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</button> <ul id="toc-Life_and_profession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family and personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_as_a_chemist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_as_a_chemist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Career as a chemist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_as_a_chemist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_avocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_avocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Musical avocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_avocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opera_and_orchestral_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_and_orchestral_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Opera and orchestral works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_and_orchestral_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Chamber music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Musical legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Subsequent references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Borodin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ألكسندر بورودين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر بورودين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alexander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borod%C3%ADn" title="Aleksandr Borodín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aleksandr Borodín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="الکساندر برودین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر برودین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бородин Александр Порфирьевич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бородин Александр Порфирьевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Аляксандр Парфіравіч Барадзін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Парфіравіч Барадзін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александър Бородин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Бородин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borod%C3%ADn" title="Aleksandr Borodín – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandr Borodín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Porfirjevi%C4%8D_Borodin" title="Alexandr Porfirjevič Borodin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Porfirjevič Borodin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alexander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Porfirjewitsch_Borodin" title="Alexander Porfirjewitsch Borodin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Porfirjewitsch Borodin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Αλεξάντρ Μποροντίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντρ Μποροντίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borod%C3%ADn" title="Aleksandr Borodín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksandr Borodín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Porfirjevi%C4%89_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Porfirjeviĉ Borodin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandr Porfirjeviĉ Borodin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="الکساندر برودین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر برودین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Borodine" title="Alexandre Borodine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Borodine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B3%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%94%98" title="알렉산드르 보로딘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 보로딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ալեքսանդր Բորոդին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Բորոդին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Borodin" title="Aleksandar Borodin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandar Borodin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Porfiryevich_Borodin" title="Alexandr Porfiryevich Borodin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexandr Porfiryevich Borodin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Porfir%27evi%C4%8D_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Porfir'evič Borodin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Porfir'evič Borodin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אלכסנדר בורודין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר בורודין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಪೋರ್ಫಿರ್‌ಏವಿಚ್ ಬೋರೋದಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಪೋರ್ಫಿರ್‌ಏವಿಚ್ ಬೋರೋದಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე ბოროდინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე ბოროდინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александр Порфирьевич Бородин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Порфирьевич Бородин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alexander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александр Бородин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Александр Бородин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Borodins" title="Aleksandrs Borodins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Borodins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_Borodinas" title="Aleksandras Borodinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras Borodinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekszandr_Porfirjevics_Borogyin" title="Alekszandr Porfirjevics Borogyin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alekszandr Porfirjevics Borogyin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александар Бородин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Бородин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alexander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე ბოროდინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდრე ბოროდინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الكسندر بورودين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر بورودين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александр Бородин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Бородин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Borodin" title="Alexandr Borodin – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Alexandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AD%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="アレクサンドル・ボロディン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル・ボロディン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Porfiryevich_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Porfiryevich Borodin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aleksandr Porfiryevich Borodin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਐਲਗਜ਼ੈਡਰ ਬੋਰੋਡਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਗਜ਼ੈਡਰ ਬੋਰੋਡਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Borodin" title="Alexandr Borodin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Porfirievici_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Porfirievici Borodin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aleksandr Porfirievici Borodin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бородин, Александр Порфирьевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бородин, Александр Порфирьевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksand%C3%ABr_Borodin" title="Aleksandër Borodin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aleksandër Borodin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Porfirievi%C4%8D_Borodin" title="Alexandr Porfirievič Borodin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandr Porfirievič Borodin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Borodin" title="Aleksander Borodin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aleksander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەلێکساندر بۆرۆدین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلێکساندر بۆرۆدین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александар Бородин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Бородин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Borodin" title="Aleksandar Borodin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar Borodin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_(1883)" title="Александр Бородин (1883) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александр Бородин (1883)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Александр Порфиревич Бородин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александр Порфиревич Бородин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Borodin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksandr Borodin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бородін Олександр Порфирович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бородін Олександр Порфирович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Porfiryevich_Borodin" title="Aleksandr Porfiryevich Borodin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aleksandr Porfiryevich Borodin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alexander Borodin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E8%8F%B2%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%81" title="亚历山大·波菲里耶维奇·鲍罗丁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大·波菲里耶维奇·鲍罗丁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Bengali Christmas celebration, see <a href="/wiki/Boro_Din" title="Boro Din">Boro Din</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romantic composer, doctor and chemist (1833–1887)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Borodin" redirects here. For other people with this surname, see <a href="/wiki/Borodin_(surname)" title="Borodin (surname)">Borodin (surname)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Borodin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Borodin (disambiguation)">Borodin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Porfiryevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Borodin</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borodin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Borodin.jpg/220px-Borodin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Borodin.jpg/330px-Borodin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Borodin.jpg/440px-Borodin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Borodin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Александр Порфирьевич Бородин</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Aleksandr Porfiryevich Borodin<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐlʲɪkˈsandr<span class="wrap"> </span>pɐrˈfʲi<span class="wrap"> </span>rʲjɪvʲɪtɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>bərɐˈdʲin]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/RU-Alexander_Porfiryevich_Borodin.ogg\/RU-Alexander_Porfiryevich_Borodin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"RU-Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/RU-Alexander_Porfiryevich_Borodin.ogg/RU-Alexander_Porfiryevich_Borodin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:RU-Alexander_Porfiryevich_Borodin.ogg" title="File:RU-Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 November 1833 – 27 February 1887)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> composer and <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> extraction. He was one of the prominent 19th-century composers known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a>", a group dedicated to producing a "uniquely Russian" kind of <a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">classical music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abraham_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abraham-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDianin196313,_329_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDianin196313,_329-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oldani_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borodin is known best for his <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, his two <a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">string quartets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Steppes_of_Central_Asia" title="In the Steppes of Central Asia">In the Steppes of Central Asia</a></i> and his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a></i>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctor</a> and chemist by profession and training, Borodin made important early contributions to <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. Although he is presently known better as a composer, he regarded medicine and science as his primary occupations, only practising music and composition in his spare time or when he was ill.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a chemist, Borodin is known best for his work concerning <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, including being among the first chemists to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic substitution">nucleophilic substitution</a>, as well as being the co-discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Aldol_reaction" title="Aldol reaction">aldol reaction</a>. Borodin was a promoter of education in Russia and founded the <a href="/wiki/First_Pavlov_State_Medical_University_of_St._Petersburg" title="First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg">School of Medicine for Women</a> in Saint Petersburg, where he taught until 1885. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_profession">Life and profession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and profession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2035" /></a><figcaption>Borodin at the age of 14</figcaption></figure> <p>Borodin was born in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> as an illegitimate son of a 62-year-old <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> nobleman, Luka Stepanovich Gedevanishvili, and a married 25-year-old Russian woman, Evdokia Konstantinovna Antonova. Due to the circumstances of Alexander's birth, the nobleman had him registered as the son of one of his Russian <a href="/wiki/Russian_serfdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian serfdom">serfs</a>, Porfiry Borodin, hence the composer's Russian last name. As a result of this registration, both Alexander and his nominal Russian father Porfiry were officially serfs of Alexander's biological father Luka. The Georgian father emancipated Alexander from serfdom when he was 7 years old and provided housing and money for him and his mother. Despite this, Alexander was never publicly recognized by his mother, who was referred to by young Borodin as his "aunt".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his status as a commoner, Borodin was well provided for by his Georgian father and grew up in a large four-storey house, which was gifted to Alexander and his "aunt" by the nobleman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDianin19639_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDianin19639-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his registration prevented enrollment in a proper <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a>, Borodin received good education in all of the subjects through private tutors at home. During 1850 he enrolled in the Medical–Surgical Academy in Saint Petersburg, which was later the workplace of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>, and pursued a career in chemistry. On graduation he spent a year as surgeon in a military hospital, followed by three years of advanced scientific study in western Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During 1862, Borodin returned to Saint Petersburg to begin a professorship of chemistry at the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spent the remainder of his scientific career in research, lecturing and overseeing the education of others. Eventually, he established medical courses for women in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldani_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He began taking lessons in composition from <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a> during 1862. He married Ekaterina Protopopova, a pianist, during 1863, with whom he adopted several daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDianin196342,_104_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDianin196342,_104-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music remained a secondary vocation for Borodin besides his main career as a chemist and physician. He suffered poor health, having overcome <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and several minor <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart failures</a>. He died suddenly during a ball<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the academy, and was interred in <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery" title="Tikhvin Cemetery">Tikhvin Cemetery</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Monastery">Alexander Nevsky Monastery</a> in Saint Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_as_a_chemist">Career as a chemist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career as a chemist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RR5009-0011R_BU_160-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90.%D0%9F.%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/RR5009-0011R_BU_160-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90.%D0%9F.%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.png/180px-RR5009-0011R_BU_160-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90.%D0%9F.%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/RR5009-0011R_BU_160-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90.%D0%9F.%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.png/270px-RR5009-0011R_BU_160-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90.%D0%9F.%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/RR5009-0011R_BU_160-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90.%D0%9F.%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.png/360px-RR5009-0011R_BU_160-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90.%D0%9F.%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_commemorative_coins_of_Russia_(1993)" title="List of commemorative coins of Russia (1993)">1993 Russian 1 ruble coin</a> commemorating the 160th anniversary of Borodin's birth</figcaption></figure> <p>In his profession Borodin gained great respect, being particularly noted for his work on <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1859 and 1862 Borodin had a postdoctoral position at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a>. He worked in the laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Emil_Erlenmeyer" title="Emil Erlenmeyer">Emil Erlenmeyer</a> working on benzene derivatives. He also spent time in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">Pisa</a>, working on <a href="/wiki/Halocarbon" title="Halocarbon">halocarbons</a>. One experiment published during 1862 described the first <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic substitution">nucleophilic displacement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_chloride" title="Benzoyl chloride">benzoyl chloride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radical halodecarboxylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids was first demonstrated by Borodin during 1861 by his synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Methyl_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl bromide">methyl bromide</a> from <a href="/wiki/Silver_acetate" title="Silver acetate">silver acetate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJL_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hunsdiecker" title="Heinz Hunsdiecker">Heinz Hunsdiecker</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A4re_Hunsdiecker" title="Cläre Hunsdiecker">Cläre</a>, however, who developed Borodin's work into a general method, for which they were granted a <a href="/wiki/US_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="US patent">US patent</a> during 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which they published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Chemische_Berichte" title="Chemische Berichte">Chemische Berichte</a></i> during 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method is generally known as either the <a href="/wiki/Hunsdiecker_reaction" title="Hunsdiecker reaction">Hunsdiecker reaction</a> or the Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-JJL_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1862, Borodin returned to the Medical–Surgical Academy (now known as the <a href="/wiki/S._M._Kirov_Military_Medical_Academy" title="S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy">S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</a>), and accepted a professorship of chemistry. He worked on self-<a href="/wiki/Condensation_reaction" title="Condensation reaction">condensation</a> of small aldehydes in a process now known as the <a href="/wiki/Aldol_reaction" title="Aldol reaction">aldol reaction</a>, the discovery of which is jointly credited to Borodin and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borodin investigated the condensation of <a href="/wiki/Pentanal" title="Pentanal">valerian aldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanal" title="Heptanal">oenanth aldehyde</a>, which was reported by von Richter during 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1873, he described his work to the Russian Chemical Society<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and noted similarities with compounds recently reported by Wurtz.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He published his last full article during 1875 on reactions of <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amides</a> and his last publication concerned a method for the identification of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> in animal urine. </p><p>His successor as chemistry professor of the Medical-Surgical academy was his son-in-law and fellow chemist, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dianin" title="Aleksandr Dianin">Aleksandr Dianin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_avocation">Musical avocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Musical avocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opera_and_orchestral_works">Opera and orchestral works</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opera and orchestral works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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.plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Borodin_-_In_The_Steppes_Of_Central_Asia.ogg" title="File:Alexander Borodin - In The Steppes Of Central Asia.ogg"><i>In the Steppes of Central Asia</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="459" data-mwtitle="Alexander_Borodin_-_In_The_Steppes_Of_Central_Asia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Alexander_Borodin_-_In_The_Steppes_Of_Central_Asia.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Alexander_Borodin_-_In_The_Steppes_Of_Central_Asia.ogg/Alexander_Borodin_-_In_The_Steppes_Of_Central_Asia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Aria_of_Galitsky_from_Prince_Igor.ogg" title="File:Aria of Galitsky from Prince Igor.ogg">Aria of Galitsky from the 1890 opera <i>Prince Igor</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="159" data-mwtitle="Aria_of_Galitsky_from_Prince_Igor.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Aria_of_Galitsky_from_Prince_Igor.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Aria_of_Galitsky_from_Prince_Igor.ogg/Aria_of_Galitsky_from_Prince_Igor.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Recorded during a live performance in 1970; performed by Georgi Petrov (bass-baritone)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borodin_by_Repin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Borodin_by_Repin.jpg/170px-Borodin_by_Repin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Borodin_by_Repin.jpg/255px-Borodin_by_Repin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Borodin_by_Repin.jpg/340px-Borodin_by_Repin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Borodin by <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>, 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>Borodin met <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a> during 1862. While under Balakirev's tutelage in composition he began his Symphony No. 1 in E-flat major; it was first performed during 1869, with Balakirev conducting. During that same year Borodin started on his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Borodin)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Borodin)">Symphony No. 2</a> in B minor, which was not particularly successful at its premiere during 1877 under <a href="/wiki/Eduard_N%C3%A1pravn%C3%ADk" title="Eduard Nápravník">Eduard Nápravník</a>, but with some minor re-orchestration received a successful performance during 1879 by the Free Music School under <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>'s direction. During 1880 he composed the popular <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Steppes_of_Central_Asia" title="In the Steppes of Central Asia">In the Steppes of Central Asia</a></i>. Two years later he began composing a third symphony, but left it unfinished at his death; two movements of it were later completed and orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1868, Borodin became distracted from initial work on the second symphony by preoccupation with the <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a></i>, which is considered by some to be his most significant work and one of the most important historical Russian operas. It contains the <i><a href="/wiki/Polovtsian_Dances" title="Polovtsian Dances">Polovtsian Dances</a></i>, often performed as a stand-alone concert work forming what is probably Borodin's best-known composition. Borodin left the opera (and a few other works) incomplete at his death.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a></i> was completed posthumously by Rimsky-Korsakov and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Alexander Glazunov</a>. It is set in the 12th century, when the Russians, commanded by Prince Igor of Seversk, determined to conquer the barbarous <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Polovtsians</a> by travelling eastward across the Steppes. The Polovtsians were apparently a nomadic tribe originally of Turkic origin who habitually attacked southern Russia. A full <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> early during the first act foreshadows an ominous outcome to the invasion. Prince Igor's troops are defeated. The story tells of the capture of Prince Igor, and his son, Vladimir, of Russia by Polovtsian chief Khan Konchak, who entertains his prisoners lavishly and orders his slaves to perform the famous 'Polovtsian Dances', which provide a thrilling climax to the second act. The second half of the opera finds Prince Igor returning to his homeland, but rather than finding himself in disgrace, he is welcomed home by the townspeople and by his wife, Yaroslavna. Although for a while rarely performed in its entirety outside of Russia, this opera has received two notable new productions recently, one at the Bolshoi State Opera and Ballet Company in Russia during 2013, and one at the Metropolitan Opera Company of New York City during 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abraham_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abraham-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chamber_music">Chamber music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chamber music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No other member of the Balakirev circle identified himself so much with <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">absolute music</a> as did Borodin in his two string quartets, in addition to his many earlier chamber compositions. As a cellist, he was an enthusiastic chamber music player, an interest that increased during his chemical studies in Heidelberg between 1859 and 1861. This early period yielded, among other chamber works, a string sextet and a piano quintet. Borodin based the thematic structure and instrumental texture of his pieces on those of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaes200272_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaes200272-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1875 Borodin started his First String Quartet, much to the displeasure of <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Stasov" title="Vladimir Stasov">Vladimir Stasov</a>; the other members of <a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a> were known to be hostile to chamber music. The First Quartet demonstrates mastery of the string quartet form. Borodin's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Borodin)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Borodin)">Second Quartet</a>, written in 1881, displays strong lyricism, as in the third movement's popular "<a href="/wiki/Nocturne" title="Nocturne">Nocturne</a>." While the First Quartet is richer in changes of mood, the Second Quartet has a more uniform atmosphere and expression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaes200272_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaes200272-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_legacy">Musical legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Musical legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexander_Borodin" title="Special:EditPage/Alexander Borodin">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Alexander_Borodin" title="List of compositions by Alexander Borodin">List of compositions by Alexander Borodin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Borodin_tomb_full_view,_Tikhvin_Cemetery_St._Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alexander_Borodin_tomb_full_view%2C_Tikhvin_Cemetery_St._Petersburg.jpg/220px-Alexander_Borodin_tomb_full_view%2C_Tikhvin_Cemetery_St._Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alexander_Borodin_tomb_full_view%2C_Tikhvin_Cemetery_St._Petersburg.jpg/330px-Alexander_Borodin_tomb_full_view%2C_Tikhvin_Cemetery_St._Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alexander_Borodin_tomb_full_view%2C_Tikhvin_Cemetery_St._Petersburg.jpg/440px-Alexander_Borodin_tomb_full_view%2C_Tikhvin_Cemetery_St._Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Borodin in <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_Cemetery" title="Tikhvin Cemetery">Tikhvin Cemetery</a>. The musical notation in the background shows themes from "Gliding Dance of the Maidens" from <i><a href="/wiki/Polovtsian_Dances" title="Polovtsian Dances">Polovtsian Dances</a></i>; "Song of the Dark Forest"; and the "Scherzo" theme from Symphony No. 3.</figcaption></figure> <p>Borodin's fame outside the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was made possible during his lifetime by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, who arranged a performance of the Symphony No. 1 in Germany during 1880, and by the <a href="/wiki/Marie-Clotilde-Elisabeth_Louise_de_Riquet,_comtesse_de_Mercy-Argenteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Clotilde-Elisabeth Louise de Riquet, comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau">Comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau</a> in Belgium and France. His music is noted for its strong lyricism and rich harmonies. Along with some influences from Western composers, as a member of The Five, his music is also characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russian style</a>. His passionate music and unusual harmonies proved to have a lasting influence on the younger French composers <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a> (in homage, the latter composed during 1913 a piano piece entitled "À la manière de Borodine"). </p><p>The evocative characteristics of Borodin's music—specifically <i>In the Steppes of Central Asia</i>, his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Borodin)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Borodin)">Symphony No. 2</a>, <i>Prince Igor</i> – made possible the adaptation of his compositions in the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kismet_(musical)" title="Kismet (musical)">Kismet</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(musical_writer)" title="Robert Wright (musical writer)">Robert Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Forrest_(author)" title="George Forrest (author)">George Forrest</a>, notably in the songs "<a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_Paradise_(song)" title="Stranger in Paradise (song)">Stranger in Paradise</a>", "<a href="/wiki/And_This_Is_My_Beloved" title="And This Is My Beloved">And This Is My Beloved</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Baubles,_Bangles,_%26_Beads" title="Baubles, Bangles, & Beads">Baubles, Bangles, & Beads</a>". In 1954, Borodin was posthumously awarded a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> for this show. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_references">Subsequent references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subsequent references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Borodin_Quartet" title="Borodin Quartet">Borodin Quartet</a> was named in his honour.</li> <li>The chemist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shulgin" title="Alexander Shulgin">Alexander Shulgin</a> uses the name "Alexander Borodin" as a fictional persona in the books <i><a href="/wiki/PiHKAL" title="PiHKAL">PiHKAL</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/TiHKAL" title="TiHKAL">TiHKAL</a></i>.</li> <li>In his book <i>Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame</i> (1974) <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bukowski" title="Charles Bukowski">Charles Bukowski</a> wrote a poem about the composer entitled "The Life of Borodin".</li> <li>The asteroid previously known by its provisional designation 1990 ES3 was assigned the permanent name (6780) Borodin, in honor of Alexander Borodin. (6780) Borodin is a main-belt asteroid with an estimated diameter of 4 km and an orbital period of 3.37 years.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The score of the 1953 musical <i><a href="/wiki/Kismet_(musical)" title="Kismet (musical)">Kismet</a></i> and the subsequent <i><a href="/wiki/Kismet_(1955_film)" title="Kismet (1955 film)">film version</a></i> was based extensively on compositions by Borodin, such as the second string quartet, second symphony and piano works.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 12 November 2018, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> recognized him with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">doodle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The BGN/PCGN <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">transliteration of Russian</a> is used for his name here. ALA-LC system: Aleksandr Porfirʹevich Borodin, ISO 9 system: Aleksandr Porfirʹevič Borodin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Alexander Porphirii filius Borodin</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/russian/bgn-pcgn/">"Russian – BGN/PCGN transliteration system"</a>. <i>transliteration.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=transliteration.com&rft.atitle=Russian+%E2%80%93+BGN%2FPCGN+transliteration+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.translitteration.com%2Ftransliteration%2Fen%2Frussian%2Fbgn-pcgn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English approximation of the surname: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Old Style dates</a> 31 October 1833 – 15 February 1887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abraham-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham, Gerald</a>. <i>Borodin: the Composer and his Music</i>. London, 1927.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDianin196313,_329-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDianin196313,_329_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDianin1963">Dianin 1963</a>, pp. 13, 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldani-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oldani_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oldani_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOldani2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oldani, Robert William (20 January 2001). "Borodin, Aleksandr Porfir′yevich". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40687">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Borodin%2C+Aleksandr+Porfir%E2%80%B2yevich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40687&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Oldani&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPodlech2010" class="citation journal cs1">Podlech, Joachim (16 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201002023">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Try and Fall Sick ..." – The Composer, Chemist, and Surgeon Aleksandr Borodin"</a>. <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <b>49</b> (37): <span class="nowrap">6490–</span>6495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201002023">10.1002/anie.201002023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1433-7851">1433-7851</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20715236">20715236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=%22Try+and+Fall+Sick+...%22+%E2%80%93+The+Composer%2C+Chemist%2C+and+Surgeon+Aleksandr+Borodin&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6490-%3C%2Fspan%3E6495&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft.issn=1433-7851&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20715236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201002023&rft.aulast=Podlech&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fanie.201002023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, David E. <i>Early Russian Organic Chemists and Their Legacy.</i> <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>, 3 April 2012, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, David K. C. <i>Doctors of Another Calling: Physicians Who Are Known Best in Fields Other than Medicine.</i> <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, 26 November 2013, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDianin19639-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDianin19639_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDianin1963">Dianin 1963</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDianin196342,_104-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDianin196342,_104_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDianin1963">Dianin 1963</a>, pp. 42, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Borodin">"Aleksandr Borodin | Russian Composer, Chemist & Romantic Nationalist | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Aleksandr+Borodin+%7C+Russian+Composer%2C+Chemist+%26+Romantic+Nationalist+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAleksandr-Borodin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicfm.com/composers/borodin/guides/polovtsian-dances-anne-marie-minhall/">"Borodin: Polovtsian Dances – musical thrills from the chemist who composed too little"</a>. <i>Classic FM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+FM&rft.atitle=Borodin%3A+Polovtsian+Dances+%E2%80%93+musical+thrills+from+the+chemist+who+composed+too+little&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fcomposers%2Fborodin%2Fguides%2Fpolovtsian-dances-anne-marie-minhall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-petersburg.com/cemeteries/cemetery-and-tombs-of-the-alexander-nevsky-monastery/">"Alexander Nevsky Monastery cemeteries and tombs in St. Petersburg, Russia"</a>. <i>www.saint-petersburg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A.</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858003147356;view=1up;seq=446">"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool"</a> [On an aldehyde alcohol]. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Chimique_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris">Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris</a></i>. 2nd series (in French). <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">436–</span>442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Chimique+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Sur+un+ald%C3%A9hyde-alcool&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Wurtz&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Diau.31858003147356%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWurtz1872" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Wurtz, C. A.</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076786381;view=1up;seq=471">"Ueber einen Aldehyd-Alkohol"</a> [About an aldehyde alcohol]. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_f%C3%BCr_Praktische_Chemie" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal für Praktische Chemie">Journal für Praktische Chemie</a></i> (in German). <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fprac.18720050148">10.1002/prac.18720050148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+Praktische+Chemie&rft.atitle=Ueber+einen+Aldehyd-Alkohol&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.date=1872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fprac.18720050148&rft.aulast=Wurtz&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnjp.32101076786381%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWurtz1872" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Wurtz, C. A.</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3031q/f1361.table">"Sur un aldéhyde-alcool"</a> [On an aldehyde alcohol]. <i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences</a></i> (in French). <b>74</b>: <span class="nowrap">1361–</span>1367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences&rft.atitle=Sur+un+ald%C3%A9hyde-alcool&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1361-%3C%2Fspan%3E1367&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Wurtz&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3031q%2Ff1361.table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naxos.com/CatalogueDetail/?id=8.572786">"BORODIN, A.P.: Symphonies Nos. 1-3 (Seattle Sympho.. - 8.572786 | Discover more releases from Naxos"</a>. <i>www.naxos.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.naxos.com&rft.atitle=BORODIN%2C+A.P.%3A+Symphonies+Nos.+1-3+%28Seattle+Sympho..+-+8.572786+%7C+Discover+more+releases+from+Naxos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naxos.com%2FCatalogueDetail%2F%3Fid%3D8.572786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicfm.com/composers/borodin/music/alexander-borodin-prince-igor/">"Alexander Borodin: Prince Igor"</a>. <i>Classic FM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+FM&rft.atitle=Alexander+Borodin%3A+Prince+Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fcomposers%2Fborodin%2Fmusic%2Falexander-borodin-prince-igor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Penguin Opera Guide</i>, <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Amanda Holden</a>, 1993; Penguin Books Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaes200272-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaes200272_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaes200272_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaes2002">Maes 2002</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=6780">"6780 Borodin (1990 ES3)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36580870">Worldcat entry for film soundtrack of <i>Kismet</i>, 1955</a>; accessed 21 March 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/alexander-borodins-185th-birthday/">"Alexander Borodin's 185th Birthday"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Borodin%27s+185th+Birthday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Falexander-borodins-185th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDianin1963" class="citation book cs1">Dianin, Sergei (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borodin0000dian"><i>Borodin</i></a></span>. Translated by Robert Lord. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313225291" title="Special:BookSources/9780313225291"><bdi>9780313225291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borodin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780313225291&rft.aulast=Dianin&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborodin0000dian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaes2002" class="citation book cs1">Maes, Francis (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussian0000maes"><i>A History of Russian Music: From </i>Kamarinskaya<i> to </i>Babi Yar<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Pomerans" title="Arnold Pomerans">Pomerans, Arnold J.</a>; Erica Pomerans. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21815-4"><bdi>978-0-520-21815-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Music%3A+From+Kamarinskaya+to+Babi+Yar&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21815-4&rft.aulast=Maes&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrussian0000maes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">A. J. B. Hutchings (1936). "A Study of Borodin: I. The Man". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>. <b>77</b> (1124): <span class="nowrap">881–</span>883. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F920565">10.2307/920565</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/920565">920565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Borodin%3A+I.+The+Man&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1124&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E881-%3C%2Fspan%3E883&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F920565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F920565%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=A.+J.+B.+Hutchings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">George B. Kauffman, Kathryn Bumpass (1988). "An Apparent Conflict between Art and Science: The Case of Aleksandr Porfir'evich Borodin (1833–1887)". <i>Leonardo</i>. <b>21</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1578707">10.2307/1578707</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1578707">1578707</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191376702">191376702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=An+Apparent+Conflict+between+Art+and+Science%3A+The+Case+of+Aleksandr+Porfir%27evich+Borodin+%281833%E2%80%931887%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191376702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1578707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1578707&rft.au=George+B.+Kauffman%2C+Kathryn+Bumpass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">George Sarton (1939). "Borodin (1833–87)". <i><a href="/wiki/Osiris_(journal)" title="Osiris (journal)">Osiris</a></i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">224–</span>260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F368505">10.1086/368505</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/301543">301543</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144423605">144423605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osiris&rft.atitle=Borodin+%281833%E2%80%9387%29&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144423605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F368505&rft.au=George+Sarton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Willem G. Vijvers, <i>Alexander Borodin; Composer, Scientist, Educator</i> (Amsterdam: The American Book Center, 2013). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-812269-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-812269-0-5">978-90-812269-0-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Borodin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alexander_Borodin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alexander_Borodin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Borodin,_Aleksandr" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Borodin, Aleksandr">Free scores by Alexander Borodin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musopen.org/composer/alexander-borodin/">Alexander Borodin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Musopen" title="Musopen">Musopen</a> project</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Borodin, Alexander Porfyrievich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Borodin,_Alexander_Porfyrievich">"Borodin, Alexander Porfyrievich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Borodin%2C+Alexander+Porfyrievich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=266&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Borodin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPgbIK002us"><span class="plainlinks"><i>In the Steppes of Central Asia</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Clad_in_Snow" title="Moscow Clad in Snow">Moscow Clad in Snow</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222105224/http://tikhvinskoe.ru/borodin/">Borodin's tomb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexander_Borodin" title="Template:Alexander Borodin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_Borodin" title="Template talk:Alexander Borodin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_Borodin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander Borodin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexander_Borodin247" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Borodin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Alexander_Borodin" title="List of compositions by Alexander Borodin">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a></i> (1869–1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mlada" title="Mlada">Mlada</a></i> (1872)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Borodin)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Borodin)">Symphony No. 2</a> (1869–1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Steppes_of_Central_Asia" title="In the Steppes of Central Asia">In the Steppes of Central Asia</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Borodin)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Borodin)">String Quartet No. 2 </a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scherzo_in_A-flat_major_(Borodin)" title="Scherzo in A-flat major (Borodin)">Scherzo in A-flat major</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polovtsian_Dances" title="Polovtsian Dances">Polovtsian Dances</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petite_Suite_(Borodin)" title="Petite Suite (Borodin)">Petite Suite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Borodin" title="Mount Borodin">Mount Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldol_reaction" title="Aldol reaction">Aldol reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsdiecker_reaction" title="Hunsdiecker reaction">Hunsdiecker reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Borodin" title="Category:Alexander Borodin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Five33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Five_(composers)" title="Template:The Five (composers)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Five_(composers)" title="Template talk:The Five (composers)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Five_(composers)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Five (composers)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Five33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">César Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_nationalism37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_nationalism" title="Template:Musical nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Gade" title="Niels Gade">Niels Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Estonia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Rudolf Tobias</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Bussine" title="Romain Bussine">Romain Bussine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Zweers" title="Bernard Zweers">Bernard Zweers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Henryk Wieniawski</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Enescu" title="George Enescu">George Enescu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dargomyzhsky" title="Alexander Dargomyzhsky">Alexander Dargomyzhsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_(composers)" title="The Five (composers)">The Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Mily Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">César Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Borodin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Cikker" title="Ján Cikker">Ján Cikker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Moyzes" title="Alexander Moyzes">Alexander Moyzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sucho%C5%88" title="Eugen Suchoň">Eugen Suchoň</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alb%C3%A9niz" title="Isaac Albéniz">Isaac Albéniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Granados" title="Enrique Granados">Enrique Granados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rodrigo" title="Joaquín Rodrigo">Joaquín Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Turina" title="Joaquín Turina">Joaquín Turina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hugo Alfvén">Hugo Alfvén</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Parry" title="Joseph Parry">Joseph Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(composer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (composer)">Alexander Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera" title="Alberto Ginastera">Alberto Ginastera</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mignone" title="Francisco Mignone">Francisco Mignone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Vivier" title="Claude Vivier">Claude Vivier</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ponce" title="Manuel Ponce">Manuel Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Carlos Chávez">Carlos Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvestre_Revueltas" title="Silvestre Revueltas">Silvestre Revueltas</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Parker" title="Horatio Parker">Horatio Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and<br /> musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4432" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4432" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164004#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012126912X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32192773">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61753/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqw4wYpCpV694dTtt6Frq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118661914">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80128710">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13986545k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13986545k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620403">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Borodin, Aleksandr Porfirʹevič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV099518">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35321015">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210127&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1056732">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/142638">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07034597X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90408047">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000035859&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000091518&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000208148">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=219714">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199603024">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp355z9909bfs7w">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810678272105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/42106">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/42107">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258941505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000086700">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513551306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13992885">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06100369?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/560b5e65-8d53-41b4-9913-83368f4721a0">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102921">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118661914">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/910787">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118661914.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118661914">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029897998">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64f1rqf">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30015583">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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