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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rinderpest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rinderpest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Rinderpest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rinderpest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_eradication_underway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_eradication_underway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Global eradication underway </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_eradication_underway-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global eradication underway subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_eradication_underway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poliomyelitis_(polio)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poliomyelitis_(polio)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Poliomyelitis (polio) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poliomyelitis_(polio)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dracunculiasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dracunculiasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Dracunculiasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dracunculiasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yaws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Yaws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Malaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lymphatic_filariasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymphatic_filariasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Lymphatic filariasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymphatic_filariasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_elimination_established_or_underway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_elimination_established_or_underway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Regional elimination established or underway </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_elimination_established_or_underway-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional elimination established or underway subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_elimination_established_or_underway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_worm_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_worm_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Other worm infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_worm_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Soil-transmitted helminthiasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schistosomiasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schistosomiasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Schistosomiasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schistosomiasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hookworm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hookworm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Hookworm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hookworm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Measles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Rubella </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onchocerciasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onchocerciasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Onchocerciasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onchocerciasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prion_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prion_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Prion diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prion_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syphilis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syphilis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Syphilis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syphilis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_trypanosomiasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_trypanosomiasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 African trypanosomiasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_trypanosomiasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Rabies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chagas_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chagas_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Chagas disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chagas_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leprosy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leprosy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Leprosy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leprosy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eradicable_diseases_in_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eradicable_diseases_in_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Eradicable diseases in animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eradicable_diseases_in_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eradication_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eradication_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Eradication difficulties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eradication_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eradication of infectious diseases</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" > 18 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="استئصال الأمراض المعدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استئصال الأمراض المعدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erradicaci%C3%B3_de_malalties_infeccioses" title="Erradicació de malalties infeccioses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erradicació de malalties infeccioses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradikace" title="Eradikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eradikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradikation" title="Eradikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eradikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erradicaci%C3%B3n_de_enfermedades_infecciosas" title="Erradicación de enfermedades infecciosas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erradicación de enfermedades infecciosas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ریشه‌کنی بیماری‌های عفونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریشه‌کنی بیماری‌های عفونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberantasan_penyakit_menular" title="Pemberantasan penyakit menular – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberantasan penyakit menular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ביעור מחלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביעור מחלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D3%A9%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Халдварт өвчнийг устгах нь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Халдварт өвчнийг устгах нь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradykacja" title="Eradykacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eradykacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erradica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_doen%C3%A7as_infecciosas" title="Erradicação de doenças infecciosas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erradicação de doenças infecciosas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eradication of infectious diseases" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izkoreninjenje_nalezljive_bolezni" title="Izkoreninjenje nalezljive bolezni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izkoreninjenje nalezljive bolezni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradikacija_infektivnih_bolesti" title="Eradikacija infektivnih bolesti – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Eradikacija infektivnih bolesti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula%C5%9F%C4%B1c%C4%B1_hastal%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n_yok_edilmesi" title="Bulaşıcı hastalıkların yok edilmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulaşıcı hastalıkların yok edilmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Ерадикація інфекційних хвороб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ерадикація інфекційних хвороб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%B3a_s%E1%BB%95_c%C3%A1c_b%E1%BB%87nh_truy%E1%BB%81n_nhi%E1%BB%85m" title="Xóa sổ các bệnh truyền nhiễm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xóa sổ các bệnh truyền nhiễm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%BB%85%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="消滅傳染病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="消滅傳染病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1347969#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gloucester_smallpox_epidemic%2C_1896%3B_Henry_Wicklin%2C_aged_6_Wellcome_V0031456.jpg/220px-Gloucester_smallpox_epidemic%2C_1896%3B_Henry_Wicklin%2C_aged_6_Wellcome_V0031456.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gloucester_smallpox_epidemic%2C_1896%3B_Henry_Wicklin%2C_aged_6_Wellcome_V0031456.jpg/330px-Gloucester_smallpox_epidemic%2C_1896%3B_Henry_Wicklin%2C_aged_6_Wellcome_V0031456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gloucester_smallpox_epidemic%2C_1896%3B_Henry_Wicklin%2C_aged_6_Wellcome_V0031456.jpg/440px-Gloucester_smallpox_epidemic%2C_1896%3B_Henry_Wicklin%2C_aged_6_Wellcome_V0031456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3050" /></a><figcaption>A child with <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> announced the global eradication of smallpox. It is the only human disease to be eradicated worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm/220px--Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="122" data-durationhint="3724" data-mwtitle="Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="356" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="356" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="356" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="142" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm/Malaria_Eradication-_Back_to_the_Future.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="236" /></video><figcaption>Video recording of a set of presentations given in 2010 about humanity's efforts towards malaria eradication</figcaption></figure> The eradication of infectious diseases is the reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious disease</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">global</a> <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> population to zero.<a href="#cite_note-Dowdle-1">[1]</a> Two infectious diseases have successfully been eradicated: <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>. There are four ongoing programs, targeting the human diseases <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a> (polio), <a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">yaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">dracunculiasis</a> (Guinea worm), and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. Five more infectious diseases have been identified as of April 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit">[update]</a> as potentially eradicable with current technology by the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center_International_Task_Force_for_Disease_Eradication" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication">Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication</a> — <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">lymphatic filariasis</a> (elephantiasis) and <a href="/wiki/Cysticercosis" title="Cysticercosis">cysticercosis</a> (pork tapeworm).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The concept of disease eradication is sometimes confused with disease elimination, which is the reduction of an infectious disease's prevalence in a regional population to zero, or the reduction of the global prevalence to a negligible amount. Further confusion arises from the use of the term 'eradication' to refer to the total removal of a given <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> from an individual (also known as clearance of an <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>), particularly in the context of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> and certain other <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> where such cures are sought. The targeting of infectious diseases for eradication is based on narrow criteria, as both biological and technical features determine whether a pathogenic organism is (at least potentially) eradicable. The targeted pathogen must not have a significant non-human (or non-human-dependent) <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">reservoir</a> (or, in the case of animal diseases, the infection reservoir must be an easily identifiable species, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a>). This requires sufficient understanding of the life cycle and transmission of the pathogen. An efficient and practical intervention (such as a vaccine or antibiotic) must be available to interrupt transmission. Studies of measles in the pre-vaccination era led to the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Critical_community_size" title="Critical community size">critical community size</a>, the minimal size of the population below which a pathogen ceases to circulate.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The use of vaccination programs before the introduction of an eradication campaign can reduce the susceptible population. The disease to be eradicated should be clearly identifiable, and an accurate diagnostic tool should exist. Economic considerations, as well as societal and political support and commitment, are other crucial factors that determine eradication feasibility.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rinaldi-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eradicated_diseases">Eradicated diseases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Eradicated diseases">edit</a>]</div> So far, only two diseases have been successfully eradicated—one specifically affecting <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>) and one affecting cattle (<a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Fenner1988-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smallpox">Smallpox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Smallpox">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smallpox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Smallpox.jpg/220px-Smallpox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Smallpox.jpg/330px-Smallpox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Smallpox.jpg/440px-Smallpox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Boy with smallpox (1969). The last natural smallpox case was of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Maow_Maalin" title="Ali Maow Maalin">Ali Maow Maalin</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, on 26 October 1977.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> Smallpox is the first disease, and so far the only infectious disease of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Fenner1988-6">[6]</a> It became the first disease for which there was an effective <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> in 1798 when <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> showed the protective effect of <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>) of humans with material from <a href="/wiki/Cowpox" title="Cowpox">cowpox</a> lesions.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Smallpox (variola) occurred in two clinical varieties: variola major, with a mortality rate of up to 40 percent, and variola minor, also known as <a href="/wiki/Alastrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Alastrim">alastrim</a>, with a mortality rate of less than one percent. The last naturally occurring case of variola major was diagnosed in October 1975 in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox (variola minor) was diagnosed on 26 October 1977, in <a href="/wiki/Ali_Maow_Maalin" title="Ali Maow Maalin">Ali Maow Maalin</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Merca" title="Merca">Merca</a> District, of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. The source of this case was an outbreak in the nearby district of <a href="/wiki/Kurtunwarey_District" title="Kurtunwarey District">Kurtunwarey</a>. All 211 contacts were traced, revaccinated, and kept under surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Factsheet-11">[11]</a> After two years' detailed analysis of national records, the global eradication of smallpox was certified by an international commission of smallpox clinicians and medical scientists on 9 December 1979, and endorsed by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization on 8 May 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Fenner1988-6">[6]</a> However, there is an <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_virus_retention_debate" title="Smallpox virus retention debate">ongoing debate</a> regarding the continued storage of the smallpox virus by labs in the US and Russia, as any accidental or deliberate release could create a new epidemic in people born since the late 1980s due to the cessation of vaccinations against the smallpox virus.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rinderpest">Rinderpest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rinderpest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">Rinderpest</a></div> During the twentieth century, there were a series of campaigns to eradicate <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a>, a viral disease that infected cattle and other ruminants and belonged to the same family as <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, primarily through the use of a live attenuated vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The final, successful campaign was led by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. On 14 October 2010, with no diagnoses for nine years, the FAO announced that the disease had been completely eradicated,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-7">[7]</a> making this the first (and so far the only) disease of livestock to have been eradicated by human undertakings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_eradication_underway">Global eradication underway</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Global eradication underway">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poliomyelitis_(polio)">Poliomyelitis (polio)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poliomyelitis (polio)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polio_eradication" title="Polio eradication">Polio eradication</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px"> <caption>International wild poliovirus cases by year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Estimated<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a></th> <th>Recorded </th></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td>—</td> <td>49,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>400,000</td> <td>52,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td>—</td> <td>38,637 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td>350,000</td> <td>35,251 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>—</td> <td>23,484 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td>100,000</td> <td>10,487 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>—</td> <td>7,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>—</td> <td>2,971 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>—</td> <td>1,998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>—</td> <td>1,352 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>—</td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>—</td> <td>222 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>—</td> <td>385 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>—</td> <td>359 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>—</td> <td>74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>—</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>—</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>—</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>—</td> <td>176 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>—</td> <td>140 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>—</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>—</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>—</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">References:<a href="#cite_note-Watch-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rotary-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-casecount-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-GWP-Jan2022-23">[22]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> A dramatic reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a> in industrialized countries followed the development of a vaccine in the 1950s. In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> became the first country certified to have eliminated polio.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_polio_eradication-24">[23]</a> In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), <a href="/wiki/Rotary_International" title="Rotary International">Rotary International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Children's Fund">United Nations Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF), and the United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) passed the <a href="/wiki/Global_Polio_Eradication_Initiative" title="Global Polio Eradication Initiative">Global Polio Eradication Initiative</a>. Its goal was to eradicate polio by the year 2000. The updated strategic plan for 2004–2008 expects to achieve global eradication by interrupting poliovirus transmission, using the strategies of routine <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunization</a>, supplementary immunization campaigns, and surveillance of possible outbreaks. The WHO estimates that global savings from eradication, due to forgone treatment and disability costs, could exceed one billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollars</a> per year.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The following world regions have been declared polio-free: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (1994)<a href="#cite_note-WHO_polio_eradication-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEARO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEARO">Western Pacific</a> region, including <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (2000)<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (2002)<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> region (2014), including <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-eradication-29">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></li></ul> The lowest annual wild polio prevalence seen so far was in 2017, with only 22 reported cases, although there were more total reported cases (including circulated vaccine-derived cases) than in 2016, mainly due to reporting of circulated vaccine-derived cases in Syria, where it likely had already been circulating,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> but gone unreported, presumably due to the civil war. Only two or three countries remain in which poliovirus transmission may never have been interrupted: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and maybe <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> (There have been no cases caused by wild strains of poliovirus in Nigeria since August 2016,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> though cVDPV2 was detected in environmental samples in 2017.)<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Nigeria was removed from the WHO list of polio-endemic countries in September 2015 but added back in 2016, and India was removed in 2014<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> after no new cases were reported for one year.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> On 20 September 2015, the World Health Organization announced that wild poliovirus type 2 had been eradicated worldwide, as it has not been seen since 1999. On 24 October 2019, the World Health Organization announced that wild poliovirus type 3 had also been eradicated worldwide. This leaves only wild poliovirus type 1 and vaccine-derived polio circulating in a few isolated pockets, with all wild polio cases after August 2016 in Afghanistan and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dracunculiasis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_dracunculiasis" title="Eradication of dracunculiasis">Eradication of dracunculiasis</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px"> <caption>International Guinea worm cases by year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Reported cases</th> <th>Countries </th></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td>892,055</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>129,852</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>75,223</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>10,674</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>1,797</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>1,060</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>542</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>148</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>126</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>22</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>25</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>30</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>28</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>54</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>27</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>15</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">References:<a href="#cite_note-WHO_drac_table-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_WER_86_10-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wrap-up_209-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-carter2012-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter_Center-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a>, also called Guinea worm disease, is a painful and disabling parasitic disease caused by the nematode <a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a>. It is spread through consumption of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> infested with <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> hosting Dracunculus larvae. The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a> has led the effort to eradicate the disease, along with the CDC, the WHO, UNICEF, and the <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike diseases such as smallpox and polio, there is no vaccine or <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a> therapy for guinea worm.<a href="#cite_note-Eradicate_Dracunculus-45">[44]</a> Eradication efforts have been based on making drinking water supplies safer (e.g. by provision of borehole wells, or through treating the water with larvicide), on containment of infection and on education for safe drinking water practices. These strategies have produced many successes: two decades of eradication efforts have reduced Guinea worm's global <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> dramatically from over 100,000 in 1995 to less than 100 cases since 2015. While success has been slower than was hoped (the original goal for eradication was 1995), the WHO has certified 180 countries free of the disease, and in 2020 six countries—<a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>—reported cases of guinea worm. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit">[update]</a>, the WHO predicted it would be "a few years yet" before eradication is achieved, on the basis that it took 6–12 years for the countries that have so far eliminated guinea worm transmission to do so after reporting a similar number of cases to that reported by Sudan in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_WER_85-19-46">[45]</a> Nonetheless, the last 1% of the effort may be the hardest,<a href="#cite_note-cartercenter.org-47">[46]</a> with cases not substantially decreasing from 2015 (22) to 2020 (24). As a result of missing the 2020 target, the WHO has revised its target for eradication to 2030.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The worm is now understood to be able to infect <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">domestic cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baboons" class="mw-redirect" title="Baboons">baboons</a> as well as humans, providing a natural reservoir for the pathogen and thus complicating eradication efforts.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In response, the eradication effort is now also targeting animals (especially wild dogs) for treatment and isolation since animal infections far outnumber human infections now (in 2020 Chad reported 1570 animal infections and 12 human infections).<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yaws">Yaws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yaws">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anbumani_Ramadoss_and_the_Minister_of_State_for_Health_%26_Family_Welfare,_Smt._Panabaka_Lakshmi_releasing_the_document_%E2%80%9CYaws_elimination_in_India_%E2%80%93_a_step_towards_eradication%E2%80%9D,_in_New_Delhi_on_September_19,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Anbumani_Ramadoss_and_the_Minister_of_State_for_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_Smt._Panabaka_Lakshmi_releasing_the_document_%E2%80%9CYaws_elimination_in_India_%E2%80%93_a_step_towards_eradication%E2%80%9D%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_September_19%2C_2006.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Anbumani_Ramadoss_and_the_Minister_of_State_for_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_Smt._Panabaka_Lakshmi_releasing_the_document_%E2%80%9CYaws_elimination_in_India_%E2%80%93_a_step_towards_eradication%E2%80%9D%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_September_19%2C_2006.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Anbumani_Ramadoss_and_the_Minister_of_State_for_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_Smt._Panabaka_Lakshmi_releasing_the_document_%E2%80%9CYaws_elimination_in_India_%E2%80%93_a_step_towards_eradication%E2%80%9D%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_September_19%2C_2006.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>"Yaws elimination in India – a step towards eradication"</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">Yaws</a> is a rarely fatal but highly disfiguring disease caused by the spiral-shaped bacterium (<a href="/wiki/Spirochete" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochete">spirochete</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treponema_pallidum_pertenue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treponema pallidum pertenue (page does not exist)">Treponema pallidum pertenue</a>, a close relative of the <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum, spread through skin to skin contact with infectious lesions. The global prevalence of this disease and the other endemic treponematoses, <a href="/wiki/Nonvenereal_endemic_syphilis" title="Nonvenereal endemic syphilis">bejel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinta_(disease)" title="Pinta (disease)">pinta</a>, was reduced by the Global Control of Treponematoses programme between 1952 and 1964 from about 50 million cases to about 2.5 million (a 95% reduction). However, following the cessation of this program these diseases remained at a low prevalence in parts of Asia, Africa and the Americas with sporadic outbreaks. In 2012, the WHO targeted the disease for eradication by 2020, a goal that was missed.<a href="#cite_note-Maurice2012-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rinaldi2012-52">[51]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 15 countries known to be endemic for yaws, with the recent discovery of endemic transmission in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-who_yaws-53">[52]</a> In 2020, 82,564 cases of yaws were reported to the WHO and 153 cases were confirmed. The majority of the cases are reported from <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and with over 80% of all cases coming from one of three countries in the 2010-2013 period: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-who_yaws-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> A WHO meeting report in 2018 estimated the total cost of elimination to be US$175 million (excluding Indonesia).<a href="#cite_note-who2018_yaws_meeting-55">[54]</a> In the South-East Asian Regional Office of the WHO, the eradication efforts are focused on the remaining endemic countries in this region (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> after <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was declared free of yaws in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-who2018_yaws_meeting-55">[54]</a> The discovery that oral antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">azithromycin</a> can be used instead of the previous standard, injected <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>, was tested on <a href="/wiki/Lihir_Island" title="Lihir Island">Lihir Island</a> from 2013 to 2014;<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> a single oral dose of the macrolide antibiotic reduced disease prevalence from 2.4% to 0.3% at 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The WHO now recommends both treatment courses (oral azithromycin and injected penicillin), with oral azithromycin being the preferred treatment.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaria">Malaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Malaria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Malaria#Eradication_efforts" title="Malaria">Malaria § Eradication efforts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L0074987_Malaria_eradication_-_the_world_united_against_malaria_(20675407876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1962 Pakistani postage stamp promoting malaria eradication program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/L0074987_Malaria_eradication_-_the_world_united_against_malaria_%2820675407876%29.jpg/220px-L0074987_Malaria_eradication_-_the_world_united_against_malaria_%2820675407876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/L0074987_Malaria_eradication_-_the_world_united_against_malaria_%2820675407876%29.jpg/330px-L0074987_Malaria_eradication_-_the_world_united_against_malaria_%2820675407876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/L0074987_Malaria_eradication_-_the_world_united_against_malaria_%2820675407876%29.jpg/440px-L0074987_Malaria_eradication_-_the_world_united_against_malaria_%2820675407876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>From 1962</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> has been eliminated from most of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The WHO defines "elimination" (or "malaria free") as having no domestic transmission (indigenous cases) for the past three years. They also define "pre-elimination" and "elimination" stages when a country has fewer than 5 or 1, respectively, cases per 1000 people at risk per year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1955, WHO launched the Global Malaria Eradication Program. Support waned, and the program was suspended in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Since 2000, support for eradication has increased, although some actors in the global health community (including voices within the WHO) thought that eradication as goal was premature and that setting strict deadlines for eradication may be counterproductive as they are likely to be missed.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> According to the WHO's World Malaria Report 2015, the global mortality rate for malaria fell by 60% between 2000 and 2015. The WHO targeted a further 90% reduction between 2015 and 2030,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> with a 40% reduction and eradication in 10 countries by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> However, the 2020 goal was missed with a slight increase in cases compared to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-2020_malaria_report-67">[66]</a> While 31 out of 92 endemic countries were estimated to be on track with the WHO goals for 2020, 15 countries reported an increase of 40% or more between 2015 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-2020_malaria_report-67">[66]</a> Between 2000 and 30 June 2021, twelve countries were certified by the WHO as being malaria-free. Argentina and Algeria were declared free of malaria in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-2020_malaria_report-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> El Salvador and China were declared malaria free in the first half of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMR_2011-70">[69]</a> Regional disparities were evident: <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> was on track to meet WHO's 2020 goals, while Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean and West Pacific regions were off-track.<a href="#cite_note-2020_malaria_report-67">[66]</a> The six <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion</a> countries aim for elimination of <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">P. falciparum</a> transmitted malaria by 2025 and elimination of all malaria by 2030, having achieved a 97% and 90% reduction of cases respectively since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-2020_malaria_report-67">[66]</a> Ahead of <a href="/wiki/World_Malaria_Day" title="World Malaria Day">World Malaria Day</a>, 25 April 2021, WHO named 25 countries in which it is working to eliminate malaria by 2025 as part of its E-2025 initiative.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> A major challenge to malaria elimination is the persistence of malaria in border regions, making international cooperation crucial.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lymphatic_filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lymphatic filariasis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_lymphatic_filariasis" title="Eradication of lymphatic filariasis">Eradication of lymphatic filariasis</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a> is an infection of the lymph system by mosquito-borne microfilarial worms which can cause <a href="/wiki/Elephantiasis_tropica" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantiasis tropica">elephantiasis</a>. Studies have demonstrated that transmission of the infection can be broken when a single dose of combined oral medicines is consistently maintained annually for approximately seven years.<a href="#cite_note-LFTreat-73">[72]</a> The strategy for eliminating transmission of lymphatic filariasis is mass distribution of medicines that kill the <a href="/wiki/Microfilariae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilariae">microfilariae</a> and stop transmission of the parasite by mosquitoes in endemic communities.<a href="#cite_note-LFTreat-73">[72]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albendazole" title="Albendazole">albendazole</a> is being used with <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a> to treat the disease, whereas elsewhere in the world albendazole is used with <a href="/wiki/Diethylcarbamazine" title="Diethylcarbamazine">diethylcarbamazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Using a combination of treatments better reduces the number of microfilariae in blood.<a href="#cite_note-LFTreat-73">[72]</a> Avoiding mosquito bites, such as by using <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>-treated mosquito <a href="/wiki/Bed_nets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bed nets">bed nets</a>, also reduces the transmission of lymphatic filariasis.<a href="#cite_note-LFTreat-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2-75">[74]</a> In the Americas, 95% of the burden of lymphatic filariasis is on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> (comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic). An elimination effort to address this is currently under way alongside the malaria effort described above; both countries intend to eliminate the disease by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> As of October 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit">[update]</a>, the efforts of the Global Programme to Eliminate LF are estimated to have already prevented 6.6 million new filariasis cases from developing in children, and to have stopped the progression of the disease in another 9.5 million people who have already contracted it. Overall, of 83 endemic countries, mass treatment has been rolled out in 48, and elimination of transmission reportedly achieved in 21.<a href="#cite_note-Elimination-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_elimination_established_or_underway">Regional elimination established or underway</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regional elimination established or underway">edit</a>]</div> Some diseases have already been eliminated from large regions of the world, and/or are currently being targeted for regional elimination. This is sometimes described as "eradication", although technically the term only applies when this is achieved on a global scale.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Even after regional elimination is successful, interventions often need to continue to prevent a disease becoming re-established. Three of the diseases here listed (lymphatic filariasis, measles, and rubella) are among the diseases believed to be potentially eradicable by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication, and if successful, regional elimination programs may yet prove a stepping stone to later global eradication programs. This section does not cover elimination where it is used to mean control programs sufficiently tight to reduce the burden of an infectious disease or other health problem to a level where they may be deemed to have little impact on <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>, neonatal <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_fistula" title="Obstetric fistula">obstetric fistula</a> campaigns.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_worm_infections">Other worm infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other worm infections">edit</a>]</div> Other than Dracunculiasis and lymphatic filariasis, there is no global commitment to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">helminthiasis</a> (worm infections); however, the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration_on_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases" title="London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases">London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases</a> and the WHO aim to control worm infections, including <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis" title="Soil-transmitted helminthiasis">soil-transmitted helminthiasis</a> (which are caused by roundworms, whipworms and hookworms). It is estimated that between 576 and 740 million individuals are infected with hookworm.<a href="#cite_note-Fen2012-79">[78]</a> Of these infected individuals, about 80 million are severely affected.<a href="#cite_note-Gasser,_Cantacessi_2009-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis">Soil-transmitted helminthiasis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soil-transmitted helminthiasis">edit</a>]</div> The current WHO goals are to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) by 2020 to a point where it does not pose a serious public health problem any more in children and 75% of children have received deworming interventions. By 2018, an average of 60% of school children were reached, however only 16 countries reached more than 75% coverage of pre-school children and 28 countries reached over 75% coverage of school-age children.<a href="#cite_note-Montresor2020-81">[80]</a> In 2018, the number of countries with endemic STH was estimated to be 96 (down from 112 in 2010).<a href="#cite_note-Montresor2020-81">[80]</a> Sizeable donations of a total of 3.3 billion deworming tablets by <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a> since 2010 to the WHO allowed progress on its goals.<a href="#cite_note-Montresor2020-81">[80]</a> In 2019, the WHO targets were updated to eliminate morbidity of STH by 2030, with less than 2% of all children being infected by that date in all 98 currently endemic countries.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Schistosomiasis">edit</a>]</div> The WHO set a goal to control morbidity of <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a> by 2020 and eliminate the public health problems associated with it by 2025 (bringing infections down to less than 1% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The effort is assisted by the <a href="/wiki/SCI_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="SCI Foundation">Schistosomiasis Control Initiative</a>. In 2018, a total of 63% of all school age children were treated.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hookworm">Hookworm</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hookworm">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/North_American" class="mw-redirect" title="North American">North American</a> countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, elimination of <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a> had been attained due to scientific advances. Despite the United States declaring that it had eliminated hookworm decades ago, a 2017 study showed it was present in <a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Alabama" title="Lowndes County, Alabama">Lowndes County, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>'s hookworm campaign in the 1920s was supposed to focus on the eradication of hookworm infections for those living in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and other rural areas. However, the campaign was politically influenced, causing it to be less successful, and regions such as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> still deal with these infections from <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic worms">parasitic worms</a>. This use of health campaigns by political leaders for political and economic advantages has been termed the science-politics paradox.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measles">Measles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Measles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measles_vaccination_worldwide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Measles_vaccination_worldwide.png/220px-Measles_vaccination_worldwide.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Measles_vaccination_worldwide.png/330px-Measles_vaccination_worldwide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Measles_vaccination_worldwide.png/440px-Measles_vaccination_worldwide.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Immunization coverage with measles-containing vaccines in infants, in 2007</figcaption></figure> As of 2018, all six WHO regions have goals to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-urlWHO/Europe2019-87">[86]</a> and at the 63rd <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Assembly" title="World Health Assembly">World Health Assembly</a> in May 2010, delegates agreed to move towards eventual eradication, although no specific global target date has yet been agreed.<a href="#cite_note-WHA63_11_15-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO63_daily_notes_4-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">The Americas</a> set a goal in 1994 to eliminate measles and rubella transmission by 2000, and successfully achieved to reduce cases from over 250,000 in 1990 to only 105 cases in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> However, while eradication in the Americas was certified in 2015, the certification was lost in 2018 due to endemic measles transmission in Venezuela and subsequent spread to Brazil and Colombia;<a href="#cite_note-mr_sage2019-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-elim2016-94">[93]</a> while additional limited outbreaks have occurred elsewhere as well.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_2019_measles-95">[94]</a> Europe had set a goal to eliminate measles transmission by 2010, which was missed due to the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="MMR vaccine controversy">MMR vaccine controversy</a> and by low uptake in certain groups,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] and despite achieving low levels by 2008, European countries have since experienced a small resurgence in cases.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Eastern Mediterranean also had goals to eliminate measles by 2010 (later revised to 2015), the Western Pacific aims to eliminate the disease by 2012, and in 2009 the regional committee for Africa agreed a goal of measles elimination by 2020. In 2019, the WHO South-East Asian region has set a target to eliminate measles by 2023.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> As of September 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 82 countries were certified to have eliminated endemic measle transmission.<a href="#cite_note-mr_sage2019-92">[91]</a> In 2005, a global target was agreed for a 90% reduction in measles deaths by 2010 from the 757,000 deaths in 2000 (later updated to 95% by 2015).<a href="#cite_note-WHA63_11_15-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO63_daily_notes_4-89">[88]</a> Estimates in 2008 showed a 78% decline to 164,000 deaths,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> further declining to 145,700 in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> however, progress has since stalled since and both the 2010 and 2015 target were missed: in 2018, still over 140,000 deaths were reported.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> As of 2018, global vaccination efforts have reached 86% coverage of the first dose of the measles vaccine and 68% coverage of the second dose.<a href="#cite_note-urlWHO/Europe2019-87">[86]</a> The WHO region of the Americas declared on 27 September 2016 it had eliminated measles.<a href="#cite_note-elim2016-94">[93]</a> The last confirmed endemic case of measles in the Americas was in Brazil in July 2015.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> May 2017 saw a return of measles to the US after an outbreak in Minnesota among unvaccinated children.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Another outbreak occurred in the state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York</a> between 2018 and 2019, causing over 200 confirmed measles cases in mostly <a href="/wiki/Ultra-Orthodox_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-Orthodox Jewish">ultra-Orthodox Jewish</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_2019_measles-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Subsequent outbreaks occurred in New Jersey and Washington state with over 30 cases reported in the Pacific Northwest.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The WHO European region missed its elimination target of 2010 as well as the new target of 2015 despite overall coverage of 90% of the first dose of the measles vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-urlWHO/Europe2019-87">[86]</a> In 2018, 84,000 cases were reported in the European region (an increase from 25,000 in 2017); with the majority of cases originating from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urlWHO/Europe2019-87">[86]</a> By the end of 2021, WHO's European <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization#Regional_offices" title="World Health Organization">regional office</a> considered the endemic measles eliminated in 33 out of 53 member states, with the transmission interrupted in one more and re-established in five others.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubella">Rubella</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rubella">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">Rubella</a></div> Four out of six WHO regions have goals to eliminate rubella, with the WHO recommending using existing measles programmes for vaccination with combined vaccines such as the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a>. The number of reported cases dropped from 670,000 in the year 2000 to below 15,000 in 2018, and the global coverage of rubella vaccination was estimated at 69% in 2018 by the WHO.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[105]</a> The WHO region of the Americas declared on 29 April 2015 it had eliminated rubella and congenital rubella syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_americas-107">[106]</a> The last confirmed endemic case of rubella in the Americas was in Argentina in February 2009.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_americas-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-RubellaWatch1-108">[107]</a> Australia achieved eradication in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> As of September 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit">[update]</a>, 82 countries were certified to have eliminated rubella.<a href="#cite_note-mr_sage2019-92">[91]</a> The WHO European region missed its elimination target of 2010 as well as the new target of 2015 due to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undervaccination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undervaccination (page does not exist)">undervaccination</a> in Central and Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlWHO/Europe2019-87">[86]</a> As of 2018, 39 countries out of 53 European countries have eliminated endemic Rubella and three additional ones that have interrupted transmission; a total of 850 confirmed rubella cases were reported in the European region in 2018 with 438 of these in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-urlWHO/Europe2019-87">[86]</a> European countries with endemic Rubella in 2018 were: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urlWHO/Europe2019-87">[86]</a> The disease remains problematic in other regions as well; the WHO regions of Africa and South-East Asia have the highest rates of congenital rubella syndrome<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[105]</a> and a 2013 outbreak of rubella in Japan resulted in 15,000 cases.<a href="#cite_note-nyt_americas-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Onchocerciasis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a> (river blindness) is the world's second leading cause of infectious <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>. It is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to people via the bite of a <a href="/wiki/Black_fly" title="Black fly">black fly</a>. The current WHO goal is to increase the number of countries free of transmission from 4 (in 2020) to 12 in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Elimination of this disease is under way in the region of the Americas, where this disease was endemic to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. The principal tool being used is mass <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a> treatment. If successful, the only remaining endemic locations would be in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_WER_83(29)-112">[111]</a> In Africa, it is estimated that greater than 102 million people in 19 countries are at high risk of onchocerciasis infection, and in 2008, 56.7 million people in 15 of these countries received community-directed treatment with ivermectin. Since adopting such treatment measures in 1997, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control reports a reduction in the prevalence of onchocerciasis in the countries under its mandate from a pre-intervention level of 46.5% in 1995 to 28.5% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_WER_85(04)-113">[112]</a> Some African countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> are also attempting elimination and successful elimination was reported in 2009 from two endemic foci in Mali and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> On 29 July 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Health_Organization" title="Pan American Health Organization">Pan American Health Organization</a> (PAHO) announced that after 16 years of efforts, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> had become the first country in the world to eliminate the parasitic disease onchocerciasis.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> It has also been eliminated in Ecuador (2014), Mexico (2015), and Guatemala (2016).<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The only remaining countries in America in which the disease is endemic are <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prion_diseases">Prion diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prion diseases">edit</a>]</div> Following an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> in the UK in the 1990s, there have been campaigns to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a> in cattle across the European Union and beyond which have achieved large reductions in the number of cattle with this disease.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease have also fallen since then, from an annual peak of 29 cases in 2000 to five in 2008 and none in 2012. Two cases were reported in both 2013 and 2014: two in France; one in the United Kingdom and one in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Following the ongoing eradication effort, only seven cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy were reported worldwide in 2013: three in the United Kingdom, two in France, one in Ireland and one in Poland. This is the lowest number of cases since at least 1988.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In 2015, there were at least six reported cases (three of the atypical H-type[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]).<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Four cases were reported globally in 2017, and the condition is considered to be nearly eradicated.<a href="#cite_note-Cas2018-125">[124]</a> With the cessation of cannibalism among the <a href="/wiki/Fore_people" title="Fore people">Fore people</a>, the last known victims of <a href="/wiki/Kuru_(disease)" title="Kuru (disease)">kuru</a> died in 2005 or 2009, but the disease has a very long incubation period.<a href="#cite_note-historyof-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-esquire.com-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lifeof-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collinge_2068–2074-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syphilis">Syphilis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Syphilis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_syphilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of syphilis">Eradication of syphilis</a></div> In 2007, the WHO launched a roadmap for the elimination of congenital syphilis (mother to child transmission).<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> became the first country in the world to eliminate mother-to-child <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHOCUba2015-131">[130]</a> In 2017 the WHO declared that <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> and four <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>—<a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>—have been certified that they have ended transmission of mother-to-child <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> also achieved certification.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Nevertheless, eradication of syphilis by all transmission methods remains unresolved and many questions about the eradication effort remain to be answered.<a href="#cite_note-Eradicate_congenital_syphilis-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_trypanosomiasis">African trypanosomiasis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: African trypanosomiasis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African trypanosomiasis</a></div> Early planning by the WHO for the eradication of <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African trypanosomiasis</a>, also known as sleeping sickness, is underway as the rate of reported cases continues to decline and passive treatment is continued. The WHO aims to eliminate transmission of the <a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei_gambiense" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypanosoma brucei gambiense">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</a> parasite by 2030, though it acknowledges that this goal "leaves no room for complacency."<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The eradication and control efforts have been progressing well, with the number of reported cases dropping below 10,000 in 2009 for the first time; with only 992 cases reported in 2019 and 565 cases in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-who_HAT-136">[135]</a> The vast majority of the 565 cases in 2020 (over 60%) were recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-who_HAT-136">[135]</a> However, some researchers have argued that total elimination may not be achievable due to human asymptomatic carriers of T. b. gambiense and non-tsetse modes of transmission.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC)<a href="#cite_note-Eradicate_zoonotic_diseases-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eradicate_human_malaria-139">[138]</a> works to eradicate the <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vector</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a>) population levels and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Protozoan_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoan disease">protozoan disease</a>, by use of insecticide-impregnated targets, fly traps, insecticide-treated cattle, ultra-low dose aerial/ground spraying (SAT) of tsetse resting sites and the <a href="/wiki/Sterile_insect_technique" title="Sterile insect technique">sterile insect technique</a> (SIT).<a href="#cite_note-Schofield2008-140">[139]</a> The use of SIT in Zanzibar proved effective in eliminating the entire population of tsetse flies but was expensive and is relatively impractical to use in many of the endemic countries afflicted with African trypanosomiasis.<a href="#cite_note-Brun2010-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabies">Rabies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rabies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_rabies" title="Prevalence of rabies">Prevalence of rabies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg/220px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg/330px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg/440px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Rabies-free countries and territories as of 2018</figcaption></figure> Because the <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> virus is almost always caught from animals, rabies eradication has focused on reducing the population of wild and stray animals, <a href="/wiki/Pet_passport" title="Pet passport">controls</a> and compulsory <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> on animals entering the country, and vaccination of pets and wild animals. Many <a href="/wiki/Island_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Island nations">island nations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, managed to eliminate rabies during the twentieth century,<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> and more recently much of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> has been declared rabies-free.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chagas_disease">Chagas disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chagas disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></div> Chagas disease is caused by <a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_cruzi" title="Trypanosoma cruzi">Trypanosoma cruzi</a> and is mostly spread by <a href="/wiki/Triatominae" title="Triatominae">Triatominae</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to 21 countries in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. There are over 30,000 new cases per year and 12,000 deaths due to the disease.<a href="#cite_note-chagas_paho-144">[143]</a> Eradication efforts focus on the elimination of vector-borne transmission and the elimination of the vectors themselves.<a href="#cite_note-chagas_paho-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leprosy">Leprosy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Leprosy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_leprosy" title="Epidemiology of leprosy">Epidemiology of leprosy</a></div> Since the introduction of multi-drug therapy in 1981, the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> has been reduced by over 95%.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2017-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-zero_leprosy-146">[145]</a> The success of the treatment has prompted the WHO in 1991 to set a target of less than one case per 10,000 people (eliminate the disease as a public health risk) which was achieved in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2017-145">[144]</a> The elimination of transmission of leprosy is part of the WHO "Towards zero leprosy" strategy to be implemented until 2030. <a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> It aims to reduce transmission to zero in 120 countries and reduce the number of new cases to about 60,000 per year (from ca. 200,000 cases in 2019).<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> These goals are supported by the Global Partnership for Zero Leprosy (GPZL) and the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration_on_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases" title="London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases">London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zero_leprosy-146">[145]</a> However, a lack of understanding of the disease and its transmission, and the long incubation period of the <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_leprae" title="Mycobacterium leprae">M. leprae</a> pathogen have so far prevented the formulation of a full-scale eradication strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2017-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eradicable_diseases_in_animals">Eradicable diseases in animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eradicable diseases in animals">edit</a>]</div> Following <a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">rinderpest</a>, many experts believe that <a href="/wiki/Ovine_rinderpest" title="Ovine rinderpest">ovine rinderpest</a>, or peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is the next disease amenable to global eradication.<a href="#cite_note-Scale_up_global_collaboration_to_eradicate_deadly_animal_diseases-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rinaldi2013-150">[149]</a> PPR is a highly contagious viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by fever, painful sores in the mouth, tongue and feet, diarrhea, pneumonia and death, especially in young animals.<a href="#cite_note-Rinaldi2013-150">[149]</a> It is caused by a virus of the genus <a href="/wiki/Morbillivirus" title="Morbillivirus">Morbillivirus</a> that is related to rinderpest, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rinaldi2013-150">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Organisation_for_Animal_Health" title="World Organisation for Animal Health">World Organisation for Animal Health</a> (WOAH) prioritises <a href="/wiki/African_swine_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="African swine fever">African swine fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bovine_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine tuberculosis">bovine tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foot_and_mouth_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot and mouth disease">foot and mouth disease</a>, and PPR.<a href="#cite_note-Global_strategies_for_the_control_and/or_eradication_of_animal_diseases-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eradication_difficulties">Eradication difficulties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eradication difficulties">edit</a>]</div> Public upheaval by means of war, famine, political means, and infrastructure destruction can disrupt or eliminate eradication efforts altogether.<a href="#cite_note-HoustonChronicle2017-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_for_Neglected_Diseases_Initiative" title="Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative">Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kigali_Declaration_on_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases" title="Kigali Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases">Kigali Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases_eliminated_from_the_United_States" title="List of diseases eliminated from the United States">List of diseases eliminated from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected tropical diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned extinction">Planned extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculosis elimination">Tuberculosis elimination</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Due to the large increase in the number of vaccinators and field workers since 1998, the number of estimated cases is thought to be reasonably close to the actual reported number of cases in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-Aylward_2005-13">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dowdle-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Dowdle_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=Tackling+animal+diseases+to+protect+human+health%3A+As+veterinary+science+celebrates+cattle+plague+eradication%2C+the+inextricable+link+between+human%2C+animal+and+ecosystem+health+is+increasingly+appreciated&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-35&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3537153%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23229587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fembor.2012.201&rft.aulast=Rinaldi&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3537153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEradication+of+infectious+diseases" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_strategies_for_the_control_and/or_eradication_of_animal_diseases-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Global_strategies_for_the_control_and/or_eradication_of_animal_diseases_151-0">^</a> <link 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href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/Curing-social-ills-first-step-to-cure-Zika-11051871.php">"Why is it so hard to eradicate infectious diseases?"</a>. Gray Matters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gray+Matters&rft.atitle=Why+is+it+so+hard+to+eradicate+infectious+diseases%3F&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Hotez&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Flocal%2Fgray-matters%2Farticle%2FCuring-social-ills-first-step-to-cure-Zika-11051871.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEradication+of+infectious+diseases" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldHornFairlambFerguson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Field MC, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MA, Gray DW, Read KD, De Rycker M, Torrie LS, Wyatt PG, Wyllie S, Gilbert IH (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5582623">"Anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery: an ongoing challenge and a continuing need"</a>. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 15 (4): 217–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2016.193">10.1038/nrmicro.2016.193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5582623">5582623</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28239154">28239154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Anti-trypanosomatid+drug+discovery%3A+an+ongoing+challenge+and+a+continuing+need&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=217-231&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5582623%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28239154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2016.193&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft.au=Horn%2C+David&rft.au=Fairlamb%2C+Alan+H.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Michael+A.+J.&rft.au=Gray%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Read%2C+Kevin+D.&rft.au=De+Rycker%2C+Manu&rft.au=Torrie%2C+Leah+S.&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+Paul+G.&rft.au=Wyllie%2C+Susan&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Ian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5582623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEradication+of+infectious+diseases" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldHornFairlambFerguson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Field MC, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MA, Gray DW, Read KD, De Rycker M, Torrie LS, Wyatt PG, Wyllie S, Gilbert IH (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2017.69">"Erratum: Anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery: an ongoing challenge and a continuing need"</a>. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 15 (7): 447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2017.69">10.1038/nrmicro.2017.69</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28579611">28579611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Erratum%3A+Anti-trypanosomatid+drug+discovery%3A+an+ongoing+challenge+and+a+continuing+need&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=447&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2017.69&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28579611&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft.au=Horn%2C+David&rft.au=Fairlamb%2C+Alan+H.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Michael+A.+J.&rft.au=Gray%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Read%2C+Kevin+D.&rft.au=De+Rycker%2C+Manu&rft.au=Torrie%2C+Leah+S.&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+Paul+G.&rft.au=Wyllie%2C+Susan&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Ian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnrmicro.2017.69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEradication+of+infectious+diseases" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldHornFairlambFerguson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Field MC, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MA, Gray DW, Read KD, De Rycker M, Torrie LS, Wyatt PG, Wyllie S, Gilbert IH (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-018-0085-1">"Author Correction: Anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery: an ongoing challenge and a continuing need"</a>. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 16 (11): 714. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-018-0085-1">10.1038/s41579-018-0085-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30206344">30206344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Author+Correction%3A+Anti-trypanosomatid+drug+discovery%3A+an+ongoing+challenge+and+a+continuing+need&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=714&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41579-018-0085-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30206344&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft.au=Horn%2C+David&rft.au=Fairlamb%2C+Alan+H.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Michael+A.+J.&rft.au=Gray%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Read%2C+Kevin+D.&rft.au=De+Rycker%2C+Manu&rft.au=Torrie%2C+Leah+S.&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+Paul+G.&rft.au=Wyllie%2C+Susan&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Ian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41579-018-0085-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEradication+of+infectious+diseases" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&action=edit&section=30" 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title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_smallpox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of smallpox">Eradication of smallpox</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway (global)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_dracunculiasis" title="Eradication of dracunculiasis">Eradication of dracunculiasis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Polio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polio_eradication" title="Polio eradication">Polio eradication</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of malaria">Eradication of malaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">Yaws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_yaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of yaws">Eradication of yaws</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway (regional)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_infection#Eradication_programmes" title="Hookworm infection">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_filariasis#Epidemiology" title="Lymphatic filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_measles" title="Epidemiology of measles">epidemiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella#Epidemiology" title="Rubella">Rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma#Epidemiology" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis#Epidemiology" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_syphilis" title="Epidemiology of syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_rabies" title="Prevalence of rabies">Rabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eradication of agricultural diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Successful</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rinderpest" title="Rinderpest">Rinderpest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_rinderpest" class="mw-redirect" title="Eradication of rinderpest">Eradication of rinderpest</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Underway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovine_rinderpest" title="Ovine rinderpest">Ovine rinderpest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy#Epidemiology" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eradication programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Declaration_on_Neglected_Tropical_Diseases" title="London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases">London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Polio_Eradication_Initiative" title="Global Polio Eradication Initiative">Global Polio Eradication Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Certification_Commission" title="Global Certification Commission">Global Certification Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_Eradication_Scientific_Alliance" title="Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance">Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases_eliminated_from_the_United_States" title="List of diseases eliminated from the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program" title="Boll Weevil Eradication Program">Boll Weevil Eradication Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Malaria_Eradication_Program" title="National Malaria Eradication Program">National Malaria Eradication Program</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_National_PolioPlus" title="India National PolioPlus">India National PolioPlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_Polio" title="Pulse Polio">Pulse Polio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_in_Pakistan" title="Polio in Pakistan">Polio in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Every_Last_Child" title="Every Last Child">Every Last Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Inch" title="The Final Inch">The Final Inch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious disease">Mathematical modelling of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Transmission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)#horizontal" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">vertical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculosis elimination">Tuberculosis elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Concepts_in_infectious_disease_(Outline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Template:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Template talk:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Concepts_in_infectious_disease_(Outline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts in <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious disease</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_infectious_disease_concepts" title="Outline of infectious disease concepts">Outline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Determinants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">Agent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm#Infectious_diseases" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectivity" title="Infectivity">Infectivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_infective_dose" title="Minimal infective dose">Infectious dose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenicity">Pathogenicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_rate" title="Attack rate">Attack rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">Virulence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">Endotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">Exotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">Case fatality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">factors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">Drug resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidrug-resistant_bacteria" title="Multidrug-resistant bacteria">Multidrug-resistant bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_tropism" title="Host tropism">Host tropism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn#Complications" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">Comorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot_infection" title="Diabetic foot infection">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host%E2%80%93pathogen_interaction" title="Host–pathogen interaction">Host–pathogen interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">Immune response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_symbiosis_and_immunity" title="Microbial symbiosis and immunity">Microbiome health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_infection" title="Risk of infection">Risk of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptible_individual" title="Susceptible individual">Susceptible individual</a> <ul><li>Age</li> <li>Gender</li> <li>Nutrition status</li> <li>Vaccination status</li> <li>Genetic predisposition</li> <li>Behavioral/lifestyle factors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco#infection" title="Health effects of tobacco">Smoking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pregnancy</li> <li>Stress levels</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">Access to water, sanitation and hygiene</a></li> <li>Air quality</li> <li>Biodiversity loss</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Climate change</a></li> <li>Climate zones <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o#Health_and_social_impacts" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease#Relation_of_climate_to_tropical_diseases" title="Tropical disease">Tropical diseases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation#Health_effects" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_ecology" title="Disease ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity#Human_health" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Injection drug use</a></li> <li>Natural disaster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood#Health_effects" title="Flood">Flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis#Farming,_ranching_and_animal_husbandry" title="Zoonosis">Poultry and livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization#Infections" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_epidemiology" title="Conflict epidemiology">War and conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Basic_concepts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection#Pathophysiology" title="Infection">Chain of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">Fomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">Incubation period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_case" title="Index case">Index case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_period" title="Infectious period">Infectious period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_period_(epidemiology)" title="Latent period (epidemiology)">Latent period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">Natural reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclinical_infection" title="Subclinical infection">Silent/Subclinical infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superinfection" title="Superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-spreader" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-spreader">Super-spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_load" title="Viral load">Viral load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_period" title="Window period">Window period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Endogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Endogenous overgrowth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome#Disease_and_death" title="Human microbiome">Normal flora overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_latency" title="Virus latency">Endogenous reactivation</a></li> <li>Microbial translocation</li> <li>Endogenous seeding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a> formation</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Exogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cross-species_transmission" title="Cross-species transmission">Cross-species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_infection" title="Spillover infection">Spillover infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_zoonosis" title="Reverse zoonosis">Reverse zoonosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human-to-human_transmission" title="Human-to-human transmission">Human-to-human</a> /Cross-infection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">Contagious disease</a></li> <li>Source <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Nosocomial/Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">Iatrogenic/Medical care</a></li></ul></li> <li>Generational difference <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertical/Congenital</a> <ul><li>Prenatal</li> <li>Perinatal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)#Horizontal_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Horizontal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_infection" title="Breakthrough infection">Breakthrough infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Environment- to-human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapronosis" title="Sapronosis">Sapronosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Routes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Respiratory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne disease">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">Bioaerosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol-generating_procedure" title="Aerosol-generating procedure">Aerosol-generating procedure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_aerosol" title="Dental aerosol">Dental aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplet#Role_in_disease_transmission" title="Respiratory droplet">Respiratory droplet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Linked to Vascular system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_disease" title="Blood-borne disease">Blood-borne disease</a></li> <li>Percutaneous inoculation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)#Infection" title="Injection (medicine)">Injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy#Infection_and_inflammation" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous line</a></li> <li>Insect bite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite#Infection" title="Animal bite">Animal bite</a></li></ul></li> <li>Surgical intervention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postoperative_wounds#Infection" title="Postoperative wounds">Postoperative wound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_site_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical site infection">Surgical site infection</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vector-borne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Gastrointestinal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">Contamination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_contraindications" title="Breastfeeding contraindications">Breastmilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Feces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Cutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn#Complications" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">Fomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis" title="Soil-transmitted helminthiasis">Soil</a></li> <li>Open <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Genitourinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Trans-placental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Prenatal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Cervico-vaginal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Perinatal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious disease">Modelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Bacteria_aggregation_leading_to_biofilm_formation" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_disease_model" title="Animal disease model">Animal disease model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_rate" title="Attack rate">Attack rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">Basic reproduction number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartmental_models_in_epidemiology" title="Compartmental models in epidemiology">Compartmental models in epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_community_size" title="Critical community size">Critical community size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_of_infection" title="Force of infection">Force of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">Herd immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_rate" title="Infection rate">Infection rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_of_infection" title="Multiplicity of infection">Multiplicity of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_interval" title="Serial interval">Serial interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAIFW_matrix" title="WAIFW matrix">WAIFW matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Occurrence in population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_cluster" title="Disease cluster">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_curve" title="Epidemic curve">Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farr%27s_laws" title="Farr's laws">Farr's laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoendemic" title="Holoendemic">Holoendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperendemic" title="Hyperendemic">Hyperendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">Incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_disease" title="Inequality in disease">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoendemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoendemic">Mesoendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">Outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">Prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic#Seasonality" title="Epidemic">Seasonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_epidemiology" title="Spatial epidemiology">Geographic distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporadic_disease" title="Sporadic disease">Sporadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndemic" title="Syndemic">Syndemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twindemic" title="Twindemic">Twindemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Respiratory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">Chest/Lower respiratory tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal infection">Gastrointestinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_infectious_diseases" title="Intestinal infectious diseases">Intestinal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Genitourinary</li> <li>Nervous system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">Skin</a></li> <li>Soft tissue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone infection">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint infection">Joint</a></li> <li>Cardiovascular</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_disease" title="Systemic disease">Systemic/Generalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontogenic_infection" title="Odontogenic infection">Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_infection" title="Mouth infection">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-amniotic_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-amniotic infection">Fetus</a></li> <li>Eye</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">Prevention and Control measures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Pharmaceutical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_prophylaxis" title="Antibiotic prophylaxis">prophylactic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">Antifungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascaricide" title="Ascaricide">Ascaricide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_stewardship" title="Antimicrobial stewardship">Antimicrobial stewardship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">Antiseptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">Asepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Drug safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy" title="Monoclonal antibody therapy">Monoclonal antibody therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phage_therapy" title="Phage therapy">Phage therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">Pre-exposure prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">Post-exposure prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_repositioning" title="Drug repositioning">Repurposed drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_efficacy" title="Vaccine efficacy">efficacy/effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_dose" title="Booster dose">booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_resistance" title="Vaccine resistance">resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine-preventable_disease" title="Vaccine-preventable disease">Vaccine-preventable disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_vaccination" title="Ring vaccination">Ring vaccination</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Non-pharmaceutical_intervention_(epidemiology)" title="Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology)">Non- pharmaceutical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">Contact tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(medicine)" title="Cordon sanitaire (medicine)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">Disinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">Gloves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(health_care)" title="Isolation (health care)">Isolation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_nursing" title="Barrier nursing">Barrier nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_order" title="Stay-at-home order">Lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_sequestration" title="Protective sequestration">Protective sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a> services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreak_response" title="Outbreak response">Outbreak response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Respiratory source control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N95_respirator" title="N95 respirator">N95 respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">Surgical mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">PPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">Screening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">Sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission-based_precautions" title="Transmission-based precautions">Transmission-based precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_ban" title="Travel ban">Travel restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li> <li>Zoning</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease" title="Emerging infectious disease">Emerging infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_drift" title="Antigenic drift">Antigenic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_shift" title="Antigenic shift">Antigenic shift</a></li> <li>Antimicrobial resistance surveillance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EARS-Net" title="EARS-Net">EARS-Net</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_X" title="Disease X">Disease X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_virus" title="Emergent virus">Emergent virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epidemiology" title="Evolutionary epidemiology">Evolutionary epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_epidemiology" title="Genetic epidemiology">Genetic epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Health_Initiatives" title="Global Health Initiatives">Global Health Initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_phylogenetics" title="Microbial phylogenetics">Microbial phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Health_Model" title="One Health Model">One Health Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reassortment" title="Reassortment">Genomic reassortment</a></li> <li>Re-emerging disease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_zoonosis" title="Reverse zoonosis">Reverse zoonosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure#Antibiotic_resistance" title="Evolutionary pressure">Selection pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phylodynamics" title="Viral phylodynamics">Viral phylodynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_disease-causing_pathogens" title="Discovery of disease-causing pathogens">Discovery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eradication</a></li> <li>Economics of Infectious Diseases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease (medical specialty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_informatics" title="Disease informatics">Infectious disease informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Microbial bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_prevention" title="Pandemic prevention">Pandemic prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaccines" title="Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaccines" title="Template talk:Vaccines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" title="Artificial induction of immunity">Artificial induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a>#</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a>#</li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a>#</li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/ researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&oldid=1249140050">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eradication_of_infectious_diseases&oldid=1249140050</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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