2023) ISBN 10:0252087127 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jj.4116455">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_search_engines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Internet search engines">Internet search engines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Search_Engines" class="extiw" 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_search" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_search" title="Template:Internet search"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_search" title="Template talk:Internet search"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_search" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet search"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_search" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet search">Internet search</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">Web search engine</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_search_engines" title="List of search engines">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metasearch_engine" title="Metasearch engine">Metasearch engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_search" title="Multimedia search">Multimedia search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_search_engine" title="Collaborative search engine">Collaborative search engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-language_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-language search">Cross-language search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_search_(Internet)" title="Local search (Internet)">Local search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_search" title="Vertical search">Vertical search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_search" title="Social search">Social search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_retrieval" title="Image retrieval">Image search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_search_engine" title="Audio search engine">Audio search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_search_engine" title="Video search engine">Video search engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_search" title="Enterprise search">Enterprise search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural language search engine">Natural language search engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_search" title="Voice search">Voice search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-language_information_retrieval" title="Cross-language information retrieval">Cross-language information retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_by_sound" title="Search by sound">Search by sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_marketing" title="Search engine marketing">Search engine marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">Search engine optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_measures_(information_retrieval)" title="Evaluation measures (information retrieval)">Evaluation measures</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Search_oriented_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Search oriented architecture (page does not exist)">Search oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection-based_search" title="Selection-based search">Selection-based search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_retrieval" title="Document retrieval">Document retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">Web crawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multisearch" title="Multisearch">Multisearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_search" title="Federated search">Federated search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_aggregator" title="Search aggregator">Search aggregator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Index (search engine)">Index</a>/<a href="/wiki/Web_indexing" title="Web indexing">Web indexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_crawler" title="Focused crawler">Focused crawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_trap" title="Spider trap">Spider trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robots_exclusion_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robots exclusion standard">Robots exclusion standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_web_crawling" title="Distributed web crawling">Distributed web crawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_mirroring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Website mirroring software">Website mirroring software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_query" title="Web query">Web query</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_query_classification" title="Web query classification">Web query classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols<br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z39.50" title="Z39.50">Z39.50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search/Retrieve_Web_Service" title="Search/Retrieve Web Service">Search/Retrieve Web Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search/Retrieve_via_URL" title="Search/Retrieve via URL">Search/Retrieve via URL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSearch" title="OpenSearch">OpenSearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational State Transfer">Representational State Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_(computing)" title="Search engine (computing)">Search engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_search" title="Desktop search">Desktop search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_search" title="Online search">Online search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_search_engines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_search_engines" title="Template:Web search engines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_search_engines" title="Template talk:Web search engines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_search_engines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web search engines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_search_engines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Web search engines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Dedicated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmia" title="Ahmia">Ahmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackle" title="Blackle">Blackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_Search" title="Brave Search">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosia" title="Ecosia">Ecosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireball_(search_engine)" title="Fireball (search engine)">Fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddle_(search_engine)" title="Kiddle (search engine)">Kiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KidRex" title="KidRex">KidRex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KidzSearch" class="mw-redirect" title="KidzSearch">KidzSearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycos" title="Lycos">Lycos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojeek" title="Mojeek">Mojeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver" title="Naver">Naver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsijoo" title="Parsijoo">Parsijoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perplexity_AI" title="Perplexity AI">Perplexity AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal_Search" title="Petal Search">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seznam.cz" title="Seznam.cz">Seznam.cz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou" title="Sogou">Sogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swisscows" title="Swisscows">Swisscows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebCrawler" title="WebCrawler">WebCrawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Search" title="Yahoo Search">Yahoo!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Search" title="Yandex Search">Yandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youdao" title="Youdao">Youdao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Metasearch_engine" title="Metasearch engine">Metasearch engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogpile" title="Dogpile">Dogpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excite_(web_portal)" title="Excite (web portal)">Excite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Info.com" title="Info.com">Info.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)" title="Kagi (search engine)">Kagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaCrawler" title="MetaCrawler">MetaCrawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaGer" title="MetaGer">MetaGer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullvad_Leta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullvad Leta">Mullvad Leta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SearXNG" title="SearXNG">SearXNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Startpage.com" title="Startpage.com">Startpage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwant" title="Qwant">Qwant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123people" title="123people">123people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A9.com" title="A9.com">A9.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliweb">Aliweb</a></li> <li><a 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title="LeapFish">LeapFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neeva" title="Neeva">Neeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_Group" title="Northern Light Group">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipilika" title="Pipilika">Pipilika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroogle" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroogle">Scroogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SearchMe" title="SearchMe">SearchMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searx" title="Searx">Searx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soso_(search_engine)" title="Soso (search engine)">Soso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoma" title="Teoma">Teoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewzi" title="Viewzi">Viewzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisimo" title="Vivisimo">Vivisimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunia" title="Volunia">Volunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3Catalog" 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