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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Emergent composer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergent_composer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paris,_1860–1863" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris,_1860–1863"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Paris, 1860–1863 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris,_1860–1863-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Years of struggle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_upheaval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_upheaval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 War and upheaval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_upheaval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Late career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Djamileh,_L'Arlésienne_and_Don_Rodrigue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Djamileh,_L'Arlésienne_and_Don_Rodrigue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Djamileh, L'Arlésienne and Don Rodrigue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Djamileh,_L'Arlésienne_and_Don_Rodrigue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Carmen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestral,_piano_and_vocal_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestral,_piano_and_vocal_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Orchestral, piano and vocal works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestral,_piano_and_vocal_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Dramatic works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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</div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Georges Bizet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جورج بيزيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج بيزيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorj_Bize" title="Jorj Bize – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jorj Bize" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%DA%98_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ژرژ بیزه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژرژ بیزه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бизе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Жорж Бизе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Жорж Бізэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жорж Бізэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бизе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жорж Бизе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96o%CF%81%CE%B6_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%AD" title="Ζoρζ Μπιζέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζoρζ Μπιζέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%DA%98_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ژرژ بیزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرژ بیزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC_%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%9C" title="조르주 비제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조르주 비제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AA_%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A5" title="Ժորժ Բիզե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժորժ Բիզե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%96%27_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94" title="ז'ורז' ביזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ורז' ביזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="ჟორჟ ბიზე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟორჟ ბიზე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бизе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жорж Бизе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бизе – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жорж Бизе" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Bizet" title="Georgius Bizet – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Bizet" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDor%C5%BEs_Biz%C4%93" title="Žoržs Bizē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žoržs Bizē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бизе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жорж Бизе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="जॉर्जेस बिझेत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्जेस बिझेत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جورج بيزيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج بيزيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бизе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Бизе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC" title="ジョルジュ・ビゼー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョルジュ・ビゼー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6" title="Бизе, Жорж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бизе, Жорж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95" title="جۆرج بیزە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرج بیزە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бизе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жорж Бизе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Bize" title="Corc Bize – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Corc Bize" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8C_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B" title="ฌอร์ฌ บีแซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฌอร์ฌ บีแซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бизе – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Жорж Бизе" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Жорж Бізе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жорж Бізе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Georges Bizet" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E6%89%8D" title="乔治·比才 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔治·比才" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A2" title="זשארזש ביזע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשארזש ביזע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E6%AF%94%E6%89%8D" title="佐治比才 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佐治比才" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French composer (1838–1875)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bizet" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bizet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bizet (disambiguation)">Bizet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_bizet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_bizet.jpg/220px-Georges_bizet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_bizet.jpg/330px-Georges_bizet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_bizet.jpg/440px-Georges_bizet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Bizet photographed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Carjat" title="Étienne Carjat">Étienne Carjat</a> (1875)</figcaption></figure> Georges Bizet<a href="#cite_note-3">[n 1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">né</a> Alexandre César Léopold Bizet; 25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875) was a French composer of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic era</a>. Best known for his operas in a career cut short by his early death, Bizet achieved few successes before his final work, <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a>, which has become one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the entire opera repertoire. During a brilliant student career at the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a>, Bizet won many prizes, including the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a> in 1857. He was recognised as an outstanding pianist, though he chose not to capitalise on this skill and rarely performed in public. Returning to Paris after almost three years in Italy, he found that the main Parisian opera theatres preferred the established classical repertoire to the works of newcomers. His keyboard and orchestral compositions were likewise largely ignored; as a result, his career stalled, and he earned his living mainly by arranging and transcribing the music of others. Restless for success, he began many theatrical projects during the 1860s, most of which were abandoned. Neither of his two operas that reached the stage in this time—<a href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_jolie_fille_de_Perth" title="La jolie fille de Perth">La jolie fille de Perth</a>—were immediately successful. After the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–1871, during which Bizet served in the National Guard, he had little success with his one-act opera <a href="/wiki/Djamileh" title="Djamileh">Djamileh</a>, though an orchestral suite derived from <a href="/wiki/L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_(Bizet)" title="L'Arlésienne (Bizet)">his incidental music</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Daudet" title="Alphonse Daudet">Alphonse Daudet</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_(short_story)" title="L'Arlésienne (short story)">L'Arlésienne</a> was instantly popular. The production of his final opera, Carmen, was delayed because of fears that its themes of betrayal and murder would offend audiences. After its premiere on 3 March 1875, Bizet was convinced that the work was a failure; he died of a heart attack three months later, unaware that it would prove a spectacular and enduring success. Bizet's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Geneviève Halévy">Geneviève Halévy</a> was intermittently happy and produced one son. After his death, his work, apart from Carmen, was generally neglected. Manuscripts were given away or lost, and published versions of his works were frequently revised and adapted by other hands. He founded no school and had no obvious disciples or successors. After years of neglect, his works began to be performed more frequently in the 20th century. Later commentators have acclaimed him as a composer of brilliance and originality whose premature death was a significant loss to French musical theatre. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_background_and_childhood">Family background and childhood</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family background and childhood">edit</a>]</div> Georges Bizet was born in Paris on 25 October 1838. He was registered as Alexandre César Léopold, but baptised as "Georges" on 16 March 1840, and was known by this name for the rest of his life. His father, Adolphe Bizet, had been a hairdresser and wigmaker before becoming a singing teacher despite his lack of formal training.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> He also composed a few works, including at least one published song.<a href="#cite_note-C7-5">[4]</a> In 1837, Adolphe married Aimée Delsarte, against the wishes of her family who considered him a poor prospect; the Delsartes, though impoverished, were a cultured and highly musical family.<a href="#cite_note-D2-6">[5]</a> Aimée was an accomplished pianist, while her brother <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a> was a distinguished singer and teacher who performed at the courts of both <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> François Delsarte's wife Rosine, a musical prodigy, had been an assistant professor of <a href="/wiki/Solfeggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfeggio">solfège</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a> at the age of 13.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> At least one author has suggested that Aimée was from a Jewish family, but this is not substantiated in any of Georges' official biographies.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Georges, an only child,<a href="#cite_note-D2-6">[5]</a> showed early aptitude for music and quickly picked up the basics of musical notation from his mother, who probably gave him his first piano lessons.<a href="#cite_note-C7-5">[4]</a> By listening at the door of the room where Adolphe conducted his classes, Georges learned to sing difficult songs accurately from memory and developed an ability to identify and analyse complex <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chordal structures</a>. This precocity convinced his ambitious parents that he was ready to begin studying at the Conservatoire even though he was still only nine years old (the minimum entry age was 10). Georges was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Meifred" title="Joseph Meifred">Joseph Meifred</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horn</a> virtuoso who was a member of the Conservatoire's Committee of Studies. Meifred was so struck by the boy's demonstration of his skills that he waived the age rule and offered to take him as soon as a place became available.<a href="#cite_note-D2-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservatoire">Conservatoire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conservatoire">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_du_Conservatoire_Paris_CNSAD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Theatre_du_Conservatoire_Paris_CNSAD.jpg/220px-Theatre_du_Conservatoire_Paris_CNSAD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Theatre_du_Conservatoire_Paris_CNSAD.jpg/330px-Theatre_du_Conservatoire_Paris_CNSAD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Theatre_du_Conservatoire_Paris_CNSAD.jpg/440px-Theatre_du_Conservatoire_Paris_CNSAD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Paris Conservatoire</a>, where Bizet studied from 1848 to 1857 (photographed in 2009)</figcaption></figure> Bizet was admitted to the Conservatoire on 9 October 1848, two weeks before his 10th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-D2-6">[5]</a> He made an early impression; within six months he had won first prize in solfège, a feat that impressed <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume_Zimmerman" title="Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmerman">Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmerman</a>, the Conservatoire's former professor of piano. Zimmerman gave Bizet private lessons in <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>, which continued until the old man's death in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> Through these classes, Bizet met Zimmerman's son-in-law, the composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>, who became a lasting influence on the young pupil's musical style—although their relationship was often strained in later years.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> He also met another of Gounod's young students, the 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>, who remained a firm friend of Bizet's. Under the tuition of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marmontel" title="Antoine François Marmontel">Antoine François Marmontel</a>, the Conservatoire's professor of piano, Bizet's pianism developed rapidly; he won the Conservatoire's second prize for piano in 1851, and first prize the following year. Bizet would later write to Marmontel: "In your class one learns something besides the piano; one becomes a musician".<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gounod-Bayard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of man in early middle age, balding, with neat moustache and beard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Gounod-Bayard.png/170px-Gounod-Bayard.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Gounod-Bayard.png/255px-Gounod-Bayard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Gounod-Bayard.png/340px-Gounod-Bayard.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>, a mentor and inspiration to Bizet in the latter's Conservatoire years</figcaption></figure> Bizet's first preserved compositions, two wordless songs for <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, date from around 1850. In 1853, he joined <a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Fromental Halévy</a>'s composition class and began to produce works of increasing sophistication and quality.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Two of his songs, "Petite Marguerite" and "La Rose et l'abeille", were published in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In 1855, he wrote an ambitious overture for a large orchestra,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and prepared four-hand piano versions of two of Gounod's works: the opera <a href="/wiki/La_nonne_sanglante" title="La nonne sanglante">La nonne sanglante</a> and the Symphony in D. Bizet's work on the Gounod symphony inspired him, shortly after his seventeenth birthday, to write <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(Bizet)" title="Symphony in C (Bizet)">his own symphony</a>, which bore a close resemblance to Gounod's—note for note in some passages. Bizet never published the symphony, which came to light again only in 1933, and was finally performed in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In 1856, Bizet competed for the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a>. His entry was not successful, but nor were any of the others; the musician's prize was not awarded that year.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> After this rebuff, Bizet entered an opera competition which <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a> had organised for young composers, with a prize of 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Franc#French_franc" title="Franc">francs</a>. The challenge was to set the one-act <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Le_docteur_Miracle" title="Le docteur Miracle">Le docteur Miracle</a> by Léon Battu and <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Ludovic Halévy">Ludovic Halévy</a>. The prize was awarded jointly to Bizet and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lecocq" title="Charles Lecocq">Charles Lecocq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> a compromise which years later Lecocq criticised on the grounds of the jury's manipulation by Fromental Halévy in favour of Bizet.<a href="#cite_note-22">[n 2]</a> As a result of his success, Bizet became a regular guest at Offenbach's Friday evening parties, where among other musicians he met the aged <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>, who presented the young man with a signed photograph.<a href="#cite_note-D10-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[n 3]</a> Bizet was a great admirer of Rossini's music, and wrote not long after their first meeting that "Rossini is the greatest of them all, because like Mozart, he has all the virtues".<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> For his 1857 Prix de Rome entry, Bizet, with Gounod's enthusiastic approval, chose to set the <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> Clovis et Clotilde by Amédée Burion. Bizet was awarded the prize after a ballot of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts" title="Académie des Beaux-Arts">Académie des Beaux-Arts</a> overturned the judges' initial decision, which was in favour of the oboist Charles Colin. Under the terms of the award, Bizet received a financial grant for five years, the first two to be spent in Rome, the third in Germany and the final two in Paris. The only other requirement was the submission each year of an "envoi", a piece of original work to the satisfaction of the Académie. Before his departure for Rome in December 1857, Bizet's prize cantata was performed at the Académie to an enthusiastic reception.<a href="#cite_note-D10-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curtiss48-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome,_1858–1860">Rome, 1858–1860</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rome, 1858–1860">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Medicis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Villa_Medicis.jpg/220px-Villa_Medicis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Villa_Medicis.jpg/330px-Villa_Medicis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Villa_Medicis.jpg/440px-Villa_Medicis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The Villa Medici, the official home of the French Académie in Rome since 1803</figcaption></figure> On 27 January 1858, Bizet arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a>, a 16th-century palace that since 1803 had housed the French Académie in Rome and which he described in a letter home as "paradise".<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Under its director, the painter <a href="/wiki/Jean-Victor_Schnetz" title="Jean-Victor Schnetz">Jean-Victor Schnetz</a>, the villa provided an ideal environment in which Bizet and his fellow-laureates could pursue their artistic endeavours. Bizet relished the convivial atmosphere, and quickly involved himself in the distractions of its social life; in his first six months in Rome, his only composition was a <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a> written for the Rodrigues Prize, a competition for a new religious work open to Prix de Rome winners. This piece failed to impress the judges, who awarded the prize to Adrien Barthe, the only other entrant.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Bizet was discouraged to the extent that he vowed to write no more religious music. His Te Deum remained forgotten and unpublished until 1971.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Through the winter of 1858–59, Bizet worked on his first envoi, an <a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">opera buffa</a> setting of Carlo Cambiaggio's libretto <a href="/wiki/Don_Procopio" title="Don Procopio">Don Procopio</a>. Under the terms of his prize, Bizet's first envoi was supposed to be a mass, but after his Te Deum experience, he was averse to writing religious music. He was apprehensive about how this breach of the rules would be received at the Académie, but their response to Don Procopio was initially positive, with praise for the composer's "easy and brilliant touch" and "youthful and bold style".<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Georges_Bizet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Young_Georges_Bizet.png/170px-Young_Georges_Bizet.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Young_Georges_Bizet.png/255px-Young_Georges_Bizet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Young_Georges_Bizet.png/340px-Young_Georges_Bizet.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Georges Bizet photographed in about 1860</figcaption></figure> For his second envoi, not wishing to test the Académie's tolerance too far, Bizet proposed to submit a quasi-religious work in the form of a secular mass on a text by <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>. This work, entitled Carmen Saeculare, was intended as a song to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>. No trace exists, and it is unlikely that Bizet ever started it.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> A tendency to conceive ambitious projects, only to quickly abandon them, became a feature of Bizet's Rome years; in addition to Carmen Saeculare, he considered and discarded at least five opera projects, two attempts at a symphony, and a symphonic ode on the theme of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus#Journey_home_to_Ithaca" title="Odysseus">Ulysses and Circe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> After Don Procopio, Bizet completed only one further work in Rome, the symphonic poem Vasco da Gama. This replaced Carmen Saeculare as his second envoi, and was well received by the Académie, though swiftly forgotten thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-C106-34">[31]</a> In the summer of 1859, Bizet and several companions travelled in the mountains and forests around <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frosinone" title="Frosinone">Frosinone</a>. They also visited a convict settlement at <a href="/wiki/Anzio" title="Anzio">Anzio</a>; Bizet sent an enthusiastic letter to Marmontel, recounting his experiences.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> In August, he made an extended journey south to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, where he was unimpressed with the former but delighted with the latter: "Here you live with the ancients; you see their temples, their theatres, their houses in which you find their furniture, their kitchen utensils..."<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Bizet began sketching a symphony based on his Italian experiences, but made little immediate headway; the project, which became his <a href="/wiki/Roma_Symphony_(Bizet)" title="Roma Symphony (Bizet)">Roma symphony</a>, was not finished until 1868.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> On his return to Rome, Bizet successfully requested permission to extend his stay in Italy into a third year, rather than going to Germany, so that he could complete "an important work" (which has not been identified).<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> In September 1860, while visiting <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> with his friend and fellow-laureate <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Guiraud" title="Ernest Guiraud">Ernest Guiraud</a>, Bizet received news that his mother was gravely ill in Paris, and made his way home.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergent_composer">Emergent composer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emergent composer">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paris,_1860–1863">Paris, 1860–1863</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paris, 1860–1863">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique_on_the_Boulevard_du_Temple_-_L%27illustration_12_April_1862_-_Levin_p380.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique_on_the_Boulevard_du_Temple_-_L%27illustration_12_April_1862_-_Levin_p380.jpg/220px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique_on_the_Boulevard_du_Temple_-_L%27illustration_12_April_1862_-_Levin_p380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique_on_the_Boulevard_du_Temple_-_L%27illustration_12_April_1862_-_Levin_p380.jpg/330px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique_on_the_Boulevard_du_Temple_-_L%27illustration_12_April_1862_-_Levin_p380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique_on_the_Boulevard_du_Temple_-_L%27illustration_12_April_1862_-_Levin_p380.jpg/440px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Historique_on_the_Boulevard_du_Temple_-_L%27illustration_12_April_1862_-_Levin_p380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>The Théâtre Historique in Paris, one of the homes of the Théâtre Lyrique company, pictured in 1862</figcaption></figure> Back in Paris with two years of his grant remaining, Bizet was temporarily secure financially and could ignore for the moment the difficulties that other young composers faced in the city.<a href="#cite_note-D41-39">[36]</a> The two state-subsidised opera houses, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">the Opéra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[n 4]</a> each presented traditional repertoires that tended to stifle and frustrate new homegrown talent; only eight of the 54 Prix de Rome laureates between 1830 and 1860 had had works staged at the Opéra.<a href="#cite_note-Steen586-43">[39]</a> Although French composers were better represented at the Opéra-Comique, the style and character of productions had remained largely unchanged since the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-Steen586-43">[39]</a> A number of smaller theatres catered for <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>, a field in which Offenbach was then paramount,<a href="#cite_note-Dean36-40">[37]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Théâtre Italien</a> specialised in second-rate Italian opera. The best prospect for aspirant opera composers was the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique" title="Théâtre Lyrique">Théâtre Lyrique</a> company which, despite repeated financial crises, operated intermittently in various premises under its resourceful manager <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Carvalho" title="Léon Carvalho">Léon Carvalho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steen586-43">[39]</a> This company had staged the first performances of Gounod's <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette" title="Roméo et Juliette">Roméo et Juliette</a>, and of a shortened version of <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dean36-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> On 13 March 1861, Bizet attended the Paris premiere of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a>, a performance greeted by audience riots that were stage-managed by the influential <a href="/wiki/Jockey-Club_de_Paris" title="Jockey-Club de Paris">Jockey-Club de Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Despite this distraction, Bizet revised his opinions of Wagner's music, which he had previously dismissed as merely eccentric. He now declared Wagner "above and beyond all living composers".<a href="#cite_note-C106-34">[31]</a> Thereafter, accusations of "Wagnerism" were often laid against Bizet, throughout his compositional career.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> As a pianist, Bizet had showed considerable skill from his earliest years. A contemporary asserted that he could have assured a future on the concert platform, but chose to conceal his talent "as though it were a vice".<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> In May 1861 Bizet gave a rare demonstration of his virtuoso skills when, at a dinner party at which <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a> was present, he astonished everyone by playing on sight, flawlessly, one of the maestro's most difficult pieces. Liszt commented: "I thought there were only two men able to surmount the difficulties ... there are three, and ... the youngest is perhaps the boldest and most brilliant."<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bizet_-_Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles_-_Scene_from_act_II_at_the_Metropolitan_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bizet_-_Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles_-_Scene_from_act_II_at_the_Metropolitan_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg/220px-Bizet_-_Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles_-_Scene_from_act_II_at_the_Metropolitan_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bizet_-_Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles_-_Scene_from_act_II_at_the_Metropolitan_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg/330px-Bizet_-_Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles_-_Scene_from_act_II_at_the_Metropolitan_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bizet_-_Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles_-_Scene_from_act_II_at_the_Metropolitan_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg/440px-Bizet_-_Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles_-_Scene_from_act_II_at_the_Metropolitan_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption> A scene from Act II of Les pêcheurs de perles</figcaption></figure> Bizet's third envoi was delayed for nearly a year by the prolonged illness and death, in September 1861, of his mother.<a href="#cite_note-D41-39">[36]</a> He eventually submitted a trio of orchestral works: an overture entitled La Chasse d'Ossian, a scherzo and a funeral march. The overture has been lost; the scherzo was later absorbed into the Roma symphony, and the funeral march music was adapted and used in a later opera.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-D754-49">[45]</a> Bizet's fourth and final envoi, which occupied him for much of 1862, was a one-act opera, La guzla de l'émir. As a state-subsidised theatre, the Opéra-Comique was obliged from time to time to stage the works of Prix de Rome laureates, and La guzla duly went into rehearsal in 1863. However, in April Bizet received an offer, which originated from <a href="/wiki/Count_Alexandre_Joseph_Colonna-Walewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Alexandre Joseph Colonna-Walewski">Count Walewski</a>, to compose the music for a three-act opera. This was <a href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</a>, based on a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Carr%C3%A9" title="Michel Carré">Michel Carré</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Cormon" title="Eugène Cormon">Eugène Cormon</a>. Because a condition of this offer was that the opera should be the composer's first publicly staged work, Bizet hurriedly withdrew La guzla from production and incorporated parts of its music into the new opera.<a href="#cite_note-D754-49">[45]</a> The first performance of Les pêcheurs de perles, by the Théâtre Lyrique company, was on 30 September 1863. Critical opinion was generally hostile, though Berlioz praised the work, writing that it "does M. Bizet the greatest honour".<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> Public reaction was lukewarm, and the opera's run ended after 18 performances. It was not performed again until 1886.<a href="#cite_note-D755-51">[47]</a> In 1862, Bizet had fathered a child with the family's housekeeper, Marie Reiter. The boy was brought up to believe that he was Adolphe Bizet's child; only on her deathbed in 1913 did Reiter reveal her son's true paternity.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Years_of_struggle">Years of struggle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Years of struggle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bizet_caricature_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bizet_caricature_1863.jpg/170px-Bizet_caricature_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bizet_caricature_1863.jpg/255px-Bizet_caricature_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bizet_caricature_1863.jpg/340px-Bizet_caricature_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Bizet, 1863, from the French magazine Diogène</figcaption></figure> When his Prix de Rome grant expired, Bizet found he could not make a living from writing music. He accepted piano pupils and some composition students, two of whom, Edmond Galabert and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lacombe_(composer)" title="Paul Lacombe (composer)">Paul Lacombe</a>, became his close friends.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> He also worked as an accompanist at rehearsals and auditions for various staged works, including Berlioz's oratorio <a href="/wiki/L%27enfance_du_Christ" title="L'enfance du Christ">L'enfance du Christ</a> and Gounod's opera <a href="/wiki/Mireille_(opera)" title="Mireille (opera)">Mireille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> However, his main work in this period was as an arranger of others' works. He made piano transcriptions for hundreds of operas and other pieces and prepared vocal scores and orchestral arrangements for all kinds of music.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> He was also, briefly, a music critic for La Revue Nationale et Étrangère, under the assumed name of "Gaston de Betzi". Bizet's single contribution in this capacity appeared on 3 August 1867, after which he quarrelled with the magazine's new editor and resigned.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Since 1862, Bizet had been working intermittently on Ivan IV, an opera based on the life of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>. Carvalho failed to deliver on his promise to produce it, so in December 1865, Bizet offered it to the Opéra, which rejected it; the work remained unperformed until 1946.<a href="#cite_note-D755-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> In July 1866, Bizet signed another contract with Carvalho, for <a href="/wiki/La_jolie_fille_de_Perth" title="La jolie fille de Perth">La jolie fille de Perth</a>, the libretto for which, by <a href="/wiki/Jules-Henri_Vernoy_de_Saint-Georges" title="Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges">Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges</a> after <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>, is described by Bizet's biographer <a href="/wiki/Winton_Dean" title="Winton Dean">Winton Dean</a> as "the worst Bizet was ever called upon to set".<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Problems over the casting and other issues delayed its premiere for a year before it was finally performed by the Théâtre Lyrique on 26 December 1867.<a href="#cite_note-D755-51">[47]</a> Its press reception was more favourable than that for any of Bizet's other operas; Le Ménestral's critic hailed the second act as "a masterpiece from beginning to end".<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Despite the opera's success, Carvalho's financial difficulties meant a run of only 18 performances.<a href="#cite_note-D755-51">[47]</a> While La jolie fille was in rehearsal, Bizet worked with three other composers, each of whom contributed a single act to a four-act operetta Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre. When the work was performed at the Théâtre de l'Athénée on 13 December 1867, it was a great success, and the Revue et Gazette Musicale's critic lavished particular praise on Bizet's act: "Nothing could be more stylish, smarter and, at the same time, more distinguished".<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> Bizet also found time to finish his long-gestating Roma symphony and wrote numerous keyboard works and songs. Nevertheless, this period of Bizet's life was marked by significant disappointments. At least two projected operas were abandoned with little or no work done.<a href="#cite_note-61">[n 5]</a> Several competition entries, including a cantata and a hymn composed for the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)" title="Exposition Universelle (1867)">Paris Exhibition of 1867</a>, were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> La Coupe du Roi de Thulé, his entry for an opera competition, was not placed in the first five; from the fragments of this score that survive, analysts have discerned pre-echoes of Carmen.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-D757-64">[59]</a> On 28 February 1869, the Roma symphony was performed at the Cirque Napoléon, under <a href="/wiki/Jules_Pasdeloup" title="Jules Pasdeloup">Jules Pasdeloup</a>. Afterwards, Bizet informed Galabert that on the basis of proportionate applause, hisses, and catcalls, the work was a success.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[n 6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_Georges_Bizet_by_Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay_(conrasted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Madame_Georges_Bizet_by_Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay_%28conrasted%29.jpg/170px-Madame_Georges_Bizet_by_Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay_%28conrasted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Madame_Georges_Bizet_by_Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay_%28conrasted%29.jpg/255px-Madame_Georges_Bizet_by_Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay_%28conrasted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Madame_Georges_Bizet_by_Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay_%28conrasted%29.jpg/340px-Madame_Georges_Bizet_by_Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay_%28conrasted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Geneviève Bizet, painted in 1878 by <a href="/wiki/Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay" title="Jules-Élie Delaunay">Jules-Élie Delaunay</a></figcaption></figure> Not long after Fromental Halévy's death in 1862, Bizet had been approached on behalf of Mme. Halévy about completing his old tutor's unfinished opera <a href="/wiki/No%C3%A9_(opera)" title="Noé (opera)">Noé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-D84-68">[62]</a> Although no action was taken at that time, Bizet remained on friendly terms with the Halévy family. Fromental had left two daughters; the elder, Esther, died in 1864, an event which so traumatised Mme. Halévy that she could not tolerate the company of her younger daughter <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Geneviève Halévy">Geneviève</a>, who from the age of 15 lived with other family members.<a href="#cite_note-Dean_1965,_p._82-69">[63]</a> It is unclear when Geneviève and Bizet became emotionally attached, but in October 1867, he informed Galabert: "I have met an adorable girl whom I love! In two years she will be my wife!"<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> The pair became engaged, although the Halévy family initially disallowed the match. According to Bizet they considered him an unsuitable catch: "penniless, left-wing, anti-religious and Bohemian",<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> which Dean observes are odd grounds of objection from "a family bristling with artists and eccentrics".<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> By summer 1869, their objections had been overcome, and the wedding took place on 3 June 1869. Ludovic Halévy wrote in his journal: "Bizet has spirit and talent. He should succeed".<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> As a belated homage to his late father-in-law, Bizet took up the Noé manuscript and completed it. Parts of his moribund Vasco da Gama and Ivan IV were incorporated into the score, but a projected production at the Théâtre Lyrique failed to materialise when Carvalho's company finally went bankrupt, and Noé remained unperformed until 1885.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-D84-68">[62]</a> Bizet's marriage was initially happy, but was affected by Geneviève's nervous instability (inherited from both her parents),<a href="#cite_note-Dean_1965,_p._82-69">[63]</a> her difficult relations with her mother and by Mme. Halévy's interference in the couple's affairs.<a href="#cite_note-D757-64">[59]</a> Despite this, Bizet kept on good terms with his mother-in-law and maintained an extensive correspondence with her.<a href="#cite_note-Letters-74">[68]</a> In the year following the marriage, he considered plans for at least half a dozen new operas and began to sketch the music for two of them: Clarissa Harlowe based on <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Clarissa;_or,_The_History_of_a_Young_Lady" title="Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady">Clarissa</a>, and Grisélidis with a libretto from <a href="/wiki/Victorien_Sardou" title="Victorien Sardou">Victorien Sardou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> However, his progress on these projects was brought to a halt in July 1870, with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_upheaval">War and upheaval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: War and upheaval">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco-Prussian_War_-_Students_Going_to_Man_the_Barricades_-_Illustrated_London_News_Oct_1_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Franco-Prussian_War_-_Students_Going_to_Man_the_Barricades_-_Illustrated_London_News_Oct_1_1870.jpg/170px-Franco-Prussian_War_-_Students_Going_to_Man_the_Barricades_-_Illustrated_London_News_Oct_1_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Franco-Prussian_War_-_Students_Going_to_Man_the_Barricades_-_Illustrated_London_News_Oct_1_1870.jpg/255px-Franco-Prussian_War_-_Students_Going_to_Man_the_Barricades_-_Illustrated_London_News_Oct_1_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Franco-Prussian_War_-_Students_Going_to_Man_the_Barricades_-_Illustrated_London_News_Oct_1_1870.jpg/340px-Franco-Prussian_War_-_Students_Going_to_Man_the_Barricades_-_Illustrated_London_News_Oct_1_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5344" /></a><figcaption>Paris during the siege, 1870–71. A contemporary English cartoon</figcaption></figure> After a series of perceived provocations from Prussia, culminating in the offer of the Spanish crown to the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Prince_of_Hohenzollern" title="Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern">Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern</a>, the French Emperor Napoleon III declared war on 15 July 1870. Initially, this step was supported by an outbreak of patriotic fervour and confident expectations of victory.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> Bizet, along with other composers and artists, joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> and began training.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss259-78">[72]</a> He was critical of the antiquated equipment with which he was supposed to fight; his unit's guns, he said, were more dangerous to themselves than to the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Letters-74">[68]</a> The national mood was soon depressed by news of successive reverses; at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1870)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sedan (1870)">Sedan</a> on 2 September, the French armies suffered an overwhelming defeat; Napoleon was captured and deposed, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Empire (France)">Second Empire</a> came to a sudden end.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss259-78">[72]</a> Bizet greeted with enthusiasm the proclamation in Paris of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Republic (France)">Third Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curtiss259-78">[72]</a> The new government did not sue for peace, and by 17 September, the Prussian armies had surrounded Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Steen594-79">[73]</a> Unlike Gounod, who fled to England,<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> Bizet rejected opportunities to leave the besieged city: "I can't leave Paris! It's impossible! It would be quite simply an act of cowardice", he wrote to Mme Halévy.<a href="#cite_note-Letters-74">[68]</a> Life in the city became frugal and harsh,<a href="#cite_note-82">[n 7]</a> although, by October, there were efforts to re-establish normality. Pasdeloup resumed his regular Sunday concerts, and on 5 November, the Opéra reopened with excerpts from works by Gluck, Rossini, and Meyerbeer.<a href="#cite_note-Steen594-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> An armistice was signed on 26 January 1871, but the departure of the Prussian troops from Paris in March presaged a period of confusion and civil disturbance. Following an uprising, the city's municipal authority was taken over by dissidents who established the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> Bizet decided that he was no longer safe in the city, and he and Geneviève escaped to <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Letters-74">[68]</a> Later, they moved to <a href="/wiki/Le_V%C3%A9sinet" title="Le Vésinet">Le Vésinet</a> where they sat out the two months of the Commune, within hearing distance of the gunfire that resounded as government troops gradually crushed the uprising: "The cannons are rumbling with unbelievable violence", Bizet wrote to his mother-in-law on 12 May.<a href="#cite_note-Letters-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_career">Late career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Djamileh,_L'Arlésienne_and_Don_Rodrigue">Djamileh, L'Arlésienne and Don Rodrigue</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Djamileh, L'Arlésienne and Don Rodrigue">edit</a>]</div> As life in Paris returned to normal, in June 1871, Bizet's appointment as chorus-master at the Opéra was seemingly confirmed by its director, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Perrin" title="Émile Perrin">Émile Perrin</a>. Bizet was due to begin his duties in October, but on 1 November, the post was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Salomon" title="Hector Salomon">Hector Salomon</a>. In her biography of Bizet, Mina Curtiss surmises that he either resigned or refused to take up the position as a protest against what he thought was the director's unjustified closing of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Reyer" title="Ernest Reyer">Ernest Reyer</a>'s opera Erostrate after only two performances.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> Bizet resumed work on Clarissa Harlowe and Grisélidis, but plans for the latter to be staged at the Opéra-Comique fell through, and neither work was finished; only fragments of their music survive.<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> Bizet's other completed works in 1871 were the piano duet entitled <a href="/wiki/Jeux_d%27enfants_(Bizet)" title="Jeux d'enfants (Bizet)">Jeux d'enfants</a>, and a one-act opera, <a href="/wiki/Djamileh" title="Djamileh">Djamileh</a>, which opened at the Opéra-Comique in May 1872. It was poorly staged and incompetently sung; at one point the leading singer missed 32 bars of music. It closed after 11 performances, not to be heard again until 1938.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> On 10 July Geneviève gave birth to the couple's only child, a son, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bizet" title="Jacques Bizet">Jacques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Opera_fire_29_10_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paris_Opera_fire_29_10_1873.jpg/220px-Paris_Opera_fire_29_10_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paris_Opera_fire_29_10_1873.jpg/330px-Paris_Opera_fire_29_10_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paris_Opera_fire_29_10_1873.jpg/440px-Paris_Opera_fire_29_10_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>The Opéra, destroyed by fire, 29 October 1873</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="Georges_Bizet_L'Arlésienne_Suite_no._1_1st_movement_excerpt.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Georges_Bizet_L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_Suite_no._1_1st_movement_excerpt.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Georges_Bizet_L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_Suite_no._1_1st_movement_excerpt.mp3/Georges_Bizet_L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_Suite_no._1_1st_movement_excerpt.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Georges_Bizet_L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_Suite_no._1_1st_movement_excerpt.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>L'Arlesienne Suite no. 1, first movement (excerpt)</figcaption></figure> Bizet's next major assignment came from Carvalho, who was now managing Paris' Vaudeville theatre and wanted incidental music for <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Daudet" title="Alphonse Daudet">Alphonse Daudet</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_(novel_and_play)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Arlésienne (novel and play)">L'Arlésienne</a>. When the play opened on 1 October, the music was dismissed by critics as too complex for popular taste. However, encouraged by Reyer and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a>, Bizet fashioned <a href="/wiki/L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_(Bizet)" title="L'Arlésienne (Bizet)">a four-movement suite</a> from the music,<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> which was performed under Pasdeloup on 10 November to an enthusiastic reception.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[n 8]</a> In the winter of 1872–73, Bizet supervised preparations for a revival of the still-absent Gounod's Roméo et Juliette at the Opéra-Comique. Relations between the two had been cool for some years, but Bizet responded positively to his former mentor's request for help, writing: "You were the beginning of my life as an artist. I spring from you".<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> In June 1872, Bizet informed Galabert: "I have just been ordered to compose three acts for the Opéra-Comique. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Meilhac" title="Henri Meilhac">[Henri] Meilhac</a> and [Ludovic] Halévy are doing my piece".<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> The subject chosen for this project was <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>'s short novel, <a href="/wiki/Carmen_(novella)" title="Carmen (novella)">Carmen</a>. Bizet began the music in the summer of 1873, but the Opéra-Comique's management was concerned about the suitability of this risqué story for a theatre that generally provided wholesome entertainment, and work was suspended.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> Bizet then began composing Don Rodrigue, an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/El_Cid" title="El Cid">El Cid</a> story by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gallet" title="Louis Gallet">Louis Gallet</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Blau" title="Édouard Blau">Édouard Blau</a>. He played a piano version to a select audience that included the Opéra's principal baritone <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Faure" title="Jean-Baptiste Faure">Jean-Baptiste Faure</a>, hoping that the singer's approval might influence the directors of the Opéra to stage the work.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> However, on the night of 28–29 October, the Opéra burned to the ground; the directors, amid other pressing concerns, set Don Rodrigue aside.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> It was never completed; Bizet later adapted a theme from its final act as the basis of his 1875 overture, Patrie.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carmen">Carmen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carmen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/220px-Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/330px-Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg/440px-Prudent-Louis_Leray_-_Poster_for_the_premi%C3%A8re_of_Georges_Bizet%27s_Carmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6536" data-file-height="8944" /></a><figcaption>Poster from Carmen's première</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Leuven" title="Adolphe de Leuven">Adolphe de Leuven</a>, the co-director of the Opéra-Comique most bitterly opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> project, resigned early in 1874, removing the main barrier to the work's production.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> Bizet finished the score during the summer and was pleased with the outcome: "I have written a work that is all clarity and vivacity, full of colour and melody".<a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> The renowned mezzo-soprano <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lestine_Galli-Mari%C3%A9" title="Célestine Galli-Marié">Célestine Galli-Marié</a> (known professionally as "Galli-Marié") was engaged to sing the title role. According to Dean, she was as delighted by the part as Bizet was by her suitability for it. There were rumours that he and the singer pursued a brief affair; his relations with Geneviève were strained at this time, and they lived apart for several months.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> When rehearsals began in October 1874, the orchestra had difficulties with the score, finding some parts unplayable.<a href="#cite_note-D758-100">[92]</a> The chorus likewise declared some of their music impossible to sing and were dismayed that they had to act as individuals, smoking and fighting onstage rather than merely standing in line.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> Bizet also had to counter further attempts at the Opéra-Comique to modify parts of the action which they deemed improper. Only when the leading singers threatened to withdraw from the production did the management give way.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> Resolving these issues delayed the first night until 3 March 1875 on which morning, by chance, Bizet's appointment as a Chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> was announced.<a href="#cite_note-C387-104">[96]</a> Among leading musical figures at the premiere were <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>. Geneviève, suffering from an abscess in her right eye, was unable to be present.<a href="#cite_note-C387-104">[96]</a> The opera's first performance extended to four-and-a-half hours; the final act did not begin until after midnight.<a href="#cite_note-S604-105">[97]</a> Afterwards, Massenet and Saint-Saëns were congratulatory, Gounod less so. According to one account, he accused Bizet of plagiarism: "Georges has robbed me! Take the Spanish airs and mine out of the score and there remains nothing to Bizet's credit but the sauce that masks the fish".<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[n 9]</a> Much of the press comment was negative, expressing consternation that the heroine was an amoral seductress rather than a woman of virtue.<a href="#cite_note-S604-105">[97]</a> Galli-Marié's performance was described by one critic as "the very incarnation of vice".<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> Others complained of a lack of melody and made unfavourable comparisons with the traditional Opéra-Comique fare of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Adrien_Boieldieu" title="François-Adrien Boieldieu">Boieldieu</a>. Léon Escudier in L'Art Musical called the music "dull and obscure ... the ear grows weary of waiting for the cadence that never comes".<a href="#cite_note-111">[102]</a> There was, however, praise from the poet <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_de_Banville" title="Théodore de Banville">Théodore de Banville</a>, who applauded Bizet for presenting a drama with real men and women instead of the usual Opéra-Comique "puppets".<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a> The public's reaction was lukewarm, and Bizet soon became convinced of its failure: "I foresee a definite and hopeless flop".<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Illness and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Church_Paris_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Trinity_Church_Paris_France.jpg/170px-Trinity_Church_Paris_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Trinity_Church_Paris_France.jpg/255px-Trinity_Church_Paris_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Trinity_Church_Paris_France.jpg/340px-Trinity_Church_Paris_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3486" /></a><figcaption>Église de la Sainte-Trinité, Paris, where Bizet's funeral service was held on 5 June 1875</figcaption></figure> For most of his life, Bizet had suffered from a recurrent throat complaint.<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> A heavy smoker, he may have further undermined his health by overwork during the mid-1860s, when he toiled over publishers' transcriptions for up to 16 hours a day.<a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> In 1868, he informed Galabert that he had been very ill with abscesses in the windpipe: "I suffered like a dog".<a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a> In 1871, and again in 1874, while completing Carmen, he had been disabled by severe bouts of what he described as "throat angina", and suffered a further attack in late March 1875.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> At that time, depressed by the evident failure of Carmen, Bizet was slow to recover and fell ill again in May. At the end of the month, he went to his holiday home at <a href="/wiki/Bougival" title="Bougival">Bougival</a> and, feeling a little better, went for a swim in the <a href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">Seine</a>. On the next day, 1 June, he was afflicted by high fever and pain, which was followed by an apparent heart attack. He seemed temporarily to recover, but in the early hours of 3 June, his wedding anniversary, he suffered a fatal second attack.<a href="#cite_note-D124-119">[110]</a> He was 36 years old. The suddenness of Bizet's death, and awareness of his depressed mental state, fuelled rumours of suicide. Although the exact cause of death was never settled with certainty, physicians eventually determined the cause as "a cardiac complication of acute articular rheumatism".<a href="#cite_note-121">[n 10]</a> News of the death stunned the Paris musical world, and because Galli-Marié was too upset to appear, that evening's performance of Carmen was cancelled and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Adrien_Boieldieu" title="François-Adrien Boieldieu">Boieldieu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_dame_blanche" title="La dame blanche">La dame blanche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-D124-119">[110]</a> More than 4,000 people were present at the funeral on 5 June, at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Sainte-Trinit%C3%A9,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Église de la Sainte-Trinité, Paris">Église de la Sainte-Trinité</a>, just to the north of the Opéra. Adolphe Bizet led the mourners, who included Gounod, Thomas, <a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Ludovic Halévy">Ludovic Halévy</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Léon Halévy">Léon Halévy</a> and Massenet. An orchestra, under <a href="/wiki/Jules_Pasdeloup" title="Jules Pasdeloup">Jules Pasdeloup</a>, played Patrie, and the organist improvised a fantasy on themes from Carmen. At the burial which followed at the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>, Gounod gave the eulogy. He said that Bizet had been struck down just as he was becoming recognised as a true artist. Towards the end of his address, Gounod broke down and was unable to deliver his <a href="/wiki/Peroration" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroration">peroration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> After a special performance of Carmen at the Opéra-Comique that night, the press, which had almost universally condemned the piece three months earlier, now declared Bizet a master.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Georges_Bizet" title="List of compositions by Georges Bizet">List of compositions by Georges Bizet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early works">edit</a>]</div> Bizet's earliest compositions, chiefly songs and keyboard pieces written as exercises, give early indications of his emergent power and his gifts as a melodist.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> Dean sees evidence in the piano work Romance sans parole, written before 1854, of "the conjunction of melody, rhythm and accompaniment" that is characteristic of Bizet's mature works.<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> Bizet's first orchestral piece was an overture written in 1855 in the manner of Rossini's <a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(opera)" title="William Tell (opera)">Guillaume Tell</a>. Critics have found it unremarkable, but the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(Bizet)" title="Symphony in C (Bizet)">Symphony in C</a> of the same year has been warmly praised by later commentators who have made favourable comparisons with Mozart and Schubert.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> In Dean's view, the symphony has "few rivals and perhaps no superior in the work of any composer of such youth".<a href="#cite_note-D750-125">[115]</a> The critic <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a> suggests that Bizet may at this time have thought that his future lay in the field of instrumental music, before an "inner voice" (and the realities of the French musical world) turned him towards the stage.<a href="#cite_note-126">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestral,_piano_and_vocal_works">Orchestral, piano and vocal works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orchestral, piano and vocal works">edit</a>]</div> After his early Symphony in C, Bizet's purely orchestral output is sparse. The Roma symphony over which he laboured for more than eight years compares poorly, in Dean's view, with its juvenile predecessor. The work, says Dean, owes something to Gounod and contains passages that recall <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>. However, Dean contends that the work suffers from poor organisation and an excess of pretentious music; he calls it a "misfire". Bizet's other mature orchestral work, the overture Patrie, is similarly dismissed: "an awful warning of the danger of confusing art with patriotism".<a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Macdonald_(musicologist)" title="Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)">Hugh Macdonald</a> argues that Bizet's best orchestral music is found in the suites that he derived from the 12-movement Jeux d’enfants for piano four-hands (1871) and the musique de scène for Daudet's play L’Arlésienne (1872): Jeux resulted in the Petite suite of 1873, which has five movements (Marche—Berceuse—Impromptu—Duo—Galop), while the musique de scène resulted in two suites, one from the year of the premiere compiled by Bizet (Prélude—Menuet—Adagietto—Carillon) and the other from 1879 compiled posthumously by Guiraud (Pastorale—Intermezzo—Menuet—Farandole). According to Macdonald, in all three Bizet demonstrates a maturity of style that, had he lived longer, might have been the basis for future great orchestral works.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> Bizet's piano works have not entered the concert pianist's repertoire and are generally too difficult for amateurs to attempt. The exception is the above-described Jeux d’enfants duet suite; here Bizet avoids the virtuoso passages that so dominate his solo music.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> The early solo pieces bear the influence of Chopin; later works, such as the Variations chromatiques or the Chasse fantastique, owe more to Liszt.<a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a> Most of Bizet's songs were written in the period 1866–68. Dean defines the main weaknesses in these songs as an unimaginative repetition of the same music for each verse, and a tendency to write for the orchestra rather than the voice.<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> Much of Bizet's larger-scale vocal music is lost; the early Te Deum, which survives in full, is rejected by Dean as "a wretched work [that] merely illustrates Bizet's unfitness to write religious music."<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dramatic_works">Dramatic works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dramatic works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg/220px-Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg/330px-Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg/440px-Carmen_at_the_Met1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="3082" /></a><figcaption>Publicity shots for the Carmen revival at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in January 1915, with <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Farrar" title="Geraldine Farrar">Geraldine Farrar</a>. Caruso is centre in the upper row, Farrar top left and bottom right.</figcaption></figure> Bizet's early one-act opera Le docteur Miracle provides the first clear signs of his promise in this genre, its sparkling music including, according to Dean, "many happy touches of parody, scoring and comic characterisation".<a href="#cite_note-D750-125">[115]</a> Newman perceives evidence of Bizet's later achievements in many of his earliest works: "[A]gain and again we light upon some touch or other in them that only a musician with a dramatic root of the matter in him could have achieved."<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a> Until Carmen, however, Bizet was not essentially an innovator in the musical theatre. He wrote most of his operas in the traditions of Italian and French opera established by such as <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>, Rossini, Berlioz, Gounod, and Thomas. Macdonald suggests that, technically, he surpassed all of these, with a feeling for the human voice that compares with that of Mozart.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> In Don Procopio, Bizet followed the stock devices of Italian opera as typified by Donizetti in <a href="/wiki/Don_Pasquale" title="Don Pasquale">Don Pasquale</a>, a work which it closely resembles. However, the familiar idiom is interspersed with original touches in which Bizet's fingerprints emerge unmistakably.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> In his first significant opera, <a href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</a>, Bizet was hampered by a dull libretto and a laborious plot; nevertheless, the music in Dean's view rises at times "far above the level of contemporary French opera".<a href="#cite_note-D754-49">[45]</a> Its many original flourishes include the introduction to the <a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">cavatina</a> Comme autrefois dans la nuit sombre played by two <a href="/wiki/French_horns" class="mw-redirect" title="French horns">French horns</a> over a cello background, an effect which in the words of analyst <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Lacombe" title="Hervé Lacombe">Hervé Lacombe</a>, "resonates in the memory like a fanfare lost in a distant forest".<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> While the music of Les pêcheurs is atmospheric and deeply evocative of the opera's Eastern setting, in La jolie fille de Perth, Bizet made no attempt to introduce Scottish colour or mood,<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> though the scoring includes highly imaginative touches such as a separate band of woodwind and strings during the opera's Act III seduction scene.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> From Bizet's unfinished works, Macdonald highlights La coupe du roi de Thulé as giving clear signs of the power that would reach a pinnacle in Carmen and suggests that had Clarissa Harlowe and Grisélidis been completed, Bizet's legacy would have been "infinitely richer".<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> As Bizet moved away from the accepted musical conventions of French opera, he encountered critical hostility. In the case of Djamileh, the accusation of "Wagnerism" was raised again,<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> as audiences struggled to understand the score's originality; many found the music pretentious and monotonous, lacking in both rhythm and melody.<a href="#cite_note-D758-100">[92]</a> By contrast, modern critical opinion as expressed by Macdonald is that Djamileh is "a truly enchanting piece, full of inventive touches, especially of chromatic colour."<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> Ralph P. Locke, in his study of Carmen's origins, draws attention to Bizet's successful evocation of Andalusian Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Locke-108">[100]</a> Grout, in his History of Western Music, praises the music's extraordinary rhythmic and melodic vitality, and Bizet's ability to obtain the maximum dramatic effect in the most economical fashion.<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a> Among the opera's early champions were <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>, and particularly Wagner, who commented: "Here, thank God, at last for a change is somebody with ideas in his head."<a href="#cite_note-Schon36-137">[127]</a> Another champion of the work was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, who claimed to know it by heart; "It is music that makes no pretensions to depth, but it is delightful in its simplicity, so unaffected and sincere".<a href="#cite_note-Schon-138">[128]</a> By broad consent, Carmen represents the fulfilment of Bizet's development as a master of music drama and the culmination of the genre of <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-D760-139">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> After Bizet's death, many of his manuscripts were lost; works were revised by other hands and published in these unauthorised versions so that it is often difficult to establish what is authentic Bizet.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> Even Carmen was altered into <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a> format by the replacement of its dialogue with recitatives written by Guiraud, and by other amendments to the score.<a href="#cite_note-D760-139">[129]</a> The music world did not immediately acknowledge Bizet as a master and, apart from Carmen and the L'Arlésienne suite, few of his works were performed in the years immediately following his death.<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> However, the 20th century saw increased interest. Don Procopio was revived in <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a> in 1906;<a href="#cite_note-WW-140">[130]</a> an Italian version of Les pêcheurs de perles was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in New York on 13 November 1916, with <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Caruso</a> in the leading tenor role,<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> and it has since become a staple at many opera houses.<a href="#cite_note-142">[132]</a> After its first performance in Switzerland in 1935, the Symphony in C entered the concert repertory and has been recorded by, among many others, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Beecham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> Excerpts from La coupe du roi de Thulé, edited by Winton Dean, were broadcast by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> on 12 July 1955,<a href="#cite_note-144">[134]</a> and Le docteur Miracle was revived in London on 8 December 1957 by the Park Lane Group.<a href="#cite_note-WW-140">[130]</a> Vasco da Gama and Ivan IV have been recorded, as have numerous songs and the complete piano music.<a href="#cite_note-148">[n 11]</a> Carmen, after its lukewarm initial Paris run of 45 performances, became a worldwide popular success after performances in Vienna (1875) and London (1878).<a href="#cite_note-149">[138]</a> It has been hailed as the first opera of the <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> school, in which sordid and brutal subjects are emphasised, with art reflecting life—"not idealised life but life as actually lived".<a href="#cite_note-Schon36-137">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[139]</a> The music critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a> surmises that, had Bizet lived, he might have revolutionised French opera;<a href="#cite_note-Schon-138">[128]</a> as it is, verismo was taken up mainly by Italians, notably <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a> who, according to Dean, developed the idea "till it became threadbare".<a href="#cite_note-D244-151">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[n 12]</a> Bizet founded no specific school, though Dean names <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Chabrier" title="Emmanuel Chabrier">Chabrier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a> as composers influenced by him. Dean also suggests that a fascination with Bizet's tragic heroes—Frédéri in L'Arlésienne, José in Carmen—is reflected in Tchaikovsky's late symphonies, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)">B minor "Pathetique"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-D244-151">[140]</a> Macdonald writes that Bizet's legacy is limited by the shortness of his life and by the false starts and lack of focus that persisted until his final five years. "The spectacle of great works unwritten either because Bizet had other distractions, or because no one asked him to write them, or because of his premature death, is infinitely dispiriting, yet the brilliance and the individuality of his best music is unmistakable. It has greatly enriched a period of French music already rich in composers of talent and distinction."<a href="#cite_note-OMO-12">[11]</a> In Bizet's family circle, his father Adolphe died in 1886. Bizet's son Jacques killed himself in 1922 after an unhappy love affair. Jean Reiter, Bizet's elder son, had a successful career as press director of <a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)" title="Le Temps (Paris)">Le Temps</a>, became an Officer of the Legion of Honour, and died in 1939 at the age of 77. In 1886, Geneviève married Émile Straus, a rich lawyer; she became a famous Parisian society hostess and a close friend of, among others, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>. She showed little interest in her first husband's musical legacy, made no effort to catalogue Bizet's manuscripts and gave many away as souvenirs. She died in 1926; in her will, she established a fund for a Georges Bizet prize, to be awarded annually to a composer under 40 who had "produced a remarkable work within the previous five years". Winners of the prize include <a href="/wiki/Tony_Aubin" title="Tony Aubin">Tony Aubin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Damase" title="Jean-Michel Damase">Jean-Michel Damase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Martinon" title="Jean Martinon">Jean Martinon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Pronunciation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbiːzeɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BEE-zay</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/biːˈzeɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bee-ZAY</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɔʁʒ(ə) bizɛ]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Lecocq wrote: "Bizet's score was not bad, but rather heavy, and he failed with almost all of the little couplets I was able to bring off". Mina Curtiss suggests that this pique reflected Lecocq's general disappointment with a career in which theatrical success largely eluded him.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Although Bizet was initially flattered to be part of Offenbach's circle, and relished the contacts he made at the Friday gatherings, he became resentful of the hold which the older composer had established over French musical theatre, and grew contemptuous of his music. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lacombe_(composer)" title="Paul Lacombe (composer)">Paul Lacombe</a> in 1871 Bizet refers to "the ever-increasing invasion of that infernal Offenbach", and dismisses Offenbach's work as "trash" and "this obscenity".<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The name "Opéra-Comique" does not imply literal "comic opera" or <a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">opera buffa</a>. The most specific characteristic of Opéra-Comique productions was the replacement of sung <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> with spoken dialogue—the German <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">singspiel</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-Dean36-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Dean identifies one of these as Les Templiers, libretto by Saint-Georges and Léon Halévy. Another, title unknown, was for a libretto by Arthur Leroy and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sauvage" title="Thomas Sauvage">Thomas Sauvage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> This performance, against Bizet's wishes, omitted the scherzo that had formed part of his third envoi. The scherzo was not included in the symphony until 1880, five years after Bizet's death.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Although there were few instances of actual starvation during the Siege, infant mortality rose considerably because of a shortage of milk. The main sources of meat were horses and domestic pets: "It has been calculated that during the entire Siege 65,000 horses, 5,000 cats and 1,200 dogs were eaten".<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> A second L'Arlésienne suite was prepared by Guiraud and performed in 1879, four years after Bizet's death. This is generally known as L'Arlésienne suite No. 2.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The acknowledged Spanish melodies are the Habanera, which uses a popular tune by <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Iradier" title="Sebastián Iradier">Sebastián Iradier</a>, and the entr'acte to Act 4 which is based on an aria from <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_(tenor)" title="Manuel García (tenor)">Manuel Garcia</a>'s opera El criado fingido.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Locke-108">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> This opinion was recorded by a physician, Eugène Gelma of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a>, many years after Bizet's death.<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Numerous recordings of these works are available.<a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[137]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> In his 1958 biography of Puccini, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenfield" title="Edward Greenfield">Edward Greenfield</a> calls the association of Puccini with verismo "misleading", stating that he chose his subjects on pragmatic principles of maximum audience appeal.<a href="#cite_note-152">[141]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-C7-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C7_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C7_5-1">b</a> Curtiss, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-D2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D2_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D2_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D2_6-3">d</a> Dean (1965), pp. 2–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 8–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Jackson" title="Timothy L. Jackson">Jackson, Timothy L.</a> (7 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YZgJW1u9vYC&pg=PA123">Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6 (Pathétique)</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521646765" title="Special:BookSources/9780521646765"><bdi>9780521646765</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tchaikovsky%3A+Symphony+No.+6+%28Path%C3%A9tique%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-10-07&rft.isbn=9780521646765&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9YZgJW1u9vYC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bohlman" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Bohlman">Philip Bohlman</a>, Jewish Musical Modernism, Old and New, University of Chicago Press (2008), p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 15–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-OMO-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMO_12-24">y</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Macdonald_(musicologist)" title="Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)">Macdonald, Hugh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/51829?q=Georges+Bizet&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1">"Bizet, Georges (Alexandre-César-Léopold)"</a>. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 18 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bizet%2C+Georges+%28Alexandre-C%C3%A9sar-L%C3%A9opold%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F51829%3Fq%3DGeorges%2BBizet%26search%3Dquick%26pos%3D1%26_start%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Curtiss, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 153, 266–267 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 138–39, 262–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-D10-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D10_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D10_23-1">b</a> Dean (1965), pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 311–312 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtiss1954" class="citation journal cs1">Curtiss, Mina (July 1954). "Bizet, Offenbach, and Rossini". <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a>. 40 (3): 350–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2Fxl.3.350">10.1093/mq/xl.3.350</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/740074">740074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Bizet%2C+Offenbach%2C+and+Rossini&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=1954-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2Fxl.3.350&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F740074%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Curtiss&rft.aufirst=Mina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtiss48-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Curtiss48_27-0">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 48–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Curtiss, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 15 and 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenfield" title="Edward Greenfield">Greenfield, Edward</a> (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gramophone.co.uk/features/focus/the-new-gramophone-digital-archive">"Bizet – Clovis et Clotilde. Te Deum"</a>. Gramophone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gramophone&rft.atitle=Bizet+%E2%80%93+Clovis+et+Clotilde.+Te+Deum&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramophone.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Ffocus%2Fthe-new-gramophone-digital-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 94–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 20, 260–266, 270–271 </li> <li id="cite_note-C106-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C106_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C106_34-1">b</a> Curtiss, pp. 106–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Curtiss, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 97–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-D41-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D41_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D41_39-1">b</a> Dean (1965), pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean36-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dean36_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dean36_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dean36_40-2">c</a> Dean (1965), pp. 36–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Schonberg (Vol. I), p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-Steen586-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steen586_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steen586_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steen586_43-2">c</a> Steen, p. 586 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Neef (ed.), pp. 48, 184, 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Osborne, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Curtiss, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Curtiss, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-D754-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D754_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D754_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D754_49-2">c</a> Dean (1980), pp. 754–755 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 140–141 </li> <li id="cite_note-D755-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D755_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D755_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D755_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D755_51-3">d</a> Dean (1980), pp. 755–756 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Curtiss, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Curtiss, p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 54–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Steen, p. 589 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 206–209 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 79, 260–263 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 194–198 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 77–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-D757-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D757_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D757_64-1">b</a> Dean (1980), p. 757 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Curtiss, p. 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 80–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-D84-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D84_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D84_68-1">b</a> Dean (1965), p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean_1965,_p._82-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dean_1965,_p._82_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dean_1965,_p._82_69-1">b</a> Dean (1965), p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Dean (1965), pp. 69–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Steen, pp. 589–590 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Dean (1965), p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Curtiss, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_74-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtissBizet,_Georges1950" class="citation journal cs1">Curtiss, Mina; Bizet, Georges (July 1950). 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Retrieved 11 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bizet%3A+Complete+Piano+Music&rft.pub=Presto+Classical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prestoclassical.co.uk%2Fr%2FNaxos%2F8570831-32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 426–429 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Dent, p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-D244-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D244_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D244_151-1">b</a> Dean (1965), pp. 244–246 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Greenfield, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Steen, pp. 605–606 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Curtiss, pp. 438–441 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtiss1959" class="citation book cs1">Curtiss, Mina (1959). Bizet and his World. London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/505162968">505162968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bizet+and+his+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F505162968&rft.aulast=Curtiss&rft.aufirst=Mina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winton_Dean" title="Winton Dean">Dean, Winton</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgesbizethisl0000unse_f7b2">Georges Bizet: His Life and Work</a>. London: J.M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643867230">643867230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georges+Bizet%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643867230&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Winton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgesbizethisl0000unse_f7b2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1980" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Winton (1980). "Bizet, Georges (Alexandre César Léopold)". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-23111-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-23111-2"><bdi>0-333-23111-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bizet%2C+Georges+%28Alexandre+C%C3%A9sar+L%C3%A9opold%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-333-23111-2&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Winton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDent1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Dent" title="Edward Joseph Dent">Dent, Edward J.</a> (1934). "Opera". In Bacharach, A. L. (ed.). The Musical Companion. London: Victor Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500218960">500218960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Opera&rft.btitle=The+Musical+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500218960&rft.aulast=Dent&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenfield" title="Edward Greenfield">Greenfield, Edward</a> (1958). Puccini: Keeper of the Seal. London: Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654174732">654174732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puccini%3A+Keeper+of+the+Seal&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F654174732&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroutPalisca1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald Jay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca" title="Claude V. Palisca">Palisca, Claude V.</a> (1981). A History of Western Music (Third ed.). London: J.M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04546-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04546-6"><bdi>0-460-04546-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-460-04546-6&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=Donald+Jay&rft.au=Palisca%2C+Claude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacombe2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Lacombe" title="Hervé Lacombe">Lacombe, Hervé</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keystofrenchoper00laco">The Keys to French Opera in the Nineteenth Century</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keystofrenchoper00laco/page/132">132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21719-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21719-5"><bdi>0-520-21719-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keys+to+French+Opera+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-520-21719-5&rft.aulast=Lacombe&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeystofrenchoper00laco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke2009" class="citation book cs1">Locke, Ralph P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcwNywz8uk0C&pg=PA316">"Spanish Local Color in Bizet's Carmen"</a>. In Fauser, Annegret; Everist, Mark (eds.). Music, Theatre and Cultural Transfer: Paris 1830–1914. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23926-2"><bdi>978-0-226-23926-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+Local+Color+in+Bizet%27s+Carmen&rft.btitle=Music%2C+Theatre+and+Cultural+Transfer%3A+Paris+1830%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-23926-2&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Ralph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcwNywz8uk0C%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClary1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_McClary" title="Susan McClary">McClary, Susan</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNGaPmlHFzgC&q=Lesley%20Wright%20Bizet&pg=PA25">Georges Bizet: Carmen</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39897-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39897-5"><bdi>0-521-39897-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georges+Bizet%3A+Carmen&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-39897-5&rft.aulast=McClary&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNGaPmlHFzgC%26q%3DLesley%2520Wright%2520Bizet%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeef2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Neef" title="Sigrid Neef">Neef, Sigrid</a>, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operacomposerswo00batt">Opera: Composers, Works, Performers</a> (English ed.). Cologne: Könemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8290-3571-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-8290-3571-3"><bdi>3-8290-3571-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera%3A+Composers%2C+Works%2C+Performers&rft.place=Cologne&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-8290-3571-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperacomposerswo00batt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Newman, Ernest</a> (1954). More Opera Nights. London: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462366584">462366584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Opera+Nights&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462366584&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Osborne, Charles</a> (1992). The Complete Operas of Wagner. London: Victor Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-05380-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-05380-1"><bdi>0-575-05380-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Operas+of+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-575-05380-1&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gramophoneclassi00gram">The Classical Good CD & DVD Guide</a>. London: Haymarket Consumer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86024-972-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86024-972-7"><bdi>0-86024-972-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Good+CD+%26+DVD+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haymarket+Consumer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-86024-972-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgramophoneclassi00gram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Schonberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0860077225">The Lives of the Great Composers, Volume I</a>. London: Futura Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86007-722-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86007-722-5"><bdi>0-86007-722-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Great+Composers%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura+Publications&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-86007-722-5&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0860077225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1975" class="citation book cs1">Schonberg, Harold (1975). The Lives of the Great Composers, Volume II. London: Futura Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86007-723-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86007-723-3"><bdi>0-86007-723-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Great+Composers%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura+Publications&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-86007-723-3&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteen2003" class="citation book cs1">Steen, Michael (2003). The Life and Times of the Great Composers. London: Icon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-679-9"><bdi>978-1-84046-679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Great+Composers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84046-679-9&rft.aulast=Steen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrackWest1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack, John</a>; West, Ewan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00warr">The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5"><bdi>0-19-869164-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-869164-5&rft.aulast=Warrack&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=West%2C+Ewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00warr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Bizet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Georges Bizet at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georges_Bizet" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Georges Bizet">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet" class="extiw" title="q:Georges Bizet">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56158" class="extiw" title="d:Q56158">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Bizet,_Georges" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Bizet, Georges">Free scores by Georges Bizet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Macdonald_(musicologist)" title="Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)">Macdonald, Hugh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.wustl.edu/bizet/">"The Bizet Catalog"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bizet+Catalog&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.wustl.edu%2Fbizet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Bizet" class="Z3988"> (Complete works list reflecting current scholarship)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesamisdebizet.com">Les Amis de Georges Bizet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605093321/http://lesamisdebizet.com/">Archived</a> 5 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31624">Works by Georges Bizet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bizet%2C%20Georges%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Georges%20Bizet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bizet%2C%20Georges%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Georges%20Bizet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bizet%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Georges%20Bizet%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bizet%2C%20Georges%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Georges%20Bizet%22%29%20OR%20%28%221838-1875%22%20AND%20Bizet%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Georges Bizet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atom.lib.byu.edu/obps/search/?adv=person%3A%28georges+bizet%29">Entry "Georges Bizet" in Opera and Ballet Scores Online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georges_Bizet" title="Template:Georges Bizet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georges_Bizet" title="Template talk:Georges Bizet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georges_Bizet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georges Bizet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georges_Bizet369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georges Bizet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Georges_Bizet" title="List of compositions by Georges Bizet">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_maison_du_docteur" title="La maison du docteur">La maison du docteur</a> (1852 or 1855; unperformed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_docteur_Miracle" title="Le docteur Miracle">Le docteur Miracle</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Procopio" title="Don Procopio">Don Procopio</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_(opera)" title="Ivan IV (opera)">Ivan IV</a> (1862–5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%A9_(opera)" title="Noé (opera)">Noé</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Fromental Halévy</a>, completed by Bizet c. 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_jolie_fille_de_Perth" title="La jolie fille de Perth">La jolie fille de Perth</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamileh" title="Djamileh">Djamileh</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> (1875)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Au_fond_du_temple_saint" title="Au fond du temple saint">Au fond du temple saint</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Habanera_(aria)" title="Habanera (aria)">Habanera</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toreador_Song" title="Toreador Song">Toreador Song</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera discography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_discography" title="Carmen discography">Carmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(Bizet)" title="Symphony in C (Bizet)">Symphony in C major</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Symphony_(Bizet)" title="Roma Symphony (Bizet)">Roma Symphony</a> (1860–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_d%27enfants_(Bizet)" title="Jeux d'enfants (Bizet)">Jeux d'enfants</a> (piano duet, 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Arl%C3%A9sienne_(Bizet)" title="L'Arlésienne (Bizet)">L'Arlésienne</a> (incidental music, 1872)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Geneviève Halévy">Geneviève Halévy</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a> (uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Suites_(Bizet/Guiraud)" title="Carmen Suites (Bizet/Guiraud)">Carmen Suites (Bizet/Guiraud)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Georges_Bizet" title="Category:Georges Bizet">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Georges_Bizet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Georges Bizet">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8HRrKbjh6WtYX7qtFrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118511440">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79116212">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13891543q">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16317127q">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13891543q">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16317127q">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01475659?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9bd20e6a-b41d-4983-a5b6-c0ff849fa235">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102559">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118511440">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/793367">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118511440.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118511440">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029680247">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vq32g2">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/20057">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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