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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4" title="Хорален прелюд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хорален прелюд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Χορικό πρελούδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χορικό πρελούδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preludio_coral" title="Preludio coral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Preludio coral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_de_choral" title="Prélude de choral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prélude de choral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preludio_corale" title="Preludio corale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Preludio corale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A1lel%C5%91j%C3%A1t%C3%A9k" title="Korálelőjáték – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korálelőjáték" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%89%8D%E5%A5%8F%E6%9B%B2" title="コラール前奏曲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コラール前奏曲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koralpreludium" title="Koralpreludium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koralpreludium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przygrywka_chora%C5%82owa" title="Przygrywka chorałowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przygrywka chorałowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prel%C3%BAdio_Coral" title="Prelúdio Coral – 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWV739-autograph-manuscript.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/BWV739-autograph-manuscript.png/220px-BWV739-autograph-manuscript.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/BWV739-autograph-manuscript.png/330px-BWV739-autograph-manuscript.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/BWV739-autograph-manuscript.png/440px-BWV739-autograph-manuscript.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="3197" /></a><figcaption>Autograph manuscript of the chorale prelude <i>Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern</i>, BWV 739, 1705</figcaption></figure> <p>In music, a <b>chorale prelude</b> or <b>chorale setting</b> is a short liturgical composition for <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorale</a> tune as its basis. It was a predominant style of the German <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> era and reached its culmination in the works of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a>, who wrote 46 (with a 47th <a href="/wiki/Unfinished_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfinished work">unfinished</a>) examples of the form in his <a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein" title="Orgelbüchlein">Orgelbüchlein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with multiple other works of the type in <a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach#Chorale_Preludes" title="List of organ compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach">other collections</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale_prelude&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precise liturgical function of a chorale <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a> in the Baroque period is uncertain and is a subject of debate. One possibility is that they were used to introduce the hymn about to be sung by the congregation, usually in a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, and originally in a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, church. This assumption may be valid for the shorter chorale preludes (Bach's setting of 'Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier, BWV 731, for example), but many chorale preludes are very long. It could be the case that these were played during special services in churches or in cathedrals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale_prelude&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chorale preludes are typically <a href="/wiki/Polyphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic">polyphonic</a> settings, with a chorale tune, plainly audible and often ornamented, used as cantus firmus. Accompanying motifs are usually derived from contrapuntal manipulations of the chorale melody. </p><p>Notable composers of chorale preludes during the Baroque period include <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>. After this period, the form fell out of favour and virtually none were written by subsequent composers, such as Stamitz, J C Bach, Haydn and Mozart, until examples from the late 19th century, including works by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baroque_period">Baroque period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale_prelude&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Baroque period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unbalanced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, 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message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheidt_Tabulatura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Scheidt_Tabulatura.jpg/300px-Scheidt_Tabulatura.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="473" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Scheidt_Tabulatura.jpg/450px-Scheidt_Tabulatura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Scheidt_Tabulatura.jpg/600px-Scheidt_Tabulatura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="4100" /></a><figcaption>Title page of Scheidt's <i>Tabulatura Nova</i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:O_Lamm_Gottes_BWV1095.ogg" title="File:O Lamm Gottes BWV1095.ogg">O Lamm Gottes unschuldig, BWV 1095</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="O_Lamm_Gottes_BWV1095.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/O_Lamm_Gottes_BWV1095.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/O_Lamm_Gottes_BWV1095.ogg/O_Lamm_Gottes_BWV1095.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">One of the <a href="/wiki/Neumeister_Chorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumeister Chorales">Neumeister Chorales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, performed by Ulrich Metzner</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dieterich_Buxtehude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Dieterich_Buxtehude.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>The only known painting of Buxtehude (detail, Johannes Voorhout, 1674)</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the old masters who wrote chorale preludes is <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Samuel Scheidt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter1884_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter1884-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabulatura_Nova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabulatura Nova (page does not exist)">Tabulatura Nova</a></i>, containing several such works, was published in 1624.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter1884_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter1884-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sweelinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweelinck">Sweelinck</a> is also typical of the early Baroque period. </p><p>Chorale preludes also appear in the works of <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%B6hm" title="Georg Böhm">Georg Böhm</a>. Over 40 chorale preludes by Buxtehude have survived to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="which entry? (November 2017)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a>'s compositions are another example of the form, with many of his chorale preludes elaborating upon Protestant chorale melodies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best-known composer of chorale preludes is <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His earliest extant compositions, works for organ which he possibly wrote before his fifteenth birthday, include the chorale preludes <a href="/w/index.php?title=BWV_700&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BWV 700 (page does not exist)">BWV 700</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BWV_724&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BWV 724 (page does not exist)">724</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neumeister_Chorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumeister Chorales">1091, 1094, 1097, 1112, 1113 and 1119</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In Bach's early <i><a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein" title="Orgelbüchlein">Orgelbüchlein</a></i> (1708-1717), the chorale melody is usually in the upper part and the accompanying lower parts, while being highly elaborate in their harmonic and contrapuntal detail, the beginnings and endings of phrases generally coincide with those of the chorale. An example is "Jesu, meine Freude", where the chorale melody in the upper part is supported by a closely woven and harmonically subtle counterpoint in three parts:</p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.png/500px-Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.png/750px-Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.png/1000px-Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.png 2x" data-file-width="2266" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption><i>Jesu, meine Freude</i> from the Orgelbuchlein. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.wav/Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.wav/Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Jesu_meine_Freude_from_Orgelbuchlein.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Jesu meine Freude (BWV 610)</figcaption></figure></figcaption></figure> <p>Peter Williams (1972, p. 27) says of the <i><a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein" title="Orgelbüchlein">Orgelbüchlein</a></i>: “Each approach to Bach’s organ chorales – their beauty, their ‘symbolism’, their mastery- is rewarding.” <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams continues (1972, p29) “One of the most remarkable features of most of the settings is that the accompaniment and the motifs from which it is composed are newly invented and are not related thematically to the melody.” </p><p>By contrast, in the prelude on <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wachet_auf,_ruft_uns_die_Stimme" title="Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme">Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme</a></i></span></i> (BWV 645) from the set of six <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCbler_Chorales" title="Schübler Chorales">Schübler Chorales</a>, taken from earlier <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> movements, the accompaniment is a free-flowing obbligato which both derives from the chorale melody, yet seems to float independently over it. "The achieving of a melody independent of the cantus firmus, though in principle it is familiar in obbligato arias, is here unusually complete."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian Mincham (2010) sees an asymmetry here that is possibly rooted in the chorale itself “with its slightly puzzling mixture of different phrase lengths”:<sup id="cite_ref-Mincham_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mincham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wachet_auf_chorale_melody_only.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wachet_auf_chorale_melody_only.png/700px-Wachet_auf_chorale_melody_only.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wachet_auf_chorale_melody_only.png/1050px-Wachet_auf_chorale_melody_only.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wachet_auf_chorale_melody_only.png/1400px-Wachet_auf_chorale_melody_only.png 2x" data-file-width="2239" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Chorale melody (cantus firmus) of <i>Wachet auf.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Two melodic ideas from the chorale, labelled (a) and (b) above are embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Obbligato" title="Obbligato">obbligato</a> line: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wachet_auf_-_bars_with_voices_only.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wachet_auf_-_bars_with_voices_only.png/600px-Wachet_auf_-_bars_with_voices_only.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wachet_auf_-_bars_with_voices_only.png/900px-Wachet_auf_-_bars_with_voices_only.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wachet_auf_-_bars_with_voices_only.png/1200px-Wachet_auf_-_bars_with_voices_only.png 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme</i></span></i> (BWV 645)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mincham says that while “theme and chorale are not designed to begin and end together… [they] fit together perfectly. Get to know the chorale and ritornello melodies well and the apparently effortless ways in which they inter-relate will become obvious. The important point is that they seem not to fit; but they do.”<sup id="cite_ref-Mincham_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mincham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romantic_period_and_twentieth_century">Romantic period and twentieth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale_prelude&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Romantic period and twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahms_O_Gott,_du_frommer_Gott.ogg" title="File:Brahms O Gott, du frommer Gott.ogg">O Gott, du frommer Gott, Op. 122 No. 7</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="351" data-mwtitle="Brahms_O_Gott,_du_frommer_Gott.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Brahms_O_Gott%2C_du_frommer_Gott.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Brahms_O_Gott%2C_du_frommer_Gott.ogg/Brahms_O_Gott%2C_du_frommer_Gott.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Matthias Flierl</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>There are several examples of 19th- and 20th-century chorale preludes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eleven_Chorale_Preludes" title="Eleven Chorale Preludes">Eleven Chorale Preludes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barber" title="Samuel Barber">Samuel Barber</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works such as these continue to be produced nowadays such as <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Walcha" title="Helmut Walcha">Helmut Walcha</a>'s four volumes<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the seven volumes of <a href="/wiki/Flor_Peeters" title="Flor Peeters">Flor Peeters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johannes_Brahms">Johannes Brahms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale_prelude&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Johannes Brahms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Eleven_Chorale_Preludes" title="Eleven Chorale Preludes">Eleven Chorale Preludes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Reger">Max Reger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale_prelude&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Max Reger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reger composed, among others, <a href="/wiki/52_chorale_preludes,_Op._67" title="52 chorale preludes, Op. 67">52 chorale preludes, Op. 67</a>, Chorale Preludes for Organ, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger_works#79b" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Reger works">Op. 79b</a> (1900–04) and 30 small chorale preludes, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger_works#135a" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Reger works">Op. 135a</a> (1914). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale_prelude&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorale composition">Chorale composition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale_prelude&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grout, Donald J. & Claude V. Palisca, <i>A History of the Western Music</i> 7th edition, Norton, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 2006. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97527-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97527-7">978-0-393-97527-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/chorale-prelude">"Chorale prelude"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Chorale+prelude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fchorale-prelude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale+prelude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritter1884-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter1884_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter1884_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Zur_Geschichte_des_Orgelspiels_(Ritter,_August_Gottfried)" class="extiw" title="scores:Zur Geschichte des Orgelspiels (Ritter, August Gottfried)">August Gottfried Ritter. <i>Zur Geschichte des Orgelspiels</i>. Leipzig: Max Hesse, 1884.</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Choralvorspiele_alter_Meister_(Straube,_Karl)" class="extiw" title="scores:Choralvorspiele alter Meister (Straube, Karl)">Karl Straube. <i>Choralvorspiele alter Meister</i>. Edition Peters, 1907.</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Tabulatura_Nova,_SSWV_102-158_(Scheidt,_Samuel)" class="extiw" title="scores:Tabulatura Nova, SSWV 102-158 (Scheidt, Samuel)">Samuel Scheidt. <i>Tabulatura Nova</i>. Hamburg: Michael Hering, 1624.</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, Kerala J. Dieterich Buxtehude: Organist in Lübeck. New York: Schirmer Books, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadie, Stanley and John Tyrell (eds.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians,</i> 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melville, Ruth. <i>The Chorale Preludes of Johann Pachelbel</i>. "Bulletin of the American Musicological Society, Nº3, pp.11–12. Apr., 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicfm.com/composers/bach/guides/chorales-guide/">"Bach - Chorales: a guide"</a>. <i>Classic FM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+FM&rft.atitle=Bach+-+Chorales%3A+a+guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fcomposers%2Fbach%2Fguides%2Fchorales-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale+prelude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Works <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000820?lang=en">00820</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000847?lang=en">00847</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001277?lang=en">01277</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001280?lang=en">01280</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001283?lang=en">01283</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001298?lang=en">01298</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001299?lang=en">01299</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001305?lang=en">01305</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, P. Bach Organ Music. London, BBC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, P. (1980, p.112) <i>The Organ Music of J.S. Bach: Vol. II, Works based on Chorales</i>. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mincham-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mincham_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mincham_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMincham2010" class="citation web cs1">Mincham, Julian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-55-bwv-140.htm">"Chapter 55 BWV 140 Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme / Awake! The Watchman′s voice commands us"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+55+BWV+140+Wachet+auf%2C+ruft+uns+die+Stimme+%2F+Awake%21+The+Watchman%E2%80%B2s+voice+commands+us&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mincham&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsbachcantatas.com%2Fdocuments%2Fchapter-55-bwv-140.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale+prelude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber, Samuel. <i>Dei Natali</i> (Chorale Preludes for Christmas), 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.opal-libraries.org/record=b1100821">Chorale Prelude by Helmut Walcha - recordings, Cat. Opal-Libraries.org. Frankfurt, 1980</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225201505/http://users.telenet.be/pima/indexE.htm">"Peeters: menu Organmusic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.telenet.be/pima/indexE.htm">the original</a> on 2009-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peeters%3A+menu+Organmusic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.telenet.be%2Fpima%2FindexE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale+prelude" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and<br /> musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img 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href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span 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