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href="#Subcutaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Subcutaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcutaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intradermal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intradermal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Intradermal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intradermal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intraosseous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intraosseous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Intraosseous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intraosseous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Localized</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-acting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-acting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Long-acting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-acting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Depot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Implant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disposal_of_used_needles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposal_of_used_needles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Disposal of used needles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposal_of_used_needles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aspiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants_and_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants_and_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Plants and animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants_and_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Injection (medicine)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%86_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="حقن (طب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقن (طب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="সূচিপ্রয়োগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সূচিপ্রয়োগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B9-si%C4%81" title="Chù-siā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chù-siā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injecci%C3%B3_(medicina)" title="Injecció (medicina) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Injecció (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injekce_(medic%C3%ADna)" title="Injekce (medicína) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Injekce (medicína)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektion" title="Injektion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Injektion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektion" title="Injektion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Injektion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ένεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyecci%C3%B3n_(medicina)" title="Inyección (medicina) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inyección (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injekto" title="Injekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Injekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82_(%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="تزریق (پزشکی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تزریق (پزشکی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_(m%C3%A9decine)" title="Injection (médecine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Injection (médecine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instealladh" title="Instealladh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Instealladh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%82%AC_(%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99)" title="주사 (의학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주사 (의학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allura" title="Allura – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Allura" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ներարկում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներարկում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सूई लगाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूई लगाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injeksi" title="Injeksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Injeksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniezione_(medicina)" title="Iniezione (medicina) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iniezione (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="זריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81" title="ಚುಚ್ಚುಮದ್ದು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚುಚ್ಚುಮದ್ದು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иньекция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иньекция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniectio_(medicina)" title="Iniectio (medicina) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iniectio (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injekcija" title="Injekcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Injekcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injekci%C3%B3" title="Injekció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Injekció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suntikan_(perubatan)" title="Suntikan (perubatan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suntikan (perubatan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injectie_(geneeskunde)" title="Injectie (geneeskunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Injectie (geneeskunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="注射 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="注射" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injeksjon" title="Injeksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Injeksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%CA%BCyeksiya" title="Inʼyeksiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inʼyeksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="پيچکاري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پيچکاري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastrzyk" title="Zastrzyk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zastrzyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inje%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(medicina)" title="Injeção (medicina) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Injeção (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injec%C8%9Bie_(medicin%C4%83)" title="Injecție (medicină) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Injecție (medicină)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_hirinka" title="Akwa hirinka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Akwa hirinka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инъекция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инъекция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injeksioni_(ila%C3%A7)" title="Injeksioni (ilaç) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Injeksioni (ilaç)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection" title="Injection – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Injection" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injekcija_(medicina)" title="Injekcija (medicina) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Injekcija (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Инјекција (медицина) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инјекција (медицина)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektio_(l%C3%A4%C3%A4ketiede)" title="Injektio (lääketiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Injektio (lääketiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injektion_(medicin)" title="Injektion (medicin) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Injektion (medicin)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇంజెక్షన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంజెక్షన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjeksiyon" title="Enjeksiyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enjeksiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the medical procedure. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Injection_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Injection (disambiguation)">Injection</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing-syringes-with-needle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Drawing-syringes-with-needle.jpg/220px-Drawing-syringes-with-needle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Drawing-syringes-with-needle.jpg/330px-Drawing-syringes-with-needle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Drawing-syringes-with-needle.jpg/440px-Drawing-syringes-with-needle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>A syringe being prepared for injection of medication</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>injection</b> (often and usually referred to as a "<b>shot</b>" in <a href="/wiki/US_English" class="mw-redirect" title="US English">US English</a>, a "<b>jab</b>" in <a href="/wiki/UK_English" class="mw-redirect" title="UK English">UK English</a>, or a "<b>jag</b>" in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Language">Scots</a>) is the act of administering a liquid, especially a <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a>, into a person's body using a needle (usually a <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">hypodermic needle</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An injection is considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral administration">parenteral</a> drug administration; it does not involve absorption in the digestive tract. This allows the medication to be absorbed more rapidly and avoid the <a href="/wiki/First_pass_effect" title="First pass effect">first pass effect</a>. There are many types of injection, which are generally named after the body tissue the injection is administered into. This includes common injections such as <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> injections, as well as less common injections such as <a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">epidural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">intraperitoneal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraosseous injection">intraosseous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">intracardiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intraarticular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraarticular injection">intraarticular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">intracavernous</a> injections. </p><p>Injections are among the most common health care procedures, with at least 16 billion administered in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transitional countries</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-safety_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safety-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 95% are used in curative care or as treatment for a condition, 3% are to provide <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunizations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccinations</a>, and the rest are used for other purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-safety_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safety-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>injection</i> is sometimes used synonymously with <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a>, but injection does not only refer to the act of inoculation. Injections generally administer a medication as a <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(medicine)" title="Bolus (medicine)">bolus</a> (or one-time) dose, but can also be used for continuous drug administration.<sup id="cite_ref-St_CharlesLynch2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St_CharlesLynch2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After injection, a medication may be designed to be released slowly, called a <a href="/wiki/Depot_injection" title="Depot injection">depot injection</a>, which can produce long-lasting effects. </p><p>An injection necessarily causes a small <a href="/wiki/Puncture_wound" class="mw-redirect" title="Puncture wound">puncture wound</a> to the body, and thus may cause localized pain or infection. The occurrence of these side effects varies based on injection location, the substance injected, needle gauge, procedure, and individual sensitivity. Rarely, more serious side effects including gangrene, <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, and nerve damage may occur. <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_needles" title="Fear of needles">Fear of needles</a>, also called needle phobia, is also common and may result in anxiety and <a href="/wiki/Reflex_syncope" title="Reflex syncope">fainting</a> before, during, or after an injection. To prevent the localized pain that occurs with injections the injection site may be numbed or cooled before injection and the person receiving the injection may be distracted by a conversation or similar means. To reduce the risk of infection from injections, proper <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseptic technique">aseptic technique</a> should be followed to clean the injection site before administration. If needles or syringes are reused between people, or if an accidental needlestick occurs, there is a risk of transmission of <a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_disease" title="Blood-borne disease">bloodborne diseases</a> such as HIV and hepatitis. </p><p>Unsafe injection practices contribute to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_disease" title="Blood-borne disease">bloodborne diseases</a>, especially in less-developed countries. To combat this, safety syringes exist which contain features to prevent accidental needlestick injury and reuse of the syringe after it is used once. Furthermore, recreational drug users who use injections to administer the drugs commonly share or reuse needles after an injection. This has led to the development of needle exchange programs and safe injection sites as a <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> measure, which may provide new, sterile syringes and needles to discourage the reuse of syringes and needles. Used needles should ideally be placed in a purpose-made <a href="/wiki/Sharps_container" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharps container">sharps container</a> which is safe and resistant to puncture. Some locations provide free disposal programs for such containers for their citizens. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Needle-insertion-angles-1_(edited).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Needle-insertion-angles-1_%28edited%29.png/220px-Needle-insertion-angles-1_%28edited%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Needle-insertion-angles-1_%28edited%29.png/330px-Needle-insertion-angles-1_%28edited%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Needle-insertion-angles-1_%28edited%29.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Needle insertion angles for 4 types of injection: <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous injection">intravenous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">intradermal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Injections are classified in multiple ways, including the type of tissue being injected into, the location in the body the injection is designed to produce effects, and the duration of the effects. Regardless of classification, injections require a puncture to be made, thus requiring <a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">sterile</a> environments and procedures to minimize the risk of introducing pathogens into the body. All injections are considered forms of parenteral administration, which avoids the <a href="/wiki/First_pass_effect" title="First pass effect">first pass metabolism</a> which would potentially affect a medication absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic">Systemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Systemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many injections are designed to administer a medication which has an effect throughout the body. Systemic injections may be used when a person cannot take medicine by mouth, or when the medication itself would not be absorbed into circulation from the gastrointestinal tract. Medications administered via a systemic injection will enter into blood circulation, either directly or indirectly, and thus will have an effect on the entire body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intravenous">Intravenous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intravenous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a></div> <p>Intravenous injections, abbreviated as IV, involve inserting a needle into a <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">vein</a>, allowing a substance to be delivered directly into the bloodstream.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An intravenous injection provides the quickest onset of the desired effects because the substance immediately enters the blood, and is quickly circulated to the rest of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the substance is administered directly into the bloodstream, there is no delay in the onset of effects due to the absorption of the substance into the bloodstream. This type of injection is the most common and is used frequently for administration of medications in an inpatient setting. </p><p>Another use for intravenous injections includes for the administration of nutrition to people who cannot get nutrition through the digestive tract. This is termed <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">parenteral nutrition</a> and may provide all or only part of a person's nutritional requirements. Parenteral nutrition may be pre-mixed or customized for a person's specific needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intravenous injections may also be used for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drugs</a> when a rapid onset of effects is desired.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intramuscular">Intramuscular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intramuscular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular injection</a></div> <p>Intramuscular injections, abbreviated as IM, deliver a substance deep into a <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, where they are quickly absorbed by the blood vessels into systemic circulation. Common injection sites include the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">vastus lateralis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ventrogluteal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventrogluteal">ventrogluteal</a> muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical professionals are trained to give IM injections, but people who are not medical professionals can also be trained to administer medications like epinephrine using an <a href="/wiki/Autoinjector" title="Autoinjector">autoinjector</a> in an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some depot injections are also administered intramuscularly, including <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to medications, most inactivated vaccines, including the <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">influenza</a> vaccine, are given as an IM injection.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subcutaneous">Subcutaneous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subcutaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous injection</a></div> <p>Subcutaneous injections, abbreviated as SC or sub-Q, consist of injecting a substance via a needle under the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-mlp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absorption of the medicine from this tissue is slower than in an intramuscular injection. Since the needle does not need to penetrate to the level of the muscle, a thinner and shorter needle can be used. Subcutaneous injections may be administered in the fatty tissue behind the upper arm, in the abdomen, or in the thigh. Certain medications, including epinephrine, may be used either intramuscularly or subcutaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, are almost exclusively injected subcutaneously. Live or attenuated vaccines, including the <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR vaccine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a>), <a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">varicella vaccine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">chickenpox</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">zoster vaccine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a>) are also injected subcutaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intradermal">Intradermal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intradermal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal injection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantoux_tuberculin_skin_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mantoux_tuberculin_skin_test.jpg/220px-Mantoux_tuberculin_skin_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mantoux_tuberculin_skin_test.jpg/330px-Mantoux_tuberculin_skin_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mantoux_tuberculin_skin_test.jpg/440px-Mantoux_tuberculin_skin_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tuberculin" title="Tuberculin">tuberculin</a> sensitivity test being administered <a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">intradermally</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Intradermal injections, abbreviated as ID, consist of a substance delivered into the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, the layer of skin above the subcutaneous fat layer, but below the epidermis or top layer. An intradermal injection is administered with the needle placed almost flat against the skin, at a 5 to 15 degree angle.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absorption from an intradermal injection takes longer than when the injection is given intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. For this reason, few medications are administered intradermally. Intradermal injections are most commonly used for sensitivity tests, including <a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">tuberculin skin tests</a> and allergy tests, as well as sensitivity tests to medications a person has never had before. The reactions caused by tests which use intradermal injection are more easily seen due to the location of the injection, and when positive will present as a red or swollen area. Common sites of intradermal injections include the forearm and lower back.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intraosseous">Intraosseous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Intraosseous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous infusion</a></div> <p>An intraosseous injection or infusion is the act of administering medication through a needle inserted into the bone marrow of a large bone. This method of administration is only used when it is not possible to maintain access through a less invasive method such as an intravenous line, either due to frequent loss of access due to a collapsed vessel, or due to the difficulty of finding a suitable vein to use in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-osseous_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osseous-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intraosseous access is commonly obtained by inserting a needle into the bone marrow of the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>, and is generally only considered once multiple attempts at intravenous access have failed, as it is a more invasive method of administration than an IV.<sup id="cite_ref-osseous_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osseous-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of occasional differences in the accuracy of blood tests when drawn from an intraosseous line, it is considered to be equivalent in efficacy to IV access. It is most commonly used in emergency situations where there is not ample time to repeatedly attempt to obtain IV access, or in younger people for whom obtaining IV access is more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-osseous_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osseous-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localized">Localized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Localized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Injections may be performed into specific parts of the body when the medication's effects are desired to be limited to a specific location, or where systemic administration would produce undesirable side effects which may be avoided by a more directed injection. </p><p>Injections to the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis" title="Corpus cavernosum penis">corpus cavernosum</a> of the penis, termed <a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">intracavernous injections</a>, may be used to treat conditions which are localized to the penis. They can be self-administered for erectile dysfunction prior to intercourse or used in a healthcare setting for emergency treatment for a <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">prolonged erection</a> with an injection to either remove blood from the penis or to administer a <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic">sympathomimetic</a> medication to reduce the erection.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intracavernosal injections of <a href="/wiki/Alprostadil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alprostadil">alprostadil</a> may be used by people for whom other treatments such as <a href="/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor" title="PDE5 inhibitor">PDE5 inhibitors</a> are ineffective or contraindicated. Other medications may also be administered in this way, including <a href="/wiki/Papaverine" title="Papaverine">papaverine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">phentolamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviptadil" title="Aviptadil">aviptadil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uro2019_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uro2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common adverse effects of intercavernosal injections include fibrosis and pain, as well as hematomas or bruising around the injection site.<sup id="cite_ref-Uro2019_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uro2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medications may also be administered by injecting them directly into the <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitreous humor">vitreous humor</a> of the eye. This is termed an <a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">intravitreal injection</a>, and may be used to treat endophthalmitis (an infection of the inner eye), <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macular_edema" title="Macular edema">macular edema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Opht2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opht2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An intravitreal injection is performed by injecting a medication through the pupil into the vitreous humor core of the eye after applying a local anesthetic drop to numb the eye and a <a href="/wiki/Mydriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mydriatic">mydriatic</a> drop to dilate the pupil. They are commonly used in lieu of systemic administration to both increase the concentrations present in the eye, as well as avoid systemic side effects of medications.<sup id="cite_ref-Opht2011_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opht2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an effect is only required in one joint, a <a href="/wiki/Joint_injection" title="Joint injection">joint injection</a> (or intra-articular injection) may be administered into the articular space surrounding the joint. These injections can range from a one-time dose of a steroid to help with pain and inflammation to complete replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Synovial_fluid" title="Synovial fluid">synovial fluid</a> with a compound such as <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid" title="Hyaluronic acid">hyaluronic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-joint1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joint1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The injection of a steroid into a joint is used to reduce inflammation associated with conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>, and the effects may last for up to 6 months following a single injection.<sup id="cite_ref-joint1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joint1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyaluronic acid injection is used to supplement the body's natural synovial fluid and decrease the friction and stiffness of the joint.<sup id="cite_ref-joint1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joint1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administering a joint injection<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generally involves the use of an <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> or other live imaging technique to ensure the injection is administered in the desired location, as well as to reduce the risk of damaging surrounding tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-acting">Long-acting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Long-acting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations of medications are not intended to have a rapid effect, but instead release a medication at a predictable rate continuously over a period of time. Both depot injections and solid injectable implants are used to increase <a href="/wiki/Adherence_(medicine)" title="Adherence (medicine)">adherence</a> to therapy by reducing the frequency at which a person must take a medication.<sup id="cite_ref-LAI_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Depot">Depot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depot_injection" title="Depot injection">Depot injection</a></div> <p>A depot injection is an injection, usually <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">intradermal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a>, that deposits a drug in a localized mass, called a depot, from which it is gradually absorbed by surrounding tissue. Such injection allows the active compound to be released in a consistent way over a long period.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depot injections are usually either oil-based or an aqueous suspension. Depot injections may be available as certain salt forms of a drug, such as <a href="/wiki/Decanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Decanoic acid">decanoate</a> salts or esters. Examples of depot injections include <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol#Intramuscular_injections" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol decanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implant">Implant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Implant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Implant_(medicine)" title="Implant (medicine)">Implant (medicine)</a></div> <p>Injections may also be used to insert a solid or semi-solid into the body which releases a medication slowly over time. These implants are generally designed to be temporary, replaceable, and ultimately removed at the end of their use or when replaced. There are multiple <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">contraceptive implants</a> marketed for different active ingredients, as well as differing duration of action - most of these are injected under the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-contracomp_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contracomp-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A form of <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a> for the treatment of opioid dependence is also available as an injectable implant.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various materials can be used to manufacture implants including biodegradable polymers, osmotic release systems, and small spheres which dissolve in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-LAI_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4, 185, 335">: 4, 185, 335 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain">Pain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The act of piercing the skin with a needle, while necessary for an injection, also may cause localized pain. The most common technique to reduce the pain of an injection is simply to distract the person receiving the injection. Pain may be dampened by prior application of ice or topical anesthetic, or <a href="/wiki/Pinch_(action)" title="Pinch (action)">pinching</a> of the skin while giving the injection. Some studies also suggest that forced coughing during an injection stimulates a transient rise in blood pressure which inhibits the perception of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Usichenko_2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usichenko_2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some injections, especially deeper injections, a local anesthetic is given.<sup id="cite_ref-Usichenko_2004_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usichenko_2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When giving an injection to young children or infants, they may be distracted by giving them a small amount of sweet liquid, such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> solution,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or be comforted by breastfeeding<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the injection, which reduces crying. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection">Infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>needle tract infection</b>, also called a <b>needlestick infection</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> that occurs when <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> are inadvertently introduced into the tissues of the body during an injection. Contamination of the needle used for injection, or reuse of needles for injections in multiple people, can lead to transmission of hepatitis B and C, HIV, and other bloodstream infections.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injection drug users have high rates of unsafe needle use including sharing needles between people.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C from injection drug use is a common health problem,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular contributing to over half of new HIV cases in North America in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other infections may occur when pathogens enter the body through the injection site, most commonly due to improper cleaning of the site before injection. Infections occurring in this way are mainly localized infections, including <a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">skin infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_and_skin_structure_infection" title="Skin and skin structure infection">skin structure infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An intravenous injection may also result in a bloodstream infection (termed <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>) if the injection site is not cleaned properly prior to insertion. Sepsis is a life-threatening condition which requires immediate treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippincott_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippincott-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 358, 373">: 358, 373 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Injections into the skin and soft tissue generally do not cause any permanent damage, and the puncture heals within a few days. However, in some cases, injections can cause long-term adverse effects. Intravenous and intramuscular injections may cause damage to a nerve, leading to <a href="/wiki/Palsy" title="Palsy">palsy</a> or paralysis. Intramuscular injections may cause fibrosis or <a href="/wiki/Contracture" title="Contracture">contracture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injections also cause localized bleeding, which may lead to a hematoma. Intravenous injections may also cause <a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">phlebitis</a>, especially when multiple injections are given in a vein over a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(medical)" title="Infiltration (medical)">Infiltration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extravasation" title="Extravasation">extravasation</a> may also occur when a medication intended to be injected into a vein is inadvertently injected into surrounding tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who are afraid of needles may also experience <a href="/wiki/Reflex_syncope" title="Reflex syncope">fainting</a> at the sight of a needle, or before or after an injection.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proper needle use is important to perform injections safely,<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes the use of a new, sterile needle for each injection. This is partly because needles get duller with each use and partly because reusing needles increases risk of infection. Needles should not be shared between people, as this increases risk of transmitting <a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_disease" title="Blood-borne disease">blood-borne</a> pathogens. The practice of using the same needle for multiple people increases the risk of disease transmission between people sharing the same medication.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it is not recommended to reuse a used needle to pierce a medication bag, bottle, or ampule designed to provide multiple doses of a medication, instead a new needle should be used each time the container must be pierced. Aseptic technique should always be practiced when administering injections. This includes the use of barriers including gloves, gowns, and masks for health care providers. It also requires the use of a new, sterile needle, syringe and other equipment for each injection, as well as proper training to avoid touching non-sterile surfaces with sterile items.<sup id="cite_ref-mlp_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To help prevent accidental needlestick injury to the person administering the injection, and prevent reuse of the syringe for another injection, a <a href="/wiki/Safety_syringe" title="Safety syringe">safety syringe</a> and needle may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOss_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOss-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most basic reuse prevention device is an "auto-disable" plunger, which once pressed past a certain point will no longer retract. Another common safety feature is an auto-retractable needle, where the needle is spring-loaded and either retracts into the syringe after injection, or into a plastic sheath on the side of the syringe. Other safety syringes have an attached sheath which may be moved to cover the end of the needle after the injection is given.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOss_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOss-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends the use of single-use syringes with both reuse prevention devices and a needlestick injury prevention mechanism for all injections to prevent accidental injury and disease transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOss_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOss-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Novel injection techniques include drug diffusion within the skin using needle-free micro-jet injection (NFI) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disposal_of_used_needles">Disposal of used needles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disposal of used needles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used needles should be disposed of in specifically designed <a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">sharps containers</a> to reduce the risk of accidental needle sticks and exposure to other people.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a new sharps container should be begun once it is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> full. A sharps container which is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> filled should be sealed properly to prevent re-opening or accidental opening during transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharps_Containers_at_Home_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharps_Containers_at_Home-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some locations offer publicly accessible "sharps take-back" programs where a sharps container may be dropped off to a public location for safe disposal at no fee to the person. In addition, some pharmaceutical and independent companies provide mail-back sharps programs, sometimes for an additional fee.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharps_Containers_at_Home_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharps_Containers_at_Home-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, there are 39 states that offer programs to provide needle or syringe exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-nursing.usc.edu_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nursing.usc.edu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over half of non-<a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized countries</a> report open burning of disposed or used syringes. This practice is considered unsafe by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-safety_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safety-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspiration">Aspiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aspiration is the technique of pulling back on the plunger of a syringe prior to the actual injection. If blood flows into the syringe it signals that a blood vessel has been hit.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the prevalence of unsafe injection practices, especially among injection drug users, many locations have begun offering <a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">supervised injection sites</a> and needle exchange programs, which may be offered separately or colocated. These programs may provide new sterile needles upon request to mitigate infection risk, and some also provide access to on-site clinicians and emergency medical care if it becomes required. In the event of an overdose, a site may also provide medications such as naloxone, used as an antidote in opioid overdose situations, or other antidotes or emergency care. Safe injection site have been associated with lower rates of death from overdose, less ambulance calls, and lower rates of new HIV infections from unsafe needle practices.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024, at least ten countries currently offer safe injection sites, including Australia, Canada, the United States, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Switzerland. In total, there are at least 120 sites operating.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants_and_animals">Plants and animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Plants and animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many species of animals use injections for self-defence or catching prey. This includes <a href="/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous snakes</a> which inject venom when they <a href="/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">bite</a> into the skin with their fangs. Common substances present in snake venom include <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxins</a>, toxic proteins, and cytotoxic enzymes. Different species of snakes inject different formulations of <a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">venom</a>, which may cause severe pain and necrosis before progressing into <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a> and potentially death.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Weever" title="Weever">weever</a> is a type of fish which has venomous spines covering its fins and gills and injects a venom consisting of proteins which cause a severe local reaction which is not life-threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sting_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Sting ray">Sting rays</a> use their spinal blade to inject a protein-based venom which causes localized cell death but is not generally life-threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some types of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> also utilize injection for various purposes. <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">Bees</a> use a stinger located in their hind region to inject a venom consisting of proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">melittin</a>, which causes a localized painful and itching reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">Leeches</a> can inject an <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> peptide called <a href="/wiki/Hirudin" title="Hirudin">hirudin</a> after attaching to prevent blood from clotting during feeding. This property of leeches has been used historically as a natural form of anticoagulation therapy, as well as for the use of <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> as a treatment for various ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a> inject forms of <a href="/wiki/Ant_venom" title="Ant venom">venom</a> which include compounds which produce minor pain such as the <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a>, which is injected by members of the <a href="/wiki/Formicinae" title="Formicinae">Formicinae</a> subfamily.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species of ants, including <i><a href="/wiki/Dinoponera" title="Dinoponera">Dinoponera</a></i> species, inject protein-based venom which causes severe pain but is still not life-threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bullet ant (<i><a href="/wiki/Paraponera_clavata" title="Paraponera clavata">Paraponera clavata</a></i>) injects a venom which contains a neurotoxin named <a href="/wiki/Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">poneratoxin</a> which causes extreme pain, fever, and cold sweats, and may cause arrhythmias.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants may use a form of injection which is passive, where the injectee pushes themselves against the stationary needle. The <a href="/wiki/Stinging_nettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinging nettle">stinging nettle</a> plant has many <a href="/wiki/Trichomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichomes">trichomes</a>, or stinging hairs, over its leaves and stems which are used to inject a mix of irritating chemicals which includes <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>. This sting produces a form of <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> which is characterized by a stinging, burning, and itching sensation in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrocnide" title="Dendrocnide">Dendrocnide</a></i> species, also called stinging trees, use their trichomes to inject a mix of neurotoxic peptides which causes a reaction similar to the stinging nettle, but also may result in recurring flares for a much longer period after the injection.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some plants have <a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">thorns, spines, and prickles</a>, these generally are not used for injection of any substance, but instead it is the act of piercing the skin which causes them to be a deterrent.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dart_injection" title="Dart injection">Dart injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_port" title="Injection port">Injection port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlestick_injury" title="Needlestick injury">Needlestick injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_remover" title="Needle remover">Needle remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_syringe" title="Safety syringe">Safety syringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_needles" title="Fear of needles">Trypanophobia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injection_(medicine)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/90px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/120px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">Elixir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">Effervescent powder or tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softgel" title="Softgel">Softgel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">Orally disintegrating tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop#Medicinal_use" title="Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Sublingual drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">Lozenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> tablet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li>Spray</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry-powder_inhaler" title="Dry-powder inhaler">Dry-powder inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">Heated humidified high-flow therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">Metered-dose inhaler</a> (MDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_drug_administration" title="Ophthalmic drug administration">Ophthalmic</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">otic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/45px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/60px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_drop" title="Ear drop">Ear drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">Eye drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Mucoadhesive microdisc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Douche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (IUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Intravesical infusion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">Rectal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/45px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/60px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">Suppository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">Enema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">Nutrient enema</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/60px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/80px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">Topical cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical gel">Topical gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">Liniment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> solution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">Iontophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">Liposomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfersome" title="Transfersome">Transfersome vesicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">Lip balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Medicated shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">Transdermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_spray" title="Transdermal spray">Transdermal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenterals</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Injections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusions</a></li></ul></div><br /><small><i>(into tissue/blood)</i></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injector_pen" title="Injector pen">Injector pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_implant" title="Transdermal implant">Transdermal implant</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/60px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/90px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/120px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy#Major_organ_systems" title="Human anatomy">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">Intravitreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular injection">Intra-articular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracerebral_injection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracerebral injection (page does not exist)">Intracerebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">Intrathecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">Intracardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocell" title="Nanocell">Nanocell injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled analgesia">Patient-controlled analgesia</a> pump</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_line" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC line">PIC line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245359#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245359#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245359#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027017-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Injections"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85066433">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573945">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Injekcijas"><a rel="nofollow" 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