CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hay - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5bb0b18-0489-49b1-bff3-74b542a51507","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hay","wgTitle":"Hay","wgCurRevisionId":1254164987,"wgRevisionId":1254164987,"wgArticleId":46593,"wgIsArticle":true, "wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hay","wgRelevantArticleId":46593,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb", "autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym": "Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt", "autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym": "саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym": "chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym": "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt" ,"ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q336989", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist": "ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Roundbale1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="821"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Roundbale1.jpg/800px-Roundbale1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="547"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Roundbale1.jpg/640px-Roundbale1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="438"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hay - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hay rootpage-Hay stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hay" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Hay" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hay</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Hay" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Hay" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hay" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article. (July 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about dried plant material used as animal food. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hay_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hay (disambiguation)">Hay (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Haymaking" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Haymaking_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Haymaking (disambiguation)">Haymaking (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Haystack" and "Haystacks" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Haystack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Haystack (disambiguation)">Haystack (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style>Hay is <a href="/wiki/Graminoid" title="Graminoid">grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plants</a> that have been cut and dried to be stored for use as <a href="/wiki/Animal_fodder" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal fodder">animal fodder</a>, either for large <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> animals raised as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic goat">goats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, or for smaller domesticated animals such as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_rabbit" title="Domestic rabbit">rabbits</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">Pigs</a> can eat hay, but do not digest it as efficiently as <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> do. <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundbale1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Roundbale1.jpg/200px-Roundbale1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Roundbale1.jpg/300px-Roundbale1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Roundbale1.jpg/400px-Roundbale1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="764"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayfield2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hayfield2.jpg/200px-Hayfield2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hayfield2.jpg/300px-Hayfield2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hayfield2.jpg/400px-Hayfield2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="364"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Fresh grass hay, newly baled.</div></div></div></div> Hay can be used as animal fodder when or where there is not enough <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">rangeland</a> on which to graze an animal, when grazing is not feasible due to weather (such as during the winter), or when lush pasture by itself would be too rich for the health of the animal. It is also fed when an animal cannot access any pastures—for example, when the animal is being kept in a <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a>. Hay production and harvest, commonly known as "making hay",<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> "haymaking", "haying" or "doing hay", involves a multiple step process: cutting, drying or "curing", raking, processing, and storing. Hayfields do not have to be reseeded each year in the way that <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> crops are, but regular fertilizing is usually desirable, and overseeding a field every few years helps increase yield. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Composition">1 Composition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Use">2 Use</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Harvest_and_transport">3 Harvest and transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">4 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Early_methods">4.1 Early methods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Modern_mechanized_techniques">4.2 Modern mechanized techniques</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Fertilization_and_weed_control">5 Fertilization and weed control</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Baling">6 Baling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Stacking">7 Stacking</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Safety">8 Safety</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Mold">8.1 Mold</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Spontaneous_combustion">8.2 Spontaneous combustion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Weight">8.3 Weight</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Chemical_composition">9 Chemical composition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg/220px-Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3927" data-file-height="2890"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg/220px-Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg/330px-Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg/440px-Bales_from_corn_stems_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maize#Baled_cornstalks" title="Maize">Baled cornstalks</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg/220px-LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1130"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg/220px-LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg/330px-LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg/440px-LPCC-548-Fenc_de_civada.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Good quality hay is green, not too coarse, and includes plant heads, leaves, as well as stems.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Round_hay_bale,_partially_eaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Round_hay_bale%2C_partially_eaten.jpg/220px-Round_hay_bale%2C_partially_eaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Round_hay_bale%2C_partially_eaten.jpg/220px-Round_hay_bale%2C_partially_eaten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Round_hay_bale%2C_partially_eaten.jpg/330px-Round_hay_bale%2C_partially_eaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Round_hay_bale%2C_partially_eaten.jpg/440px-Round_hay_bale%2C_partially_eaten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Poor-quality hay is dry, bleached out and coarse-stemmed. Sometimes, hay stored outdoors will look like this on the outside but still be green inside the bale. A dried, bleached or coarse bale is still edible and provides some nutritional value as long as it is dry and not moldy, dusty, or rotting.</figcaption></figure> Commonly used plants for hay include mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">grasses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">ryegrass</a> (Lolium species), <a href="/wiki/Timothy-grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy-grass">timothy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromus" title="Bromus">brome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fescue">fescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynodon" title="Cynodon">Bermuda grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchard_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchard grass">orchard grass</a>, and other species, depending on region. Hay may also include <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> (lucerne) and <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clovers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trifolium_pratense" title="Trifolium pratense">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifolium_repens" title="Trifolium repens">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_clover" class="mw-redirect" title="Subterranean clover">subterranean</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Iowa-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Legumes</a> in hay are ideally cut pre-bloom. Other pasture <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a> are also sometimes a part of the mix, though these plants are not necessarily desired as certain forbs are toxic to some animals. In the UK some hay is harvested from traditionally managed <a href="/wiki/Hay_meadow" title="Hay meadow">hay meadows</a> which have a highly diverse <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and which support a rich eco-system. The hay produced by these meadows is species rich and was traditionally used to feed horses.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> plant materials are occasionally cut green and made into hay for animal <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>, and more usually used in the form of <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, a harvest byproduct of stems and dead leaves that are baled after the grain has been harvested and <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a> is used mainly for animal bedding. Although straw is also used as fodder, particularly as a source of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, it has lower nutritional value than hay.<a href="#cite_note-Iowa-4">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> systems are developed to produce <a href="/wiki/Tree_hay" title="Tree hay">tree hay</a>. It is the leaf and seed material in the hay that determines its quality, because they contain more of the <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> value for the animal than the stems do.<a href="#cite_note-Deere-1957-6">[6]</a>: 194 Farmers try to harvest hay at the point when the seed heads are not quite ripe and the leaf is at its maximum when the grass is mowed in the field. The cut material is allowed to dry so that the bulk of the moisture is removed but the leafy material is still robust enough to be picked up from the ground by machinery and processed into storage in bales, stacks or pits. Methods of haymaking thus aim to minimize the shattering and falling away of the leaves during handling.<a href="#cite_note-Deere-1957-6">[6]</a>: 194 Hay production is highly sensitive to weather conditions, particularly during the harvest period. In drought conditions, both seed and leaf production are stunted, resulting in hay with a high ratio of dry, coarse stems that possess very low nutritional value. Conversely, excessively wet weather can cause cut hay to spoil in the field before it can be baled. Consequently, the primary challenge and risk for farmers in hay production is managing the weather, especially during the critical few weeks when the plants are at optimal maturity for harvesting. A lucky break in the weather often moves the haymaking tasks (such as mowing, <a href="/wiki/Tedding" title="Tedding">tedding</a>, and baling) to the top priority on the farm's to-do list. This is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a> to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/make_hay_while_the_sun_shines" class="extiw" title="wikt:make hay while the sun shines">make hay while the sun shines</a>. Hay that was too wet at cutting may develop rot and mold after being baled, creating the potential for toxins to form in the feed, which could make the animals sick. After harvest, hay also has to be stored in a manner to prevent it from getting wet. Mold and spoilage reduce nutritional value and may cause illness in animals. A <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> fungus in <a href="/wiki/Fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fescue">fescue</a> may cause illness in horses and cattle.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The successful harvest of maximum yields of high-quality hay is entirely dependent on the coincident occurrence of optimum crop, field, and weather conditions. When this occurs, there may be a period of intense activity on the hay farm while harvest proceeds until weather conditions become unfavourable. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Equine nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">Cattle feeding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheep_husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep husbandry">Sheep husbandry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HorsesAndHay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HorsesAndHay.jpg/220px-HorsesAndHay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1339"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HorsesAndHay.jpg/220px-HorsesAndHay.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HorsesAndHay.jpg/330px-HorsesAndHay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HorsesAndHay.jpg/440px-HorsesAndHay.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Horses eating hay</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a></div> Hay or grass is the foundation of the diet for all grazing animals, and can provide as much as 100% of the <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> required for an animal. Hay is usually fed to an animal during times when winter, drought, or other conditions make <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> unavailable. Animals that can eat hay vary in the types of grasses suitable for consumption, the ways they consume hay, and how they digest it. Therefore, different types of animals require hay that consists of similar plants to what they would eat while grazing, and, likewise, plants that are toxic to an animal in pasture are generally also toxic if they are dried into hay. Most animals are fed hay in two daily feedings, morning and evening, more for the convenience of humans, as most grazing animals on pasture naturally consume <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> in multiple feedings throughout the day. Some animals, especially those being raised for meat, may be given enough hay that they simply are able to eat all day. Other animals, especially those that are ridden or driven as <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a> may be given a more limited amount of hay to prevent them from getting too fat. The proper amount of hay and the type of hay required varies somewhat between different species. Some animals are also fed concentrated feeds such as <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> or vitamin supplements in addition to hay. In most cases, hay or pasture <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> must make up 50% or more of the diet by weight. One of the most significant differences in hay digestion is between <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and nonruminant, <a href="/wiki/Hindgut_fermentation" title="Hindgut fermentation">hindgut fermentors</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>. Both types of animals can digest <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in grass and hay, but do so by different mechanisms. Because of the four-chambered stomach of cattle, they are often able to break down older forage and have more tolerance of mold and changes in diet. The single-chambered stomach and <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a> or "hindgut" of the horse uses bacterial processes to break down cellulose that are more sensitive to changes in feeds and the presence of mold or other toxins, requiring horses to be fed hay of a more consistent type and quality.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Different animals also use hay in different ways: cattle evolved to eat forages in relatively large quantities at a single feeding, and then, due to the process of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">rumination</a>, take a considerable amount of time for their stomachs to digest food, often accomplished while the animal is lying down, at rest. Thus quantity of hay is important for cattle, who can effectively digest hay of low quality if fed in sufficient amounts. Sheep will eat between two and four percent of their body weight per day in dry feed, such as hay,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and are very efficient at obtaining the most nutrition possible from three to five pounds per day of hay or other forage.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> They require three to four hours per day to eat enough hay to meet their nutritional requirements.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Unlike ruminants, horses digest their food in small portions throughout the day and can utilize only about 2.5% of their body weight in feed within a 24-hour period. Horses evolved to graze continuously while on the move, covering up to 50 miles (80 km) per day in the wild. Their stomachs digest food quickly, allowing them to extract a higher nutritional value from smaller quantities of feed<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> When horses are fed low-quality hay, they may develop an unhealthy, obese, "hay belly" due to over-consumption of "empty" calories. If their type of feed is changed dramatically, or if they are fed moldy hay or hay containing toxic plants, they can become ill; <a href="/wiki/Horse_colic" title="Horse colic">colic</a> is the leading cause of death in horses. Contaminated hay can also lead to respiratory problems in horses. Hay can be soaked in water, sprinkled with water or subjected to <a href="/wiki/Hay_steaming" title="Hay steaming">steaming</a> to reduce dust. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Harvest_and_transport">Harvest and transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harvest and transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg/200px-Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg/200px-Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg/300px-Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg/400px-Swiss_hay_farmers_in_Versam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg/200px-Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3390" data-file-height="2712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg/200px-Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg/300px-Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg/400px-Young_farmer_on_a_hay_harvester_in_Versam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Farmers harvesting hay from mountains in Switzerland.</div></div></div></div> Methods and the terminology to describe the steps of making hay have varied greatly throughout history, and many regional variations still exist today. Whether done by hand or by modern mechanized equipment, tall grass and legumes at the proper stage of maturity must be cut, then allowed to dry (preferably by the sun), then raked into long, narrow piles known as <a href="/wiki/Windrow" title="Windrow">windrows</a>. Next, the cured hay is gathered up in some form (usually by some type of baling process) and placed for storage into a haystack or into a <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a> or shed to protect it from moisture and rot. During the growing season, which is spring and early summer in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>, grass grows at a fast pace. Hay reaches its peak nutritional value when all leaves are fully developed and seed or flower heads are just shy of full maturity. At this stage of maximum growth in the pasture or field, if timed correctly, the hay is cut. Grass hay cut too early retains high moisture content, making it harder to cure and resulting in a lower yield per acre compared to more mature grass. However, hay cut too late becomes coarser, has a lower resale value, and loses some of its nutrients. Typically, there is a two-week "window" during which grass is at its ideal stage for harvesting hay. The time for cutting <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> hay is ideally done when plants reach maximum height and are producing flower buds or just beginning to bloom, cutting during or after full bloom results in lower nutritional value of the hay. Hay can be raked into rows as it is cut, then turned periodically to dry, particularly if a modern <a href="/wiki/Swather" title="Swather">swather</a> is used. Or, especially with older equipment or methods, the hay is cut and allowed to lie spread out in the field until it is dry, then raked into rows for processing into bales afterwards. During the drying period, which can take several days, the process is usually sped up by turning the cut hay over with a <a href="/wiki/Hay_rake" title="Hay rake">hay rake</a> or spreading it out with a <a href="/wiki/Tedder_(machine)" title="Tedder (machine)">tedder</a>. If it rains while the hay is drying, turning the windrow can also allow it to dry faster. Turning the hay too often or too roughly can also cause drying leaf matter to fall off, reducing the nutrients available to animals. Drying can also be sped up by mechanized processes, such as the use of a <a href="/wiki/Conditioner_(farming)" title="Conditioner (farming)">hay conditioner</a>, or by the use of chemicals sprayed onto the hay to speed <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> of moisture, though these are more expensive techniques, not in general use except in areas where there is a combination of modern technology, high prices for hay, and too much rain for hay to dry properly.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Once hay is cut, dried and raked into windrows, it is usually gathered into bales or bundles, and then hauled to a central location for storage. In some places, depending on geography, region, climate, and culture, hay is gathered loose and stacked without being baled first. <table style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg/220px-Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg/220px-Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg/330px-Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg/440px-Haymaking_-_geograph.org.uk_-_980046.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A tractor mowing a hay field, with the cut hay lying in the foreground</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_(3095)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_%283095%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/220px-NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_%283095%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_%283095%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/220px-NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_%283095%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_%283095%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/330px-NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_%283095%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_%283095%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/440px-NRCSIA99200_-_Iowa_%283095%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Round_baler" class="mw-redirect" title="Round baler">round baler</a> dumping a freshly rolled hay bale</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haytruck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haytruck.jpg/220px-Haytruck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="733"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haytruck.jpg/220px-Haytruck.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haytruck.jpg/330px-Haytruck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haytruck.jpg/440px-Haytruck.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Modern small-scale transport. Pickup truck loaded with "large square" bales</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_methods">Early methods</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early methods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni_detail.jpg/220px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni_detail.jpg/220px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni_detail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni_detail.jpg/330px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni_detail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Haymakers, from the <a href="/wiki/Grimani_Breviary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimani Breviary">Grimani Breviary</a>, c. 1510.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg/220px-Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="425"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg/220px-Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg/330px-Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg/440px-Haymaking_NLW3364567.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Haymaking in Wales <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1885</figcaption></figure> Columella in his De re rustica describes the usual haying process of the early Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Much hay was originally cut by <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythe</a> by teams of workers, dried in the field and gathered loose on <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagons</a>. Later, haying was accomplished with horse-drawn implements such as <a href="/wiki/Mower" title="Mower">mowers</a>. After hay was cut and dried, it was raked or rowed up by raking it into a linear heap by hand or with a horse-drawn implement. Turning hay, when needed, originally was done by hand with a fork or rake. Once the dried hay was rowed up, <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork" title="Pitchfork">pitchforks</a> were used to pile it loose, originally onto a horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">cart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagon</a>, later onto a <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</a> or tractor-drawn trailer, for which a sweep could be used instead of pitch forks. Loose hay was transported to a designated storage area, typically a slightly elevated location to ensure proper drainage, where it was constructed into a haystack. Building the stack was a skilled task, as it needed to be made waterproof during construction. The haystack would compress under its own weight, allowing the hay to cure through the release of heat generated by the residual moisture and compression forces. The haystack was usually enclosed in a fenced-off area, known as a rick yard, to separate it from the rest of the paddock, and was often thatched or covered with sheets to protect it from moisture. When needed, slices of hay would be cut using a <a href="/wiki/Hay_knife" title="Hay knife">hay knife</a> and fed to animals each day. On some farms, the loose hay was stored in a <a href="/wiki/Hay_barrack" title="Hay barrack">barrack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">shed</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a>, normally in such a way that it would compress down and cure. Hay could be stored in a specially designed barn with little internal structure to allow more room for the <a href="/wiki/Barn#Uses" title="Barn">hay loft</a>. Alternatively, an upper storey of a cow-shed or stable was used, with hatches in the floor to allow hay to be thrown down into hay-racks below. Depending on the region, the term "hay rick" could refer to the machine for cutting hay, the haystack or the wagon used to collect the hay. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hay_scow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hay_scow.jpg/220px-Hay_scow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hay_scow.jpg/220px-Hay_scow.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Hay_scow.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Late 19th-century hay boat with small square bales</figcaption></figure> With the invention of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">agricultural machinery</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">baler</a>, most hay production became <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanized</a> by the 1930s. Hay baling began with the invention of the first <a href="/wiki/Hay_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay press">hay press</a> in about 1850.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy grass">Timothy grass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a> were the most common plants used for hay in the early 20th century in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, though both plants are native to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iowa-4">[4]</a> Hay was baled for easier handling and to reduce space required for storage and shipment. The first bales weighed about 300 pounds. The original machines were of a vertical design similar to the one photographed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greene_Co._Historical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greene Co. Historical Society (page does not exist)">Greene Co. Historical Society</a>. They used a horse-driven screw-press mechanism or a dropped weight to compress the hay. The first patent went to HL Emery for a horse-powered, screw-operated hay press in 1853. Other models were reported as early as 1843 built by PK Dederick's Sons of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, or Samuel Hewitt of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland County">Switzerland County, Indiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Later, horizontal machines were devised. One was the “Perpetual Press” made by PK Dederick of Albany in 1872. They could be powered by steam engines by about 1882. The continuous hay baler arrived in 1914. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_mechanized_techniques">Modern mechanized techniques</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern mechanized techniques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg/220px-Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3598" data-file-height="2570"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg/220px-Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg/330px-Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg/440px-Hay_Harvest_in_Versam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Harvesting hay on the Swiss Alps</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoundAndSquare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RoundAndSquare.jpg/300px-RoundAndSquare.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 92px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RoundAndSquare.jpg/300px-RoundAndSquare.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RoundAndSquare.jpg/450px-RoundAndSquare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RoundAndSquare.jpg/600px-RoundAndSquare.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Different balers can produce hay bales in different sizes and shapes. Here two different balers were used to create both large round bales and small square bales.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Baling_hay.webm/220px--Baling_hay.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Baling_hay.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Baling_hay.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Baling_hay.webm/Baling_hay.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Baling_hay.webm/Baling_hay.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Baling_hay.webm/Baling_hay.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Baling_hay.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9"' data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Baling_hay.webm/Baling_hay.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Baling_hay.webm/Baling_hay.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Baling_hay.webm/Baling_hay.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Baling_hay.webm/Baling_hay.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Baling hay</figcaption></figure> Modern mechanized hay production today is usually performed by a number of machines. While small operations use a <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> to pull various implements for mowing and raking, larger operations use specialized machines such as a <a href="/wiki/Mower" title="Mower">mower</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Swather" title="Swather">swather</a>, which are designed to cut the hay and arrange it into a windrow in one step. <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">Balers</a> are usually pulled by a tractor, with larger balers requiring more powerful tractors. Mobile <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">balers</a>, machines that gather and bale hay in one process were first developed around 1940. The initial balers produced rectangular bales that were small enough for an individual to lift, typically weighing between 70 and 100 pounds (32 to 45 kg) each. The size and shape of these bales allowed for manual handling, including lifting, stacking on transport vehicles, and constructing a haystack by hand. To reduce labor and enhance safety, loaders and stackers were subsequently developed to mechanize the transportation of small bales from the field to the haystack or hay barn. Later in the 20th century, balers were developed capable of producing large bales that weigh up to 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Conditioning of hay crop during cutting or soon thereafter is popular. The basic idea is that it decreases drying time, particularly in humid climates or if rain threatens to interfere with haying. Usually, rollers or flails inside a mower conditioner crimp, crack or strip the alfalfa or grass stems to increase evaporation rate.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Sometimes, a salt solution is sprayed over the top of the hay (generally alfalfa) that helps to dry the hay.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Fertilization_and_weed_control">Fertilization and weed control</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fertilization and weed control" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Modern hay production often relies on artificial fertilizer and herbicides. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> has been used on hayfields, but modern chemical fertilizers are used today as well. Hay that is to be certified as weed-free for use in <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness area">wilderness areas</a> must often be sprayed with chemical herbicides to keep unwanted weeds from the field, and sometimes even non-certified hayfields are sprayed to limit the production of <a href="/wiki/Noxious_weed" title="Noxious weed">noxious weeds</a>. Organic forms of fertilization and weed control are required for hay grown for consumption by animals whose meat will ultimately be certified organic. To that end, compost and field rotation can enhance soil fertility, and regular mowing of fields in the growth phase of the hay will often reduce the prevalence of undesired weeds. In recent times, some producers have experimented with human <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> to grow hay. This is not a certified organic method and no warning labels are mandated by EPA.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> One concern with hay grown on human sewage sludge is that the hay can take up heavy metals, which are then consumed by animals.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> poisoning is a particular concern in <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> such as cows and goats, and there have been animal deaths.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Another concern is with a herbicide known as <a href="/wiki/Aminopyralid" title="Aminopyralid">aminopyralid</a>, which can pass through the digestive tract in animals, making their resulting manure toxic to many plants and thus unsuitable as fertilizer for food crops.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Aminopyralid and related herbicides can persist in the environment for several years. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Baling">Baling</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Grass_hay_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>When possible, hay, especially small square bales like these, should be stored under cover and protected from <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg/220px-Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg/220px-Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg/330px-Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg/440px-Heuballen_Plastik_Steiermark.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A completely wrapped <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> bale in Austria</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">Baler</a></div> Small square bales are made in two main variations. The smaller "two-tie" (two twines to hold the bale together) or larger "three-tie" (three twines to hold the bale together). They vary in size within both groups but are generally popular in different markets. The smaller two-tie bales are favored in the hobby animal market and are preferred for their convenient size. The larger, three-tie bales are favored by producers wanting to export bales because of the increase of efficiency in transportation and also by customers for a better price per ton. The two-tie small bales are the original form factor of hay bales. <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">Balers</a> for both types of small bales are still manufactured, as well as stackers,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> bundlers<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and bale accumulators<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> for handling them. Some farms still use equipment manufactured over 50 years ago to produce small bales. The small bale remains part of overall <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranch</a> lore and tradition with <a href="/wiki/Hay_buck" title="Hay buck">"hay bucking"</a> competitions still held for fun at many <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeos</a> and county <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fairs</a>. Small square bales are often stacked mechanically or by hand in a crisscrossed fashion sometimes called a "haystack", "rick" or "hayrick". Rain tends to wash nutrition out of hay and can cause spoilage or mold; hay in small square bales is particularly susceptible. Small bales are, therefore, often stored in a haymow or hayshed. Haystacks built outside are usually protected by <a href="/wiki/Tarpaulin" title="Tarpaulin">tarpaulins</a>. If this is not done, the top two layers of the stack are often lost to rot and mold, and if the stack is not arranged in a proper haystack, moisture can seep even deeper into the stack. The rounded shape and tighter compaction of round bales make them less susceptible to spoilage, as the water is less likely to penetrate the bale. Adding net wrap, which is not used on square bales, offers even more weather resistance. People who keep small numbers of animals may prefer small bales that one person can handle without machinery. There is also a risk that hay bales may be moldy or contain decaying carcasses of tiny creatures accidentally killed by baling equipment and swept up into the bale, producing toxins such as <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a>. Both can be deadly to non-<a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> herbivores such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, and when this occurs, the entire contaminated bale generally is thrown out, another reason some people continue to support the market for small bales. Farmers who need to make large amounts of hay will likely choose balers that produce much larger bales, maximizing the amount of hay protected from the elements. Large bales come in two types: round and square. Large square bales, which can weigh up to 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb), can be stacked and easily transported on trucks. Large round bales, which typically weigh 300 to 400 kilograms (660–880 lb), are more moisture-resistant and pack the hay more densely (especially at the center). Round bales are quickly fed with the use of mechanized equipment. The volume-to-surface area ratio allows many dry-area farmers to leave large bales outside until consumed. Wet-area farmers and those in climates with heavy snowfall can stack round bales under a shed or tarp and use a light but durable plastic wrap that partially encloses outside bales. The wrap repels moisture but leaves the ends of the bale exposed so that the hay itself can "breathe" and does not begin to ferment. When it is possible to store round bales under a shed, they last longer, and less hay is lost to rot and moisture.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> For animals that eat <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bale_wrapper" title="Bale wrapper">bale wrapper</a> may be used to seal a round bale completely and trigger the fermentation process. It is a technique used as a money-saving process by producers who do not have access to a superior <a href="/wiki/Storage_silo" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage silo">silo</a>, and for producing silage that is transported to other locations.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In very damp climates, it is a legitimate alternative to drying hay completely. When processed properly, the natural fermentation process prevents mold and rot. Round bale silage is also sometimes called "haylage", and is seen more commonly in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> than in either the United States or <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Hay stored in this fashion must remain completely sealed in plastic, as any holes or tears will allow the entrance of oxygen and can stop the preservation properties of fermentation and lead to spoilage.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Stacking">Stacking</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stacking" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bale_wrapper" title="Bale wrapper">Bale wrapper</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_hay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Romanian_hay.jpg/220px-Romanian_hay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Romanian_hay.jpg/220px-Romanian_hay.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Romanian_hay.jpg/330px-Romanian_hay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Romanian_hay.jpg/440px-Romanian_hay.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Loose stacked hay built around a central pole, supported by side poles, in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayrack_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hayrack_full.jpg/220px-Hayrack_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hayrack_full.jpg/220px-Hayrack_full.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hayrack_full.jpg/330px-Hayrack_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hayrack_full.jpg/440px-Hayrack_full.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kozolec" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozolec">Kozolec</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenian</a> hayrack</figcaption></figure> Hay requires protection from the weather, and is optimally stored inside buildings,<a href="#cite_note-Yost-2006-31">[31]</a>: 89 but weather protection is also provided in other ways involving outdoor storage, either in haystacks or in large tight bales (round or rectangular); these methods all depend on the surface of an outdoor mass of hay (stack or bale) taking the hit of the weather and thereby preserving the main body of hay underneath. Traditionally, outdoor hay storage was done with haystacks of loose hay, where most of the hay was sufficiently preserved to last through the winter, and the top surface of the stack (being weathered) was consigned to become compost the next summer. The term "loose" means not pressed or baled but does not necessarily mean a light, fluffy lay of randomly oriented stems. Especially in wet climates, such as those of Britain, the degree of shedding of rainwater by the stack's outer surface is an important factor, and the stacking of loose hay was developed into a skilled-labor task that in its more advanced forms even involved <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatching</a> the top. In many stacking methods (with or without thatched tops), stems were oriented in sheaves, which were laid in oriented sequence. With the advent of large bales since the 1960s, today hay is often stored outdoors because the outer surface of the large bale performs the weather-shedding function. The large bales can also be stacked, which allows a given degree of exposed <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> to count for a larger volume of protected interior hay. Plastic <a href="/wiki/Tarpaulin" title="Tarpaulin">tarpaulins</a> are sometimes used to shed the rain, with the goal of reduced hay wastage, but the cost of the tarpaulins must be weighed against the cost of the hay spoilage percentage difference; it may not be worth the cost, or the plastic's environmental footprint. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, British farmers found that the <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">demand outstripped supply</a> for skilled farm laborers experienced in the thatching of haystacks.<a href="#cite_note-Henderson-1944-32">[32]</a> This no doubt contributed to the pressure for baling in large bales to increasingly replace stacking, which was happening anyway as haymaking technology (like other farm technology) continued toward extensive mechanization with one-person operation of many tasks. Today tons of hay can be cut, conditioned, dried, raked, and baled by one person, as long as the right equipment is at hand (although that equipment is expensive). These tons of hay can also be moved by one person, again with the right (expensive) equipment, as loaders with long spikes run by <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic circuit">hydraulic circuits</a> pick up each large bale and move it to its feeding location. A fence may be built to enclose a haystack and prevent roaming animals from eating it,<a href="#cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singleton1985-34">[34]</a> or animals may feed directly from a field-constructed stack as part of their winter feeding.<a href="#cite_note-Ruechel2012-35">[35]</a> Haystacks are also sometimes called haycocks; among some users this term refers more specifically to small piles of cut-and-gathered hay awaiting stacking into larger stacks.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-36">[36]</a> The words (haystack, haycock) are usually styled as <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">solid compounds</a>, but not always. Haystacks are also sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Stook" title="Stook">stooks</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shock#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:shock">shocks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rick#Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wikt:rick">ricks</a>. Loose stacks are built to prevent the accumulation of moisture and promote drying or curing. In some places, this is accomplished by constructing stacks with a conical or ridged top.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-37">[37]</a> The exterior may look gray on the surface after weathering, but the inner hay retains traces of its fresh-cut aroma and maintains a faded green tint.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">[33]</a> They can be covered with <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dictionary-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falk2012-38">[38]</a> or kept within a protective structure. One such structure is a moveable roof supported by four posts, historically called a Dutch roof, hay barrack, or hay cap.<a href="#cite_note-Falk2012-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Haystacks may also be built on top of a foundation laid on the ground to reduce spoilage, in some places made of wood or brush.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">[33]</a> In other areas, hay is stacked loose, built around a central pole, a tree, or within an area of three or four poles to add stability to the stack.<a href="#cite_note-Francis2005-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2011-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> One loose hay stacking technique seen in the British Isles is to initially stack freshly cut hay into smaller mounds called foot cocks, hay coles, kyles, hayshocks or haycocks, to facilitate initial curing.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> These are sometimes built atop platforms or tripods formed of three poles, used to keep hay off the ground and let air into the center for better drying.<a href="#cite_note-Tresemer1996-44">[44]</a> The shape causes dew and rainwater to roll down the sides, allowing the hay within to cure.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">[33]</a> People who handle the hay may use hayforks or pitchforks to move or pitch the hay in building haycocks and haystacks.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Websters2-45">[45]</a> Construction of tall haystacks is sometimes aided with a ramp, ranging from simple poles to a device for building large loose stacks called a <a href="/wiki/Beaverslide" title="Beaverslide">beaverslide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <table style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg/220px-A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg/220px-A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg/330px-A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg/440px-A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A traditional method of storing wheat hay in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg/220px-Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg/220px-Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg/330px-Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg/440px-Hay_cocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1439469.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hay cocks in a field in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaverslide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Beaverslide.jpg/220px-Beaverslide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Beaverslide.jpg/220px-Beaverslide.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Beaverslide.jpg/330px-Beaverslide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Beaverslide.jpg/440px-Beaverslide.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Beaverslide" title="Beaverslide">beaverslide</a> with a full stack of hay in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Safety" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mold">Mold</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mold" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayfield_in_fall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hayfield_in_fall.jpg/220px-Hayfield_in_fall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hayfield_in_fall.jpg/220px-Hayfield_in_fall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hayfield_in_fall.jpg/330px-Hayfield_in_fall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hayfield_in_fall.jpg/440px-Hayfield_in_fall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>These round bales have been left in the field for many months, perhaps more than a year, exposed to weather, and appear to be rotting. Not all animals can safely eat hay with rot or mold.</figcaption></figure> Hay is generally one of the safest feeds to provide to <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> grazing <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>. Amounts must be monitored so animals do not get too fat or too thin. Supplemental feed may be required for <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a> with high energy requirements. Animals who eat spoiled hay may develop a variety of illnesses, from coughs related to dust and <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a>, to various other illnesses, the most serious of which may be <a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">botulism</a>, which can occur if a small animal, such as a rodent or snake, is killed by the baling equipment, then rots inside the bale, causing a toxin to form. Some animals are sensitive to particular <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> or molds that may grow on living plants. For example, an <a href="/wiki/Endophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endophytic">endophytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> that sometimes grows on <a href="/wiki/Fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fescue">fescue</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> in pregnant <a href="/wiki/Mare_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mare (horse)">mares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Some plants themselves may also be toxic to some animals. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pimelea" title="Pimelea">Pimelea</a>, a native Australian plant, also known as flax weed, is highly toxic to cattle.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> induced by the inhalation of biologic dusts coming from hay dust or <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a> spores or other <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> products.<a href="#cite_note-Fishman-49">[49]</a> Exposure to hay can also trigger <a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">allergic rhinitis</a> for people who are hypersensitive to airborne allergens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spontaneous_combustion">Spontaneous combustion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spontaneous combustion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hay must be fully dried when baled and kept dry in storage. If hay is baled while too moist or becomes wet while in storage, there is a significant risk of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneous combustion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CFA-50">[50]</a> Hay stored outside must be stacked in such a way that moisture contact is minimal. Some stacks are arranged in such a manner that the hay itself sheds water when it falls. Other methods of stacking use the first layers or bales of hay as a cover to protect the rest. To completely keep out moisture, outside haystacks can also be covered by tarps, and many round bales are partially wrapped in plastic as part of the baling process. Hay is also stored under a roof when resources permit. It is frequently placed inside sheds, or stacked inside of a <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a>. On the other hand, care must also be taken that hay is never exposed to any possible source of heat or flame, as dry hay and the dust it produces are highly <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a>. Hay baled before it is fully dry can produce enough heat to start a fire. Haystacks produce internal heat due to bacterial fermentation. If hay is stacked with wet grass, the heat produced can be sufficient to ignite the hay causing a fire. Farmers have to be careful about moisture levels to avoid <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneous combustion</a>, which is a leading cause of haystack fires.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Heat is produced by the respiration process, which occurs until the moisture content of drying hay drops below 40%. Hay is considered fully dry when it reaches 20% moisture. Combustion problems typically occur within five to seven days of baling. A bale cooler than 120 °F (49 °C) is in little danger, but bales between 120 and 140 °F (49 and 60 °C) need to be removed from a barn or structure and separated so that they can cool off. If the temperature of a bale exceeds more than 140 °F (60 °C), it can combust.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> To check hay moisture content, the farmer can use a hand, an oven or a moisture tester. The most efficient way is to use a moisture tester which shows the moisture content in a few seconds.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight">Weight</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Weight" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Round_bale_3066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Round_bale_3066.jpg/220px-Round_bale_3066.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Round_bale_3066.jpg/220px-Round_bale_3066.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Round_bale_3066.jpg/330px-Round_bale_3066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Round_bale_3066.jpg/440px-Round_bale_3066.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Round bales require equipment to handle. This round bale is partially covered with net wrap, which is an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">twine</a></figcaption></figure> Due to its weight, hay can cause a number of injuries to humans, particularly those related to lifting and moving bales, as well as risks related to stacking and storing. Hazards include the danger of having a poorly constructed stack collapse, causing either falls to people on the stack or injuries to people on the ground who are struck by falling bales. Large round hay bales present a particular danger to those who handle them, because they can weigh over 1,000 pounds (450 kg) and cannot be moved without special equipment. Nonetheless, because they are cylindrical in shape, and thus can roll easily, it is not uncommon for them to fall from stacks or roll off the equipment used to handle them. From 1992 to 1998, 74 farm workers in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> were killed in large round hay bale accidents, usually when bales were being moved from one location to another, such as when feeding animals.<a href="#cite_note-danger-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minnesota-55">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chemical composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Chemical composition<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Description </th> <th>Water </th> <th>Ash </th> <th>Albuminoids </th> <th>Crude fiber </th> <th>Extractive matter free from nitrogen </th> <th>Fat </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Meadow hay (poor) </td> <td>14.3 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>33.5 </td> <td>38.2 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Meadow hay (average) </td> <td>14.3 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>26.3 </td> <td>41.6 </td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Meadow hay (good) </td> <td>15.0 </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>11.7 </td> <td>21.9 </td> <td>42.3 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Meadow hay (prime) </td> <td>16.0 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>13.5 </td> <td>19.3 </td> <td>40.8 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Red clover hay (poor) </td> <td>15.0 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>33.5 </td> <td>38.2 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Red clover hay (average) </td> <td>16.0 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>26.0 </td> <td>38.2 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Red clover hay (good) </td> <td>16.5 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>26.0 </td> <td>38.2 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Red clover hay (prime) </td> <td>16.5 </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>22.2 </td> <td>35.8 </td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Protein fiber </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Grasses </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy grass">Timothy</a> </td> <td>14.3 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>33.5 </td> <td>38.2 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Redtop_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Redtop grass">Redtop</a> </td> <td>8.9 </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td>28.6 </td> <td>47.5 </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_blue_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky blue grass">Ky. blue grass</a> </td> <td>9.4 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>10.4 </td> <td>19.6 </td> <td>50.4 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Orchard_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchard grass">Orchard grass</a> </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>32.4 </td> <td>41.0 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadow fescue">Meadow fescue</a> </td> <td>20.0 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>25.9 </td> <td>38.4 </td> <td>2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Brome_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Brome grass">Brome grass</a> </td> <td>11.0 </td> <td>9.5 </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td>30.8 </td> <td>35.2 </td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_grass" title="Johnson grass">Johnson grass</a> </td> <td>10.2 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td>45.9 </td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Legumes </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">Alfalfa</a> </td> <td>8.4 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>14.3 </td> <td>25.0 </td> <td>42.7 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Red_clover" class="mw-redirect" title="Red clover">Red clover</a> </td> <td>20.8 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>12.4 </td> <td>21.9 </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Crimson_clover" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimson clover">Crimson clover</a> </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td>8.6 </td> <td>15.2 </td> <td>27.2 </td> <td>36.6 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">Cowpea</a> </td> <td>10.7 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>16.6 </td> <td>20.1 </td> <td>42.2 </td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a> </td> <td>11.3 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>15.4 </td> <td>22.3 </td> <td>38.6 </td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a> </td> <td>10.6 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>9.3 </td> <td>23.6 </td> <td>48.7 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">Oats</a> </td> <td>16.0 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>27.2 </td> <td>40.6 </td> <td>2.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" data-alt="grain" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agriculture and Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Export_hay" title="Export hay">Export hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay_lot" title="Hay lot">Hay lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hay_Association" title="National Hay Association">National Hay Association</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWassam2024" class="citation web cs1">Wassam (2024-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bunnyvault.com/rabbits-food-what-do-bunnies-eat/">"Best Food items to feed to Rabbits?"</a>. Bunny Vault. Retrieved 2024-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bunny+Vault&rft.atitle=Best+Food+items+to+feed+to+Rabbits%3F&rft.date=2024-05-12&rft.au=Wassam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbunnyvault.com%2Frabbits-food-what-do-bunnies-eat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvUhAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA32">"The Best Method of Managing the Hay Crop"</a>. The Farmer's Magazine. 1870. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Best+Method+of+Managing+the+Hay+Crop&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=The+Farmer%27s+Magazine&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvUhAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.illinois.edu/beef-cattle/baled-cornstalks">"Baled Cornstalks | Illinois Extension | UIUC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baled+Cornstalks+%26%23124%3B+Illinois+Extension+%26%23124%3B+UIUC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextension.illinois.edu%2Fbeef-cattle%2Fbaled-cornstalks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iowa-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iowa_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lhf.org/learning-fields/crops/hay/">"Hay"</a>. Living History Farms, Iowa. Retrieved 2021-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+History+Farms%2C+Iowa&rft.atitle=Hay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhf.org%2Flearning-fields%2Fcrops%2Fhay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/habitats/grassland/northern-hay-meadow">"Northern Hay Meadows"</a>. Wildlife Trusts. Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Hay+Meadows&rft.pub=Wildlife+Trusts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifetrusts.org%2Fhabitats%2Fgrassland%2Fnorthern-hay-meadow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deere-1957-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deere-1957_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deere-1957_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeere_and_Company1957" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Deere" title="John Deere">Deere and Company</a> (1957), "23: Hay conditioners", The Operation, Care, and Repair of Farm Machinery (28th ed.), Moline, Illinois, USA: Deere and Company, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FNB7WM">B000FNB7WM</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965865819">965865819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=23%3A+Hay+conditioners&rft.btitle=The+Operation%2C+Care%2C+and+Repair+of+Farm+Machinery&rft.place=Moline%2C+Illinois%2C+USA&rft.edition=28th&rft.pub=Deere+and+Company&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965865819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000FNB7WM%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Deere+and+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRussell" class="citation cs2">Jones, Steven M.; Russell, Mark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-3042.pdf">Managing Fescue for Horses FSA3042</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a> Division of Agriculture, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010614113946/http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-3042.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2001-06-14, <q>Cattle grazing fescue often develop a chronic, unthrifty condition, especially apparent during the summer months. In addition, some cattle occasionally develop lameness and lose portions of their feet and tails during fall and winter. Some mares grazing fescue have reproductive problems during the last trimester of pregnancy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Fescue+for+Horses+FSA3042&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Division+of+Agriculture&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaex.edu%2FOther_Areas%2Fpublications%2FPDF%2FFSA-3042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309114014/http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/forages/publications/ID-190.htm">"Selecting Hay for Horses"</a>. Agry.purdue.edu. 1914-06-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agry.purdue.edu/Ext/forages/publications/ID-190.htm">the original</a> on 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2012-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selecting+Hay+for+Horses&rft.pub=Agry.purdue.edu&rft.date=1914-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agry.purdue.edu%2FExt%2Fforages%2Fpublications%2FID-190.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenian" class="citation web cs1">Schoenian, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/feedingsmallruminants.html">"An Introduction to Feeding Small Ruminants"</a>. Western Maryland Research & Education Center. Maryland Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved 2007-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Maryland+Research+%26+Education+Center&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Feeding+Small+Ruminants&rft.aulast=Schoenian&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheepandgoat.com%2Farticles%2Ffeedingsmallruminants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114183337/http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/sheep/410-853/410-853.html">"Information on Feeding sheep"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/sheep/410-853/410-853.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+on+Feeding+sheep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ext.vt.edu%2Fpubs%2Fsheep%2F410-853%2F410-853.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Neary_and_Keith_Johnson1991" class="citation web cs1">Mike Neary and Keith Johnson (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221311/http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/articles/strchhay.html">"Stretching Hay Supplies"</a>. Indiana Sheep Tales Vol. 2. Purdue University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/articles/strchhay.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-11-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Sheep+Tales+Vol.+2&rft.atitle=Stretching+Hay+Supplies&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Mike+Neary+and+Keith+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fag.ansc.purdue.edu%2Fsheep%2Farticles%2Fstrchhay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiansky1997" class="citation book cs1">Budiansky, Stephen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureofhorsesex00budi">The Nature of Horses</a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82768-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82768-9"><bdi>0-684-82768-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Horses&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-82768-9&rft.aulast=Budiansky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureofhorsesex00budi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._J._Shinners_and_R.T._Schuler" class="citation web cs1">K. J. Shinners and R.T. Schuler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515064044/http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2003/equipment.htm">"Equipment to rake and merge hay and forage"</a>. University of Wisconsin-Extension. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2003/equipment.htm">the original</a> on 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2007-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equipment+to+rake+and+merge+hay+and+forage&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Extension&rft.au=K.+J.+Shinners+and+R.T.+Schuler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwex.edu%2Fces%2Fforage%2Fwfc%2Fproceedings2003%2Fequipment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Columella/de_Re_Rustica/2*.html">"LacusCurtius"</a>. Columella, De Re Rustica (Book II ed.). Retrieved 2022-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columella%2C+De+Re+Rustica&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FColumella%2Fde_Re_Rustica%2F2%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> John T. Schlebecker, “Whereby We Thrive: A History of American Farming, 1607–1972,” <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> Press, 1975, p 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farmcollector.com/implements/hay-press-zmhz12fzbea">"Farm Collector"</a>. 15 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farm+Collector&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmcollector.com%2Fimplements%2Fhay-press-zmhz12fzbea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHires" class="citation web cs1">Hires, William G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912015427/http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/agengin/g01955.htm">"Large Round Bales: Management"</a>. Publication no. G1955. University of Missouri Extension. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/agengin/g01955.htm">the original</a> on 2006-09-12. Retrieved 2007-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publication+no.+G1955&rft.atitle=Large+Round+Bales%3A+Management&rft.aulast=Hires&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextension.missouri.edu%2Fexplore%2Fagguides%2Fagengin%2Fg01955.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://site.extension.uga.edu/forageteam/2017/08/the-importance-of-hay-conditioning/">"The Importance of Hay Conditioning | UGA Forage Extension Team"</a>. 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Hay+Conditioning+%26%23124%3B+UGA+Forage+Extension+Team&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsite.extension.uga.edu%2Fforageteam%2F2017%2F08%2Fthe-importance-of-hay-conditioning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706231920/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3004446">"Certified Organic Requirements"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3004446">the original</a> on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2012-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Certified+Organic+Requirements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.usda.gov%2FAMSv1.0%2Fgetfile%3FdDocName%3DSTELDEV3004446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllowayJackson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Alloway, Brian J.; Jackson, Andrew P. (1991). "The behaviour of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended soils". Science of the Total Environment. 100: 151–176. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ScTEn.100..151A">1991ScTEn.100..151A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0048-9697%2891%2990377-Q">10.1016/0048-9697(91)90377-Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2063180">2063180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=The+behaviour+of+heavy+metals+in+sewage+sludge-amended+soils&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=151-176&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2063180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0048-9697%2891%2990377-Q&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991ScTEn.100..151A&rft.aulast=Alloway&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Andrew+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/212100.htm">"Molybdenum Poisoning: Introduction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Molybdenum+Poisoning%3A+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckvetmanual.com%2Fmvm%2Findex.jsp%3Fcfile%3Dhtm%2Fbc%2F212100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122122956/http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/about/century/micronutrient.html">"Metal uptake by plants"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/about/century/micronutrient.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2013-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metal+uptake+by+plants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soil.ncsu.edu%2Fabout%2Fcentury%2Fmicronutrient.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sludgenews.org/resources/documents/McElmurrayTestimony.pdf">"Contamination on McElmurray farm from human sewage sludge fertilizer"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714050115/http://www.sludgenews.org/resources/documents/McElmurrayTestimony.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2010-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contamination+on+McElmurray+farm+from+human+sewage+sludge+fertilizer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sludgenews.org%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2FMcElmurrayTestimony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleasant2009" class="citation web cs1">Pleasant, Barbara (2009-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherearthnews.com/Grow-It/Milestone-Herbicide-Contamination-Creates-Dangerous-Toxic-Compost.aspx">"Milestone Herbicide Creates Killer Compost"</a>. Motherearthnews.com. Retrieved 2012-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestone+Herbicide+Creates+Killer+Compost&rft.pub=Motherearthnews.com&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.aulast=Pleasant&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherearthnews.com%2FGrow-It%2FMilestone-Herbicide-Contamination-Creates-Dangerous-Toxic-Compost.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agriculture.newholland.com/nar/en-us/equipment/products/haytools-spreaders/stackcruiser-self-propelled-bale-wagons/models">"Stackcruiser® Self-Propelled Bale Wagons"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stackcruiser%C2%AE+Self-Propelled+Bale+Wagons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagriculture.newholland.com%2Fnar%2Fen-us%2Fequipment%2Fproducts%2Fhaytools-spreaders%2Fstackcruiser-self-propelled-bale-wagons%2Fmodels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marcrestmfg.com/CA/en/group/bale-baron">"Bale Baron | Marcrest Manufacturing Inc"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bale+Baron+%26%23124%3B+Marcrest+Manufacturing+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcrestmfg.com%2FCA%2Fen%2Fgroup%2Fbale-baron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nordenmfg.com/bale-accumulator-systems/">"Norden MFG | Bale Accumulators"</a>. 3 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norden+MFG+%26%23124%3B+Bale+Accumulators&rft.date=2022-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordenmfg.com%2Fbale-accumulator-systems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayburn" class="citation web cs1">Rayburn, Edward B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404143403/http://www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/roundbale.htm">"Round Bale Storage Costs"</a>. West Virginia University Extension Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/roundbale.htm">the original</a> on 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2007-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Round+Bale+Storage+Costs&rft.pub=West+Virginia+University+Extension+Service&rft.aulast=Rayburn&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caf.wvu.edu%2F~forage%2Froundbale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060204194948/http://cropsoil.psu.edu/extension/facts/agfact9.pdf">"Large Round Bale Silage"</a> (PDF). Penn State Cooperative Extension service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cropsoil.psu.edu/extension/facts/agfact9.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2006-02-04. Retrieved 2007-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Large+Round+Bale+Silage&rft.pub=Penn+State+Cooperative+Extension+service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcropsoil.psu.edu%2Fextension%2Ffacts%2Fagfact9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Spivey_and_Jackie_Nix" class="citation web cs1">Karen Spivey and Jackie Nix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020181500/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/onslow/AG/hay/haylage.html">"Haylage"</a>. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/onslow/AG/hay/haylage.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2007-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haylage&rft.pub=North+Carolina+Cooperative+Extension+Service&rft.au=Karen+Spivey+and+Jackie+Nix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.ncsu.edu%2Fonslow%2FAG%2Fhay%2Fhaylage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yost-2006-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Yost-2006_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYost2006" class="citation cs2">Yost, Spencer (2006), Small-Scale Haymaking, St. Paul, MN, USA: Voyageur Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760320969" title="Special:BookSources/9780760320969"><bdi>9780760320969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small-Scale+Haymaking&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN%2C+USA&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780760320969&rft.aulast=Yost&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson-1944-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Henderson-1944_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2013" class="citation cs2">Henderson, George (2013) [1944], The Farming Ladder (Kindle ed.), <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0090KZEA2">B0090KZEA2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Farming+Ladder&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0090KZEA2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffbeck2000-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffbeck2000_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffbeck2000_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffbeck2000_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffbeck2000_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffbeck2000_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffbeck2000_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffbeck2000_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffbeck2000_33-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_R._Hoffbeck2000" class="citation book cs1">Steven R. Hoffbeck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq0p5e5GlG0C&pg=PA29">The Haymakers: A Chronicle of Five Farm Families</a>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 29–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-395-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-395-1"><bdi>978-0-87351-395-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haymakers%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Five+Farm+Families&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-395-1&rft.au=Steven+R.+Hoffbeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq0p5e5GlG0C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singleton1985-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Singleton1985_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton1985" class="citation journal cs1">Singleton, GR (1985). "A Demographic and Gentic Study of House Mice, Mus musulus, Colonizing Pasture Haystacks on a Cereal Farm". Australian Journal of Zoology. 33 (4): 437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FZO9850437">10.1071/ZO9850437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-959X">0004-959X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=A+Demographic+and+Gentic+Study+of+House+Mice%2C+Mus+musulus%2C+Colonizing+Pasture+Haystacks+on+a+Cereal+Farm&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=437&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FZO9850437&rft.issn=0004-959X&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=GR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruechel2012-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruechel2012_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuechel2012" class="citation book cs1">Ruechel, Julius (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVds1Il4SvcC&pg=PT174">"7: Planning for Winter Grazing"</a>. Grass-Fed Cattle: How to Produce and Market Natural Beef. Storey Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-587-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60342-587-2"><bdi>978-1-60342-587-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+Planning+for+Winter+Grazing&rft.btitle=Grass-Fed+Cattle%3A+How+to+Produce+and+Market+Natural+Beef&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60342-587-2&rft.aulast=Ruechel&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVds1Il4SvcC%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperCollins2018" class="citation cs2">HarperCollins (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/haycock">"headword 'haycock'"</a>, Collins English Dictionary, retrieved 2018-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=headword+%27haycock%27&rft.date=2018&rft.au=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhaycock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/haystack">"Haystack"</a>. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. 26 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Haystack&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fhaystack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falk2012-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falk2012_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falk2012_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2012" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Cynthia (1 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barnsofnewyorkru00falk">Barns of New York: Rural Architecture of the Empire State</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barnsofnewyorkru00falk/page/108">108</a>–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6445-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6445-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-6445-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barns+of+New+York%3A+Rural+Architecture+of+the+Empire+State&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6445-4&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarnsofnewyorkru00falk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1uAIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA344">The Farmer's Magazine: A periodical work, exclusively devoted to agriculture and rural affairs</a>. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable. 1802. pp. 344–345.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Farmer%27s+Magazine%3A+A+periodical+work%2C+exclusively+devoted+to+agriculture+and+rural+affairs&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=344-345&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable&rft.date=1802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1uAIAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis2005-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis2005_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2005" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Irv E. (4 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qFj8_bYiF0C&pg=PA71">About Dreams and Memories on the Old Farm</a>. AuthorHouse. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-4959-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-4959-9"><bdi>978-1-4634-4959-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Dreams+and+Memories+on+the+Old+Farm&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2005-08-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4634-4959-9&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Irv+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qFj8_bYiF0C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson2011-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson2011_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Mark (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4yhtdPEpnfEC&pg=PA230">An Intrepid Traveller: Breaking China with the Idiots Abroad</a>. Trafford Publishing. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-9488-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-9488-3"><bdi>978-1-4269-9488-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Intrepid+Traveller%3A+Breaking+China+with+the+Idiots+Abroad&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4269-9488-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yhtdPEpnfEC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6m3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA205">Southern Crops as Grown and Described by Successful Farmers</a>. Cultivator Publishing Company. 1911. pp. 205–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Crops+as+Grown+and+Described+by+Successful+Farmers&rft.pages=205-206&rft.pub=Cultivator+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6m3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh-oAAAAIAAJ">Scottish Literary Journal: Supplement No. 4, Issues 6–11</a>. Association for Scottish Literary Studies. 1978. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Literary+Journal%3A+Supplement+No.+4%2C+Issues+6%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Association+for+Scottish+Literary+Studies&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh-oAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tresemer1996-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Tresemer1996_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTresemer1996" class="citation book cs1">Tresemer, David Ward (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwZIAAAAYAAJ">The Scythe Book: Mowing Hay, Cutting Weeds, and Harvesting Small Grains, with Hand Tools</a>. Alan C. Hood. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911469-14-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911469-14-1"><bdi>978-0-911469-14-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scythe+Book%3A+Mowing+Hay%2C+Cutting+Weeds%2C+and+Harvesting+Small+Grains%2C+with+Hand+Tools&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Alan+C.+Hood&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-911469-14-1&rft.aulast=Tresemer&rft.aufirst=David+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwZIAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Websters2-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Websters2_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OL60E3r2yiYC&pg=PA521">Webster's II New College Dictionary</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2005. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-39601-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-39601-2"><bdi>0-618-39601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+II+New+College+Dictionary&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-618-39601-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOL60E3r2yiYC%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_&_Swaney" class="citation web cs1">Ernst, Lisa; Swaney, Alexandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001164528/http://art.mt.gov/folklife/folklife_beaverslide.asp">"The Beaverslide: Homegrown Haying Technology"</a>. Folklife. Montana Arts Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.mt.gov/folklife/folklife_beaverslide.asp">the original</a> on October 1, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folklife&rft.atitle=The+Beaverslide%3A+Homegrown+Haying+Technology&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Swaney%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.mt.gov%2Ffolklife%2Ffolklife_beaverslide.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightKenney" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Bob; Kenney, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/horses/facts/05-061.htm">"Abortion in Horses"</a>. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+Horses&rft.pub=Ontario+Ministry+of+Agriculture%2C+Food%2C+and+Rural+Affairs&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Kenney%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omafra.gov.on.ca%2Fenglish%2Flivestock%2Fhorses%2Ffacts%2F05-061.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Plate2006" class="citation news cs1">Alice Plate (March 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rural/qld/content/2006/s1582357.htm">"Toxic Weed Kills Cattle"</a>. ABC Rural: Queensland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+Rural%3A+Queensland&rft.atitle=Toxic+Weed+Kills+Cattle&rft.date=2006-03-02&rft.au=Alice+Plate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Frural%2Fqld%2Fcontent%2F2006%2Fs1582357.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnelow2008" class="citation book cs1">Enelow, RI (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 1161–1172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-145739-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-145739-2"><bdi>978-0-07-145739-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.pages=1161-1172&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-145739-2&rft.aulast=Enelow&rft.aufirst=RI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFA-50"><a href="#cite_ref-CFA_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321132235/http://cfa.vic.gov.au/firesafety/bushfire/documents/Preventing_Haystack_Fires.pdf">"Preventing Haystack Fires"</a> (PDF). Country Fire Authority (CFA) Victoria, Australia. December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/firesafety/bushfire/documents/Preventing_Haystack_Fires.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2011-11-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+Haystack+Fires&rft.pub=Country+Fire+Authority+%28CFA%29+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.vic.gov.au%2Ffiresafety%2Fbushfire%2Fdocuments%2FPreventing_Haystack_Fires.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318231622/http://www.bcg.org.au/cb_pages/images/AG1356_oct2008.pdf">"Haystack Fires (Spontaneous Combustion)"</a> (PDF). Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcg.org.au/cb_pages/images/AG1356_oct2008.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2009-06-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haystack+Fires+%28Spontaneous+Combustion%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Primary+Industries%2C+Melbourne%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcg.org.au%2Fcb_pages%2Fimages%2FAG1356_oct2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=14589">"Barn Fires: Avoid Hay Bale Combustion."</a> The Horse, online edition. by: Oklahoma State University July 24, 2009, Article # 14589. Accessed June 13, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sandcreekfarm.net/best-hay-moisture-tester-reviews/">"Top 7 Best Hay Moisture Tester Reviews (2021 Updated)"</a>. Sand Creek Farm. 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2021-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sand+Creek+Farm&rft.atitle=Top+7+Best+Hay+Moisture+Tester+Reviews+%282021+Updated%29&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsandcreekfarm.net%2Fbest-hay-moisture-tester-reviews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-danger-54"><a href="#cite_ref-danger_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2001-146/">"Hazards Associated with Using Farm Tractors to Move Large Bales"</a>. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB2001146">10.26616/NIOSHPUB2001146</a>. Retrieved September 10, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.atitle=Hazards+Associated+with+Using+Farm+Tractors+to+Move+Large+Bales&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB2001146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fdocs%2F2001-146%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnesota-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/279/9/647">"Fatalities Associated With Large Round Hay Bales—Minnesota, 1994-1996"</a>. JAMA. 279 (9): 647–649. 4 March 1998. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.279.9.647-JWR0304-2-1">10.1001/jama.279.9.647-JWR0304-2-1</a>. Retrieved September 10, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Fatalities+Associated+With+Large+Round+Hay+Bales%E2%80%94Minnesota%2C+1994-1996&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=647-649&rft.date=1998-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.279.9.647-JWR0304-2-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjama.ama-assn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F279%2F9%2F647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The American Peoples Encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Spencer Press, Inc. 1955. pp. 10–291/10–292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Peoples+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=10-291%2F10-292&rft.pub=Spencer+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hay" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hay">Hay</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820054610/http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?title=Hay%20Harvesting%20in%20the%201940's">Hay Harvesting in the 1940s instructional films, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Library</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Hay" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Hay">Hay</a>". <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hay&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hay_(fodder)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hay (fodder)">Hay (fodder)</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hay+%28fodder%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Hay" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Hay">Hay</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hay&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Hay" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Hay">Hay</a>". <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hay&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHay" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hay&oldid=1254164987">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hay&oldid=1254164987</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hay&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 29 October 2024, at 18:24 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="دريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feno" title="Feno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Feno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C3%A1u" title="Segáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="শুষ্ক ঘাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শুষ্ক ঘাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Бесән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бесән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC)" title="Сена (корм) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сена (корм)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сена – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сено – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сено" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijeno" title="Sijeno – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sijeno" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenc" title="Fenc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fenc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%C4%83" title="Утă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Утă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seno" title="Seno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8" title="Hø – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hø" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heu" title="Heu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hein" title="Hein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heno" title="Heno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fojno" title="Fojno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fojno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta" title="Meta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Meta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="یونجه خشک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونجه خشک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foin" title="Foin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Foin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hea" title="Hea – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feo" title="Feo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Feo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%B4%88" title="건초 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건초" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="सूखी घास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूखी घास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijeno" title="Sijeno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sijeno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feno" title="Feno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Feno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaton" title="Gagaton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gagaton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feno" title="Feno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Feno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81_(%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3)" title="Хос (кæрдæг) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хос (кæрдæг)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey" title="Hey – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hey" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieno" title="Fieno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fieno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8" title="חציר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חציר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81" title="ಒಣಗಿಸಿರುವ ಮೇವು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಣಗಿಸಿರುವ ಮೇವು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="თივა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თივა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пішен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пішен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%A9%D0%BF" title="Чөп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чөп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faenum" title="Faenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Faenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siens" title="Siens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hee" title="Hee – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hee" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ienas" title="Šienas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šienas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuj" title="Heuj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Heuj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen" title="Fen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9na" title="Széna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Széna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сено – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сено" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilo-maina" title="Vilo-maina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vilo-maina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87" title="ഹേ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumput_kering" title="Rumput kering – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rumput kering" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooi" title="Hooi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hooi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heui" title="Heui – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Heui" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E3%81%97%E8%8D%89" title="干し草 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="干し草" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8y" title="Høy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8y" title="Høy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichan" title="Pichan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pichan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hau_(Foder)" title="Hau (Foder) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hau (Foder)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siano" title="Siano – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siano" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feno" title="Feno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Feno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A2n" title="Fân – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fân" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сено – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сено" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey" title="Hey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenu" title="Frenu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Frenu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay" title="Hay – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hay" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seno" title="Seno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Seno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сено – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сено" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seno" title="Seno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Seno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hein%C3%A4" title="Heinä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heinä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6" title="Hö – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hö" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayami" title="Dayami – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dayami" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82" title="ఎండు పశుగ్రాసం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎండు పశుగ్రాసం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Беда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Беда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxom%C3%B4ho%27ham%C3%A9stot%C3%B4tse" title="Hoxomôho'haméstotôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hoxomôho'haméstotôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman" title="Saman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сіно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fien" title="Fien – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fien" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%8F_kh%C3%B4" title="Cỏ khô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cỏ khô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four" title="Four – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Four" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E8%8D%89" title="干草 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="干草" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%8D%89" title="乾草 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乾草" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1di%C5%9F" title="Kıdiş – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kıdiş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%97ins" title="Šėins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šėins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%8D%89" title="乾草 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乾草" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 18:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hay&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g5pcr","wgBackendResponseTime":232,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.016","walltime":"1.357","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5266,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":125429,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9554,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":210823,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1104.946 1 -total"," 38.03% 420.256 1 Template:Refs"," 23.26% 256.975 31 Template:Cite_web"," 11.42% 126.143 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.91% 87.438 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.78% 74.885 1 Template:Lead_too_short"," 6.54% 72.256 1 Template:Commonscat"," 6.32% 69.846 1 Template:Ambox"," 6.19% 68.431 1 Template:Sister_project"," 6.04% 66.719 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.638","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10256666,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gbbp4","timestamp":"20241122140632","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hay","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hay","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q336989","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q336989","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-29T14:44:34Z","dateModified":"2024-10-29T18:24:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4c\/Roundbale1.jpg","headline":"dried grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants used as animal fodder"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>