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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Observational effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observational_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observational effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observational_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abundance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abundance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Abundance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abundance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dark matter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Electromagnetic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GZK_puzzle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GZK_puzzle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>GZK puzzle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GZK_puzzle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gravitational effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_to_mirror-neutron_oscillations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_to_mirror-neutron_oscillations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Neutron to mirror-neutron oscillations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_to_mirror-neutron_oscillations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirror_life" title="Mirror life">mirror life</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mirror_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror universe">mirror universe</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, <b>mirror matter</b>, also called <b>shadow matter</b> or <b>alice matter</b>, is a hypothetical counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">ordinary matter</a> that mirrors the properties of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">ordinary matter</a> but interacts with it only via <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-urlSigns_of_dark_matter_may_point_to_mirror_matter_candidate._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlSigns_of_dark_matter_may_point_to_mirror_matter_candidate.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern physics deals with three basic types of spatial <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(mathematics)" title="Reflection (mathematics)">reflection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotation_(mathematics)" title="Rotation (mathematics)">rotation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Translation_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (physics)">translation</a>. The known <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> respect <a href="/wiki/Rotational_symmetry" title="Rotational symmetry">rotational symmetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Translational_symmetry" title="Translational symmetry">translational symmetry</a> but some do not respect <a href="/wiki/P-symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="P-symmetry">mirror reflection symmetry</a> (also called P-symmetry or parity). Of the <a href="/wiki/Four_fundamental_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Four fundamental forces">four fundamental interactions</a>—<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravity</a>—only the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a> breaks parity. </p><p> Parity violation in weak interactions was first postulated by <a href="/wiki/Tsung_Dao_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsung Dao Lee">Tsung Dao Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a><sup id="cite_ref-lee_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1956 as a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Kaon#Parity_violation" title="Kaon"><span class="texhtml">τ-θ</span> puzzle</a>. In consultation with the experimental physicist <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> a number of possibilities were proposed to test whether the weak interaction was in fact invariant under parity. One of the group's suggestions involved monitoring the decay of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">Cobalt-60</a>, </p><blockquote><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}{\text{Co}}\rightarrow {}_{28}^{60}{\text{Ni}}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}+2{\gamma }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Co</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>28</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Ni</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ν</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}{\text{Co}}\rightarrow {}_{28}^{60}{\text{Ni}}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}+2{\gamma }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6443794babca2eba62161b00cf901c4dc64e77ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.452ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{27}^{60}{\text{Co}}\rightarrow {}_{28}^{60}{\text{Ni}}+e^{-}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}+2{\gamma }}"></span></p></blockquote><p>to determine whether the electrons it emitted were radiated isotropically, like the two gamma rays. Wu performed this experiment at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Bureau of Standards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> after nine months of work. Contrary to most expectations, in December 1956 she and her team observed anisotropic electron radiation, proving that the weak interactions of the known particles violate parity.<sup id="cite_ref-wu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, parity symmetry can be restored as a fundamental symmetry of nature if the particle content is enlarged so that every particle has a mirror partner. The theory in its modern form was described in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-foot_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foot-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the basic idea dates back further.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kob_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kob-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pav_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pav-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirror particles interact amongst themselves in the same way as ordinary particles, except where ordinary particles have left-handed interactions, mirror particles have right-handed interactions. In this way, it turns out that mirror reflection symmetry can exist as an exact symmetry of nature, provided that a "mirror" particle exists for every ordinary particle. Parity can also be spontaneously broken depending on the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgs potential">Higgs potential</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ber_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ber-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flv_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flv-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the case of unbroken parity symmetry the masses of particles are the same as their mirror partners, in case of broken parity symmetry the mirror partners are lighter or heavier. </p><p>Mirror matter, if it exists, would interact weakly in strength with ordinary matter. This is because the forces between mirror particles are mediated by mirror <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a>. With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">graviton</a>, none of the known bosons can be identical to their mirror partners. The only way mirror matter can interact with ordinary matter via forces other than gravity is via <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetic_mixing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetic mixing (page does not exist)">kinetic mixing</a> of mirror bosons with ordinary bosons. These interactions can only be very weak. Mirror particles have therefore been suggested as candidates for the inferred <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-blin1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blin1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blin2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blin2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kolb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khlp_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khlp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hodg_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another context,<sup id="cite_ref-katoptrons_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katoptrons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mirror matter has been proposed to give rise to an effective <a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a> responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_symmetry_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak symmetry breaking">electroweak symmetry breaking</a>. In such a scenario, mirror <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermions</a> acquire masses on the order of 1 TeV since they interact with an additional gauge interaction not only becoming strong around the characteristic energy scale of the electroweak interactions but also being theoretically unified with Standard Model interactions under a larger gauge symmetry near the Planck energy scale. In order to emphasize the distinction of this model from the ones above,<sup id="cite_ref-blin1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blin1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blin2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blin2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kolb_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khlp_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khlp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hodg_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodg-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these mirror particles are usually called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katoptron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katoptron (page does not exist)">katoptrons</a><sup id="cite_ref-katoptrons_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katoptrons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-katoptrons2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katoptrons2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the context of the Katoptron model and they are expected to decay to Standard Model particles shortly after their creation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observational_effects">Observational effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Observational effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abundance">Abundance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abundance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirror matter could have been diluted to unobservably low densities during the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">inflation</a> epoch. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> has shown that if at some high energy scale particles exist which interact strongly with both ordinary and mirror particles, <a href="/wiki/One-loop_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="One-loop diagram">radiative corrections</a> will lead to a mixing between <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> and mirror photons.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mixing has the effect of giving mirror electric charges a very small ordinary electric charge. Another effect of photon–mirror photon mixing is that it induces oscillations between <a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">positronium</a> and mirror positronium. Positronium could then turn into mirror positronium and then decay into mirror photons. </p><p>The mixing between photons and mirror photons could be present in tree-level <a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagrams</a> or arise as a consequence of quantum corrections due to the presence of particles that carry both ordinary and mirror charges. In the latter case, the quantum corrections have to vanish at the one and two loop-level Feynman diagrams, otherwise the predicted value of the kinetic mixing parameter would be larger than experimentally allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-glas_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glas-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An experiment to measure this effect was being planned in November 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-bad_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_matter">Dark matter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dark matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If mirror matter does exist in large abundances in the universe and if it interacts with ordinary matter via photon—mirror photon mixing, then this could be detected in dark matter direct detection experiments such as <a href="/wiki/DAMA/NaI" title="DAMA/NaI">DAMA/NaI</a> and its successor <a href="/wiki/DAMA/LIBRA" title="DAMA/LIBRA">DAMA/LIBRA</a>. In fact, it is one of the few dark matter candidates which can explain the positive DAMA/NaI dark matter signal whilst still being consistent with the null results of other dark matter experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-foot3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foot3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foot4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foot4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetic_effects">Electromagnetic effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirror matter may also be detected in electromagnetic field penetration experiments<sup id="cite_ref-mitra_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitra-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there would also be consequences for planetary science<sup id="cite_ref-footm_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footm-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-footsil_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footsil-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and astrophysics.<sup id="cite_ref-adarp_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adarp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GZK_puzzle">GZK puzzle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: GZK puzzle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirror matter could also be responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Greisen%E2%80%93Zatsepin%E2%80%93Kuzmin_limit#Cosmic-ray_paradox" title="Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit">GZK puzzle</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Cosmic-ray paradox) has been deleted. (2024-11-12)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Topological_defect" title="Topological defect">Topological defects</a> in the mirror sector could produce mirror neutrinos which can oscillate to ordinary neutrinos.<sup id="cite_ref-uhecrtd_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhecrtd-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible way to evade the GZK bound is via neutron–mirror neutron oscillations.<sup id="cite_ref-uhecrn1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhecrn1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uhecrn2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhecrn2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uhecrn3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhecrn3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uhecrn4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhecrn4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_effects">Gravitational effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gravitational effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If mirror matter is present in the universe with sufficient abundance then its gravitational effects can be detected. Because mirror matter is analogous to ordinary matter, it is then to be expected that a fraction of the mirror matter exists in the form of mirror galaxies, mirror stars, mirror planets etc. These objects can be detected using gravitational <a href="/wiki/Microlensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlensing">microlensing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mohapatra_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohapatra-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One would also expect that some fraction of stars have mirror objects as their companion. In such cases one should be able to detect periodic <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shifts</a> in the spectrum of the star.<sup id="cite_ref-khlp_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khlp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some hints that such effects may already have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-foot1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foot1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_to_mirror-neutron_oscillations">Neutron to mirror-neutron oscillations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neutron to mirror-neutron oscillations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neutrons which are electrically neutral particles of ordinary matter could oscillate into its mirror partner, the mirror neutron.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent experiments looked for neutrons vanishing into the mirror world. Most experiments found no signal and hence gave limits on transition rates to the mirror state,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one paper claimed signals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current research looks for signals where an applied magnetic field adjust the energy level of the neutron to the mirror world.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broussard-etal-2019_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broussard-etal-2019-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This energy difference can be interpreted due to a mirror magnetic field present in the mirror world or a mass difference of the neutron and its mirror partner.<sup id="cite_ref-PSI-dark_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSI-dark-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a transition to the mirror world could also solve the neutron lifetime puzzle.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experiments searching for mirror neutron oscillation are ongoing at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer_Institute" title="Paul Scherrer Institute">Paul Scherrer Institute</a>'s UCN source<sup id="cite_ref-PSI-dark_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSI-dark-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Institut_Laue%E2%80%93Langevin" title="Institut Laue–Langevin">Institut Laue-Langevin</a> in France, and via the Spallation Neutron Source at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Broussard-etal-2019_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broussard-etal-2019-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a> – Material composed of antiparticles of the corresponding particles of ordinary matter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> – Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a> – Concept in cosmology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_interaction_of_antimatter" title="Gravitational interaction of antimatter">Gravitational interaction of antimatter</a> – Theory of gravity on antimatter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_energy" title="Negative energy">Negative energy</a> – Concept in physics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_mass" title="Negative mass">Negative mass</a> – Concept in physical models</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">Strange matter</a> – Degenerate matter made from strange quarks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a> – Hypothetical phases of matter</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_matter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-urlSigns_of_dark_matter_may_point_to_mirror_matter_candidate.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlSigns_of_dark_matter_may_point_to_mirror_matter_candidate._1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZyga2010" class="citation web cs1">Zyga, Lisa (2010-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2010-04-dark-mirror-candidate.html">"Signs of dark matter may point to mirror matter candidate"</a>. <i>Phys.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" 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"Mirror particles and mirror matter: 50 years of speculation and search". <i><a href="/wiki/Physics-Uspekhi" title="Physics-Uspekhi">Physics-Uspekhi</a></i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">380–</span>389. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0606202">hep-ph/0606202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhyU...50..380O">2007PhyU...50..380O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1070%2FPU2007v050n04ABEH006227">10.1070/PU2007v050n04ABEH006227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12137927">12137927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics-Uspekhi&rft.atitle=Mirror+particles+and+mirror+matter%3A+50+years+of+speculation+and+search&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0606202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12137927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FPU2007v050n04ABEH006227&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhyU...50..380O&rft.aulast=Okun&rft.aufirst=L.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror+matter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilagadze2001" class="citation journal cs1">Silagadze, Z.K. (2001). "TeV scale gravity, mirror universe, and ... dinosaurs". <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Physica_Polonica_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Physica Polonica B">Acta Physica Polonica B</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0002255">hep-ph/0002255</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AcPPB..32...99S">2001AcPPB..32...99S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Physica+Polonica+B&rft.atitle=TeV+scale+gravity%2C+mirror+universe%2C+and+...+dinosaurs&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0002255&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001AcPPB..32...99S&rft.aulast=Silagadze&rft.aufirst=Z.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror+matter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Dark matter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dark_matter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dark matter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dark_matter398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Forms of<br />dark matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baryonic_dark_matter" title="Baryonic dark matter">Baryonic dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_dark_matter" title="Cold dark matter">Cold dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_cold_dark_matter" title="Fuzzy cold dark matter">Fuzzy cold dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dark_matter" title="Hot dark matter">Hot dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_dark_matter" title="Light dark matter">Light dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_dark_matter" title="Mixed dark matter">Mixed dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_dark_matter" title="Warm dark matter">Warm dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-interacting_dark_matter" title="Self-interacting dark matter">Self-interacting dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_field_dark_matter" title="Scalar field dark matter">Scalar field dark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole">Primordial black holes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1e0657_scale.jpg/150px-1e0657_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1e0657_scale.jpg/225px-1e0657_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/1e0657_scale.jpg/300px-1e0657_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2168" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Hypothetical particles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightest_supersymmetric_particle" title="Lightest supersymmetric particle">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicharged_particle" title="Minicharged particle">Minicharged particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongly_interacting_massive_particle" title="Strongly interacting massive particle">SIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle" title="Weakly interacting massive particle">WIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISP_(particle_physics)" title="WISP (particle physics)">WISP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Theories<br />and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuspy_halo_problem" title="Cuspy halo problem">Cuspy halo problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fluid" title="Dark fluid">Dark fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">Dark galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_globular_cluster" title="Dark globular cluster">Dark globular cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter_halo" title="Dark matter halo">Dark matter halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy_problem" title="Dwarf galaxy problem">Dwarf galaxy problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_mass_function" title="Halo mass function">Halo mass function</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_dimension_one_fermions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass dimension one fermions (page does not exist)">Mass dimension one fermions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_compact_halo_object" title="Massive compact halo object">Massive compact halo object</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mirror matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro%E2%80%93Frenk%E2%80%93White_profile" title="Navarro–Frenk–White profile">Navarro–Frenk–White profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_field_dark_matter" title="Scalar field dark matter">Scalar field dark matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Search<br />experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Direct<br />detection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axion_Dark_Matter_Experiment" title="Axion Dark Matter Experiment">ADMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANAIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ANAIS">ANAIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArDM" title="ArDM">ArDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Dark_Matter_Experiment" title="China Dark Matter Experiment">CDEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_Dark_Matter_Search" title="Cryogenic Dark Matter Search">CDMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_Low-Energy_Astrophysics_with_Neon" title="Cryogenic Low-Energy Astrophysics with Neon">CLEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoGeNT" title="CoGeNT">CoGeNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Invisible_Mass_Search#COSINE" title="Korea Invisible Mass Search">COSINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_Observatory_for_Signatures_Seen_in_Next-Generation_Underground_Searches" title="Cryogenic Observatory for Signatures Seen in Next-Generation Underground Searches">COSINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO" title="PICO">COUPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_Rare_Event_Search_with_Superconducting_Thermometers" title="Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers">CRESST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUORE" title="CUORE">CUORE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directional_Dark_Matter_Detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directional Dark Matter Detector (page does not exist)">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMA/LIBRA" title="DAMA/LIBRA">DAMA/LIBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMA/NaI" title="DAMA/NaI">DAMA/NaI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAMIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAMIC (page does not exist)">DAMIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DarkSide_(dark_matter_experiment)" title="DarkSide (dark matter experiment)">DarkSide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DARWIN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DARWIN (page does not exist)">DARWIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEAP" title="DEAP">DEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DM-Ice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DM-Ice (page does not exist)">DM-Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Time_Projection_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber">DMTPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_Recoil_Identification_from_Tracks" title="Directional Recoil Identification from Tracks">DRIFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDELWEISS" title="EDELWEISS">EDELWEISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underground_Rare_Event_Calorimeter_Array" title="European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array">EURECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Invisible_Mass_Search" title="Korea Invisible Mass Search">KIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Underground_Xenon_experiment" title="Large Underground Xenon experiment">LUX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ_experiment" title="LZ experiment">LZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopole,_Astrophysics_and_Cosmic_Ray_Observatory" title="Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory">MACRO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIMAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIMAC (page does not exist)">MIMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Dark_Matter_Collaboration#Experiments" title="UK Dark Matter Collaboration">NAIAD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEWAGE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEWAGE (page does not exist)">NEWAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEWS-G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEWS-G (page does not exist)">NEWS-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PandaX" title="PandaX">PandaX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO" title="PICO">PICASSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICO" title="PICO">PICO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSEBUD" class="mw-redirect" title="ROSEBUD">ROSEBUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMA/LIBRA#SABRE" title="DAMA/LIBRA">SABRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(dark_matter_experiment)" title="SIMPLE (dark matter experiment)">SIMPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TREX-DM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TREX-DM (page does not exist)">TREX-DM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Dark_Matter_Collaboration" title="UK Dark Matter Collaboration">UKDMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIMP_Argon_Programme" title="WIMP Argon Programme">WARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XENON" title="XENON">XENON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMASS" title="XMASS">XMASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZEPLIN-III" title="ZEPLIN-III">ZEPLIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Indirect<br />detection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANTARES_(telescope)" title="ANTARES (telescope)">ANTARES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Thin_Ionization_Calorimeter" title="Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter">ATIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_Axion_Solar_Telescope" title="CERN Axion Solar Telescope">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Water_Cherenkov_Experiment" title="High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment">HAWC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Stereoscopic_System" title="High Energy Stereoscopic System">HESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGIC_(telescope)" title="MAGIC (telescope)">MAGIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlensing_Observations_in_Astrophysics" title="Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics">MOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Gravitational_Lensing_Experiment" title="Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment">OGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS" title="VERITAS">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MultiDark" title="MultiDark">MultiDark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVLAS" title="PVLAS">PVLAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Potential <a href="/wiki/Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">dark galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HE0450-2958" title="HE0450-2958">HE0450-2958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVC_127-41-330" title="HVC 127-41-330">HVC 127-41-330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Cloud" title="Smith's Cloud">Smith's Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIRGOHI21" title="VIRGOHI21">VIRGOHI21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon#Mass" title="Tachyon">Imaginary mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_mass" title="Negative mass">Negative mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UniverseMachine" title="UniverseMachine">UniverseMachine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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