CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Space Shuttle program - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ec1b14fe-ce3c-4e73-ab47-35731bb2f1df","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Space_Shuttle_program","wgTitle":"Space Shuttle program","wgCurRevisionId":1249416866,"wgRevisionId":1249416866,"wgArticleId":38458,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2024","Use American English from November 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles with excerpts","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2013","Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Use American English from January 2014","Articles containing video clips","Space Shuttle program","NASA programs","Human spaceflight programs","1972 establishments in the United States","2011 disestablishments in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Space_Shuttle_program","wgRelevantArticleId":38458,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1775296","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shuttle_Patch.svg/1200px-Shuttle_Patch.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1246"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shuttle_Patch.svg/800px-Shuttle_Patch.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="831"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shuttle_Patch.svg/640px-Shuttle_Patch.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="665"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Space Shuttle program - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Space_Shuttle_program rootpage-Space_Shuttle_program skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Space+Shuttle+program" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Space+Shuttle+program" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Space+Shuttle+program" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Space+Shuttle+program" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conception_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conception_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conception and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conception_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Program history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accomplishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accomplishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Accomplishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accomplishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-STS-51-L_(Challenger,_1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STS-51-L_(Challenger,_1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>STS-51-L (<i>Challenger</i>, 1986)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STS-51-L_(Challenger,_1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-STS-107_(Columbia,_2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STS-107_(Columbia,_2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>STS-107 (<i>Columbia</i>, 2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STS-107_(Columbia,_2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew_modules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_modules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Crew modules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_modules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Successors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Successors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Successors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assets_and_transition_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assets_and_transition_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Assets and transition plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assets_and_transition_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Support vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle program</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtependeltuig-program" title="Ruimtependeltuig-program – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimtependeltuig-program" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D9%85%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="برنامج مكوك الفضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج مكوك الفضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Space_Shuttle" title="Programa Space Shuttle – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Programa Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-khong-so_k%C3%A8-%C5%8De" title="Thài-khong-so kè-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-khong-so kè-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Space_Shuttle" title="Program Space Shuttle – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Program Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_del_transbordador_espacial" title="Programa del transbordador espacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa del transbordador espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumf%C3%A6rge-programmet" title="Rumfærge-programmet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumfærge-programmet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle%27i_programm" title="Space Shuttle'i programm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Space Shuttle'i programm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_del_transbordador_espacial" title="Programa del transbordador espacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa del transbordador espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="برنامه شاتل‌های فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه شاتل‌های فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_de_la_navette_spatiale_am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Programme de la navette spatiale américaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme de la navette spatiale américaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%99%95%EB%B3%B5%EC%84%A0_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="우주왕복선 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주왕복선 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Space_Shuttle" title="Program Space Shuttle – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Program Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Pesawat_Ulang_Alik" title="Program Pesawat Ulang Alik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Program Pesawat Ulang Alik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimskutlu%C3%A1%C3%A6tlunin" title="Geimskutluáætlunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimskutluáætlunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Space_Shuttle" title="Programma Space Shuttle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="תוכנית מעבורות החלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית מעבורות החלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceshuttleprogram" title="Spaceshuttleprogram – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spaceshuttleprogram" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Pesawat_Ulang-Alik" title="Program Pesawat Ulang-Alik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Program Pesawat Ulang-Alik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasawat_Ulang_Alik" title="Pasawat Ulang Alik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pasawat Ulang Alik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceshuttleprogramma" title="Spaceshuttleprogramma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaceshuttleprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="スペースシャトル計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペースシャトル計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romfergeprogrammet" title="Romfergeprogrammet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romfergeprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%BC%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="فضایي شټل پروګرام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فضایي شټل پروګرام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Space Transportation System" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programul_Space_Shuttle" title="Programul Space Shuttle – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Programul Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB%C2%BB" title="Программа «Спейс шаттл» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программа «Спейс шаттл»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Space_Shuttle" title="Program Space Shuttle – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdf%C3%A4rjeprogrammet" title="Rymdfärjeprogrammet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdfärjeprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Спейс Шаттл (програма) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спейс Шаттл (програма)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_t%C3%A0u_con_thoi" title="Chương trình tàu con thoi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình tàu con thoi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A2%AD%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="美國太空梭計劃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國太空梭計劃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1775296#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Space_Shuttle_program" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Space_Shuttle_program" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Space_Shuttle_program" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&oldid=1249416866" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Space_Shuttle_program&id=1249416866&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpace_Shuttle_program"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpace_Shuttle_program"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Space_Shuttle_program&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Space_Shuttle_program" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1775296" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Space Shuttle program</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shuttle_Patch.svg/170px-Shuttle_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shuttle_Patch.svg/255px-Shuttle_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Shuttle_Patch.svg/340px-Shuttle_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed orbital flight</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Completed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>196 billion</span> (2011)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">1972–2011<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">August 12, 1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1977-08-12</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">ALT-12</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First crewed flight</th><td class="infobox-data">April 12, 1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981-04-12</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">July 21, 2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011-07-21</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successes</th><td class="infobox-data">133</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failures</th><td class="infobox-data">2 (<a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>, <a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partial failures</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (<a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/LC-39A" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39A">LC-39A</a></li><li>Kennedy, <a href="/wiki/LC-39B" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39B">LC-39B</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Vehicle information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crewed vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Space program of the United States">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 120%"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States space program</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/90px-NASA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/135px-NASA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/180px-NASA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="92" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/90px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/135px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/180px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px; font-size: 95%"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Human spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Robotic spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">CRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">GLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_program" class="mw-redirect" title="New Millennium program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Spaceports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">Western Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems#United_States" title="List of orbital launch systems">Space launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha"><i>Alpha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_III" title="Minotaur III"><i>III</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">National security space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States Space Command</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Civil space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">Department of Energy national laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Prediction_Center" title="Space Weather Prediction Center">Space Weather Prediction Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth,_Energy,_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Department of State Office of Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Commercial space industry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(American_spaceflight_company)" title="Astra (American spaceflight company)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Intelligence_%26_Space" title="Raytheon Intelligence & Space">Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template talk:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Space Shuttle program</b> was the fourth <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> program carried out by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official program name was <a href="/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">Space Transportation System</a> (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development, as a proposed nuclear shuttle in the plan was cancelled in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It flew 135 missions and carried 355 astronauts from 16 countries, many on multiple trips. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, composed of an <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">orbiter</a> launched with two reusable <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">solid rocket boosters</a> and a disposable <a href="/wiki/External_fuel_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="External fuel tank">external fuel tank</a>, carried up to eight <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> and up to 50,000 lb (23,000 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Payload" title="Payload">payload</a> into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO). When its mission was complete, the orbiter would <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">reenter</a> the Earth's atmosphere and land like a <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">glider</a> at either the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> or <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>. </p><p>The Shuttle is the only winged crewed spacecraft to have achieved orbit and landing, and the first reusable crewed space vehicle that made multiple flights into orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Its missions</a> involved carrying large payloads to various orbits including the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS), providing crew rotation for the space station, and performing service missions on the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. The orbiter also recovered <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> and other payloads (e.g., from the ISS) from orbit and returned them to Earth, though its use in this capacity was rare. Each vehicle was designed with a projected lifespan of 100 launches, or 10 years' operational life. Original selling points on the shuttles were over 150 launches over a 15-year operational span with a 'launch per month' expected at the peak of the program, but extensive delays in the development of the International Space Station<sup id="cite_ref-iss-casis.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iss-casis.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> never created such a peak demand for frequent flights. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various shuttle concepts had been explored since the late 1960s. The program formally commenced in 1972, becoming the sole focus of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> operations after the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> programs in 1975. The Shuttle was originally conceived of and presented to the public in 1972 as a 'Space Truck' which would, among other things, be used to build a United States space station in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> during the 1980s and then be replaced by a new vehicle by the early 1990s. The stalled plans for a U.S. space station evolved into the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> and were formally initiated in 1983 by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, but the ISS suffered from long delays, design changes and cost over-runs<sup id="cite_ref-iss-casis.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iss-casis.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forced the service life of the Space Shuttle to be extended several times until 2011 when it was finally retired—serving twice as long as it was originally designed to do. In 2004, according to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a>, use of the Space Shuttle was to be focused almost exclusively on completing assembly of the ISS, which was far behind schedule at that point. </p><p>The first experimental orbiter, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a>, was a high-altitude glider, launched from the back of a specially modified Boeing 747, only for <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">initial atmospheric landing tests (ALT)</a>. <i>Enterprise'</i>s first test flight was on February 18, 1977, only five years after the Shuttle program was formally initiated; leading to the launch of the first space-worthy shuttle <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> on April 12, 1981, on <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a>. The Space Shuttle program finished with its last mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a> flown by <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a>, in July 2011, retiring the final Shuttle in the fleet. The Space Shuttle program formally ended on August 31, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conception_and_development">Conception and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conception and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_design_process&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_concepts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Space_Shuttle_concepts.jpg/170px-Space_Shuttle_concepts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Space_Shuttle_concepts.jpg/255px-Space_Shuttle_concepts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Space_Shuttle_concepts.jpg/340px-Space_Shuttle_concepts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Early U.S. space shuttle concepts</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> <a href="/wiki/Crewed_moon_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewed moon landings">Moon landing</a> in <a href="/wiki/1969_in_spaceflight" title="1969 in spaceflight">1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> began studies of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> designs as early as October 1968. The early studies were denoted "Phase A", and in June 1970, "Phase B", which were more detailed and specific. The primary intended use of the Phase A Space Shuttle was supporting the future <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a>, ferrying a minimum crew of four and about 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg) of cargo, and being able to be rapidly turned around for future flights, with larger payloads like space station modules being lifted by the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>. </p><p>Two designs emerged as front-runners. One was designed by engineers at the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spaceflight Center</a>, and championed especially by <a href="/wiki/George_Mueller_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mueller (NASA)">George Mueller</a>. This was a two-stage system with delta-winged spacecraft, and generally complex. An attempt to re-simplify was made in the form of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_DC-3" title="North American DC-3">DC-3</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Faget" title="Maxime Faget">Maxime Faget</a>, who had designed the Mercury capsule among other vehicles. Numerous offerings from a variety of commercial companies were also offered but generally fell by the wayside as each NASA lab pushed for its own version. </p><p>All of this was taking place in the midst of other NASA teams proposing a wide variety of post-Apollo missions, a number of which would cost as much as Apollo or more.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As each of these projects fought for funding, the NASA budget was at the same time being severely constrained. Three were eventually presented to United States <a href="/wiki/Spiro_T._Agnew" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiro T. Agnew">Vice President Spiro Agnew</a> in 1969. The shuttle project rose to the top, largely due to tireless campaigning by its supporters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 1970 the shuttle had been selected as the one major project for the short-term post-Apollo time frame. </p> When funding for the program came into question, there were concerns that the project might be canceled. This became especially pressing as it became clear that the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> would no longer be produced, which meant that the payload to orbit needed to be increased in both mass - all the way to 60,600 pounds (27,500 kg) - and size to supplement its heavy-lift capabilities, necessary for planned interplanetary probes and space station modules, which meant a bigger and costlier vehicle was needed during Phase B. Therefore, NASA tried to interest the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> and a variety of other customers in using the shuttle for their missions as well. To lower the development costs of the proposed designs, boosters were added, a throw-away fuel tank was adopted, and many other changes were made that greatly lowered the reusability and greatly added to the vehicle and operational costs.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_history">Program history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Program history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of Space Shuttle missions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Space Shuttle missions">Timeline of Space Shuttle missions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nixon_and_James_Fletcher_Discuss_the_Space_Shuttle_-_GPN-2002-000109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/President_Nixon_and_James_Fletcher_Discuss_the_Space_Shuttle_-_GPN-2002-000109.jpg/220px-President_Nixon_and_James_Fletcher_Discuss_the_Space_Shuttle_-_GPN-2002-000109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/President_Nixon_and_James_Fletcher_Discuss_the_Space_Shuttle_-_GPN-2002-000109.jpg/330px-President_Nixon_and_James_Fletcher_Discuss_the_Space_Shuttle_-_GPN-2002-000109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/President_Nixon_and_James_Fletcher_Discuss_the_Space_Shuttle_-_GPN-2002-000109.jpg/440px-President_Nixon_and_James_Fletcher_Discuss_the_Space_Shuttle_-_GPN-2002-000109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2834" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (right) with <a href="/wiki/NASA_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Administrator">NASA Administrator</a> <a href="/wiki/James_C._Fletcher" title="James C. Fletcher">James Fletcher</a> in January 1972, three months before Congress approved funding for the Shuttle program</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Approach_and_Landing_Tests_crews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Space_Shuttle_Approach_and_Landing_Tests_crews.jpg/220px-Space_Shuttle_Approach_and_Landing_Tests_crews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Space_Shuttle_Approach_and_Landing_Tests_crews.jpg/330px-Space_Shuttle_Approach_and_Landing_Tests_crews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Space_Shuttle_Approach_and_Landing_Tests_crews.jpg/440px-Space_Shuttle_Approach_and_Landing_Tests_crews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3276" /></a><figcaption>Shuttle approach and landing test crews, 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>All Space Shuttle missions were launched from the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) in Florida. Some civilian and military circumpolar space shuttle missions were planned for <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base#Space_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg AFB</a> in California. However, the use of Vandenberg AFB for space shuttle missions was canceled after the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> in 1986. The <a href="/wiki/Space_shuttle_launch_commit_criteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Space shuttle launch commit criteria">weather criteria used for launch</a> included, but were not limited to: precipitation, temperatures, cloud cover, lightning forecast, wind, and humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_launch_criteria_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather_launch_criteria-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shuttle was not launched under conditions where it could have been struck by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>. </p><p>The first fully functional orbiter was <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> (designated OV-102), built in <a href="/wiki/Palmdale,_California" title="Palmdale, California">Palmdale, California</a>. It was delivered to <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) on March 25, 1979, and was first launched on April 12, 1981—the 20th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">space flight</a>—with a crew of two. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> (OV-099) was delivered to KSC in July 1982, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i> (OV-103) in November 1983, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i> (OV-104) in April 1985 and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> (OV-105) in May 1991. <i>Challenger</i> was originally built and used as a Structural Test Article (STA-099), but was converted to a complete orbiter when this was found to be less expensive than converting <i>Enterprise</i> from its Approach and Landing Test configuration into a spaceworthy vehicle. </p><p>On April 24, 1990, <i>Discovery</i> carried the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> into space during <a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a>. </p><p>In the course of 135 missions flown, two orbiters (<i>Columbia</i> and <i>Challenger</i>) suffered catastrophic accidents, with the loss of all crew members, totaling 14 astronauts. </p><p>The accidents led to national level inquiries, detailed analysis of why the accidents occurred, and significant pauses where changes were made before the Shuttles returned to flight.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <i>Challenger</i> disaster in January 1986, there was a delay of 32 months before the next Shuttle launch.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar delay of 29 months occurred after the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> in February 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The longest Shuttle mission was <a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a> lasting 17 days, 15 hours. The final flight of the Space Shuttle program was <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a> on July 8, 2011. </p><p>Since the Shuttle's retirement in 2011, many of its original duties are performed by an assortment of government and private vessels. The European ATV <a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> supplied the ISS between 2008 and 2015. Classified military missions are being flown by the US Air Force's uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/X-37B" class="mw-redirect" title="X-37B">X-37B</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2012, cargo to the International Space Station was already being delivered commercially under NASA's <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> by SpaceX's partially reusable <a href="/wiki/Dragon_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon spacecraft">Dragon spacecraft</a>, followed by Orbital Sciences' <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus spacecraft">Cygnus spacecraft</a> in late 2013. Crew service to the ISS is currently provided by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> and, since 2020, the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a> crew capsule, launched on the company's reusable <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket as part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Crew Development">Commercial Crew Development program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a> capsule is scheduled to start ISS crew service from 2025. For missions beyond <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, NASA is building the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_Arrival_Ceremony_at_Kennedy_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000088.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spacelab_Arrival_Ceremony_at_Kennedy_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000088.jpg/220px-Spacelab_Arrival_Ceremony_at_Kennedy_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000088.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spacelab_Arrival_Ceremony_at_Kennedy_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000088.jpg/330px-Spacelab_Arrival_Ceremony_at_Kennedy_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000088.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Spacelab_Arrival_Ceremony_at_Kennedy_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000088.jpg/440px-Spacelab_Arrival_Ceremony_at_Kennedy_Space_Center_-_GPN-2002-000088.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>NASA Administrator address the crowd at the Spacelab arrival ceremony in February 1982. On the podium with him is then-Vice President George Bush, the director general of European Space Agency (ESA), Eric Quistgaard, and director of Kennedy Space Center Richard G. Smith</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan_NASA_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan_NASA_1982.jpg/220px-Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan_NASA_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan_NASA_1982.jpg/330px-Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan_NASA_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan_NASA_1982.jpg/440px-Ronald_and_Nancy_Reagan_NASA_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption>"President Ronald Reagan chats with NASA astronauts <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hartsfield" title="Henry Hartsfield">Henry Hartsfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> on the runway as first lady Nancy Reagan inspects the nose of Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> following its Independence Day landing at Edwards Air Force Base on July 4, 1982."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-3_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/STS-3_landing.jpg/220px-STS-3_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/STS-3_landing.jpg/330px-STS-3_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/STS-3_landing.jpg/440px-STS-3_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>STS-3 lands in March 1982</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accomplishments">Accomplishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accomplishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1989_s34_Galileo_Deploy_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1989_s34_Galileo_Deploy_5.jpg/170px-1989_s34_Galileo_Deploy_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1989_s34_Galileo_Deploy_5.jpg/255px-1989_s34_Galileo_Deploy_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1989_s34_Galileo_Deploy_5.jpg/340px-1989_s34_Galileo_Deploy_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Galileo</i> floating free in space after release from Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i>, 1989</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg/170px-Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg/255px-Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg/340px-Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption>Space Shuttle <i>Endeavour</i> docked with the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS), 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Space Shuttle missions have included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> missions<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including: <ul><li>Science<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Astronomy<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crystal growth<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Space physics<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS)</li> <li>Crew rotation and servicing of <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS)</li> <li>Servicing missions, such as to repair the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (HST) and orbiting satellites</li> <li>Human experiments in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO)</li> <li>Carried to low Earth orbit (LEO): <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (HST)</li> <li>Components of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS)</li> <li>Supplies in <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab modules</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">Long Duration Exposure Facility</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite" title="Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite">Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite" title="Earth Radiation Budget Satellite">Earth Radiation Budget Satellite</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Mir Shuttle Docking Node</a></li></ul></li> <li>Carried satellites with a booster, such as the <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a> (PAM-D) or the <a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a> (IUS), to the point where the booster sends the satellite to: <ul><li>A higher Earth <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>; these have included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></li> <li>The first six <a href="/wiki/TDRS" class="mw-redirect" title="TDRS">TDRS</a> satellites</li> <li>Two DSCS-III (Defense Satellite Communications System) communications satellites in one mission</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">Defense Support Program</a> satellite</li></ul></li> <li>An interplanetary mission; these have included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan probe"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)"><i>Galileo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses probe"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-73_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Shuttle Columbia landing at the end of STS-73, 1995"><img alt="U.S. Shuttle Columbia landing at the end of STS-73, 1995" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/120px-STS-73_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/180px-STS-73_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/240px-STS-73_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> landing at the end of <a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a>, 1995</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelab_2_mission.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space art for the Spacelab 2 mission, showing some of the various experiments in the payload bay. Spacelab was a major European contribution to the Space Shuttle program"><img alt="Space art for the Spacelab 2 mission, showing some of the various experiments in the payload bay. Spacelab was a major European contribution to the Space Shuttle program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spacelab_2_mission.jpg/120px-Spacelab_2_mission.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spacelab_2_mission.jpg/180px-Spacelab_2_mission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Spacelab_2_mission.jpg/240px-Spacelab_2_mission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Space art for the <a href="/wiki/Spacelab_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacelab 2">Spacelab 2</a> mission, showing some of the various experiments in the payload bay. Spacelab was a major European contribution to the Space Shuttle program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European astronauts prepare for their Spacelab mission, 1984."><img alt="European astronauts prepare for their Spacelab mission, 1984." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/120px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/180px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg/240px-STS-61-A_compartment_trainer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">European astronauts prepare for their Spacelab mission, 1984.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astro2_sts67_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SpaceLab hardware included a pressurized lab, but also other equipment allowing the Orbiter to serve as a crewed space observatory (Astro-2 mission, 1995, shown)"><img alt="SpaceLab hardware included a pressurized lab, but also other equipment allowing the Orbiter to serve as a crewed space observatory (Astro-2 mission, 1995, shown)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astro2_sts67_big.jpg/119px-Astro2_sts67_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astro2_sts67_big.jpg/179px-Astro2_sts67_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astro2_sts67_big.jpg/238px-Astro2_sts67_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="4166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SpaceLab hardware included a pressurized lab, but also other equipment allowing the Orbiter to serve as a crewed space observatory (<i>Astro-2</i> mission, 1995, shown)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upgrading_Hubble_during_SM1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astronauts Thomas D. Akers and Kathryn C. Thornton install corrective optics on the Hubble Space Telescope during STS-61."><img alt="Astronauts Thomas D. Akers and Kathryn C. Thornton install corrective optics on the Hubble Space Telescope during STS-61." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Upgrading_Hubble_during_SM1.jpg/120px-Upgrading_Hubble_during_SM1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Upgrading_Hubble_during_SM1.jpg/180px-Upgrading_Hubble_during_SM1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Upgrading_Hubble_during_SM1.jpg/240px-Upgrading_Hubble_during_SM1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Astronauts <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Akers" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas D. Akers">Thomas D. Akers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_C._Thornton" title="Kathryn C. Thornton">Kathryn C. Thornton</a> install corrective optics on the Hubble Space Telescope during <a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg/220px-Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg/330px-Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg/440px-Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption>Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i> takes flight on the STS-27 mission on December 2, 1988. The Shuttle took about 8.5 minutes to accelerate to a speed of over 27,000 km/h (17000 mph) and achieve orbit.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:950318_STS67_Endeavour_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/950318_STS67_Endeavour_landing.jpg/220px-950318_STS67_Endeavour_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/950318_STS67_Endeavour_landing.jpg/330px-950318_STS67_Endeavour_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/950318_STS67_Endeavour_landing.jpg/440px-950318_STS67_Endeavour_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>A drag chute is deployed by <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> as it completes a mission of almost 17 days in space on Runway 22 at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> in southern California. Landing occurred at 1:46 pm (EST), March 18, 1995.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early during development of the Space Shuttle, NASA had estimated that the program would cost $7.45 billion ($43 billion in 2011 dollars, adjusting for inflation) in development/non-recurring costs, and $9.3M ($54M in 2011 dollars) per flight.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early estimates for the cost to deliver payload to low-Earth orbit were as low as $118 per pound ($260/kg) of payload ($635/lb or $1,400/kg in 2011 dollars), based on marginal or incremental launch costs, and assuming a 65,000 pound (30 000 kg) payload capacity and 50 launches per year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-costbenefit_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costbenefit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more realistic projection of 12 flights per year for the 15-year service life combined with the initial development costs would have resulted in a total cost projection for the program of roughly $54 billion (in 2011 dollars). </p><p>The total cost of the actual 30-year service life of the Shuttle program through 2011, adjusted for inflation, was $196 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_shuttle_program_costs_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_shuttle_program_costs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the incremental cost per flight of the Space Shuttle was $409 million, or $14,186 per kilogram ($6,435 per pound) to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO). In contrast, the comparable <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton</a> launch vehicle cost was $141 million, or $6,721 per kilogram ($3,049 per pound) to LEO and the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_2.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 2.1">Soyuz 2.1</a> was $55 million, or $6,665 per kilogram ($3,023 per pound), despite these launch vehicles not being reusable.<sup id="cite_ref-Launch_Cost_Analy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launch_Cost_Analy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NASA_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Budget">NASA's budget</a> for 2005 allocated 30%, or $5 billion, to space shuttle operations;<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_2005_budget_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_2005_budget-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was decreased in 2006 to a request of $4.3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_2006_budget_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_2006_budget-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-launch costs account for a significant part of the program budget: for example, during fiscal years 2004 to 2006, NASA spent around $13 billion on the Space Shuttle program,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the fleet was grounded in the aftermath of the <i>Columbia</i> disaster and there were a total of three launches during this period of time. In fiscal year 2009, NASA budget allocated $2.98 billion for 5 launches to the program, including $490 million for "program integration", $1.03 billion for "flight and ground operations", and $1.46 billion for "flight hardware" (which includes maintenance of orbiters, engines, and the external tank between flights.) </p><p>Per-launch costs can be measured by dividing the total cost over the life of the program (including buildings, facilities, training, salaries, etc.) by the number of launches. With 135 missions, and the total cost of US$192 billion (in 2010 dollars), this gives approximately $1.5 billion per launch over the life of the Shuttle program.<sup id="cite_ref-pielke_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pielke-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study found that carrying one kilogram of cargo to the ISS on the Shuttle cost $272,000 in 2017 dollars, twice the cost of Cygnus and three times that of Dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-foust20171120_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foust20171120-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA used a <a href="/wiki/Management_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Management philosophy">management philosophy</a> known as success-oriented management during the Space Shuttle program which was described by historian Alex Roland in the aftermath of the <i>Columbia</i> disaster as "hoping for the best".<sup id="cite_ref-roland_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roland-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Success-oriented management has since been studied by several analysts in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-som1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-som1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-som2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-som2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-som3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-som3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents">Accidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the course of 135 missions flown, two orbiters were destroyed, with loss of crew totalling 14 astronauts: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> – lost 73 seconds after liftoff, <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>, January 28, 1986</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> – lost approximately 16 minutes before its expected landing, <a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>, February 1, 2003</li></ul> <p>There was also one <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">abort-to-orbit</a> and some fatal accidents on the ground during launch preparations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STS-51-L_(Challenger,_1986)"><span id="STS-51-L_.28Challenger.2C_1986.29"></span>STS-51-L (<i>Challenger</i>, 1986)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: STS-51-L (Challenger, 1986)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Challenger_explosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/220px-Challenger_explosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/330px-Challenger_explosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Challenger_explosion.jpg/440px-Challenger_explosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="2879" /></a><figcaption>In 1986, <i>Challenger</i> disintegrated one minute and 13 seconds after liftoff.</figcaption></figure> <p>Close-up video footage of <i>Challenger</i> during its final launch on January 28, 1986, clearly shows that the problems began due to an <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">O-ring failure</a> on the right solid rocket booster (SRB). The hot plume of gas leaking from the failed joint caused the collapse of the external tank, which then resulted in the orbiter's disintegration due to high aerodynamic stress. The accident resulted in the loss of all seven astronauts on board. <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> (OV-105) was built to replace <i>Challenger</i> (using structural spare parts originally intended for the other orbiters) and delivered in May 1991; it was first launched a year later. </p><p>After the loss of <i>Challenger</i>, NASA grounded the Space Shuttle program for over two years, making numerous safety changes recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Commission Report</a>, which included a redesign of the SRB joint that failed in the <i>Challenger</i> accident. Other safety changes included a new escape system for use when the orbiter was in controlled flight, improved landing gear tires and brakes, and the reintroduction of pressure suits for Shuttle astronauts (these had been discontinued after <a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a>; astronauts wore only coveralls and oxygen helmets from that point on until the <i>Challenger</i> accident). The Shuttle program continued in September 1988 with the launch of <i>Discovery</i> on <a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a>. </p><p>The accidents did not just affect the technical design of the orbiter, but also NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quoting some recommendations made by the post-<i>Challenger</i> Rogers commission:<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><b>Recommendation I</b> – The faulty Solid Rocket Motor joint and seal must be changed. This could be a new design eliminating the joint or a redesign of the current joint and seal. ... the Administrator of NASA should request the National Research Council to form an independent Solid Rocket Motor design oversight committee to implement the Commission's design recommendations and oversee the design effort.<br /> <b>Recommendation II</b> – The Shuttle Program Structure should be reviewed. ... NASA should encourage the transition of qualified astronauts into agency management Positions.<br /> <b>Recommendation III</b> – NASA and the primary shuttle contractors should review all Criticality 1, 1R, 2, and 2R items and hazard analyses.<br /> <b>Recommendation IV</b> – NASA should establish an Office of Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance to be headed by an Associate Administrator, reporting directly to the NASA Administrator.<br /> <b>Recommendation VI</b> – NASA must take actions to improve landing safety. The tire, brake and nosewheel system must be improved.<br /> <b>Recommendation VII</b> – Make all efforts to provide a crew escape system for use during controlled gliding flight.<br /> <b>Recommendation VIII</b> – The nation's reliance on the shuttle as its principal space launch capability created a relentless pressure on NASA to increase the flight rate ... NASA must establish a flight rate that is consistent with its resources. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STS-107_(Columbia,_2003)"><span id="STS-107_.28Columbia.2C_2003.29"></span>STS-107 (<i>Columbia</i>, 2003)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: STS-107 (Columbia, 2003)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/STS-107%2C_final_moments_in_cabin_%28Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster%29.webm/220px--STS-107%2C_final_moments_in_cabin_%28Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="471" data-mwtitle="STS-107,_final_moments_in_cabin_(Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:STS-107,_final_moments_in_cabin_(Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/STS-107%2C_final_moments_in_cabin_%28Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster%29.webm/STS-107%2C_final_moments_in_cabin_%28Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/STS-107%2C_final_moments_in_cabin_%28Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/STS-107%2C_final_moments_in_cabin_%28Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster%29.webm/STS-107%2C_final_moments_in_cabin_%28Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASTS-107%2C_final_moments_in_cabin_%28Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of <i>Columbia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s final moments, filmed by the crew.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermal_protection_system_inspections_from_ISS_-_Shuttle_nose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thermal_protection_system_inspections_from_ISS_-_Shuttle_nose.jpg/220px-Thermal_protection_system_inspections_from_ISS_-_Shuttle_nose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thermal_protection_system_inspections_from_ISS_-_Shuttle_nose.jpg/330px-Thermal_protection_system_inspections_from_ISS_-_Shuttle_nose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Thermal_protection_system_inspections_from_ISS_-_Shuttle_nose.jpg/440px-Thermal_protection_system_inspections_from_ISS_-_Shuttle_nose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i> as it approaches the International Space Station during <a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a> on July 28, 2005. This was the Shuttle's "return to flight" mission after the <i>Columbia</i> disaster</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shuttle program operated accident-free for seventeen years and 88 missions after the <i>Challenger</i> disaster, until <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> broke up on reentry</a>, killing all seven crew members, on February 1, 2003. The <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate cause">ultimate cause</a> of the accident was a piece of foam separating from the external tank moments after liftoff and striking the leading edge of the orbiter's left wing, puncturing one of the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panels that covered the wing edge and protected it during reentry. As <i>Columbia</i> reentered the atmosphere at the end of an otherwise normal mission, hot gas penetrated the wing and destroyed it from the inside out, causing the orbiter to lose control and disintegrate. </p><p>After the <i>Columbia</i> disaster, the International Space Station operated on a skeleton crew of two for more than two years and was serviced primarily by Russian spacecraft. While the "Return to Flight" mission <a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a> in 2005 was successful, a similar piece of foam from a different portion of the tank was shed. Although the debris did not strike <i>Discovery</i>, the program was grounded once again for this reason. </p><p>The second "Return to Flight" mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a> launched on July 4, 2006, at 14:37 (EDT). Two previous launches were scrubbed because of lingering thunderstorms and high winds around the launch pad, and the launch took place despite objections from its chief engineer and safety head. A five-inch (13 cm) crack in the foam insulation of the external tank gave cause for concern; however, the Mission Management Team gave the go for launch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mission increased the ISS crew to three. <i>Discovery</i> touched down successfully on July 17, 2006, at 09:14 (EDT) on Runway 15 at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>. </p><p>Following the success of <a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a>, all subsequent missions were completed without major foam problems, and the construction of the ISS was completed (during the <a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a> mission in August 2007, the orbiter was again struck by a foam fragment on liftoff, but this damage was minimal compared to the damage sustained by <i>Columbia</i>). </p><p>The <i>Columbia</i> Accident Investigation Board, in its report, noted the reduced risk to the crew when a Shuttle flew to the International Space Station (ISS), as the station could be used as a safe haven for the crew awaiting rescue in the event that damage to the orbiter on ascent made it unsafe for reentry. The board recommended that for the remaining flights, the Shuttle always orbit with the station. Prior to STS-114, NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe declared that all future flights of the Space Shuttle would go to the ISS, precluding the possibility of executing the final <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> servicing mission which had been scheduled before the <i>Columbia</i> accident, despite the fact that millions of dollars worth of upgrade equipment for Hubble were ready and waiting in NASA warehouses. Many dissenters, including astronauts <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2013)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>, asked NASA management to reconsider allowing the mission, but initially the director stood firm. On October 31, 2006, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> announced approval of the launch of <i>Atlantis</i> for the fifth and final shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope, scheduled for August 28, 2008. However SM4/<a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a> eventually launched in May 2009. </p><p>One impact of <i>Columbia</i> was that future crewed launch vehicles, namely the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a>, had a special emphasis on crew safety compared to other considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle#Retirement" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle § Retirement</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The Space Shuttle retirement was announced in January 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-347">: III-347 </span></sup> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> announced his <a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a>, which called for the retirement of the Space Shuttle once it completed construction of the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_vision_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_vision-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_bush_speech_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_bush_speech-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure the ISS was properly assembled, the contributing partners determined the need for 16 remaining assembly missions in March 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-349">: III-349 </span></sup> One additional Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission was approved in October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-352">: III-352 </span></sup> Originally, <a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a> was to be the final Space Shuttle mission. However, the <i>Columbia</i> disaster resulted in additional orbiters being prepared for <a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">launch on need</a> in the event of a rescue mission. As <i>Atlantis</i> was prepared for the final launch-on-need mission, the decision was made in September 2010 that it would fly as <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a> with a four-person crew that could remain at the ISS in the event of an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-355">: III-355 </span></sup> STS-135 launched on July 8, 2011, and landed at the KSC on July 21, 2011, at 5:57 a.m. EDT (09:57 UTC).<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-398">: III-398 </span></sup> From then until the launch of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2#Crew_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a> Demo-2 on May 30, 2020, the US launched its astronauts aboard Russian Soyuz spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_nytimes_crewdragon_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_nytimes_crewdragon-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following each orbiter's final flight, it was processed to make it safe for display. The OMS and RCS systems used presented the primary dangers due to their toxic <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic propellant</a>, and most of their components were permanently removed to prevent any dangerous outgassing.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-443">: III-443 </span></sup> <i>Atlantis</i> is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a> in Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-456">: III-456 </span></sup> <i>Discovery</i> is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> in Virginia,<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-451">: III-451 </span></sup> <i>Endeavour</i> is on display at the <a href="/wiki/California_Science_Center" title="California Science Center">California Science Center</a> in Los Angeles,<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-457">: III-457 </span></sup> and <i>Enterprise</i> is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Museum" title="Intrepid Museum"><i>Intrepid</i> Museum</a> in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-464">: III-464 </span></sup> Components from the orbiters were transferred to the US Air Force, ISS program, and Russian and Canadian governments. The engines were removed to be used on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a>, and spare RS-25 nozzles were attached for display purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-445">: III-445 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_welcome_home_ceremony_outside_the_OPF_July_22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Atlantis being greeted by a crowd after its final landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Atlantis_welcome_home_ceremony_outside_the_OPF_July_22.png/440px-Atlantis_welcome_home_ceremony_outside_the_OPF_July_22.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Atlantis_welcome_home_ceremony_outside_the_OPF_July_22.png/660px-Atlantis_welcome_home_ceremony_outside_the_OPF_July_22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Atlantis_welcome_home_ceremony_outside_the_OPF_July_22.png/880px-Atlantis_welcome_home_ceremony_outside_the_OPF_July_22.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption><i>Atlantis</i> after its final landing, marking the end of the Space Shuttle Program</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Discovery_@_Udvar_Hazy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Space_Shuttle_Discovery_%40_Udvar_Hazy.png/220px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery_%40_Udvar_Hazy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Space_Shuttle_Discovery_%40_Udvar_Hazy.png/330px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery_%40_Udvar_Hazy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Space_Shuttle_Discovery_%40_Udvar_Hazy.png/440px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery_%40_Udvar_Hazy.png 2x" data-file-width="3805" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i> at the Udvar Hazy museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Out of the five fully functional shuttle orbiters built, three remain. <i>Enterprise</i>, which was used for atmospheric test flights but not for orbital flight, had many parts taken out for use on the other orbiters. It was later visually restored and was on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> until April 19, 2012. <i>Enterprise</i> was moved to New York City in April 2012 to be displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Museum" title="Intrepid Museum"><i>Intrepid</i> Museum</a>, whose Space Shuttle Pavilion opened on July 19, 2012. <i>Discovery</i> replaced <i>Enterprise</i> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a>. <i>Atlantis</i> formed part of the Space Shuttle Exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> visitor complex and has been on display there since June 29, 2013, following its refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 14, 2012, <i>Endeavour</i> completed an unprecedented 12 mi (19 km) drive on city streets from <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> to the <a href="/wiki/California_Science_Center" title="California Science Center">California Science Center</a>, where it has been on display in a temporary hangar since late 2012. The transport from the airport took two days and required major street closures, the removal of over 400 city trees, and extensive work to raise power lines, level the street, and temporarily remove street signs, lamp posts, and other obstacles. Hundreds of volunteers, and fire and police personnel, helped with the transport. Large crowds of spectators waited on the streets to see the shuttle as it passed through the city. <i>Endeavour</i>, along with the last flight-qualified external tank (ET-94), is currently on display at the Science Center's <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oschin" title="Samuel Oschin">Samuel Oschin</a> Pavilion (in a horizontal orientation) until the completion of the <i>Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center</i> (a planned addition to the California Science Center). Once moved, it will be permanently displayed in launch configuration, complete with genuine solid rocket boosters and external tank.<sup id="cite_ref-casc_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casc-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew_modules">Crew modules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crew modules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/images/the_space_tourist.15.gif">Rockwell 74 Passenger Module</a> <br />© Rockwell<small>— host </small></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacehab_S107e05359.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spacehab_S107e05359.jpg/220px-Spacehab_S107e05359.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spacehab_S107e05359.jpg/330px-Spacehab_S107e05359.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Spacehab_S107e05359.jpg/440px-Spacehab_S107e05359.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Spacehab module during STS-107</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crewmembers_of_STS-71,_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg/220px-Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg/330px-Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg/440px-Crewmembers_of_STS-71%2C_Mir-18_and_Mir-19_Pose_for_Inflight_Picture_-_GPN-2002-000061_rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3352" /></a><figcaption>Ten people inside Spacelab Module in the Shuttle bay in June 1995, celebrating the docking of the Space Shuttle and Mir.</figcaption></figure> <p>One area of Space Shuttle applications is an expanded crew.<sup id="cite_ref-orbiter_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orbiter-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crews of up to eight have been flown in the Orbiter, but it could have held at least a crew of ten.<sup id="cite_ref-orbiter_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orbiter-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various proposals for filling the payload bay with additional passengers were also made as early as 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-reichert_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reichert-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One proposal by <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell</a> provided seating for 74 passengers in the Orbiter payload bay, with support for three days in Earth orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-reichert_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reichert-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a smaller 64 seat orbiter, costs for the late 1980s would be around US$1.5 million per seat per launch.<sup id="cite_ref-david_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rockwell passenger module had two decks, four seats across on top and two on the bottom, including a 25-inch (63.5 cm) wide aisle and extra storage space.<sup id="cite_ref-david_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another design was Space Habitation Design Associates 1983 proposal for 72 passengers in the Space Shuttle Payload bay.<sup id="cite_ref-david_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passengers were located in 6 sections, each with windows and its own loading ramp at launch, and with seats in different configurations for launch and landing.<sup id="cite_ref-david_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another proposal was based on the Spacelab habitation modules, which provided 32 seats in the payload bay in addition to those in the cockpit area.<sup id="cite_ref-david_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were some efforts to analyze commercial operation of STS.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the NASA figure for average cost to launch a Space Shuttle as of 2011 at about $450 million per mission, <sup id="cite_ref-missionbudget_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missionbudget-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cost per seat for a 74<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell74_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell74-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seat module envisioned by Rockwell came to less than $6 million, not including the regular crew. Some passenger modules used hardware similar to existing equipment, such as the tunnel,<sup id="cite_ref-rockwell74_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rockwell74-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was also needed for <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> and Spacelab </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">List of Space Shuttle crews</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors">Successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the three decades of operation, various follow-on and replacements for the STS Space Shuttle were partially developed but not finished.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of possible future space vehicles to supplement or supplant STS:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Advanced Crewed Earth-to-Orbit Vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle II">Shuttle II</a>, Johnson Space Center concept for a follow-on, with 2 boosters and 2 tanks mounted on its wings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National Aero-Space Plane (NASP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">Rockwell X-30</a> (not funded)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a>, SSTO spacelane concept using an aerospike engine. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">Lockheed Martin X-33</a> (cancelled 2001)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> (ended with Constellation cancellation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane Program</a></li></ul> <p>One effort in the direction of space transportation was the Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) program, initiated in 1994 by NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-spinoff.nasa.gov_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spinoff.nasa.gov-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to work on the X-33 and X-34 vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-spinoff.nasa.gov_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spinoff.nasa.gov-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA spent about US$1 billion on developing the X-33 hoping for it be in operation by 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-spinoff.nasa.gov_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spinoff.nasa.gov-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another program around the turn of the millennium was the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_Initiative" title="Space Launch Initiative">Space Launch Initiative</a>, which was a next generation launch initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Space Launch Initiative program was started in 2001, and in late 2002 it was evolved into two programs, the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane Program</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Technology" title="Next Generation Launch Technology">Next Generation Launch Technology</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OSP was oriented towards provided access to the International Space Station.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa.gov_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa.gov-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other vehicles that would have taken over some of the Shuttles responsibilities were the <a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a> or the <a href="/wiki/NASA_X-38" title="NASA X-38">NASA X-38</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Return_Vehicle" title="Crew Return Vehicle">Crew Return Vehicle</a> program, which were primarily for getting people down from ISS. The X-38 was cancelled in 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the HL-20 was cancelled in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other programs in this existed such as the Station Crew Return Alternative Module (SCRAM) and Assured Crew Return Vehicle (ACRV)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2004 Vision for Space Exploration, the next human NASA program was to be <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> launch vehicles and the <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a>; however, the Constellation program was never fully funded, and in early 2010 the Obama administration asked Congress to instead endorse a plan with heavy reliance on the private sector for delivering cargo and crew to LEO. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> (COTS) program began in 2006 with the purpose of creating commercially operated uncrewed cargo vehicles to service the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these vehicles, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">SpaceX Dragon 1</a>, became operational in 2012, and the second, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Sciences">Orbital Sciences</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a> did so in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Crew Development">Commercial Crew Development</a> (CCDev) program was initiated in 2010 with the purpose of creating commercially operated crewed spacecraft capable of delivering at least four crew members to the ISS, staying docked for 180 days and then returning them back to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These spacecraft, like <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dragon_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_CST-100_Starliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing CST-100 Starliner">Boeing CST-100 Starliner</a> were expected to become operational around 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> mission, SpaceX's Dragon 2 sent astronauts to the ISS, restoring America's human launch capability. The <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">first operational SpaceX mission</a> launched on November 15, 2020, at 7:27:17 p.m. ET, carrying four astronauts to the ISS. </p><p>Although the Constellation program was canceled, it has been replaced with a very similar <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a> has been left virtually unchanged from its previous design. The planned <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> rocket has been replaced with the smaller <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS), which is planned to launch both Orion and other necessary hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Flight_Test-1" title="Exploration Flight Test-1">Exploration Flight Test-1</a> (EFT-1), an uncrewed test flight of the Orion spacecraft, launched on December 5, 2014, on a <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a> rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-schedule_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schedule-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Artemis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 1">Artemis 1</a> is the first flight of the SLS and was launched as a test of the completed Orion and SLS system.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the mission, an uncrewed Orion capsule spent 10 days in a 57,000-kilometer (31,000-nautical-mile) <a href="/wiki/Distant_retrograde_orbit" title="Distant retrograde orbit">distant retrograde orbit</a> around the Moon before returning to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-a1-1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a1-1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artemis_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 2">Artemis 2</a>, the first crewed mission of the program, will launch four astronauts in 2024<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a <a href="/wiki/Free-return_trajectory" title="Free-return trajectory">free-return</a> flyby of the Moon at a distance of 8,520 kilometers (4,600 nautical miles).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Artemis 2, the Power and Propulsion Element of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> and three components of an expendable lunar lander are planned to be delivered on multiple launches from commercial <a href="/wiki/Launch_service_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch service provider">launch service providers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a3-1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a3-1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Artemis_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 3">Artemis 3</a> is planned to launch in 2025 aboard a SLS Block 1 rocket and will use the minimalist Gateway and expendable lander to achieve the first crewed lunar landing of the program. The flight is planned to touch down on the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">lunar south pole</a> region, with two astronauts staying there for about one week.<sup id="cite_ref-a3-1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a3-1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a3-2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a3-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Linear aerospike engine for the cancelled X-33"><img alt="Linear aerospike engine for the cancelled X-33" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg/120px-Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg/180px-Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg/240px-Twin_Linear_Aerospike_XRS-2200_Engine_PLW_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Linear aerospike engine for the cancelled X-33</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COTS2Dragon.2..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dragon spacecraft, one of the Space Shuttle's several successors, is seen here on its way to deliver cargo to the ISS"><img alt="The Dragon spacecraft, one of the Space Shuttle's several successors, is seen here on its way to deliver cargo to the ISS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/COTS2Dragon.2..jpg/120px-COTS2Dragon.2..jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/COTS2Dragon.2..jpg/180px-COTS2Dragon.2..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/COTS2Dragon.2..jpg/240px-COTS2Dragon.2..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dragon spacecraft, one of the Space Shuttle's several successors, is seen here on its way to deliver cargo to the ISS</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA's Orion Spacecraft for the Artemis 1 mission seen in Plum Brook On December 1, 2019"><img alt="NASA's Orion Spacecraft for the Artemis 1 mission seen in Plum Brook On December 1, 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg/91px-Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg/136px-Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg/181px-Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">NASA's Orion Spacecraft for the Artemis 1 mission seen in Plum Brook On December 1, 2019</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SLS_CS1_JAN1_2020-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Core Stage for the Space Launch System rocket for Artemis I"><img alt="The Core Stage for the Space Launch System rocket for Artemis I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SLS_CS1_JAN1_2020-1.jpg/120px-SLS_CS1_JAN1_2020-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SLS_CS1_JAN1_2020-1.jpg/180px-SLS_CS1_JAN1_2020-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SLS_CS1_JAN1_2020-1.jpg/240px-SLS_CS1_JAN1_2020-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Core Stage for the Space Launch System rocket for Artemis I</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Space Launch System Core Stage rolling out of the Michoud Facility for shipping to Stennis"><img alt="The Space Launch System Core Stage rolling out of the Michoud Facility for shipping to Stennis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg/120px-Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg/180px-Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg/240px-Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Space Launch System Core Stage rolling out of the Michoud Facility for shipping to Stennis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_(iss067e066735)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Boeing CST-100 Starliner spacecraft in the process of docking to the International Space Station"><img alt="The Boeing CST-100 Starliner spacecraft in the process of docking to the International Space Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Boeing%27s_Starliner_crew_ship_approaches_the_space_station_%28iss067e066735%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Boeing CST-100 Starliner spacecraft in the process of docking to the International Space Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The SpaceX Crew Dragon in the process of docking to the International Space Station"><img alt="The SpaceX Crew Dragon in the process of docking to the International Space Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Crew_Dragon_at_the_ISS_for_Demo_Mission_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The SpaceX Crew Dragon in the process of docking to the International Space Station </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assets_and_transition_plan">Assets and transition plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Assets and transition plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-135_30_mins_after_touchdown2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/STS-135_30_mins_after_touchdown2.png/250px-STS-135_30_mins_after_touchdown2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/STS-135_30_mins_after_touchdown2.png/375px-STS-135_30_mins_after_touchdown2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/STS-135_30_mins_after_touchdown2.png/500px-STS-135_30_mins_after_touchdown2.png 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><i>Atlantis</i> about 30 minutes after final touchdown</figcaption></figure> <p>The Space Shuttle program occupied over 654 facilities, used over 1.2 million line items of equipment, and employed over 5,000 people. The total value of equipment was over $12 billion. Shuttle-related facilities represented over a quarter of NASA's inventory. There were over 1,200 active suppliers to the program throughout the United States. NASA's transition plan had the program operating through 2010 with a transition and retirement phase lasting through 2015. During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orion_(Constellation_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion (Constellation program)">Orion</a> as well as the Altair Lunar Lander were to be under development,<sup id="cite_ref-NTMP_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTMP-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these programs have since been canceled. </p><p>In the 2010s, two major programs for human spaceflight are <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A</a> is, for example, used to launch <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism of the Space Shuttle program</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle#Criticism" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle § Criticism</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The partial reusability of the Space Shuttle was one of the primary design requirements during its initial development.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_dev_space_shuttle_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_dev_space_shuttle-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> The technical decisions that dictated the orbiter's return and re-use reduced the per-launch payload capabilities. The original intention was to compensate for this lower payload by lowering the per-launch costs and a high launch frequency. However, the actual costs of a Space Shuttle launch were higher than initially predicted, and the Space Shuttle did not fly the intended 24 missions per year as initially predicted by NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_griffin_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_griffin-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–489–490">: III–489–490 </span></sup> </p><p>The Space Shuttle was originally intended as a launch vehicle to deploy satellites, which it was primarily used for on the missions prior to the <i>Challenger</i> disaster. NASA's pricing, which was below cost, was lower than expendable launch vehicles; the intention was that the high volume of Space Shuttle missions would compensate for early financial losses. The improvement of expendable launch vehicles and the transition away from commercial payloads on the Space Shuttle resulted in expendable launch vehicles becoming the primary deployment option for satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–109–112">: III–109–112 </span></sup> A key customer for the Space Shuttle was the <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> (NRO) responsible for spy satellites. The existence of NRO's connection was classified through 1993, and secret considerations of NRO payload requirements led to lack of transparency in the program. The proposed <a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Centaur" title="Shuttle-Centaur">Shuttle-Centaur</a> program, cancelled in the wake of the <i>Challenger</i> disaster, would have pushed the spacecraft beyond its operational capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The fatal <i>Challenger</i> and <i>Columbia</i> disasters demonstrated the safety risks of the Space Shuttle that could result in the loss of the crew. The spaceplane design of the orbiter limited the abort options, as the abort scenarios required the controlled flight of the orbiter to a runway or to allow the crew to egress individually, rather than the abort escape options on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> space capsules.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_shuttle_safety_comparison_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_shuttle_safety_comparison-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early safety analyses advertised by NASA engineers and management predicted the chance of a catastrophic failure resulting in the death of the crew as ranging from 1 in 100 launches to as rare as 1 in 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_ieee_challenger_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_ieee_challenger-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_feynman_appendix_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_feynman_appendix-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the loss of two Space Shuttle missions, the risks for the initial missions were reevaluated, and the chance of a catastrophic loss of the vehicle and crew was found to be as high as 1 in 9.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_npr_safety_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_npr_safety-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA management was criticized afterwards for accepting increased risk to the crew in exchange for higher mission rates. Both the <i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Challenger</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">Columbia</a> </i> reports explained that NASA culture had failed to keep the crew safe by not objectively evaluating the potential risks of the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_feynman_appendix_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_feynman_appendix-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_columbia_report_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Shuttle_columbia_report-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195–203">: 195–203 </span></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_vehicles">Support vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Support vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many other vehicles were used in support of the Space Shuttle program, mainly terrestrial transportation vehicles. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">crawler-transporter</a> carried the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform" title="Mobile launcher platform">mobile launcher platform</a> and the Space Shuttle from the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> (VAB) to <a href="/wiki/Launch_Complex_39" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>, originally built for Project Apollo.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> (SCA) were two modified <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747s</a>. Either could fly an orbiter from alternative landing sites back to the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: I–377, 382">: I–377, 382 </span></sup> These aircraft were retired to the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Davies_Heritage_Airpark" title="Joe Davies Heritage Airpark">Joe Davies Heritage Airpark</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a>.</li> <li>A 36-wheeled transport trailer, the Orbiter Transfer System, originally built for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>'s launch facility at <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> in California (since then converted for <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta IV rocket">Delta IV rockets</a>) would transport the orbiter from the landing facility to the launch pad, which allowed both "stacking" and launch without utilizing a separate VAB-style building and crawler-transporter roadway. Prior to the closing of the Vandenberg facility, orbiters were transported from the <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">OPF</a> to the VAB on their undercarriages, only to be raised when the orbiter was being lifted for attachment to the SRB/ET stack. The trailer allowed the transportation of the orbiter from the OPF to either the SCA <a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">"Mate-Demate"</a> stand or the VAB without placing any additional stress on the undercarriage.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Crew_Transport_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crew Transport Vehicle">Crew Transport Vehicle</a> (CTV), a modified airport <a href="/wiki/Mobile_lounge" title="Mobile lounge">jet bridge</a>, was used to assist astronauts to egress from the orbiter after landing. Upon entering the CTV, astronauts could take off their launch and reentry suits then proceed to chairs and beds for medical checks before being transported back to the crew quarters in the <a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a>. Originally built for Project Apollo.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_transfer_van" title="Astronaut transfer van">Astrovan</a> was used to transport astronauts from the crew quarters in the Operations and Checkout Building to the launch pad on launch day. It was also used to transport astronauts back again from the Crew Transport Vehicle at the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a>.</li> <li>The three locomotives serving the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Railroad" title="NASA Railroad">NASA Railroad</a>, used to transport segments of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters</a>, were determined to be no longer needed for day-to-day operation at the Kennedy Space Center. In April 2015, locomotive No. 1 was sent to <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_Parish_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Natchitoches Parish Port">Natchitoches Parish Port</a> and No. 3 sent to the <a href="/wiki/Madison_Railroad" title="Madison Railroad">Madison Railroad</a>. Locomotive No. 2 was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Railroad_Museum" title="Gold Coast Railroad Museum">Gold Coast Railroad Museum</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crawler-Transporter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Crawler-Transporter.jpg/220px-Crawler-Transporter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Crawler-Transporter.jpg/330px-Crawler-Transporter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Crawler-Transporter.jpg/440px-Crawler-Transporter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Crawler-transporter No.2 ("Franz") in a December 2004 road test after track shoe replacement</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_mate_demate_facility.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shuttle_mate_demate_facility.jpg/220px-Shuttle_mate_demate_facility.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shuttle_mate_demate_facility.jpg/330px-Shuttle_mate_demate_facility.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shuttle_mate_demate_facility.jpg/440px-Shuttle_mate_demate_facility.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2372" /></a><figcaption><i>Atlantis</i> being prepared to be mated to the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">Mate-Demate Device</a> following <a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a>.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_Star_with_SRB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Freedom_Star_with_SRB.JPG/220px-Freedom_Star_with_SRB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Freedom_Star_with_SRB.JPG/330px-Freedom_Star_with_SRB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Freedom_Star_with_SRB.JPG/440px-Freedom_Star_with_SRB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MV_Freedom_Star" title="MV Freedom Star">MV <i>Freedom Star</i></a> was a <a href="/wiki/NASA_recovery_ship" title="NASA recovery ship">NASA recovery ship</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> – Spaceflight with a crew or passengers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">List of human spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of Space Shuttle missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a> – Exploration of space, planets, and moons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Space Shuttle abort modes</a> – NASA Space Shuttle safety procedures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">List of Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Simulation</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(video_game)" title="Shuttle (video game)"><i>Shuttle</i></a> – 1992 video game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(simulator)" title="Orbiter (simulator)"><i>Orbiter Space Flight Simulator</i></a> – 2000 video game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Mission_2007" title="Space Shuttle Mission 2007"><i>Space Shuttle Mission 2007</i></a> – Space Shuttle stand-alone mission simulator for Microsoft Windows</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt>Physics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a> – Passage of an object through the gases of an atmosphere from outer space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">Lifting body</a> – Aircraft configuration in which the fuselage produces significant lift</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other spaceflight programs</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> – 1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> – NASA-led lunar exploration program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> – Soviet research project on spaceplanes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a> – Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt>Similar vehicles</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(spacecraft)" title="Avatar (spacecraft)">Avatar</a> – Concept for a crewed single-stage reusable spaceplane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> – Soviet winged orbital vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_SERV" title="Chrysler SERV">Chrysler SERV</a> – single-stage to orbit rocket design submitted for the Space Shuttle contest<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a> – French crewed spaceplane concept (1975–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a> – Japanese experimental spaceplane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a> – 1990s European proposal of a robotic spaceplane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a> – Proposed partly reusable crewed spacecraft concept by RSC Energia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_Spacemaster" title="Martin Marietta Spacemaster">Martin Marietta Spacemaster</a> – Space Shuttle proposal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">Reusable launch system</a> – Vehicles that can go to space and return<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-stage-to-orbit" title="Single-stage-to-orbit">Single-stage-to-orbit</a> – Launch system that only uses one rocket stage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-derived_vehicle" title="Shuttle-derived vehicle">Shuttle-derived vehicle</a> – Launch vehicle built from Space Shuttle components</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a> – Single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a> – Human-rated re-usable spaceplane concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> – Commercial space glider for flying either cargo or a crew to the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The program was suspended between 1986 and 1988 and between 2003 and 2005 after catastrophic failures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Soviet shuttle <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> was very similar and was designed to have the same capabilities but made only one uncrewed spaceflight before it was cancelled.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPortree" class="citation web cs1">Portree, David S. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/09/nuclear-flight-system-definition-studies-1971/">"The Last Days of the Nuclear Shuttle (1971)"</a>. <i>Wired.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wired.com&rft.atitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+Nuclear+Shuttle+%281971%29&rft.aulast=Portree&rft.aufirst=David+S.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2012%2F09%2Fnuclear-flight-system-definition-studies-1971%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaunius1969" class="citation web cs1">Launius, Roger D. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html">"Space Task Group Report, 1969"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114031850/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Task+Group+Report%2C+1969&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Launius&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2Ftaskgrp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iss-casis.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iss-casis.org_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iss-casis.org_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iss-casis.org/About/ISSTimeline.aspx">"International Space Station Historical Timeline"</a>. Center for Advancement of Science in Space<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Space+Station+Historical+Timeline&rft.pub=Center+for+Advancement+of+Science+in+Space&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss-casis.org%2FAbout%2FISSTimeline.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1108/29shannon/">"Breaking News | Shannon to review options for deep space exploration"</a>. Spaceflight Now. August 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breaking+News+%26%23124%3B+Shannon+to+review+options+for+deep+space+exploration&rft.pub=Spaceflight+Now&rft.date=2011-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflightnow.com%2Fnews%2Fn1108%2F29shannon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weather_launch_criteria-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weather_launch_criteria_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626180630/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/release/1999/39-99.htm">"Space Shuttle Weather Launch Commit Criteria and KSC End of Mission Weather Landing Criteria"</a>. <i>KSC Release No. 39-99</i>. NASA Kennedy Space Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/release/1999/39-99.htm">the original</a> on June 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KSC+Release+No.+39-99&rft.atitle=Space+Shuttle+Weather+Launch+Commit+Criteria+and+KSC+End+of+Mission+Weather+Landing+Criteria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-pao.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fkscpao%2Frelease%2F1999%2F39-99.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-space.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-space.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-space.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/2282-columbias-white-external-fuel-tanks.html">"Columbia's White External Fuel Tanks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i>. April 12, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Columbia%27s+White+External+Fuel+Tanks&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F2282-columbias-white-external-fuel-tanks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.nasa.gov-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogsdon" class="citation web cs1">Logsdon, John A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter15.html">"Return to Flight...Challenger Accident"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Return+to+Flight...Challenger+Accident&rft.aulast=Logsdon&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4219%2FChapter15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2346762-secretive-us-space-plane-x-37b-lands-after-record-908-days-in-orbit/">"Secretive US space plane X-37B lands after record 908 days in orbit"</a>. New Scientist. November 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Secretive+US+space+plane+X-37B+lands+after+record+908+days+in+orbit&rft.date=2022-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2346762-secretive-us-space-plane-x-37b-lands-after-record-908-days-in-orbit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/">"NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates"</a>. <i>NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog</i>. February 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Commercial+Crew+Program+Blog&rft.atitle=NASA%2C+Partners+Update+Commercial+Crew+Launch+Dates&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fcommercialcrew%2F2019%2F02%2F06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdministrator2016" class="citation web cs1">Administrator, NASA (March 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/STS-4_30th_anniversary.html">"Independence Day at NASA Dryden – 30 Years Ago"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Independence+Day+at+NASA+Dryden+%E2%80%93+30+Years+Ago&rft.date=2016-03-06&rft.aulast=Administrator&rft.aufirst=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fdryden%2FFeatures%2FSTS-4_30th_anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA28-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA28_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA28_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA28_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA28_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA28_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/msad15mar99_1/">"Spacelab joined diverse scientists and disciplines on 28 Shuttle missions"</a>. NASA. March 15, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacelab+joined+diverse+scientists+and+disciplines+on+28+Shuttle+missions&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1999-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F1999%2Fmsad15mar99_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. February 1973. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1973-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caib.nasa.gov/events/public_hearings/20030423/transcript_am.html">Columbia Accident Investigation Board Public Hearing Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060812151208/http://caib.nasa.gov/events/public_hearings/20030423/transcript_am.html">Archived</a> August 12, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-costbenefit-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-costbenefit_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComptroller_General1972" class="citation web cs1">Comptroller General (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gao.gov/f0302/096542.pdf">"Report to the Congress: Cost-Benefit Analylsis Used in Support of the Space Shuttle Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States General Accounting Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://archive.gao.gov/f0302/096542.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+to+the+Congress%3A+Cost-Benefit+Analylsis+Used+in+Support+of+the+Space+Shuttle+Program&rft.pub=United+States+General+Accounting+Office&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Comptroller+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gao.gov%2Ff0302%2F096542.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_shuttle_program_costs-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_shuttle_program_costs_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2011" class="citation news cs1">Borenstein, Seth (July 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2011-07-space-shuttle-legacy-soaring-orbit.html">"Space shuttle's legacy: Soaring in orbit and costs"</a>. <i>Phys.org</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Space+shuttle%27s+legacy%3A+Soaring+in+orbit+and+costs&rft.date=2011-07-05&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2011-07-space-shuttle-legacy-soaring-orbit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Launch_Cost_Analy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Launch_Cost_Analy_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuHollingsworthSmith2019" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Qin; Hollingsworth, Peter; Smith, Katharine (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjsass/62/4/62_T-17-57/_pdf/-char/ja">"Launch Cost Analysis and Optimization Based on Analysis of Space System Characteristics"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences</i>. <b>62</b> (4): 177–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2322%2Ftjsass.62.175">10.2322/tjsass.62.175</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Japan+Society+for+Aeronautical+and+Space+Sciences&rft.atitle=Launch+Cost+Analysis+and+Optimization+Based+on+Analysis+of+Space+System+Characteristics&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=177-178&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2322%2Ftjsass.62.175&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Qin&rft.au=Hollingsworth%2C+Peter&rft.au=Smith%2C+Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Ftjsass%2F62%2F4%2F62_T-17-57%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_2005_budget-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_2005_budget_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2005" class="citation news cs1">David, Leonard (February 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/shuttle_cost_050211.html">"Total Tally of Shuttle Fleet Costs Exceed Initial Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Total+Tally+of+Shuttle+Fleet+Costs+Exceed+Initial+Estimates&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnews%2Fshuttle_cost_050211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_2006_budget-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_2006_budget_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2006" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Brian (February 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/nasa_budget_050207.html">"NASA 2006 Budget Presented: Hubble, Nuclear Initiative Suffer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+2006+Budget+Presented%3A+Hubble%2C+Nuclear+Initiative+Suffer&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnews%2Fnasa_budget_050207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/index.html">"NASA Budget Information"</a>. January 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Budget+Information&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fbudget%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pielke-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pielke_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPielkeRadford_Byerly2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pielke, Roger Jr.; Radford Byerly (April 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F472038d">"Shuttle programme lifetime cost"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>472</b> (7341): 38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.472...38P">2011Natur.472...38P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F472038d">10.1038/472038d</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21475182">21475182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Shuttle+programme+lifetime+cost&rft.volume=472&rft.issue=7341&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21475182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F472038d&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.472...38P&rft.aulast=Pielke&rft.aufirst=Roger+Jr.&rft.au=Radford+Byerly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F472038d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foust20171120-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foust20171120_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2017" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (November 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3372/1">"Review: The Space Shuttle Program: Technologies and Accomplishments"</a>. <i>The Space Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Space+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Space+Shuttle+Program%3A+Technologies+and+Accomplishments&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F3372%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roland-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roland_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Documents/Congress/Senate/FEBRUA~1/roland_statement.html">"Roland Statement"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roland+Statement&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fcolumbia%2FTroxell%2FColumbia%2520Web%2520Site%2FDocuments%2FCongress%2FSenate%2FFEBRUA~1%2Froland_statement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-som1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-som1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinrich2013" class="citation book cs1">Weinrich, Heinz (2013). <i>Management: A Global, Innovative, and Entrepreneurial Perspective</i>. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management%3A+A+Global%2C+Innovative%2C+and+Entrepreneurial+Perspective&rft.pages=126&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Weinrich&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-som2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-som2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlikauer2016" class="citation book cs1">Klikauer, Thomas (2016). <i>Management Education: Fragments of an Emancipatory Theory</i>. p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+Education%3A+Fragments+of+an+Emancipatory+Theory&rft.pages=220&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Klikauer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-som3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-som3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeuper2013" class="citation book cs1">Keuper, Franz (2013). <i>Finance Bundling and Finance Transformation: Shared Services Next Level</i>. p. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+Bundling+and+Finance+Transformation%3A+Shared+Services+Next+Level&rft.pages=i&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Keuper&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChien2006" class="citation web cs1">Chien, Philip (June 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jun/26/20060626-110227-5543r/">"NASA wants shuttle to fly despite safety misgivings"</a>. The Washington Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030503/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jun/26/20060626-110227-5543r/">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+wants+shuttle+to+fly+despite+safety+misgivings&rft.pub=The+Washington+Times&rft.date=2006-06-26&rft.aulast=Chien&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Fjun%2F26%2F20060626-110227-5543r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalvorson2009" class="citation web cs1">Halvorson, Todd (August 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/7126-dumping-nasa-ares-rocket-cost-billions.html">"Dumping NASA's New Ares I Rocket Would Cost Billions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209000024/https://www.space.com/7126-dumping-nasa-ares-rocket-cost-billions.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Dumping+NASA%27s+New+Ares+I+Rocket+Would+Cost+Billions&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.aulast=Halvorson&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F7126-dumping-nasa-ares-rocket-cost-billions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_jenkins2016_30-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R. (2016). <i>Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon – 1972–2013</i>. Specialty Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-249-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-249-6"><bdi>978-1-58007-249-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle%3A+Developing+an+Icon+%E2%80%93+1972%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Specialty+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-58007-249-6&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_vision-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_vision_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf">"The Vision for Space Exploration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111212213/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vision+for+Space+Exploration&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpdf%2F55583main_vision_space_exploration2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_bush_speech-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_bush_speech_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush, George W.</a> (January 14, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/Bush%20SEP.htm">"President Bush Announces New Vision for Space Exploration Program"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041018053912/https://history.nasa.gov/Bush%20SEP.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Bush+Announces+New+Vision+for+Space+Exploration+Program&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004-01-14&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FBush%2520SEP.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_nytimes_crewdragon-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_nytimes_crewdragon_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2020" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Kenneth (May 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/science/spacex-nasa-astronauts.html">"SpaceX Lifts NASA Astronauts to Orbit, Launching New Era of Spaceflight"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810172446/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/science/spacex-nasa-astronauts.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Lifts+NASA+Astronauts+to+Orbit%2C+Launching+New+Era+of+Spaceflight&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F30%2Fscience%2Fspacex-nasa-astronauts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/space-shuttle-atlantis-exhibit-opens-support-souvenirs-180805853.html">"Space Shuttle Atlantis Exhibit Opens with Support from Souvenirs"</a>. June 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+Atlantis+Exhibit+Opens+with+Support+from+Souvenirs&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fspace-shuttle-atlantis-exhibit-opens-support-souvenirs-180805853.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casc-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-casc_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://californiasciencecenter.org/exhibits/endeavour-experience/space-shuttle-endeavour">"Space Shuttle Endeavour homepage"</a>. California Science Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+Endeavour+homepage&rft.pub=California+Science+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniasciencecenter.org%2Fexhibits%2Fendeavour-experience%2Fspace-shuttle-endeavour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailynews.com/2022/06/01/space-shuttle-endeavour-to-get-new-la-home-in-mammoth-pavilion-will-stand-tall-for-crowds/">"California Science Center breaks ground on space shuttle Endeavour's new vertical home"</a>. Los Angeles Daily News. June 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=California+Science+Center+breaks+ground+on+space+shuttle+Endeavour%27s+new+vertical+home&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.com%2F2022%2F06%2F01%2Fspace-shuttle-endeavour-to-get-new-la-home-in-mammoth-pavilion-will-stand-tall-for-crowds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orbiter-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orbiter_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orbiter_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000831011229/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/basics/orbiter/index.html">"Human Space Flight (HSF) – Space Shuttle"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/basics/orbiter/index.html">the original</a> on August 31, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Space+Flight+%28HSF%29+%E2%80%93+Space+Shuttle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Freference%2Fbasics%2Forbiter%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reichert-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reichert_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reichert_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(www.spacefuture.com)" class="citation web cs1">(www.spacefuture.com), Peter Wainwright. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/the_future_of_space_tourism.shtml">"Space Future – The Future of Space Tourism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Future+%E2%80%93+The+Future+of+Space+Tourism&rft.aulast=%28www.spacefuture.com%29&rft.aufirst=Peter+Wainwright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacefuture.com%2Farchive%2Fthe_future_of_space_tourism.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-david_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-david_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(www.spacefuture.com)" class="citation web cs1">(www.spacefuture.com), Peter Wainwright. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/the_space_tourist.shtml">"Space Future – The Space Tourist"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Future+%E2%80%93+The+Space+Tourist&rft.aulast=%28www.spacefuture.com%29&rft.aufirst=Peter+Wainwright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacefuture.com%2Farchive%2Fthe_space_tourist.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SP-2014-617.pdf">"Commercial Orbital Transportation Services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215941/http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SP-2014-617.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commercial+Orbital+Transportation+Services&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FSP-2014-617.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-missionbudget-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-missionbudget_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA2011" class="citation web cs1">NASA (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205113150/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html#10">"How much does it cost to launch a Space Shuttle?"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html#10">the original</a> on December 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+much+does+it+cost+to+launch+a+Space+Shuttle%3F&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2011&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fkennedy%2Fabout%2Finformation%2Fshuttle_faq.html%2310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rockwell74-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell74_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rockwell74_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/images/the_space_tourist.15.gif">"Rockwell 74 Passenger Module"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rockwell+74+Passenger+Module&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacefuture.com%2Farchive%2Fimages%2Fthe_space_tourist.15.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/11363-nasa-space-shuttle-replacement-30-years-anniversaries.html">"Politics played a big role in why NASA doesn't already have a new spacecraft to replace the retiring space shuttles. Funding and technical challenges put a stop to any attempts to build the ' Space Shuttle 2.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i>. April 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Politics+played+a+big+role+in+why+NASA+doesn%27t+already+have+a+new+spacecraft+to+replace+the+retiring+space+shuttles.+Funding+and+technical+challenges+put+a+stop+to+any+attempts+to+build+the+%27+Space+Shuttle+2.%27&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F11363-nasa-space-shuttle-replacement-30-years-anniversaries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228021051/http://astronautix.com/s/shuttleii.html">"Shuttle II"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/s/shuttleii.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shuttle+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fs%2Fshuttleii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spinoff.nasa.gov-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spinoff.nasa.gov_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spinoff.nasa.gov_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spinoff.nasa.gov_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224062451/http://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinoff1996/14.html">"Reusable Launch Vehicle"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spinoff.nasa.gov/spinoff1996/14.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reusable+Launch+Vehicle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspinoff.nasa.gov%2Fspinoff1996%2F14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa.gov-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa.gov_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/pdf/172379main_ngltfacts.pdf">"NASA's Space Launch Initiative: The Next Generation Launch Technology Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Space+Launch+Initiative%3A+The+Next+Generation+Launch+Technology+Program&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fmarshall%2Fpdf%2F172379main_ngltfacts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/X-38-project-s-cancellation-irks-NASA-partners-2064969.php">"X-38 project's cancellation irks NASA, partners"</a>. June 9, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X-38+project%27s+cancellation+irks+NASA%2C+partners&rft.date=2002-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Farticle%2FX-38-project-s-cancellation-irks-NASA-partners-2064969.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFx0av62016" class="citation web cs1">x0av6 (August 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerospaceguide.net/hl_20.html">"HL-20 – Lifting Body Spaceplane for Personnel Launch System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HL-20+%E2%80%93+Lifting+Body+Spaceplane+for+Personnel+Launch+System&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.au=x0av6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerospaceguide.net%2Fhl_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031240/http://www.astronautix.com/n/nasaacrv.html">"NASA ACRV"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/n/nasaacrv.html">the original</a> on December 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+ACRV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fn%2Fnasaacrv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06295_COTS_phase_1.html">"NASA Selects Crew and Cargo Transportation to Orbit Partners"</a> (Press release). NASA. August 18, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Selects+Crew+and+Cargo+Transportation+to+Orbit+Partners&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2006%2Faug%2FHQ_06295_COTS_phase_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin2011" class="citation web cs1">Bergin, Chris (October 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/10/iss-partners-welcome-spacex-orbital-busy-2012/">"ISS partners prepare to welcome SpaceX and Orbital in a busy 2012"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com (Not affiliated with NASA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISS+partners+prepare+to+welcome+SpaceX+and+Orbital+in+a+busy+2012&rft.pub=NASASpaceFlight.com+%28Not+affiliated+with+NASA%29&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fiss-partners-welcome-spacex-orbital-busy-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2011" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Brian (February 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909235028/http://www.spacenews.com/venture_space/100201-biggest-ccdev-award-goes-sierra-nevada.html">"Biggest CCDev Award Goes to Sierra Nevada"</a>. Imaginova Corp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacenews.com/venture_space/100201-biggest-ccdev-award-goes-sierra-nevada.html">the original</a> on September 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+CCDev+Award+Goes+to+Sierra+Nevada&rft.pub=Imaginova+Corp.&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacenews.com%2Fventure_space%2F100201-biggest-ccdev-award-goes-sierra-nevada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-commercial-crew-program-mission-in-sight-for-2018">"NASA Commercial Crew Program Mission in Sight for 2018"</a>. NASA. January 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Commercial+Crew+Program+Mission+in+Sight+for+2018&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fnasa-commercial-crew-program-mission-in-sight-for-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls1.html">"NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System"</a>. NASA. September 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Announces+Design+for+New+Deep+Space+Exploration+System&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fexploration%2Fsystems%2Fsls%2Fsls1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schedule-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schedule_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin2012" class="citation web cs1">Bergin, Chris (February 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/acronyms-ascent-sls-managers-create-developmental-milestone-roadmap/">"Acronyms to Ascent – SLS managers create development milestone roadmap"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acronyms+to+Ascent+%E2%80%93+SLS+managers+create+development+milestone+roadmap&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2012%2F02%2Facronyms-ascent-sls-managers-create-developmental-milestone-roadmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2022" class="citation news cs1">Foust, Jeff (November 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/sls-launches-artemis-1-mission/">"SLS launches Artemis 1 mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Space News">Space News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SLS+launches+Artemis+1+mission&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fsls-launches-artemis-1-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a1-1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a1-1_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Sandra (November 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/25/flight-day-10-orion-enters-distant-retrograde-orbit/">"Artemis I – Flight Day 10: Orion Enters Distant Retrograde Orbit"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artemis+I+%E2%80%93+Flight+Day+10%3A+Orion+Enters+Distant+Retrograde+Orbit&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fartemis%2F2022%2F11%2F25%2Fflight-day-10-orion-enters-distant-retrograde-orbit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/IG-20-018.pdf">"Report No. IG-20-018: NASA's Management of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/OIG" class="mw-redirect" title="OIG">OIG</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. July 16, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/oig-reports/IG-20-018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OIG&rft.atitle=Report+No.+IG-20-018%3A+NASA%27s+Management+of+the+Orion+Multi-Purpose+Crew+Vehicle+Program&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oversight.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Foig-reports%2FIG-20-018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambleton2018" class="citation web cs1">Hambleton, Kathryn (August 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to">"First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=First+Flight+With+Crew+Important+Step+on+Long-Term+Return+to+Moon&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.aulast=Hambleton&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fnasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambleton2019" class="citation web cs1">Hambleton, Kathryn (May 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to">"NASA's First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-term Return to the Moon, Missions to Mars"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+First+Flight+With+Crew+Important+Step+on+Long-term+Return+to+the+Moon%2C+Missions+to+Mars&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft.aulast=Hambleton&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fnasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a3-1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a3-1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a3-1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitering2019" class="citation news cs1">Weitering, Hanneke (May 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/nasa-moon-missions-before-2024.html">"NASA Has a Full Plate of Lunar Missions Before Astronauts Can Return to Moon"</a>. Space.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>. <q>And before NASA sends astronauts to the moon in 2024, the agency will first have to launch five aspects of the lunar Gateway, all of which will be commercial vehicles that launch separately and join each other in lunar orbit. First, a power and propulsion element will launch in 2022. Then, the crew module will launch (without a crew) in 2023. In 2024, during the months leading up to the crewed landing, NASA will launch the last critical components: a transfer vehicle that will ferry landers from the Gateway to a lower lunar orbit, a descent module that will bring the astronauts to the lunar surface, and an ascent module that will bring them back up to the transfer vehicle, which will then return them to the Gateway.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+Has+a+Full+Plate+of+Lunar+Missions+Before+Astronauts+Can+Return+to+Moon&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft.aulast=Weitering&rft.aufirst=Hanneke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnasa-moon-missions-before-2024.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrush2019" class="citation web cs1">Grush, Loren (May 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/17/18627839/nasa-administrator-jim-bridenstine-artemis-moon-program-budget-amendment">"NASA administrator on new Moon plan: 'We're doing this in a way that's never been done before'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. The Verge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Now, for Artemis 3 that carries our crew to the Gateway, we need to have the crew have access to a lander. So, that means that at Gateway we're going to have the Power and Propulsion Element, which will be launched commercially, the Utilization Module, which will be launched commercially, and then we'll have a lander there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+administrator+on+new+Moon+plan%3A+%27We%27re+doing+this+in+a+way+that%27s+never+been+done+before%27&rft.pub=The+Verge&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.aulast=Grush&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F5%2F17%2F18627839%2Fnasa-administrator-jim-bridenstine-artemis-moon-program-budget-amendment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrush2019" class="citation web cs1">Grush, Loren (May 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/17/18627839/nasa-administrator-jim-bridenstine-artemis-moon-program-budget-amendment">"NASA administrator on new Moon plan: 'We're doing this in a way that's never been done before'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. The Verge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>. <q>The direction that we have right now is that the next man and the first woman will be Americans, and that we will land on the south pole of the Moon in 2024.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+administrator+on+new+Moon+plan%3A+%27We%27re+doing+this+in+a+way+that%27s+never+been+done+before%27&rft.pub=The+Verge&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.aulast=Grush&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F5%2F17%2F18627839%2Fnasa-administrator-jim-bridenstine-artemis-moon-program-budget-amendment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a3-2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a3-2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2019" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Kenneth (May 25, 2019). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/science/trump-nasa-moon-mars.html">"For Artemis Mission to Moon, NASA Seeks to Add Billions to Budget"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525034839/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/science/trump-nasa-moon-mars.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Under the NASA plan, a mission to land on the moon would take place during the third launch of the Space Launch System. Astronauts, including the first woman to walk on the moon, Mr. Bridenstine said, would first stop at the orbiting lunar outpost. They would then take a lander to the surface near its south pole, where frozen water exists within the craters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Artemis+Mission+to+Moon%2C+NASA+Seeks+to+Add+Billions+to+Budget&rft.date=2019-05-25&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F13%2Fscience%2Ftrump-nasa-moon-mars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nasa-outlines-plans-for-lunar-lander-development-through-commercial-partnerships/">"NASA outlines plans for lunar lander development through commercial partnerships"</a>. July 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+outlines+plans+for+lunar+lander+development+through+commercial+partnerships&rft.date=2019-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnasa-outlines-plans-for-lunar-lander-development-through-commercial-partnerships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTMP-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NTMP_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonJoel_Kearns2008" class="citation web cs1">Olson, John; Joel Kearns (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/202388main_Transition_Mgmt_Plan-Final.pdf">"NASA Transition Management Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JICB-001</i>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/202388main_Transition_Mgmt_Plan-Final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JICB-001&rft.atitle=NASA+Transition+Management+Plan&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Joel+Kearns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpdf%2F202388main_Transition_Mgmt_Plan-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_dev_space_shuttle-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_dev_space_shuttle_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1999" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Ray (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4407/vol4/cover.pdf">"Developing the Space Shuttle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Volume IV: Accessing Space</i>. Washington, D.C.: NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531171908/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4407/vol4/cover.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Developing+the+Space+Shuttle&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Unknown%3A+Selected+Documents+in+the+History+of+the+U.S.+Civil+Space+Program%2C+Volume+IV%3A+Accessing+Space&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4407%2Fvol4%2Fcover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_griffin-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_griffin_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Griffin, Michael D. (March 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviationweek.typepad.com/space/2007/03/human_space_exp.html">"Human Space Exploration: The Next 50 Years"</a>. <i>Aviation Week</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807201318/https://aviationweek.typepad.com/space/2007/03/human_space_exp.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Week&rft.atitle=Human+Space+Exploration%3A+The+Next+50+Years&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.typepad.com%2Fspace%2F2007%2F03%2Fhuman_space_exp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2007" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Richard (2007). <i>Challenger Revealed: An Insider's Account of How the Reagan Administration Caused the Greatest Tragedy of the Space Ag</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560259800" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560259800"><bdi>978-1560259800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenger+Revealed%3A+An+Insider%27s+Account+of+How+the+Reagan+Administration+Caused+the+Greatest+Tragedy+of+the+Space+Ag&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1560259800&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_shuttle_safety_comparison-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_shuttle_safety_comparison_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlesius2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Klesius, Mike (March 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/spaceflight-safety-shuttle-vs-soyuz-vs-falcon-9-134341766/">"Spaceflight Safety: Shuttle vs. Soyuz vs. Falcon 9"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Air & Space">Air & Space</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807105239/https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/spaceflight-safety-shuttle-vs-soyuz-vs-falcon-9-134341766/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space&rft.atitle=Spaceflight+Safety%3A+Shuttle+vs.+Soyuz+vs.+Falcon+9&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft.aulast=Klesius&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fdaily-planet%2Fspaceflight-safety-shuttle-vs-soyuz-vs-falcon-9-134341766%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_ieee_challenger-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_ieee_challenger_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellEsch2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Bell, Trudy; Esch, Karl (January 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-space-shuttle-a-case-of-subjective-engineering">"The Challenger Disaster: A Case of Subjective Engineering"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529071012/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/heroic-failures/the-space-shuttle-a-case-of-subjective-engineering">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=The+Challenger+Disaster%3A+A+Case+of+Subjective+Engineering&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Esch%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fthe-space-shuttle-a-case-of-subjective-engineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_feynman_appendix-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_feynman_appendix_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_feynman_appendix_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1986" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard</a> (June 6, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/51-l/docs/rogers-commission/Appendix-F.txt">"Appendix F – Personal observations on the reliability of the Shuttle"</a>. <i>Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident</i>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102802/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/51-l/docs/rogers-commission/Appendix-F.txt">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Report+of+the+Presidential+Commission+on+the+Space+Shuttle+Challenger+Accident&rft.atitle=Appendix+F+%E2%80%93+Personal+observations+on+the+reliability+of+the+Shuttle&rft.date=1986-06-06&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2F51-l%2Fdocs%2Frogers-commission%2FAppendix-F.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_npr_safety-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_npr_safety_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlatowHamlinCanga2011" class="citation web cs1">Flatow, Ira; Hamlin, Teri; Canga, Mike (March 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/03/04/134265291/early-space-shuttle-flights-riskier-than-estimated">"Earlier Space Shuttle Flights Riskier Than Estimated"</a>. <i>Talk of the Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808054138/https://www.npr.org/2011/03/04/134265291/early-space-shuttle-flights-riskier-than-estimated">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talk+of+the+Nation&rft.atitle=Earlier+Space+Shuttle+Flights+Riskier+Than+Estimated&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft.aulast=Flatow&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft.au=Hamlin%2C+Teri&rft.au=Canga%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F03%2F04%2F134265291%2Fearly-space-shuttle-flights-riskier-than-estimated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Shuttle_columbia_report-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space_Shuttle_columbia_report_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041109135216/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/archives/sts-107/investigation/CAIB_medres_full.pdf">"Columbia Accident Investigation Board"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/archives/sts-107/investigation/CAIB_medres_full.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 9, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+Accident+Investigation+Board&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Farchives%2Fsts-107%2Finvestigation%2FCAIB_medres_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkins2016-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R. (2016). <i>Space Shuttle: Developing an Icon − 1972–2013</i>. Specialty Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-249-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58007-249-6"><bdi>978-1-58007-249-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle%3A+Developing+an+Icon+%E2%88%92+1972%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Specialty+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-58007-249-6&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation news cs1">Dean, James (May 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2015/05/23/nasa-railroad-rides-sunset/27784213/">"NASA Railroad rides into sunset"</a>. <i>Florida Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Today&rft.atitle=NASA+Railroad+rides+into+sunset&rft.date=2015-05-23&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridatoday.com%2Fstory%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F2015%2F05%2F23%2Fnasa-railroad-rides-sunset%2F27784213%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsref-toc.html">Shuttle Reference manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/orbiters.html">Orbiter Vehicles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209023806/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/orbiters.html">Archived</a> February 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031224182455/http://www.house.gov/science/hot/columbia/rs21411.pdf">Shuttle Program Funding 1992 – 2002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810022734_1981022734.pdf">NASA Space Shuttle News Reference – 1981 (PDF document)</a></li> <li>R. A. Pielke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-100-1993.01.pdf">"Space Shuttle Value open to Interpretation"</a>, <i>Aviation Week</i>, issue 26. July 1993, p. 57 (.pdf)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Space_Shuttle_program" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html">Official NASA Mission Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312234619/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/spaceshuttle/">NASA Johnson Space Center Space Shuttle Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/list_main.html">Official Space Shuttle Mission Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/multimedia/index.html">NASA Space Shuttle Multimedia Gallery & Archives</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991012124805/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/shuttle/index.html">Shuttle audio, video, and images</a> – searchable archives from STS-67 (1995) to present</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410212501/http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/search.cfm?cat=71">Kennedy Space Center Media Gallery</a> – searchable video/audio/photo gallery</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310231445/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=space+shuttle&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form">Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214095856/http://www.spaceflighthistory.com/shuttleprogram.htm">U.S. Space Flight History: Space Shuttle Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912175301/http://chandra.harvard.edu/launch/status/weather_criteria2.html">Weather criteria for Shuttle launch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html">Consolidated Launch Manifest: Space Shuttle Flights and ISS Assembly Sequence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/space/controversy/">USENET posting – Unofficial Space FAQ by Jon Leech</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_Shuttle" title="Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_Shuttle" title="Template talk:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_Shuttle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_Shuttle_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">List of crews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">External tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Main engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Thermal protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_separation_motor" title="Booster separation motor">Booster separation motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> <small>(ESA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> <small>(CSA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx#Remote_Control_Orbiter" title="STS-3xx">Remote Controlled Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_6#Space_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 6">Space Launch Complex 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites" title="List of Space Shuttle landing sites">Landing sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes#Emergency_landing_sites" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort landing sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations<br />and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">canceled</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Space Shuttle missions">Mission timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_pitch_maneuver" title="Rendezvous pitch maneuver">Rendezvous pitch maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Mission_Simulator" title="Shuttle Mission Simulator">Shuttle Mission Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Inspiration" title="Space Shuttle Inspiration"><i>Inspiration</i> <small>(design)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle Pathfinder"><i>Pathfinder</i> <small>(simulator)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Propulsion_Test_Article" title="Space Shuttle Main Propulsion Test Article">MPTA <small>(engine test article)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">report</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">Mate-Demate Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Apollo_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_recovery_ship" title="NASA recovery ship">NASA recovery ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Avionics_Integration_Laboratory" title="Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory">Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft_flights" title="List of Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights">flights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalist_in_Space_Project" title="Journalist in Space Project">Journalist in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_in_Space_Project" title="Teacher in Space Project">Teacher in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestar_experiment" title="Freestar experiment">Freestar experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_Antenna_Experiment" title="Inflatable Antenna Experiment">Inflatable Antenna Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan Packet Radio Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_pallet_satellite" title="Shuttle pallet satellite">Shuttle pallet satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Derived Vehicle">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_(rocket)" title="Magnum (rocket)">Magnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (rocket family)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-C" title="Shuttle-C">Shuttle-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Centaur" title="Shuttle-Centaur">Shuttle-Centaur</a></li> <li>Ares <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmegA" title="OmegA">OmegA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Replicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Independence" title="Space Shuttle Independence"><i>Independence</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studied_Space_Shuttle_designs" title="Studied Space Shuttle designs">studied designs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Virtus" title="Conroy Virtus">Conroy Virtus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Columbia_(film)" title="Hail Columbia (film)">Hail Columbia</a></i> (1982 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is Alive</a></i> (1985 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger_(1990_film)" title="Challenger (1990 film)">Challenger</a></i> (1990 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_in_Space" title="Destiny in Space">Destiny in Space</a></i> (1994 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia:_The_Tragic_Loss" title="Columbia: The Tragic Loss">Columbia: The Tragic Loss</a></i> (2004 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster" title="The Challenger Disaster">The Challenger Disaster</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger:_The_Final_Flight" title="Challenger: The Final Flight">Challenger: The Final Flight</a></i> (2020 documentary miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_America" title="Space Shuttle America">Space Shuttle America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous:_A_Space_Shuttle_Simulation" title="Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation">Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Project" title="Space Shuttle Project">Space Shuttle Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(video_game)" title="Shuttle (video game)">Shuttle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle:_A_Journey_into_Space" title="Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space">Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Mission_2007" title="Space Shuttle Mission 2007">Space Shuttle Mission 2007</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(simulator)" title="Orbiter (simulator)"><i>Orbiter Space Flight Simulator</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Left_Earth:_The_NASA_Missions" title="When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions">When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.flightgear.org/Space%20Shuttle">Flightgear Space Shuttle realistic simulation </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template talk:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">U.S. Space Shuttle missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">(crews)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1977 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-3" title="STS-3">STS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-D" title="STS-41-D">STS-41-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-A" title="STS-51-A">STS-51-A</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-D" title="STS-51-D">STS-51-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-G" title="STS-51-G">STS-51-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-I" title="STS-51-I">STS-51-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B">STS-61-B</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-C" title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>1988 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-27" title="STS-27">STS-27</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-29" title="STS-29">STS-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-30" title="STS-30">STS-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-28" title="STS-28">STS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-33" title="STS-33">STS-33</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-36" title="STS-36">STS-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-38" title="STS-38">STS-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a></li></ul></li> <li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-40" title="STS-40">STS-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-43" title="STS-43">STS-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-48" title="STS-48">STS-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-42" title="STS-42">STS-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-45" title="STS-45">STS-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-49" title="STS-49">STS-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-46" title="STS-46">STS-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">STS-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-52" title="STS-52">STS-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-53" title="STS-53">STS-53</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-54" title="STS-54">STS-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-56" title="STS-56">STS-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-57" title="STS-57">STS-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51" title="STS-51">STS-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-58" title="STS-58">STS-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62" title="STS-62">STS-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-59" title="STS-59">STS-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-65" title="STS-65">STS-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-64" title="STS-64">STS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-68" title="STS-68">STS-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-66" title="STS-66">STS-66</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">STS-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-70" title="STS-70">STS-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-69" title="STS-69">STS-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-72" title="STS-72">STS-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-75" title="STS-75">STS-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-77" title="STS-77">STS-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-78" title="STS-78">STS-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-94" title="STS-94">STS-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-85" title="STS-85">STS-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-99" title="STS-99">STS-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-106" title="STS-106">STS-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">STS-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-97" title="STS-97">STS-97</a></li></ul></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-98" title="STS-98">STS-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-102" title="STS-102">STS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">STS-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-105" title="STS-105">STS-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-108" title="STS-108">STS-108</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-110" title="STS-110">STS-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-111" title="STS-111">STS-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-112" title="STS-112">STS-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-113" title="STS-113">STS-113</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-119" title="STS-119">STS-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-128" title="STS-128">STS-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-131" title="STS-131">STS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">STS-132</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Cancelled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-41-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-E" title="STS-61-E">STS-61-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-F" title="STS-61-F">STS-61-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-G" title="STS-61-G">STS-61-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-H" title="STS-61-H">STS-61-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62-A" title="STS-62-A">STS-62-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-M" title="STS-61-M">STS-61-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-J" title="STS-61-J">STS-61-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-400" title="STS-400">STS-400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> indicates failure missions.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_and_Buran-class_orbiters" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_Shuttles" title="Template:Space Shuttles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_Shuttles" title="Template talk:Space Shuttles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_Shuttles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space Shuttles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_Shuttle_and_Buran-class_orbiters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Space Shuttle and <i>Buran</i>-class orbiters</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg/65px-Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg/98px-Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg/130px-Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;text-align: left;">United States <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle program</a> (<a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">orbiters</a>)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align: left;">Soviet/Russian <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buran_programme#Vehicles" title="Buran programme">orbiters</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> <small>(OV-099, <b><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">destroyed in 1986</a></b>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i> <small>(OV-101, atmospheric tests, retired in 1979)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> <small>(OV-102, <b><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">destroyed in 2003</a></b>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i> <small>(OV-103, retired in 2011)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i> <small>(OV-104, retired in 2011)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> <small>(OV-105, retired in 2011)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle Pathfinder">Pathfinder</a></i> <small>(OV-098, ground tests)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OK-GLI" title="OK-GLI">OK-GLI</a> <small>(BTS-02, atmospheric tests)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></i> <small>(1.01, <b>destroyed in 2002</b>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ptichka" title="Ptichka">Ptichka</a></i> <small>(1.02, 95–97% completed)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.01_(Buran-class_spacecraft)" title="2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)">2.01</a> <small>(incomplete)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.02_(Buran-class_spacecraft)" title="2.02 (Buran-class spacecraft)">2.02</a> <small>(partially dismantled)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.03_(Buran-class_spacecraft)" title="2.03 (Buran-class spacecraft)">2.03</a> <small>(dismantled)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CCCP_Buran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CCCP_Buran.png/65px-CCCP_Buran.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CCCP_Buran.png/98px-CCCP_Buran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CCCP_Buran.png/130px-CCCP_Buran.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight programs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S66-63536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/130px-S66-63536.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/195px-S66-63536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/260px-S66-63536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6856" data-file-height="4741" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">Dyna-Soar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Orion (nuclear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">NASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom"><i>Freedom</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&oldid=1249416866">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&oldid=1249416866</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_Shuttle_program" title="Category:Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_programs" title="Category:NASA programs">NASA programs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Category:Human spaceflight programs">Human spaceflight programs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1972_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1972 establishments in the United States">1972 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011_disestablishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:2011 disestablishments in the United States">2011 disestablishments in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2024">Use mdy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use American English from November 2020">Use American English from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_September_2013" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2013">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_wikidata_descriptions_as_a_fallback_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_NASA" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2014" title="Category:Use American English from January 2014">Use American English from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 October 2024, at 20:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_program&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rqr4k","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.847","walltime":"2.316","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15111,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":431502,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9980,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":353210,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1890.038 1 -total"," 23.99% 453.373 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.11% 417.947 3 Template:Excerpt"," 15.48% 292.662 25 Template:Annotated_link"," 13.84% 261.595 50 Template:Cite_web"," 5.48% 103.618 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.04% 95.347 1 Template:Commons_category"," 4.99% 94.404 16 Template:Rp"," 4.94% 93.317 1 Template:Sister_project"," 4.84% 91.569 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.175","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24984949,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","320","24.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","9.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.1"],["type","40","3.1"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.1"],["[others]","220","16.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5pr2z","timestamp":"20241124093455","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Space Shuttle program","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_program","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1775296","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1775296","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-09T15:26:04Z","dateModified":"2024-10-04T20:11:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5c\/Shuttle_Patch.svg","headline":"United States government's crewed launch vehicle program, administered by NASA from 1972 to 2011"}</script> </body> </html>