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Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alfalfa (disambiguation)">Alfalfa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Alfalfa (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælˈfælfə/</a>) (Medicago sativa), also called lucerne, is a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> flowering plant in the <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> family <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>. It is cultivated as an important <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> crop in many countries around the world. It is used for <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crop</a>. The name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is more commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The plant superficially resembles <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a> (a cousin in the same family), especially while young, when <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#trifoliate" title="Glossary of leaf morphology">trifoliate</a> leaves comprising round <a href="/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)" title="Leaflet (botany)">leaflets</a> predominate. Later in maturity, leaflets are elongated. It has <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">clusters</a> of small purple flowers followed by fruits spiralled in two to three turns containing 10–20 seeds. Alfalfa is native to warmer <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>. It has been cultivated as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> since at least the era of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Alfalfa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:75_Medicago_sativa_L.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/75_Medicago_sativa_L.jpg/220px-75_Medicago_sativa_L.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/75_Medicago_sativa_L.jpg/330px-75_Medicago_sativa_L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/75_Medicago_sativa_L.jpg/440px-75_Medicago_sativa_L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="887"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Medicago sativa<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Medicago_sect._Medicago" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Faboideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicago" title="Medicago">Medicago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicago#SectioMedicago" title="Medicago">M. sect. Medicago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">M. sativa</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Medicago sativa <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>M. sativa subsp. ambigua (<a href="/wiki/Trautv." class="mw-redirect" title="Trautv.">Trautv.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tutin" title="Tom Tutin">Tutin</a></li> <li>M. sativa subsp. microcarpa Urban</li> <li>M. sativa subsp. sativa</li> <li>M. sativa subsp. varia (T. Martyn) Arcang.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;"> <ul><li>Medica sativa Lam.</li> <li>Medicago afganica (Bordere) Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago beipinensis Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago coerulea Ledeb. [Spelling variant]</li> <li>Medicago grandiflora (Grossh.) Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago hemicycla Grossh.</li> <li>Medicago ladak Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago lavrenkoi Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago media Pers.</li> <li>Medicago mesopotamica Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago ochroleuca Kult.</li> <li>Medicago orientalis Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago polia (Brand) Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago praesativa Sinskaya</li> <li>Medicago rivularis Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago sogdiana (Brand) Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago subdicycla (Trautv.) Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago sylvestris Fr.</li> <li>Medicago tianschanica Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago tibetana (Alef.) Vassilcz.</li> <li>Medicago trautvetteri Sumnev.</li> <li>Medicago varia Martyn</li> <li>Trigonella upendrae H.J.Chowdhery & R.R.Rao</li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description">1 Description</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">2 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ecology">3 Ecology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Pests_and_diseases">3.1 Pests and diseases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Cultivation">4 Cultivation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#History">4.1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Harvesting">4.2 Harvesting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Production">4.3 Production</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#United_States">4.3.1 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Australia">4.3.2 Australia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Alfalfa_and_bees">4.4 Alfalfa and bees</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Varieties">4.5 Varieties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Genetic_modification">4.5.1 Genetic modification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-14"><a href="#Legal_issues_in_the_US">4.5.1.1 Legal issues in the US</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Safety_concerns">5 Safety concerns</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Toxicity_of_canavanine">5.1 Toxicity of canavanine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Phytoestrogens_and_effect_on_livestock_fertility">5.2 Phytoestrogens and effect on livestock fertility</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Nutrition">6 Nutrition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sprouts">6.1 Sprouts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Alfalfa is a <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> forage <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> which normally lives four to eight years, but can live more than 20 years, depending on variety and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eb-4">[4]</a> The plant grows to a height of up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 metre (3+1⁄2 feet), and has a deep root system, sometimes growing to a depth of more than 15 m (49 ft) to reach groundwater. Typically the root system grows to a depth of 2–3 m (7–10 ft) depending on subsoil constraints.<a href="#cite_note-eb-4">[4]</a> Alfalfa is a small-seeded crop and has a slowly growing seedling, but after several months of establishment, it forms a tough "crown" at the top of the root system. This crown contains shoot buds that enable alfalfa to regrow many times after being grazed or harvested. Alfalfa has a <a href="/wiki/Tetraploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraploid">tetraploid</a> genome.<a href="#cite_note-usda-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucerne_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medicago sativa"><noscript><img alt="Medicago sativa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lucerne_flowers.jpg/405px-Lucerne_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lucerne_flowers.jpg/405px-Lucerne_flowers.jpg" data-alt="Medicago sativa" data-width="270" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lucerne_flowers.jpg/608px-Lucerne_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Lucerne_flowers.jpg/810px-Lucerne_flowers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medicago sativa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="M. sativa"><noscript><img alt="M. sativa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg/360px-Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg/360px-Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg" data-alt="M. sativa" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg/540px-Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg/720px-Medicago_sativa_Alfals006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">M. sativa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:YellowPrairieFlower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yellow flowers"><noscript><img alt="Yellow flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/YellowPrairieFlower.jpg/360px-YellowPrairieFlower.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/YellowPrairieFlower.jpg/360px-YellowPrairieFlower.jpg" data-alt="Yellow flowers" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/YellowPrairieFlower.jpg/540px-YellowPrairieFlower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/YellowPrairieFlower.jpg/720px-YellowPrairieFlower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yellow flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="M. sativa var. sativa, mature fruits"><noscript><img alt="M. sativa var. sativa, mature fruits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG/202px-Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2879"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG/202px-Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG" data-alt="M. sativa var. sativa, mature fruits" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG/304px-Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG/405px-Alfalfa_frutos-1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">M. sativa var. sativa, mature fruits</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesa_002_lhp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seeds (actual size ≈ 2mm)"><noscript><img alt="Seeds (actual size ≈ 2mm)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mesa_002_lhp.jpg/405px-Mesa_002_lhp.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mesa_002_lhp.jpg/405px-Mesa_002_lhp.jpg" data-alt="Seeds (actual size ≈ 2mm)" data-width="270" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mesa_002_lhp.jpg/608px-Mesa_002_lhp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mesa_002_lhp.jpg/810px-Mesa_002_lhp.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seeds (actual size ≈ 2mm)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucerne field"><noscript><img alt="Lucerne field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg/178px-Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1175"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 119px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg/178px-Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg" data-alt="Lucerne field" data-width="119" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg/267px-Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg/356px-Scythe_in_lucern_field.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lucerne field</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The word alfalfa is a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> modification of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word al-faṣfaṣa.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg/220px-Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg/220px-Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg/330px-Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg/440px-Apis_mellifera_-_Medicago_sativa_-_Valingu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Honey bee (Apis mellifera), a <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinator</a> on alfalfa flower</figcaption></figure> Alfalfa is considered an insectary, a place where insects are reared, and has been proposed as helpful to other crops, such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, if the two are interplanted, because the alfalfa harbours predatory and parasitic insects that would protect the other crop.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh-8">[8]</a> Harvesting the alfalfa by mowing the entire crop area destroys the insect population, but this can be avoided by mowing in strips so that part of the growth remains.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh-8">[8]</a> Owing to its deep root system, it helps to improve soil <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> fertility and protect from <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> This depth of root system, and perenniality of crowns that store <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> as an energy reserve, make it very resilient, especially to <a href="/wiki/Xerophyte" title="Xerophyte">droughts</a>. This plant exhibits <a href="/wiki/Autotoxicity" title="Autotoxicity">autotoxicity</a>, which means it is difficult for alfalfa seed to grow in existing stands of alfalfa.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Therefore, alfalfa fields are recommended to be <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">rotated</a> with other species (for example, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> or wheat) before reseeding.<a href="#cite_note-krc-11">[11]</a> The exact mechanism of autotoxicity is unclear, with <a href="/wiki/Medicarpin" title="Medicarpin">medicarpins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> both seeming to play a role.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Levels of autotoxicity in soil depends on soil type (clay soils maintain autotoxicity for longer), cultivar and age of the previous crop. A soil assay can be used to measure autotoxicity.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Resistance to autotoxicity also varies by cultivar, a tolerant one being 'WL 656HQ'.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_alfalfa_diseases" title="List of alfalfa diseases">List of alfalfa diseases</a></div> Like most plants, alfalfa can be attacked by various pests and pathogens. Diseases often have subtle symptoms which are easily misdiagnosed and can affect leaves, roots, stems and blossoms.<a href="#cite_note-Gq2005-15">[15]</a> Some pests, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa_weevil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfalfa weevil">alfalfa weevil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potato_leafhopper" title="Potato leafhopper">potato leafhopper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> can reduce alfalfa yields dramatically, particularly with the second cutting when weather is warmest.<a href="#cite_note-osu-17">[17]</a> Spotted alfalfa aphid, broadly spread in Australia, not only sucks <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a> but also injects salivary toxins into the leaves.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Registered insecticides or chemical controls are sometimes used to prevent this and labels will specify the withholding period before the forage crop can be grazed or cut for hay or silage.<a href="#cite_note-osu-17">[17]</a> Alfalfa is also susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Root_rot" title="Root rot">root rots</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora" title="Phytophthora">Phytophthora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizoctonia" title="Rhizoctonia">Rhizoctonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_root_rot" title="Texas root rot">Texas root rot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Alfalfa is also susceptible to downy mildew caused by the oomycete species <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peronospora_aestivalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peronospora aestivalis (page does not exist)">Peronospora aestivalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Constantinescu-22">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg/220px-Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg/220px-Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg/330px-Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg/440px-Luzerne_Kalahari.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lucerne fields in the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a> (2017) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alfalfa&params=24_20_21.5_S_018_35_36.4_E_">24°20′21.5″S 018°35′36.4″E / 24.339306°S 18.593444°E / -24.339306; 18.593444</a></figcaption></figure> Alfalfa is widely grown throughout the world as forage for <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, and is most often harvested as <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>, but can also be made into <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, grazed, or fed as greenchop.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Alfalfa usually has the highest feeding value of all common hay crops. It is used less frequently as <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-krc-11">[11]</a> When grown on soils where it is well-adapted, alfalfa is often the highest-yielding forage plant, but its primary benefit is the combination of high yield per hectare and high nutritional quality.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Its primary use is as feed for high-producing <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cows</a>, because of its high protein content and highly digestible fiber, and secondarily for <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">beef cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uaex.edu-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Alfalfa hay is a widely used protein and fiber source for meat rabbits. In poultry diets, dehydrated alfalfa and alfalfa leaf concentrates are used for pigmenting eggs and meat, because of their high content in carotenoids, which are efficient for colouring egg yolk and body lipids.<a href="#cite_note-feedipedia-27">[27]</a> Humans also eat alfalfa <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">sprouts</a> in salads and sandwiches.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Dehydrated alfalfa leaf is commercially available as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> in several forms, such as tablets, powders and tea.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Fresh alfalfa can cause bloating in livestock, so care must be taken with livestock grazing on alfalfa because of this hazard.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Like other legumes, its root nodules contain bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Sinorhizobium_meliloti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinorhizobium meliloti">Sinorhizobium meliloti</a>, with the ability to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fix nitrogen</a>, producing a high-protein feed regardless of available nitrogen in the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Its nitrogen-fixing ability (which increases soil nitrogen) and its use as an animal feed greatly improve agricultural efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Alfalfa can be sown in spring or fall, and does best on well-drained soils with a neutral <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 6.8–7.5.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Alfalfa requires sustained levels of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> to grow well.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It is moderately sensitive to salt levels in both the soil and irrigation water, although it continues to be grown in the arid <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">southwestern United States</a>, where salinity is an emerging issue.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Soils low in fertility should be fertilized with <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> or a chemical fertilizer, but correction of pH is particularly important.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Usually a seeding rate of 13–20 kg/ha (12–18 lb/acre) is recommended, with differences based upon region, soil type, and seeding method.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Nurse_crop" title="Nurse crop">nurse crop</a> is sometimes used, particularly for spring plantings, to reduce weed problems and soil erosion, but can lead to competition for light, water, and nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In most climates, alfalfa is cut three to four times a year, but it can be harvested up to 12 times per year in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and southern California.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfaitc-45">[45]</a> Total yields are typically around <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8 tonnes per hectare (3+1⁄2 short tons per acre) in temperate environments, but yields have been recorded up to 20 tonnes per hectare (9 short tons per acre).<a href="#cite_note-cfaitc-45">[45]</a> Yields vary with region, weather, and the crop's stage of maturity when cut. Later cuttings improve yield, but with reduced nutritional content.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Alfalfa seems to have originated in south-central Asia, and was first cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Westgate-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oakley-48">[48]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny (died 79 AD)</a>, it was introduced to Greece in about 490 BC when the <a href="/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="First Persian invasion of Greece">Persians invaded Greek territory</a>. Alfalfa cultivation is discussed in the fourth-century AD book Opus Agriculturae by <a href="/wiki/Rutilius_Taurus_Aemilianus_Palladius" title="Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius">Palladius</a>, stating: "One sow-down lasts ten years. The crop may be cut four or six times a year ... A <a href="/wiki/Jugerum" title="Jugerum">jugerum</a> of it is abundantly sufficient for three horses all the year ... It may be given to cattle, but new provender is at first to be administered very sparingly, because it bloats up the cattle."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The medieval Arabic agricultural writer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam</a>, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the later 12th century, discussed how to cultivate alfalfa, which he called الفصفصة (al-fiṣfiṣa).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A 13th-century general-purpose Arabic dictionary, <a href="/wiki/Lis%C4%81n_al-%27Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisān al-'Arab">Lisān al-'Arab</a>, says that alfalfa is cultivated as an animal feed and consumed in both fresh and dried forms.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> It is from the Arabic that the Spanish name alfalfa was derived.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the 16th century, Spanish colonizers introduced alfalfa to the Americas as fodder for their horses.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">North American colonies of the eastern US</a> in the 18th century, it was called "lucerne", and many trials at growing it were made, but generally without sufficiently successful results.<a href="#cite_note-Oakley-48">[48]</a> Relatively little is grown in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern US">southeastern US</a> today.<a href="#cite_note-Crop_Production_2012-54">[54]</a> Lucerne (or luzerne) is the name for alfalfa in Britain, Australia, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and a number of other countries. Alfalfa seeds were imported to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> in the 1850s. That was the beginning of a rapid and extensive introduction of the crop over the <a href="/wiki/Western_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Western US">western US</a><a href="#cite_note-Westgate-47">[47]</a> and introduced the word "alfalfa" to the English language. Since North and South America now produce a large part of the world's output, the word "alfalfa" has been slowly entering other languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Harvesting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfalfa_hay,_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Alfalfa_hay%2C_1915.jpg/220px-Alfalfa_hay%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="253"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Alfalfa_hay%2C_1915.jpg/220px-Alfalfa_hay%2C_1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Alfalfa_hay%2C_1915.jpg/330px-Alfalfa_hay%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Alfalfa_hay%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Alfalfa hay on the way to <a href="/wiki/Clayton,_New_Mexico" title="Clayton, New Mexico">Clayton, New Mexico</a>, circa 1915.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg/220px-Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg/220px-Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg/330px-Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg/440px-Alfalfa_round_bales.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cylindrical bales of alfalfa</figcaption></figure> When alfalfa is to be used as <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>, it is usually cut and <a href="/wiki/Hay_bale" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay bale">baled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uaex-55">[55]</a> Loose haystacks are still used in some areas, but bales are easier for use in transportation, storage, and feed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Ideally, the first cutting should be taken at the bud stage, and the subsequent cuttings just as the field is beginning to flower, or one-tenth bloom because carbohydrates are at their highest.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> When using farm equipment rather than hand-harvesting, a <a href="/wiki/Swather" title="Swather">swather</a> cuts the alfalfa and arranges it in <a href="/wiki/Windrow" title="Windrow">windrows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In areas where the alfalfa does not immediately dry out on its own, a machine known as a mower-conditioner is used to cut the hay.<a href="#cite_note-uaex-55">[55]</a> The mower-conditioner has a set of rollers or flails that crimp and break the stems as they pass through the mower, making the alfalfa dry faster.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> After the alfalfa has dried, a <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> pulling a <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">baler</a> collects the hay into bales. Several types of bales are commonly used for alfalfa. For small animals and individual horses, the alfalfa is baled into small, two-string bales, commonly named by the strands of string used to wrap it. Other bale sizes are three-string, and so on up to half-ton (six-string) "square" bales – actually rectangular, and typically about 40 cm × 45 cm × 100 cm (16 in × 18 in × 39 in).<a href="#cite_note-usda-5">[5]</a> Small square bales weigh from 25 to 30 kg (55 to 66 lb) depending on moisture, and can be easily hand separated into "flakes". Cattle <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a> use large round bales, typically <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.4 to 1.8 m (4+1⁄2 to 6 ft) in diameter and weighing from 500 to 1,000 kg (1,100 to 2,200 lb). These bales can be placed in stable stacks or in large feeders for herds of horses or unrolled on the ground for large herds of cattle.<a href="#cite_note-usda-5">[5]</a> The bales can be loaded and stacked with a tractor using a spike, known as a bale spear that pierces the center of the bale,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> or they can be handled with a grapple (claw) on the <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Front-end_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Front-end loader">front-end loader</a>. When used as feed for dairy cattle, alfalfa is often made into <a href="/wiki/Haylage" class="mw-redirect" title="Haylage">haylage</a> by a process known as <a href="/wiki/Ensilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensilage">ensiling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uaex.edu-25">[25]</a> Rather than being dried to make dry hay, the alfalfa is chopped finely and fermented in <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silos</a>, trenches, or bags, where the oxygen supply can be limited to promote <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The anaerobic fermentation of alfalfa allows it to retain high nutrient levels similar to those of fresh forage, and is also more palatable to dairy cattle than dry hay.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In many cases, alfalfa silage is inoculated with different strains of microorganisms to improve the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of the silage.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfalfaoutput.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alfalfaoutput.png/350px-Alfalfaoutput.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alfalfaoutput.png/350px-Alfalfaoutput.png" data-width="350" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alfalfaoutput.png/525px-Alfalfaoutput.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alfalfaoutput.png/700px-Alfalfaoutput.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Worldwide alfalfa production</figcaption></figure> During the early 2000s, alfalfa was the most cultivated forage legume in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Reddy-65">[65]</a> Worldwide production was around 436 million tons in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Reddy-65">[65]</a> In 2009, alfalfa was grown on approximately 30 million hectares (74 million acres) worldwide; of this North America produced 41% (11.9 million hectares; 29 million acres), Europe produced 25% (7.12 million hectares; 17.6 million acres), South America produced 23% (7 million hectares; 17 million acres), Asia produced 8% (2.23 million hectares; 5.5 million acres), and Africa and Oceania produced the remainder.<a href="#cite_note-Alfalfa_Ningxia-66">[66]</a> The US was the largest alfalfa producer in the world by area in 2009, with 9 million hectares (22 million acres), but considerable production area is found in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (6.9 million hectares; 17 million acres), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (2 million hectares; 4.9 million acres), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (1.8 million hectares; 4.4 million acres), <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (1.3 million hectares; 3.2 million acres), and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (1.3 million hectares; 3.2 million acres).<a href="#cite_note-Alfalfa_Ningxia-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the United States in 2012, the leading alfalfa-growing states were California, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crop_Production_2012-54">[54]</a> Alfalfa is predominantly grown in the northern and western US;<a href="#cite_note-Crop_Production_2012-54">[54]</a> it can be grown in the southeastern US, but leaf and root diseases, poor soils, and a lack of well-adapted varieties are often limitations.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In California, varieties <a href="/wiki/Crop_disease_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop disease resistance">resistant</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Spotted_alfalfa_aphid" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted alfalfa aphid">spotted alfalfa aphid</a> (Therioaphis maculata) are necessary, but even that is not always enough due to constant resistance evolution.<a href="#cite_note-SAA-UC-ANR-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lucerne grown in Australia prior to the 1970s was from seed brought from Great Britain in the early years of colonization, with production most successful in the Hunter and Peel river valleys. Hunter River cv. was the first lucerne variety developed for the Australian environment and was bred from selections of pre-existing lucerne stands in the Upper <a href="/wiki/Hunter_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Hunter River (New South Wales)">Hunter River (New South Wales)</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Pest burdens from the <a href="/wiki/Spotted_alfalfa_aphid" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted alfalfa aphid">spotted alfalfa aphid</a> in the 1970s caused significant destruction of NSW lucerne paddocks, with surviving populations being used as parents for Hunterfield cv. (released 1983). This variety showed significant improvement of resistance to spotted alfalfa aphid.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Grazing is the most commonly used form of pasture management in Australia, with many varieties of lucerne specifically being bred for low rainfall, high grazing pressure. <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> produces 40% of Australia's lucerne.<a href="#cite_note-NSW-71">[71]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spotted_alfalfa_aphid" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted alfalfa aphid">spotted alfalfa aphid</a> (Therioaphis maculata) in 1977 <a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> all varieties grown there must be resistant to it.<a href="#cite_note-NSW-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> is home to 83% of all lucerne seed production in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Much of this seed industry is centred around the town of <a href="/wiki/Keith,_South_Australia" title="Keith, South Australia">Keith, South Australia</a>, also encompassing the neighbouring localities of Tintinara, Bordertown, Willalooka, Padthaway and Naracoorte. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alfalfa_and_bees">Alfalfa and bees</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alfalfa and bees" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg/220px-Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg/220px-Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg/330px-Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg/440px-Lucerna_-_Buda%C3%B6rs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Alfalfa field</figcaption></figure> Alfalfa seed production requires the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> when the fields of alfalfa are in bloom.<a href="#cite_note-usda-5">[5]</a> Alfalfa <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> is somewhat problematic, however, because <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western honey bees</a>, the most commonly used pollinator, are less than ideal for this purpose; the pollen-carrying <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">keel</a> of the alfalfa flower trips and strikes pollinating bees on the head, which helps transfer the <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> to the foraging <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usda-5">[5]</a> Western honey bees, however, do not like being struck in the head repeatedly and learn to defeat this action by <a href="/wiki/Nectar_robbing" title="Nectar robbing">drawing</a> <a href="/wiki/Nectar_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectar (plant)">nectar</a> from the side of the flower. The bees thus collect the nectar, but carry no pollen, so do not pollinate the next flower they visit.<a href="#cite_note-scinews-76">[76]</a> Because older, experienced bees do not pollinate alfalfa well, most pollination is accomplished by young bees that have not yet learned the trick of robbing the flower without tripping the head-knocking keel. When western honey bees are used to pollinate alfalfa, the beekeeper <a href="/wiki/Saturation_pollination" title="Saturation pollination">stocks the field at a very high rate</a> to maximize the number of young bees.<a href="#cite_note-scinews-76">[76]</a> However, Western honey bee colonies may suffer protein stress when working alfalfa only, because alfalfa pollen protein is deficient in <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> essential in the diet of honeybee <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>. Today, the alfalfa leafcutter bee (<a href="/wiki/Megachile_rotundata" title="Megachile rotundata">Megachile rotundata</a>) is increasingly used to circumvent these problems.<a href="#cite_note-pollination-77">[77]</a> As a solitary but gregarious bee species, it does not build colonies or store honey, but is a very efficient pollinator of alfalfa flowers.<a href="#cite_note-pollination-77">[77]</a> Nesting is in individual tunnels in wooden or plastic material, supplied by the alfalfa seed growers.<a href="#cite_note-scinews-76">[76]</a> The leafcutter bees are used in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, while western honeybees dominate in California alfalfa seed production.<a href="#cite_note-scinews-76">[76]</a> M. rotundata was unintentionally introduced into the US during the 1940s, and its management as a pollinator of alfalfa has led to a three-fold increase in seed production in the U.S. The synchronous emergence of the adult bees of this species during alfalfa blooming period in combination with such behaviors as gregarious nesting, and utilization of leaves and nesting materials that have been mass-produced by humans provide positive benefits for the use of these bees in pollinating alfalfa.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A smaller amount of alfalfa produced for seed is pollinated by the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_bee" title="Alkali bee">alkali bee</a>, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern US">northwestern US</a>. It is cultured in special beds near the fields. These bees also have their own problems. They are not portable like honey bees, and when fields are planted in new areas, the bees take several seasons to build up.<a href="#cite_note-scinews-76">[76]</a> Honey bees are still trucked to many of the fields at bloom time. The rusty patched bumble bee, <a href="/wiki/Bombus_affinis" title="Bombus affinis">Bombus affinis</a>, is important to the agricultural industry as well as for the pollination of alfalfa.<a href="#cite_note-Evans-79">[79]</a> It is known that members of this species pollinate up to 65 different species of plants, and it is the primary pollinator of key dietary crops, such as <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, and alfalfa.<a href="#cite_note-Canada-2010-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg/220px-Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg/220px-Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg/330px-Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg/440px-Alfalfa_square_bales.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Small square bales of alfalfa</figcaption></figure> Considerable research and development has been done with this important plant. Older <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a> such as 'Vernal' have been the standard for years, but many public and private varieties better adapted to particular climates are available.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Private companies release many new varieties each year in the US.<a href="#cite_note-msu-82">[82]</a> Most varieties go dormant in the fall, with reduced growth in response to low temperatures and shorter days.<a href="#cite_note-msu-82">[82]</a> 'Nondormant' varieties that grow through the winter are planted in long-season environments such as Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California, whereas 'dormant' varieties are planted in the Upper Midwest, Canada, and the Northeast.<a href="#cite_note-msu-82">[82]</a> 'Nondormant' varieties can be higher-yielding, but they are susceptible to winter-kill in cold climates and have poorer persistence.<a href="#cite_note-msu-82">[82]</a> Most alfalfa cultivars contain genetic material from sickle medick (<a href="/wiki/Medicago_falcata" title="Medicago falcata">M. falcata</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">crop wild relative</a> of alfalfa that naturally hybridizes with M. sativa to produce sand lucerne (M. sativa ssp. varia). This species may bear either the purple flowers of alfalfa or the yellow of sickle medick, and is so called for its ready growth in sandy soil.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Traits for insect resistance have also been introduced from M. glomerata and M. prostrata, members of alfalfa's secondary <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG/220px-Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG/220px-Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG/330px-Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG/440px-Watering_alfalfa_field.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Watering an alfalfa field</figcaption></figure> Most of the improvements in alfalfa over the last decades have consisted of better disease resistance on poorly drained soils in wet years, better ability to overwinter in cold climates, and the production of more leaves. Multileaf alfalfa varieties have more than three leaflets per leaf.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Alfalfa growers or lucerne growers have a suite of varieties or cultivars to choose from in the seed marketplace and base their selection on a number of factors including the dormancy or activity rating, crown height, fit for purpose (i.e., hay production or grazing), disease resistance, insect pest resistance, forage yield, fine leafed varieties and a combination of many favourable attributes. Plant breeding efforts use scientific methodology and technology to strive for new improved varieties. The <a href="/wiki/L._Teweles_Seed_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Teweles Seed Company">L. Teweles Seed Company</a> claimed it created the world's first hybrid alfalfa.<a href="#cite_note-Cite_C-86">[86]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607041649/http://www.uwex.edu/ces/crops/uwforage/alfalfa.htm">Wisconsin</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu">California</a> and many other states publish alfalfa variety trial data. A complete listing of state variety testing data is provided by the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naaic.org/Resources/yields.html">(NAAIC) State Listing</a>, as well as additional detailed alfalfa genetic and variety data published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naaic.org">NAAIC</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_modification">Genetic modification</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Genetic modification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Roundup_Ready" title="Roundup Ready">Roundup Ready</a> alfalfa (RRA), a <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> variety, was released by Forage Genetics International in 2005. This was developed through the insertion of a gene owned by <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Company</a> that confers resistance to <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>, a broad-spectrum herbicide, also known as <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide)" title="Roundup (herbicide)">Roundup</a>. Although most grassy and broadleaf plants, including ordinary alfalfa, are killed by Roundup, growers can spray fields of Roundup Ready alfalfa with the glyphosate herbicide and kill the weeds without harming the alfalfa crop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legal_issues_in_the_US">Legal issues in the US</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legal issues in the US" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2005, after completing a 28-page <a href="/wiki/Environmental_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental assessment">environmental assessment</a><a href="#cite_note-NonregGrant-87">[87]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) granted RRA nonregulated status<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> under <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> Title 7 Part 340,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> which regulates, among other things, the introduction (importation, interstate movement, or release into the environment) of organisms and products altered or produced through genetic engineering that are plant pests or that there is reason to believe are plant pests. Monsanto had to seek deregulation to conduct field trials of RRA, because the RRA contains a <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">promoter sequence</a> derived from the plant pathogen figwort mosaic virus.<a href="#cite_note-NonregGrant-87">[87]</a> The USDA granted the application for deregulation, stating that the RRA with its modifications: "(1) Exhibit no plant pathogenic properties; (2) are no more likely to become weedy than the nontransgenic parental line or other cultivated alfalfa; (3) are unlikely to increase the weediness potential of any other cultivated or wild species with which it can interbreed; (4) will not cause damage to raw or processed agricultural commodities; (5) will not harm threatened or endangered species or organisms that are beneficial to agriculture; and (6) should not reduce the ability to control pests and weeds in alfalfa or other crops."<a href="#cite_note-NonregGrant-87">[87]</a> Monsanto started selling RRA and within two years, more than 300,000 acres were devoted to the plant in the US.<a href="#cite_note-OrloffPutnam-90">[90]</a> The granting of deregulation was opposed by many groups, including growers of non-GM alfalfa who were concerned about <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> into their crops.<a href="#cite_note-NonregGrant-87">[87]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Food_Safety" title="Center for Food Safety">Center for Food Safety</a>, a US non-governmental organization that is a critic of biotech crops, and others, challenged this deregulation in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SupremeCourt-91">[91]</a> Organic growers were concerned that the GM alfalfa could cross-pollinate with their organic alfalfa, making their crops unsalable in countries that ban the growing of GM crops.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The District Court ruled that the USDA's environmental assessment did not address two issues concerning RRA's effect on the environment,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and in 2007, required the USDA to complete a much more extensive <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">environmental impact statement</a> (EIS). Until the EIS was completed, they banned further planting of RRA but allowed land already planted to continue.<a href="#cite_note-OrloffPutnam-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The USDA proposed a partial deregulation of RRA but this was also rejected by the District Court.<a href="#cite_note-SupremeCourt-91">[91]</a> Planting of RRA was halted. In June 2009, a divided three-judge panel on the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the District Court's decision.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-95">[95]</a> Monsanto and others <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">appealed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-95">[95]</a> On 21 June 2010, in <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms</a>, the Supreme Court overturned the District Court decision to ban planting RRA nationwide as there was no evidence of irreparable injury.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> They ruled that the USDA could partially deregulate RRA before an EIS was completed. The Supreme Court did not consider the District Court's ruling disallowing RRA's deregulation and consequently RRA was still a regulated crop waiting for USDA's completion of an EIS.<a href="#cite_note-SupremeCourt-91">[91]</a> This decision was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation" title="American Farm Bureau Federation">American Farm Bureau Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_Industry_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology Industry Organization">Biotechnology Industry Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Seed_Trade_Association" title="American Seed Trade Association">American Seed Trade Association</a>, American Soybean Association, National Alfalfa and Forage Alliance, <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Wheat_Growers" title="National Association of Wheat Growers">National Association of Wheat Growers</a>, National Cotton Council, and National Potato Council.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In July 2010, 75 members of Congress from both political parties sent a letter to Agriculture Secretary <a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> asking him to immediately allow limited planting of genetically engineered alfalfa.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> However the USDA did not issue interim deregulatory measures, instead focusing on completing the EIS. Their 2,300-page EIS, published in December 2010, concluded that RRA would not affect the environment.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Three of the biggest natural food brands in the US lobbied for a partial deregulation of RRA,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> but in January 2011, despite protests from organic groups, Secretary Vilsack announced that the USDA had approved the unrestricted planting of genetically modified alfalfa and planting resumed.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Secretary Vilsack commented, "After conducting a thorough and transparent examination of alfalfa ... APHIS [<a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a>] has determined that [RRA] is as safe as traditionally bred alfalfa."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> About 20 million acres (8.1 million hectares) of alfalfa were grown in the US, the fourth-biggest crop by acreage, of which about 1% were organic. Some biotechnology officials forecast that half of the US alfalfa acreage could eventually be planted with GM alfalfa.<a href="#cite_note-wsj1-106">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Corn_Growers_Association" title="National Corn Growers Association">National Corn Growers Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NCGA-107">[107]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation" title="American Farm Bureau Federation">American Farm Bureau Federation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and the Council for Biotech Information<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> warmly applauded this decision. Christine Bushway, CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Organic_Trade_Association" title="Organic Trade Association">Organic Trade Association</a>, said, "A lot of people are shell-shocked. While we feel Secretary Vilsack worked on this issue, which is progress, this decision puts our organic farmers at risk."<a href="#cite_note-wsj1-106">[106]</a> The Organic Trade Association issued a press release in 2011 saying that the USDA recognized the impact that cross-contamination could have on organic alfalfa and urged them to place restrictions to minimize any such contamination.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> However, organic farming groups, organic food outlets, and activists responded by publishing an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> saying that planting the "alfalfa without any restrictions flies in the face of the interests of conventional and organic farmers, preservation of the environment, and consumer choice".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/House_Agriculture_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Agriculture Committee">House Agriculture Committee</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lucas_(Oklahoma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Lucas (Oklahoma)">Frank Lucas</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Debbie Stabenow</a> (Chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Agriculture_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Agriculture Committee">Senate Agriculture Committee</a>) and Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> strongly supported the decision, respectively stating that it would give growers "the green light to begin planting an abundant, affordable and safe crop"<a href="#cite_note-Stabenow-112">[112]</a> and give farmers and consumers the "choice ... in planting or purchasing food grown with GM technology, conventionally, or organically".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In a joint statement, US Senator <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> and Representative <a href="/wiki/Peter_DeFazio" title="Peter DeFazio">Peter DeFazio</a> said the USDA had the "opportunity to address the concerns of all farmers", but instead "surrender[ed] to business as usual for the biotech industry".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In March 2011, the non-profit Center for Food Safety appealed the deregulation decision,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> which the District Court for Northern California rejected in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Safety_concerns">Safety concerns</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety concerns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Alfalfa sprouts may contain microbiological pathogens, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a> or <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a>, which have caused numerous food product recalls and illness outbreaks, putting sprouts into a "high risk" category for food safety.<a href="#cite_note-ontario-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdc-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-baker-119">[119]</a> People with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly, pregnant women, or those taking <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a> affecting the immune system, should not eat sprouts.<a href="#cite_note-baker-119">[119]</a> With long-term human consumption of alfalfa seeds, several safety concerns and medication interactions may result, including possible reactions similar to <a href="/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus erythematosus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mlp-120">[120]</a> Other concerns are for women during pregnancy or breast-feeding, hormone-sensitive conditions (such as breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers), and for people with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mlp-120">[120]</a> Alfalfa may interact with <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a> (e.g. Coumadin), birth control pills (contraceptive drugs), and estrogens.<a href="#cite_note-mlp-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity_of_canavanine">Toxicity of canavanine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Toxicity of canavanine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Raw alfalfa seeds and sprouts are a source of the amino acid <a href="/wiki/Canavanine" title="Canavanine">canavanine</a>. Much of the canavanine is converted into other amino acids during germination, so sprouts contain much less canavanine than unsprouted seeds.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Canavanine competes with <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>, resulting in the synthesis of dysfunctional proteins. Raw unsprouted alfalfa has toxic effects in primates, including humans, which can result in lupus-like symptoms and other immunological diseases in susceptible individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid6178289-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1862241-123">[123]</a> Stopping consumption of alfalfa seeds can reverse the effects.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytoestrogens_and_effect_on_livestock_fertility">Phytoestrogens and effect on livestock fertility</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phytoestrogens and effect on livestock fertility" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Alfalfa, like other leguminous crops, is a source of <a href="/wiki/Phytoestrogen" title="Phytoestrogen">phytoestrogens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">spinasterol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coumestrol" title="Coumestrol">coumestrol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coumestan" title="Coumestan">coumestan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CPPIS-127">[127]</a> Because of this, grazing on alfalfa during breeding can cause reduced <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> in sheep and in dairy cattle if not effectively managed.<a href="#cite_note-CPPIS-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fields-2019-128">[128]</a> Coumestrol levels in alfalfa have been shown to be elevated by fungal infection, but not significantly under drought stress<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> or aphid infestation.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Grazing management can be utilised to mitigate the effects of coumestrol on ewe reproductive performance, with full recovery after removal from alfalfa.<a href="#cite_note-Fields-2019-128">[128]</a> Coumestrol levels in unirrigated crops can be predicted practically using weather variables.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Alfalfa seeds, sprouted, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96 kJ (23 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">2.1 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.9 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.7 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">4 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.076 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 0.126 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.481 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 0.563 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.034 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 36 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 8.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 30.5 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 32 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.96 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 27 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.188 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 70 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 79 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.92 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">93 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168384/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-132">[132]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-133">[133]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nutrition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Raw alfalfa seed sprouts are 93% water, 2% carbohydrates, 4% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and contain negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>. In a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference amount, raw alfalfa sprouts supply 96 kilojoules (23 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> and 29% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>. They are a moderate source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, some <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprouts">Sprouts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sprouts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">Sprouting</a> alfalfa seeds is the process of <a href="/wiki/Germinating" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinating">germinating</a> seeds at the immature stage for use as a garnish on various food preparations, such as salads. Although sprouts may be grown in soil, they are more commonly germinated in a soilless medium using drums, trays or racks.<a href="#cite_note-ontario-117">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfalfaSprouts1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close up of alfalfa sprouts"><noscript><img alt="Close up of alfalfa sprouts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/AlfalfaSprouts1.jpg/360px-AlfalfaSprouts1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/AlfalfaSprouts1.jpg/360px-AlfalfaSprouts1.jpg" data-alt="Close up of alfalfa sprouts" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/AlfalfaSprouts1.jpg/540px-AlfalfaSprouts1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/AlfalfaSprouts1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close up of alfalfa sprouts</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> illustration from Amédée Masclef - Atlas des plantes de France. 1891 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Medicago+sativa">"Medicago sativa – ILDIS LegumeWeb"</a>. ildis.org. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learnaboutag.org/">the original</a> on 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learnaboutag.org&rft.atitle=California+Agriculture+in+the+Classroom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearnaboutag.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfalfa.org/pdf/Alfalfa%20for%20Horses%20(low%20res).pdf">Alfalfa: The High-Quality Hay for Horses</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 17 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Westgate-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westgate_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westgate_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestgate1908" class="citation book cs1">Westgate, J. M. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naaic.org/Resources/Alfalfa1908.pdf">Alfalfa</a> (PDF). Washington: U. S. Department of Agriculture. p. 5. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfalfa&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=U.+S.+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Westgate&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naaic.org%2FResources%2FAlfalfa1908.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakleyWestover,_H._L.1922" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, R. A.; Westover, H. L. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6202/m1/5/">How to Grow Alfalfa</a>. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15432716">15432716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Grow+Alfalfa&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15432716&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Westover%2C+H.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc6202%2Fm1%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalladius1898" class="citation book cs1">Palladius (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opusagriculturae00pall">"Book V, § I"</a>. Opus Agriculturae.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+V%2C+%C2%A7+I&rft.btitle=Opus+Agriculturae&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Palladius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopusagriculturae00pall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> Links to online copies are listed at the foot of the Wikipedia article <a href="/wiki/Rutilius_Taurus_Aemilianus_Palladius" title="Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius">Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-'Awwam" class="citation book cs1">Ibn al-'Awwam. "Chapter XXII, § VIII". Kitāb al-filāḥa [Book of Agriculture].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXII%2C+%C2%A7+VIII&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-fil%C4%81%E1%B8%A5a&rft.au=Ibn+al-%27Awwam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> Links to online copies in French, Spanish, and Arabic are listed at the foot of the Wikipedia article <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Lisān al-'Arab is online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baheth.info/">Baheth.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192325/http://www.baheth.info/">Archived</a> 29 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Search for فصفصة in the dictionary. (The dictionary is also downloadable at Archive.org but that version doesn't have searchable text). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozyEngelmann,_W._H.1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dozy, R.; Engelmann, W. H. (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/glossairedesmots00dozyuoft#page/101/mode/1up">Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais dérivés de l'arabe</a> (in French) (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23301798M">23301798M</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossaire+des+mots+espagnols+et+portugais+d%C3%A9riv%C3%A9s+de+l%27arabe&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23301798M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Dozy&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Engelmann%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fglossairedesmots00dozyuoft%23page%2F101%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alfalfa">"Alfalfa"</a>. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfalfa&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Falfalfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/alfalfa">"Alfalfa"</a>. YourDictionary. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfalfa&rft.pub=YourDictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Falfalfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilello2016" class="citation book cs1">Bilello, Stanley (10 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZc_DQAAQBAJ&dq=Spanish+colonizers+introduced+alfalfa+to+the+Americas+as+fodder+for+their+horses&pg=PA1">21st Century Homestead: Nitrogen-Fixing Crops</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-365-45290-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-365-45290-1"><bdi>978-1-365-45290-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Homestead%3A+Nitrogen-Fixing+Crops&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-365-45290-1&rft.aulast=Bilello&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyZc_DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSpanish%2Bcolonizers%2Bintroduced%2Balfalfa%2Bto%2Bthe%2BAmericas%2Bas%2Bfodder%2Bfor%2Btheir%2Bhorses%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crop_Production_2012-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crop_Production_2012_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crop_Production_2012_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crop_Production_2012_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713165017/http://usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/current/CropProdSu/CropProdSu-01-11-2013.pdf">"Crop Production: 2012 Summary"</a> (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service. January 2013. p. 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/current/CropProdSu/CropProdSu-01-11-2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crop+Production%3A+2012+Summary&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture+National+Agricultural+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusda01.library.cornell.edu%2Fusda%2Fcurrent%2FCropProdSu%2FCropProdSu-01-11-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uaex-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uaex_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uaex_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528080559/http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-2005.pdf">"Harvesting Alfalfa Hay"</a> (PDF). University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Arkansas+Cooperative+Extension+Service&rft.atitle=Harvesting+Alfalfa+Hay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaex.edu%2FOther_Areas%2Fpublications%2FPDF%2FFSA-2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111000456/http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G4570">"G4570 Reducing Losses when Feeding Hay to Beef Cattle"</a>. University of Missouri Extension. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G4570">the original</a> on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Missouri+Extension&rft.atitle=G4570+Reducing+Losses+when+Feeding+Hay+to+Beef+Cattle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextension.missouri.edu%2Fpublications%2FDisplayPub.aspx%3FP%3DG4570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/ID/programs/technotes/tn8_alfalfaguide3.pdf">"Alfalfa Management Guide—Harvest (3 of 3)"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfalfa+Management+Guide%E2%80%94Harvest+%283+of+3%29&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov%2FID%2Fprograms%2Ftechnotes%2Ftn8_alfalfaguide3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722193626/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca1505p2-64859.pdf">"Hay harvesting by Self-Propelled Swather compared with mowing and raking"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca1505p2-64859.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hay+harvesting+by+Self-Propelled+Swather+compared+with+mowing+and+raking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucce.ucdavis.edu%2Ffiles%2Frepositoryfiles%2Fca1505p2-64859.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/257652/hay-mower-conditioner">"hay mower-conditioner (agriculture)"</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hay+mower-conditioner+%28agriculture%29&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F257652%2Fhay-mower-conditioner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617065325/http://www.washburncompany.com/">"Washburn Company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washburncompany.com/">the original</a> on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washburn+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washburncompany.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Joseph H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718045312/http://ucanr.org/alf_symp/1995/95-55.pdf">"The Art and Science of Ensiling Alfalfa"</a> (PDF). ucanr.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucanr.org/alf_symp/1995/95-55.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanr.org&rft.atitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+Ensiling+Alfalfa&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucanr.org%2Falf_symp%2F1995%2F95-55.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartnellHatfieldMertensMartin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hartnell, G.F.; Hatfield, R.D.; Mertens, D.R.; Martin, N.P. 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Retrieved 22 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> These two issues were: 1) evaluation of the risk that complete deregulation of RRA would lead to cross-pollination or the transmission of the gene conferring glyphosate tolerance from RRA to conventional alfalfa 2) evaluation of the risk that growing RRA might lead to the development of Roundup-resistant weeds. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/pdf/Alfalfa_Ruling_20070503.pdf">Memorandum and Order Re: Permanent Injunction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303204524/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/pdf/Alfalfa_Ruling_20070503.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United States District Court for Northern California, Case No C 06-01075 CR, 3 May 2007. 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Animal Production Science. 59 (3): 493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAN17586">10.1071/AN17586</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-0939">1836-0939</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91082792">91082792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Production+Science&rft.atitle=Recovery+of+ovulation+rate+in+ewes+following+their+removal+from+an+oestrogenic+lucerne+forage&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=493&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91082792%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1836-0939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FAN17586&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Moot%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Sedcole%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Barrell%2C+G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Fields, R.L., D.J. Moot, and G.K. Barrell. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agronomyaustraliaproceedings.org/images/sampledata/2017/24_ASA2017_Fields_Rachel_Final.pdf">Coumestrol content of lucerne under drought stress</a>, Proceedings of the 18th Australian Society of Agronomy Conference, Ballarat, Australia. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldsBarrellGashZhao2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fields, Rachel L.; Barrell, Graham K.; Gash, Alan; Zhao, Jenny; Moot, Derrick J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fagronj2017.09.0535">"Alfalfa Coumestrol Content in Response to Development Stage, Fungi, Aphids, and Cultivar"</a>. Agronomy Journal. 110 (3): 910. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AgrJ..110..910F">2018AgrJ..110..910F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fagronj2017.09.0535">10.2134/agronj2017.09.0535</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10182%2F10252">10182/10252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-1962">0002-1962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agronomy+Journal&rft.atitle=Alfalfa+Coumestrol+Content+in+Response+to+Development+Stage%2C+Fungi%2C+Aphids%2C+and+Cultivar&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=910&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10182%2F10252&rft.issn=0002-1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fagronj2017.09.0535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018AgrJ..110..910F&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Rachel+L.&rft.au=Barrell%2C+Graham+K.&rft.au=Gash%2C+Alan&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jenny&rft.au=Moot%2C+Derrick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2134%252Fagronj2017.09.0535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldsSedcoleBarrellMoot2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fields, Rachel Lilian; Sedcole, J. Richard; Barrell, Graham Keith; Moot, Derrick Jan (2 October 2019). "Prediction of coumestrol content in unirrigated lucerne crops using weather variables". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 62 (4): 528–542. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NZJAR..62..528F">2019NZJAR..62..528F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288233.2018.1519512">10.1080/00288233.2018.1519512</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8233">0028-8233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92277149">92277149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Agricultural+Research&rft.atitle=Prediction+of+coumestrol+content+in+unirrigated+lucerne+crops+using+weather+variables&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=528-542&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00288233.2018.1519512&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92277149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-8233&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NZJAR..62..528F&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Lilian&rft.au=Sedcole%2C+J.+Richard&rft.au=Barrell%2C+Graham+Keith&rft.au=Moot%2C+Derrick+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. FDA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-133"><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</a>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfalfa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000346.htm">Grassland species profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903140335/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000346.HTM">Archived</a> 3 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Alfalfa" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Alfalfa"> Alfalfa</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/alfalfa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/alfalfa">alfalfa</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicago sativa">Medicago sativa</a>.</div></div> </div> <link 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&oldid=1258638333">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&oldid=1258638333</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfalfa&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 20:19 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusern" title="Lusern – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lusern" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="برسيم حجازي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برسيم حجازي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="یوْنجا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوْنجا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Люцэрна пасяўная – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Люцэрна пасяўная" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Обикновена люцерна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обикновена люцерна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfals" title="Alfals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolice_vojt%C4%9B%C5%A1ka" title="Tolice vojtěška – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tolice vojtěška" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne_(plante)" title="Lucerne (plante) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lucerne (plante)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerne" title="Luzerne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luzerne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCoh_waa%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Tłʼoh waaʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼoh waaʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_lutsern" title="Harilik lutsern – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik lutsern" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Μηδική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηδική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88rba_m%C3%A8dga_(Medicago_sativa)" title="Èrba mèdga (Medicago sativa) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Èrba mèdga (Medicago sativa)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerno" title="Luzerno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luzerno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argi-belar" title="Argi-belar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argi-belar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87" title="یونجه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونجه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerne_cultiv%C3%A9e" title="Luzerne cultivée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luzerne cultivée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alfalfa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfey" title="Alfalfey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Alfalfey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfalfa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="રજકો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રજકો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%A3%BC%EA%B0%9C%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC" title="자주개자리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자주개자리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BF" title="Առվույտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առվույտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्फाल्फा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्फाल्फा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3dra_%C5%A1lin%C4%8Dina" title="Módra šlinčina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Módra šlinčina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plava_djetelina" title="Plava djetelina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plava djetelina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerno" title="Luzerno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Luzerno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfalfa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refasm%C3%A1ri" title="Refasmári – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Refasmári" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%94" title="אלפלפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפלפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB" title="ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಫಾಲ್ಫ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9wn%C3%B4_lucerna" title="Séwnô lucerna – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Séwnô lucerna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Ақсары жоңышқа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақсары жоңышқа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93jas_lucerna" title="Sējas lucerna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sējas lucerna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takarm%C3%A1nylucerna" title="Takarmánylucerna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Takarmánylucerna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Луцерка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луцерка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB" title="അൽഫാൽഫ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽഫാൽഫ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85" title="برسيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برسيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alfalfa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Таримал царгас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Таримал царгас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အယ်လဖားဖားပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လဖားဖားပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzerne" title="Luzerne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luzerne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8" title="लुसर्न घाँस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लुसर्न घाँस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B7" title="ムラサキウマゴヤシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムラサキウマゴヤシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5lusern" title="Blålusern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blålusern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5lusern" title="Blålusern – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blålusern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A3" title="ਲੂਸਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂਸਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%DD%A8" title="لوسݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوسݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%87" title="رشقه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رشقه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerna_siewna" title="Lucerna siewna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lucerna siewna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucern%C4%83" title="Lucernă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lucernă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Люцерна посевная – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люцерна посевная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonxha" title="Jonxha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jonxha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfalfa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerna_siata" title="Lucerna siata – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lucerna siata" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95" title="وێنجە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنجە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Луцерка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луцерка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerna" title="Lucerna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lucerna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinimailanen" title="Sinimailanen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinimailanen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foderlusern" title="Foderlusern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Foderlusern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpalpa" title="Alpalpa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpalpa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="குதிரை மசால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குதிரை மசால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE" title="అల్ఫాల్ఫా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అల్ఫాల్ఫా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2" title="แอลแฟลฟา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอลแฟลฟา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%88%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D2%93%D3%A3" title="Ришқаи боғӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ришқаи боғӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%A1%27tav%C3%B6%27%C3%AAstse" title="Otá'tavö'êstse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Otá'tavö'êstse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonca" title="Yonca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дүжер-меде тарымал – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Дүжер-меде тарымал" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Люцерна посівна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Люцерна посівна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="برسیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برسیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AF%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%82%D9%89" title="بېدە ئۇرۇقى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېدە ئۇرۇقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%8F_linh_l%C4%83ng" title="Cỏ linh lăng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cỏ linh lăng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzere" title="Luzere – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Luzere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Medicago sativa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%8A%B1%E8%8B%9C%E8%93%BF" title="紫花苜蓿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="紫花苜蓿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%8A%B1%E8%8B%9C%E8%93%BF" title="紫花苜蓿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紫花苜蓿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%8A%B1%E8%8B%9C%E8%93%BF" title="紫花苜蓿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紫花苜蓿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Луцерка – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Луцерка" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" 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