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class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Congo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Congo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Congo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congo_Free_State_(1885–1908)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_Free_State_(1885–1908)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Congo Free State (1885–1908)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_Free_State_(1885–1908)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lado_Enclave_(1884–1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lado_Enclave_(1884–1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lado Enclave (1884–1910)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lado_Enclave_(1884–1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgian_Congo_(1908–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Congo_(1908–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Belgian Congo (1908–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Congo_(1908–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruanda-Urundi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruanda-Urundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ruanda-Urundi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruanda-Urundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_possessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_possessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Minor possessions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Minor_possessions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Minor possessions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Minor_possessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Santo_Tomás,_Guatemala_(1843–1854)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Santo_Tomás,_Guatemala_(1843–1854)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Santo Tomás, Guatemala (1843–1854)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Santo_Tomás,_Guatemala_(1843–1854)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tianjin_Concession_(1900–1931)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tianjin_Concession_(1900–1931)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tianjin Concession (1900–1931)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tianjin_Concession_(1900–1931)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tangier_International_Zone_(1925–1956)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tangier_International_Zone_(1925–1956)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tangier International Zone (1925–1956)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tangier_International_Zone_(1925–1956)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isola_Comacina_(1919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isola_Comacina_(1919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Isola Comacina (1919)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isola_Comacina_(1919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Belgian colonial empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiese_koloniale_ryk" title="Belgiese koloniale ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Belgiese koloniale ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية البلجيكية الاستعمارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية البلجيكية الاستعمارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgick%C3%A9_kolonie" title="Belgické kolonie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Belgické kolonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_belgiske_koloniimperium" title="Det belgiske koloniimperium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det belgiske koloniimperium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgische_Kolonien" title="Belgische Kolonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belgische Kolonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_colonial_belga" title="Imperio colonial belga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio colonial belga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belga_kolonia_imperio" title="Belga kolonia imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Belga kolonia imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgikar_Inperio_Koloniala" title="Belgikar Inperio Koloniala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belgikar Inperio Koloniala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="امپراتوری استعماری بلژیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری استعماری بلژیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_colonial_belge" title="Empire colonial belge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire colonial belge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_colonial_belga" title="Imperio colonial belga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio colonial belga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%90_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="벨기에 식민제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨기에 식민제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijsko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Belgijsko kolonijalno carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Belgijsko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_kolonial_Belgia" title="Imperium kolonial Belgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium kolonial Belgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_coloniale_belga" title="Impero coloniale belga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero coloniale belga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הבלגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הבלגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%BC%C4%A3ijas_koloni%C4%81l%C4%81_imp%C4%93rija" title="Beļģijas koloniālā impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beļģijas koloniālā impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijos_kolonijin%C4%97_imperija" title="Belgijos kolonijinė imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Belgijos kolonijinė imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Mpanjanaka_Belza" title="Empira Mpanjanaka Belza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Mpanjanaka Belza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बेल्जियन वसाहती साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेल्जियन वसाहती साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgische_koloni%C3%ABn" title="Belgische koloniën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belgische koloniën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ベルギー植民地帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルギー植民地帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijskie_imperium_kolonialne" title="Belgijskie imperium kolonialne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Belgijskie imperium kolonialne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Belga" title="Império Belga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Belga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_colonial_belgian" title="Imperiul colonial belgian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul colonial belgian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Колонии Бельгии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонии Бельгии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_coloniale_belga" title="Impèriu coloniale belga – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu coloniale belga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgick%C3%A1_kol%C3%B3nia" title="Belgická kolónia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Belgická kolónia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgijsko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Belgijsko kolonijalno carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Belgijsko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_siirtomaat" title="Belgian siirtomaat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Belgian siirtomaat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมเบลเยียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิอาณานิคมเบลเยียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7ika_s%C3%B6m%C3%BCrge_imparatorlu%C4%9Fu" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Former colonies of Belgium, 1908–1962</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Belgian colonial empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Colonies belges</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">French</a>)</span><br /><i>Belgische koloniën</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Dutch</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1908–1962</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Belgian colonial empire"><img alt="Flag of Belgian colonial empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/125px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/188px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/250px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belgium" title="Flag of Belgium">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_the_Belgians_(1921-2019).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Belgian colonial empire"><img alt="Coat of arms of Belgian colonial empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_the_Belgians_%281921-2019%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_the_Belgians_%281921-2019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_the_Belgians_%281921-2019%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_the_Belgians_%281921-2019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_the_Belgians_%281921-2019%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_King_of_the_Belgians_%281921-2019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1089" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Belgium" title="Coat of arms of Belgium">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgian_colonial_empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Belgium's colonies at their maximum extent in the interwar period."><img alt="Map of Belgium's colonies at their maximum extent in the interwar period." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Belgian_colonial_empire.svg/250px-Belgian_colonial_empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Belgian_colonial_empire.svg/375px-Belgian_colonial_empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Belgian_colonial_empire.svg/500px-Belgian_colonial_empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="923" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Belgium's colonies at their maximum extent in the interwar period.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">French</a> served as the main colonial language, but <a href="/wiki/Flemish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish language">Dutch</a> was also used to a lesser extent<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%;padding:0.25em 0 0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><b>Local:</b></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> various</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> <br /> (Official)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1908–1909 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1909–1934 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1934–1951 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1951–1962 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Baudouin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Charter_on_the_Belgian_annexation_of_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State">Annexation of the Congo Free State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1908</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1962</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,430,270 km<sup>2</sup> (938,330 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_franc" title="Belgian franc">Belgian franc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi_franc" title="Ruanda-Urundi franc">Ruanda-Urundi franc</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> controlled several territories and concessions during the colonial era, principally the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a>) from 1908 to 1960, <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>) from 1922 to 1962, and <a href="/wiki/Lado_Enclave" title="Lado Enclave">Lado Enclave</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria</a> province in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>) from 1884 to 1910. It also had small concessions <a href="#Santo_Tomás,_Guatemala_(1843–1854)">in Guatemala</a> (1843–1854) and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Belgian concession of Tianjin">Belgian concession of Tianjin</a> in China (1902–1931) and was a co-administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. </p><p>Roughly 98% of Belgium's overseas territory was just one colony (about 76 times larger than Belgium itself) – known as the Belgian Congo. The colony was founded in 1908 following the transfer of sovereignty from the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, which was the personal property of Belgium's king, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II</a>. The violence used by Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction had led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country. Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (<i>trinité coloniale</i>) of state, missionary and private company interests. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo experienced extensive urbanization and the administration aimed to make it into a "model colony". As the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Congo achieved independence, as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of Congo-Léopoldville</a> in 1960. </p><p>Of Belgium's other colonies, the most significant was <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>, a portion of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, which was given to Belgium as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Mandate">League of Nations Mandate</a>, when <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> lost all of its <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">colonies</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a>, the mandate became the independent states of <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_in_the_early_19th_century">Background in the early 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background in the early 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, gained its <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">independence</a> in 1830 from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. By the time this was universally recognized in 1839, most European powers already had <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> outside Europe and had begun to form <a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheres of influence">spheres of influence</a>. </p><p>During the 1840s and 50s, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">King Leopold I</a> tentatively supported several proposals to acquire territories overseas. In 1843, he signed a contract with <a href="/wiki/Ladd_%26_Co." title="Ladd & Co.">Ladd & Co.</a> to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>, but the deal fell apart when Ladd & Co. ran into financial difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgian traders also extended their influence in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> but this too fell apart following the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Nu%C3%B1ez_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Nuñez Incident">Rio Nuñez Incident</a> of 1849 and growing Anglo-French rivalry in the region. </p><p>By the time Belgium's second king, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II</a>, was crowned, Belgian enthusiasm for <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> had abated. Successive governments viewed colonial expansion as economically and politically risky and fundamentally unrewarding, and believed that <a href="/wiki/Informal_empire" title="Informal empire">informal empire</a>, continuing Belgium's booming industrial trade in South America and Russia, was much more promising. As a result, Leopold pursued his colonial ambitions without the support of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian government">Belgian government</a>. The archives of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> show that Leopold investigated possible colonies in dozens of territories.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Congo">The Congo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_Free_State_(1885–1908)"><span id="Congo_Free_State_.281885.E2.80.931908.29"></span>Congo Free State (1885–1908)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Congo Free State (1885–1908)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victim_of_Congo_atrocities,_Congo,_ca._1890-1910_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Victim_of_Congo_atrocities%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1890-1910_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19%29.jpg/260px-Victim_of_Congo_atrocities%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1890-1910_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Victim_of_Congo_atrocities%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1890-1910_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19%29.jpg/390px-Victim_of_Congo_atrocities%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1890-1910_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Victim_of_Congo_atrocities%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1890-1910_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19%29.jpg/520px-Victim_of_Congo_atrocities%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1890-1910_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="3595" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> posing with a victim of the <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congo atrocities</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Congo">Colonization of the Congo</a> began in the late 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">King Leopold II</a> of Belgium, frustrated by his nation's lack of international power and prestige, tried to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexplored <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>. Their refusal led Leopold to create a state under his own personal rule. With support from a number of Western countries who saw Leopold as a useful <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer</a> between rival colonial powers, Leopold achieved international recognition for the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992253–5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992253–5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Free State government exploited the Congo for its natural resources, first <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and later rubber which was becoming a valuable commodity. With the support of the Free State's military, the <i><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a></i>, the territory was divided into private concessions. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Belgian_India_Rubber_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company">Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company</a> (ABIR), among others, used force and brutality to extract profit from the territory. Their regime in the Congo used forced labour, and murder and mutilation on indigenous Congolese who did not fulfill quotas for rubber collections. Millions of Congolese died during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many deaths can be attributed to new diseases introduced by contact with European colonists, including <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> which killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vauthier_Rene_Le_Congo_Belge_159_Les_sentinelles_de_la_Princesse_Clementine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vauthier_Rene_Le_Congo_Belge_159_Les_sentinelles_de_la_Princesse_Clementine.JPG/260px-Vauthier_Rene_Le_Congo_Belge_159_Les_sentinelles_de_la_Princesse_Clementine.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vauthier_Rene_Le_Congo_Belge_159_Les_sentinelles_de_la_Princesse_Clementine.JPG/390px-Vauthier_Rene_Le_Congo_Belge_159_Les_sentinelles_de_la_Princesse_Clementine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vauthier_Rene_Le_Congo_Belge_159_Les_sentinelles_de_la_Princesse_Clementine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>African troops recruited by the Congo Free State</figcaption></figure> <p>A sharp reduction of the population of the Congo through <a href="/wiki/Excess_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Excess death">excess deaths</a> occurred in the Free State period but estimates of the deaths toll vary considerably. Although the figures are estimates, it is believed that as many as ten million Congolese died during the period,<sup id="cite_ref-hochschild_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hochschild-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roughly a fifth of the population. As the first census did not take place until 1924, it is difficult to quantify the population loss of the period and these figures have been disputed by some who, like <a href="/wiki/William_Rubinstein" title="William Rubinstein">William Rubinstein</a>, claim that the figures cited by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Adam Hochschild</a> are speculative estimates based on little evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Although the Congo Free State was not a Belgian colony, Belgium was its chief beneficiary in terms of trade and the employment of its citizens. Leopold II personally accumulated considerable wealth from exports of rubber and ivory acquired at gunpoint. Much of this was spent on public buildings in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lado_Enclave_(1884–1910)"><span id="Lado_Enclave_.281884.E2.80.931910.29"></span>Lado Enclave (1884–1910)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lado Enclave (1884–1910)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lado_Enclave" title="Lado Enclave">Lado Enclave</a></div> <p>The Lado Enclave was a Belgian Colony that existed from 1894 until 1910, situated on the west bank of the Upper Nile in what is now Central Equatoria province in South Sudan and northwest Uganda. Its capital was the town of Lado. </p><p>British desire for a <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape to Cairo railway">Cape to Cairo railway</a> led them to negotiate with the Belgians to exchange the area that became the Lado Enclave for a narrow strip of territory in eastern Congo between Lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Albert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a>. These negotiations resulted in the 1894 British-Congolese Treaty, signed on 12 May, under which the British leased all of the Nile basin south of the 10° north latitude to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold II of the Belgians">King Leopold II of the Belgians</a> for the period of his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-s277_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s277-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area, called the Lado Enclave, linked the Congo with the navigable Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lado Enclave was important to the Belgian Congo as it included <a href="/wiki/Rejaf" title="Rejaf">Rejaf</a>, which was the terminus for boats on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, as the rapids there proved a barrier to further travel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rejaf was the seat of the commander, the only European colonial official within the enclave, who were in place from 1897 to June 1910. Efforts were made to properly defend Lado against any possible incursion by another colonial power, with twelve heavy <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> fort guns installed in November 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there continued to be uncertainty in the enclave with the knowledge that the enclave would revert to British rule upon Leopold's death. As a result, the Belgians were unable to create an effective government, leading to civil unrest within the enclave.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the death of King Leopold, the Belgians handed over Lado to the British in 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_Congo_(1908–1960)"><span id="Belgian_Congo_.281908.E2.80.931960.29"></span>Belgian Congo (1908–1960)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Belgian Congo (1908–1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg/220px-Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg/330px-Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg/440px-Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a></i> soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo in World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold achieved international recognition for the Congo Free State in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992253–5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992253–5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the turn of the century, however, the violence used by Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and the ruthless system of economic extraction led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did in 1908, creating the Belgian Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992588–9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992588–9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" (<i>trinité coloniale</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">missionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">private company</a> interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200728_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200728-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became <a href="/wiki/Economic_specialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic specialization">specialised</a>. On many occasions, the interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied, and the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers raised by the indigenous population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200728_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200728-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country was split into nesting, hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set "native policy" (<i>politique indigène</i>). This was in contrast to the British and the French, who generally favoured the system of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Congolese troops participated in offensives against German forces in the area of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> which were placed under Belgian occupation. The Congo had a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. The large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> came from across the social spectrum, but were always treated as superior to black citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200729_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200729-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_Albert_Kinshasa_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Monument_Albert_Kinshasa_5.JPG/220px-Monument_Albert_Kinshasa_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Monument_Albert_Kinshasa_5.JPG/330px-Monument_Albert_Kinshasa_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Monument_Albert_Kinshasa_5.JPG/440px-Monument_Albert_Kinshasa_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Belgian colonial officials in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Léopoldville</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Congolese troops <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">participated in World War II</a> and were instrumental <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sa%C3%AFo" title="Siege of Saïo">in forcing the Italians out of their East African colonies</a> during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>. During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo had extensive <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, and the colonial administration began various <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">development</a> programmes aimed at making the territory into a "model colony".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198–9_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198–9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the results was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African "<i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89volu%C3%A9" title="Évolué">évolués</a></i>" in the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198–9_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198–9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s the Congo had a <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a> force twice as large as that in any other African colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, as the result of a widespread and increasingly radical <a href="/wiki/African_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="African nationalist">pro-independence movement</a>, the Congo achieved independence, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of Congo-Léopoldville</a> under <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a>. Poor relations between factions within the Congo, the continued involvement of Belgium in Congolese affairs, and intervention by major parties of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> led to a five-year-long period of war and political instability, known as the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>, from 1960 to 1965. This ended with the seizure of power by <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ruanda-Urundi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastafrikaoccupation1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eastafrikaoccupation1916.jpg/220px-Eastafrikaoccupation1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eastafrikaoccupation1916.jpg/330px-Eastafrikaoccupation1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eastafrikaoccupation1916.jpg/440px-Eastafrikaoccupation1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Belgian Congo stamp <a href="/wiki/Overstamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Overstamp">overstamped</a> with "German East Africa: Belgian Occupation" (1916)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruanda-Urundi was a part of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> under Belgian <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> from 1916 to 1924 in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War I)">a military expedition</a> had removed the Germans from the colony. It became a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Class_B_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations Class B Mandate">League of Nations Class B mandate</a> allotted to Belgium, from 1924 to 1945. It was designated as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">United Nations trust territory</a>, still under Belgian administration, until 1962, when it developed into the independent states of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>. After Belgium began administering the colony, it generally maintained the policies established by the Germans, including indirect rule via local <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> rulers, and a policy of ethnic identity cards (later retained in the Republic of Rwanda). Revolts and violence against Tutsi, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a>, occurred in the events leading to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda#Strife_and_lead_up_to_independence" title="History of Rwanda">independence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minor_possessions">Minor possessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Minor possessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Santo_Tomás,_Guatemala_(1843–1854)"><span id="Santo_Tom.C3.A1s.2C_Guatemala_.281843.E2.80.931854.29"></span>Santo Tomás, Guatemala (1843–1854)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Santo Tomás, Guatemala (1843–1854)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantoTomasdeCastilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SantoTomasdeCastilla.jpg/220px-SantoTomasdeCastilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SantoTomasdeCastilla.jpg/330px-SantoTomasdeCastilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/SantoTomasdeCastilla.jpg/440px-SantoTomasdeCastilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Belgian settlement in Guatemala, 1845</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etablissement_Belge_de_Santo_Thomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Etablissement_Belge_de_Santo_Thomas.jpg/220px-Etablissement_Belge_de_Santo_Thomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Etablissement_Belge_de_Santo_Thomas.jpg/330px-Etablissement_Belge_de_Santo_Thomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Etablissement_Belge_de_Santo_Thomas.jpg/440px-Etablissement_Belge_de_Santo_Thomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>View of the Belgian settlement of Santo Thomas</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1842, a ship sent by King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a> arrived in Guatemala; the Belgians observed the natural riches of the department of <a href="/wiki/Izabal_Department" title="Izabal Department">Izabal</a> and decided to settle in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Tomas_de_Castilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Tomas de Castilla">Santo Tomas de Castilla</a> and build <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> in the region. <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Carrera" title="Rafael Carrera">Rafael Carrera</a> gave them the region in exchange for sixteen thousand pesos every year from the government of Guatemala. On 4 May 1843, the <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> parliament issued a decree giving the district of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Castilla" title="Santo Tomás de Castilla">Santo Tomás</a> "in perpetuity" to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compagnie_belge_de_colonisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compagnie belge de colonisation (page does not exist)">Compagnie belge de colonisation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_belge_de_colonisation" class="extiw" title="fr:Compagnie belge de colonisation">fr</a>]</span>, a private Belgian company under the protection of King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a>. It replaced the failed British <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coast_of_Central_America_Commercial_and_Agricultural_Company" title="Eastern Coast of Central America Commercial and Agricultural Company">Eastern Coast of Central America Commercial and Agricultural Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-belgium_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belgium-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgian colonizing efforts in Guatemala ceased in 1854, due to lack of financing and high <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> diseases of the tropical climate.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status">Status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <i>Compagnie belge de colonisation</i> was granted the land in perpetuity, the concession did not become a colony in the political sense. Article 4 of the May 1842 <i>Acte de concession</i> clearly stated that the cession of the territory to the Belgian company did not involve, implicitly or explicitly, a cession of sovereignty over the territory, which would forever remain under the sovereignty and jurisdiction of Guatemala. Article 5 stated that upon their arrival on the territory, the settlers would become Guatemalan natives (<i>indigènes de Guatemala</i>) fully subject to the existing constitution and laws of the country, relinquishing their former Belgian or other national birthright, as well as any claim to any privileges or immunity as foreigners. Justice was to be administered by judges named by the government (art. 40). No foreign troops were to be allowed on the concession and Guatemalan troops were to garrison two forts that were to be built near the projected new town. (art. 18–22) <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tianjin_Concession_(1900–1931)"><span id="Tianjin_Concession_.281900.E2.80.931931.29"></span>Tianjin Concession (1900–1931)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tianjin Concession (1900–1931)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Belgian concession of Tianjin">Belgian concession of Tianjin</a></div> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> (Tientsin), a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty port">treaty port</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (1860–1945) included <a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessions in Tianjin">nine foreign-controlled concessions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">租界</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zūjiè</span></i>). In the years following the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Joostens" title="Maurice Joostens">Maurice Joostens</a> negotiated a <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">concession</a> for Belgium. The Belgian concession was proclaimed on 7 November 1900 and spanned some 100 hectares (250 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeild2015248_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeild2015248-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Belgian companies invested in Tianjin, especially in the city's <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> system, the Belgian concession remained inactive. An agreement was reached between the Belgian and Chinese governments in August 1929 to return the concession to China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeild2015248–9_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeild2015248–9-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was approved by the Belgian parliament on 13 July 1931. </p><p>In the late 19th century, Belgian engineers were employed on construction of the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Hankou_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing–Hankou Railway">Beijing–Hankou Railway</a>, leading the Belgian government to unsuccessfully claim a concession in <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a> (Hankow). The Belgian claim was never formally recognised and the proposal was dropped in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeild2015106_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeild2015106-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tangier_International_Zone_(1925–1956)"><span id="Tangier_International_Zone_.281925.E2.80.931956.29"></span>Tangier International Zone (1925–1956)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tangier International Zone (1925–1956)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a></div> <p>In 1880 and 1905, Belgium was a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1880)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1880)">Madrid Convention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a> on Morocco. Thus, from 1925 to 1940 and from 1945 to 1956, Belgium was one of the nine nations that administered the <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a>. The last two administrators (1954–1956) were Belgian, Belgium was also subordinate to the customs and financial administration and the gendarmerie in Tangier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isola_Comacina_(1919)"><span id="Isola_Comacina_.281919.29"></span>Isola Comacina (1919)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Isola Comacina (1919)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, the island of <a href="/wiki/Isola_Comacina" title="Isola Comacina">Comacina</a> was bequeathed to King <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I of Belgium</a> for a year, and became an enclave under the sovereignty of Belgium. After a year, it was returned to the Italian State in 1920. The Consul of Belgium and the president of the <a href="/wiki/Brera_Academy" title="Brera Academy">Brera Academy</a> established a charitable foundation with the goal of building a village for artists and a hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Foreign relations of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Nu%C3%B1ez_incident" title="Rio Nuñez incident">Rio Nuñez incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Belge_d%27%C3%89tudes_Coloniales" title="Société Belge d'Études Coloniales">Société Belge d'Études Coloniales</a> (est. 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_University_of_Belgium" title="Colonial University of Belgium">Colonial University of Belgium</a> (est. 1920 in Antwerp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Royal_Colonial_Belge" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Royal Colonial Belge">Institut Royal Colonial Belge</a> (est. 1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Belgium–Mexico relations">Belgium–Mexico relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKennyWenger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kenny, Gale; Wenger, Tisa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/church-state-and-native-liberty-in-the-belgian-congo/62B041C7E7FD706796ED25B744BAF644">"Church, State, and "Native Liberty" in the Belgian Congo"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 156–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417519000446">10.1017/S0010417519000446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Church%2C+State%2C+and+%22Native+Liberty%22+in+the+Belgian+Congo&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=156-185&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417519000446&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Gale&rft.au=Wenger%2C+Tisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcomparative-studies-in-society-and-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fchurch-state-and-native-liberty-in-the-belgian-congo%2F62B041C7E7FD706796ED25B744BAF644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2021/06/11rwanda">"Belgium's role in Rwandan genocide"</a>. <i>Le Monde Diplomatique</i>. 1 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+Diplomatique&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+role+in+Rwandan+genocide&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2021%2F06%2F11rwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evidence-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evidence_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicordWilliamsMarshall1846" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ricord" title="John Ricord">Ricord, John</a>; Williams, Stephen H.; Marshall, James F. B. (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2iW_IL-mlkC"><i>Report of the proceedings and evidence in the arbitration between the King and Government of the Hawaiian Islands and Ladd & Co., before Messrs. Stephen H. Williams & James F. B. Marshall, arbitrators under compact</i></a>. C.E. Hitchcock, printer, Hawaiian Government press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+proceedings+and+evidence+in+the+arbitration+between+the+King+and+Government+of+the+Hawaiian+Islands+and+Ladd+%26+Co.%2C+before+Messrs.+Stephen+H.+Williams+%26+James+F.+B.+Marshall%2C+arbitrators+under+compact&rft.pub=C.E.+Hitchcock%2C+printer%2C+Hawaiian+Government+press&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Ricord&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Williams%2C+Stephen+H.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+James+F.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2iW_IL-mlkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsiaux2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ansiaux, Robert (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uta-ir.tdl.org/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/382/umi-uta-1517.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Early Belgian Colonial Efforts: The Long and Fateful Shadow of Leopold I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202504/https://uta-ir.tdl.org/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/382/umi-uta-1517.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+Belgian+Colonial+Efforts%3A+The+Long+and+Fateful+Shadow+of+Leopold+I&rft.date=2006-12&rft.aulast=Ansiaux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futa-ir.tdl.org%2Futa-ir%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10106%2F382%2Fumi-uta-1517.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. The archives contain files opened at Leopold's request on Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Mexico-State of Puebla, Sandwich Islands, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, San Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Rio Nunez, Marie (West coast of Africa), Bolivia, Colombia, Guiana, Argentina (La Plata), Argentina (Villaguay), Patagonia, Florida, Texas, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Kansas, Isle of Pines, Cozumel, St. Bartholomew Island, Haiti, Tortugas, Faroe Islands, Portugal, Isle of Nordstrand, Cyprus, Surinam, India, Java, Philippines, Abyssinia, Barbary Coast, Guinea Coast, Madagascar, Republic of South Africa, Nicobar, Singapore, New Zealand, New Guinea (Papua), Australia, Fiji, Malaysia, Marianas Island, the New Hebrides, and Samoa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992253–5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992253–5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992253–5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPakenham1992">Pakenham 1992</a>, pp. 253–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/genocong.htm">Religious Tolerance Organisation: <i>The Congo Free State Genocide</i></a>. Retrieved 14 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DSa_viBgsgC">John D. Fage, <i>The Cambridge History of Africa: From the earliest times to c. 500 BC</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1982, p. 748. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22803-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22803-4">0-521-22803-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hochschild-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hochschild_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hochschild.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdaywel_è_Nziem" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Ndaywel_%C3%A8_Nziem" title="Isidore Ndaywel è Nziem">Ndaywel è Nziem, Isidore</a>. <i>Histoire générale du Congo: De l'héritage ancien à la République Démocratique</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+du+Congo%3A+De+l%27h%C3%A9ritage+ancien+%C3%A0+la+R%C3%A9publique+D%C3%A9mocratique&rft.aulast=Ndaywel+%C3%A8+Nziem&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042319/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/belgian_congo/">"Congo Free State, 1885–1908"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/belgian_congo/">the original</a> on 7 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo+Free+State%2C+1885%E2%80%931908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fgsp%2Fcolonial%2Fbelgian_congo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3516965.stm">"King Leopold's legacy of DR Congo violence"</a>. 24 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221054115/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3516965.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span> – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=King+Leopold%27s+legacy+of+DR+Congo+violence&rft.date=2004-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3516965.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC">Genocide: a history</a></i>. Pearson Education. pp. 98–99. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-50601-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-50601-8">0-582-50601-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s277-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s277_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenger, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakenham, pp. 525–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Lado Enclave", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobart_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hobart Mercury">The Mercury</a></i>, 30 November 1906, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992588–9-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPakenham1992588–9_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPakenham1992">Pakenham 1992</a>, pp. 588–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200728-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200728_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200728_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2007">Turner 2007</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200729-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200729_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2007">Turner 2007</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198–9-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198–9_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198–9_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreund1998">Freund 1998</a>, pp. 198–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund1998198_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreund1998">Freund 1998</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belgium-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-belgium_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/168/">"New Physical, Political, Industrial and Commercial Map of Central America and the Antilles"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624025848/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/168/">Archived</a> 24 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Library of Congress, World Digital Library, accessed 27 May 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9065650/Santo-Tomas-de-Castilla">"Santo Tomas de Castilla</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605200346/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9065650/Santo-Tomas-de-Castilla">Archived</a> 5 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Britannica Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jiEPAAAAQAAJ">Colonisation dans l'Amérique centrale du District de Santo-Tomas de Guatemala</a>, Paris, 1843, p. 32–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeild2015248-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeild2015248_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeild2015">Neild 2015</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeild2015248–9-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeild2015248–9_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeild2015">Neild 2015</a>, pp. 248–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeild2015106-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeild2015106_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeild2015">Neild 2015</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2012" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Frank (15 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/enclave-hunting-in-switzerland/">"Enclave-Hunting in Switzerland"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Enclave-Hunting+in+Switzerland&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F15%2Fenclave-hunting-in-switzerland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnstey1966" class="citation book cs1">Anstey, Roger (1966). <i>King Leopold's Legacy: The Congo under Belgian Rule 1908–1960</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Leopold%27s+Legacy%3A+The+Congo+under+Belgian+Rule+1908%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Anstey&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Nzongola-Ntalaja" title="Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congofromleopold00geor"><i>The Congo From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History</i></a></span>. London: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-052-8"><bdi>978-1-84277-052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+From+Leopold+to+Kabila%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-052-8&rft.aulast=Nzongola-Ntalaja&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongofromleopold00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreund1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Freund_(historian)" title="Bill Freund (historian)">Freund, Bill</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofcontempo0002freu_n4u0"><i>The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69872-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69872-3"><bdi>978-0-333-69872-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Contemporary+Africa%3A+The+Development+of+African+Society+since+1800&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave-Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-333-69872-3&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofcontempo0002freu_n4u0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pakenham_(historian)" title="Thomas Pakenham (historian)">Pakenham, Thomas</a> (1992). <i>The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912</i> (13th ed.). London: Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10449-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10449-2"><bdi>978-0-349-10449-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scramble+for+Africa%3A+the+White+Man%27s+Conquest+of+the+Dark+Continent+from+1876+to+1912&rft.place=London&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-349-10449-2&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., <i>A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires</i> (Edinburgh UP, 2008), "Belgium and its colonies" pp 6–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Companion-Postcolonial-Literatures-Continental/dp/0748623949/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2007" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Thomas (2007). <i>The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality</i> (2nd ed.). London: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-688-9"><bdi>978-1-84277-688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+Wars%3A+Conflict%2C+Myth%2C+and+Reality&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-688-9&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeild2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Neild" title="Robert Neild">Neild, Robert</a> (2015). <i>China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840–1943</i>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8139-28-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8139-28-6"><bdi>978-988-8139-28-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Foreign+Places%3A+The+Foreign+Presence+in+China+in+the+Treaty+Port+Era%2C+1840%E2%80%931943&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-988-8139-28-6&rft.aulast=Neild&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgian+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="Belgium in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_and_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War">Crisis of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_overseas_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian overseas colonies">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Royal Question">Royal Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">State reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Belgium">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Belgium">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Belgium" title="List of lakes of Belgium">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_Belgium" title="List of mountains and hills in Belgium">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belgium" title="List of rivers of Belgium">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Belgium)" title="Council of Ministers (Belgium)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belgium" title="Human rights in Belgium">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belgium">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Belgium" title="Law of Belgium">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Belgium" title="Judiciary of Belgium">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Belgium">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Belgian_financial_crisis" title="2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis">2008–2009 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Belgium" title="Banking in Belgium">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Belgium" title="Tourism in Belgium">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Belgium" title="List of trade unions in Belgium">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium" title="Transport in Belgium">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Belgium" title="Science and technology in Belgium">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belgium" title="Category:Society of Belgium">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Belgium" title="Crime in Belgium">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belgium" title="Healthcare in Belgium">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belgium" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Belgium" title="Irreligion in Belgium">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Belgian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Belgium">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Belgium" title="Prostitution in Belgium">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium#Architecture" title="Culture of Belgium">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Belgium" title="Art of Belgium">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Belgium" title="Beer in Belgium">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_waffle" title="Belgian waffle">waffle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belgium" title="Flag of Belgium">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_literature" title="Belgian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belgium" title="Public holidays in Belgium">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Belgium" title="Sport in Belgium">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Belgium" title="Television in Belgium">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belgium" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belgium" title="Outline of Belgium">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Belgium-related_articles" title="Index of Belgium-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belgium" title="Category:Belgium">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template talk:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization (1867–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo" title="List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo">Colonial governors (1885–1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State (1885–1908)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo (1908–60)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga (1960–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire (1965–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War (1996–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War (1998–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2000s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional Government (2003–06)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion (2012–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive (2022–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_conservation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Nature conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of volcanoes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_place_names_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Former place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Subdivisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Court of Cassation (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Mobutu Sese Seko administration">Foreign policy under Mobutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Franc (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Tourism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="Social issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Public holidays in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&oldid=1259632354">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgian_colonial_empire&oldid=1259632354</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Category:Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_empires" title="Category:Former empires">Former empires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Belgium" title="Category:History of Belgium">History of Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overseas_empires" title="Category:Overseas empires">Overseas empires</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1841" title="Category:States and territories established in 1841">States and territories established in 1841</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1841_establishments_in_Belgium" title="Category:1841 establishments in Belgium">1841 establishments in Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Belgian_colonies" title="Category:Former Belgian colonies">Former Belgian colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1962" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1962">States and territories disestablished in 1962</a></li><li><a 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