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id="toc-Preparations_to_invade_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations_to_invade_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations_to_invade_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_raids_on_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_raids_on_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Air raids on Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_raids_on_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_bomb_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_bomb_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Atomic bomb development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_bomb_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Preparations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Preparations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Organization and training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice_of_targets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_targets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Choice of targets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_targets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_demonstration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_demonstration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Proposed demonstration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_demonstration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaflets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaflets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Leaflets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaflets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consultation_with_Britain_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consultation_with_Britain_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consultation_with_Britain_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potsdam_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potsdam_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Potsdam Declaration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potsdam_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Bombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiroshima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiroshima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Hiroshima </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hiroshima-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hiroshima subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hiroshima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hiroshima_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiroshima_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiroshima_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombing_of_Hiroshima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombing_of_Hiroshima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombing_of_Hiroshima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_on_the_ground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_on_the_ground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Events on the ground </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_on_the_ground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_realization_of_the_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_realization_of_the_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_realization_of_the_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_of_7–9_August" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_of_7–9_August"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Events of 7–9 August </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_of_7–9_August-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagasaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagasaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Nagasaki </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nagasaki-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nagasaki subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nagasaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nagasaki_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagasaki_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagasaki_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bombing_of_Nagasaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombing_of_Nagasaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombing_of_Nagasaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_on_the_ground_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_on_the_ground_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Events on the ground </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_on_the_ground_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plans_for_more_atomic_attacks_on_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans_for_more_atomic_attacks_on_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans_for_more_atomic_attacks_on_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_of_Japan_and_subsequent_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_of_Japan_and_subsequent_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_of_Japan_and_subsequent_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reportage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reportage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reportage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reportage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-attack_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-attack_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Post-attack casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-attack_casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-attack casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-attack_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cancer_increases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_increases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cancer increases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_increases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_defect_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_defect_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Birth defect investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_defect_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations_into_brain_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations_into_brain_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Investigations into brain development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigations_into_brain_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hibakusha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hibakusha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Hibakusha </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hibakusha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hibakusha subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hibakusha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Double_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Double survivors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Korean survivors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Memorials </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Memorials subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hiroshima_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiroshima_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Hiroshima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiroshima_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagasaki_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagasaki_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Nagasaki </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagasaki_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_over_bombings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_over_bombings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Debate over bombings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_over_bombings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Legal considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Decision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.3 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.4 Bibliographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.5 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoombomaanvalle_van_Hiroshima_en_Nagasaki" title="Atoombomaanvalle van Hiroshima en Nagasaki – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atoombomaanvalle van Hiroshima en Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A" title="القصف الذري على هيروشيما وناجازاكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القصف الذري على هيروشيما وناجازاكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeyos_atomicos_sobre_Hiroshima_y_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeyos atomicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bombardeyos atomicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeos_at%C3%B3micos_sobre_Hiroshima_y_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeos atómicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bombardeos atómicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroch%C3%ADma_ha_Nagas%C3%A1ki_ojekapup%C3%A1r%C3%B5guare" title="Hirochíma ha Nagasáki ojekapupárõguare – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hirochíma ha Nagasáki ojekapupárõguare" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro%C5%9Fima_v%C9%99_Naqasakinin_atom_bombardman%C4%B1" title="Hiroşima və Naqasakinin atom bombardmanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hiroşima və Naqasakinin atom bombardmanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هیروشیما و ناکازاکی‌نین آتوم بومباردمانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیروشیما و ناکازاکی‌نین آتوم بومباردمانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeboman_atomik_Hiroshima_miwah_Nagasaki" title="Pangeboman atomik Hiroshima miwah Nagasaki – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pangeboman atomik Hiroshima miwah Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="হিরোশিমা ও নাগাসাকিতে পারমাণবিক বোমাবর্ষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিরোশিমা ও নাগাসাকিতে পারমাণবিক বোমাবর্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Хиросима һәм Нагасаки ҡалаларына атом бомбаһы ташлау – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хиросима һәм Нагасаки ҡалаларына атом бомбаһы ташлау" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атомни бомбардировки на Хирошима и Нагасаки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атомни бомбардировки на Хирошима и Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomski_napad_na_Hiroshimu_i_Nagasaki" title="Atomski napad na Hiroshimu i Nagasaki – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atomski napad na Hiroshimu i Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombezadenno%C3%B9_atomek_Hiroshima_ha_Nagasaki" title="Bombezadennoù atomek Hiroshima ha Nagasaki – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bombezadennoù atomek Hiroshima ha Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardejos_at%C3%B2mics_d%27Hiroshima_i_Nagasaki" title="Bombardejos atòmics d'Hiroshima i Nagasaki – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bombardejos atòmics d'Hiroshima i Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomov%C3%A9_bombardov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Hiro%C5%A1imy_a_Nagasaki" title="Atomové bombardování Hirošimy a Nagasaki – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atomové bombardování Hirošimy a Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombomberne_over_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Atombomberne over Hiroshima og Nagasaki – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atombomberne over Hiroshima og Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombombenabw%C3%BCrfe_auf_Hiroshima_und_Nagasaki" title="Atombombenabwürfe auf Hiroshima und Nagasaki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atombombenabwürfe auf Hiroshima und Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuumapommide_heitmine_Hiroshimale_ja_Nagasakile" title="Tuumapommide heitmine Hiroshimale ja Nagasakile – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuumapommide heitmine Hiroshimale ja Nagasakile" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%88%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Ρίψη ατομικής βόμβας στη Χιροσίμα και το Ναγκασάκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίψη ατομικής βόμβας στη Χιροσίμα και το Ναγκασάκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeos_at%C3%B3micos_de_Hiroshima_y_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeos atómicos de Hiroshima y Nagasaki – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bombardeos atómicos de Hiroshima y Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoma_bombado_de_Hiro%C5%9Dima_kaj_Nagasaki" title="Atoma bombado de Hiroŝima kaj Nagasaki – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atoma bombado de Hiroŝima kaj Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_eta_Nagasakiko_bonbardaketa_nuklearrak" title="Hiroshima eta Nagasakiko bonbardaketa nuklearrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiroshima eta Nagasakiko bonbardaketa nuklearrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بمباران اتمی هیروشیما و ناگاساکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بمباران اتمی هیروشیما و ناگاساکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardements_atomiques_d%27Hiroshima_et_de_Nagasaki" title="Bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buam%C3%A1il_Hiroshima_agus_Nagasaki" title="Buamáil Hiroshima agus Nagasaki – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buamáil Hiroshima agus Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeo_at%C3%B3mico_de_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeo atómico de Hiroshima e Nagasaki – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bombardeo atómico de Hiroshima e Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B" title="હિરોશિમા અને નાગાસાકી પરનો અણુ હુમલો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિરોશિમા અને નાગાસાકી પરનો અણુ હુમલો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%88%C2%B7%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EC%82%AC%ED%82%A4_%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%8F%AD%ED%83%84_%ED%88%AC%ED%95%98" title="히로시마·나가사키 원자폭탄 투하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히로시마·나가사키 원자폭탄 투하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հիրոսիմայի և Նագասակիի ատոմային ռմբակոծումներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիրոսիմայի և Նագասակիի ատոմային ռմբակոծումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी परमाणु बमबारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी परमाणु बमबारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_bombardiranje_Hiro%C5%A1ime_i_Nagasakija" title="Atomsko bombardiranje Hirošime i Nagasakija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atomsko bombardiranje Hirošime i Nagasakija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_bom_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" title="Serangan bom atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan bom atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjarnorku%C3%A1r%C3%A1sirnar_%C3%A1_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Kjarnorkuárásirnar á Hiroshima og Nagasaki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjarnorkuárásirnar á Hiroshima og Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardamenti_atomici_di_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bombardamenti atomici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bombardamenti atomici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99" title="הטלת פצצות האטום על הירושימה ועל נגסאקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטלת פצצות האטום על הירושימה ועל נגסאקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಿರೋಷಿಮಾ ಮತ್ತು ನಾಗಸಾಕಿಗಳ ಪರಮಾಣು ಬಾಂಬ್‌ ದಾಳಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿರೋಷಿಮಾ ಮತ್ತು ನಾಗಸಾಕಿಗಳ ಪರಮಾಣು ಬಾಂಬ್‌ ದಾಳಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ჰიროსიმისა და ნაგასაკის ატომური დაბომბვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიროსიმისა და ნაგასაკის ატომური დაბომბვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Хиросима мен Нагасакиге атом бомбаларын тасталуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хиросима мен Нагасакиге атом бомбаларын тасталуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabomu_ya_Hiroshima_na_Nagasaki" title="Mabomu ya Hiroshima na Nagasaki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mabomu ya Hiroshima na Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombebarana_atom%C3%AE_ya_H%C3%AEro%C5%9F%C3%AEma_%C3%BB_Nagazak%C3%AE" title="Bombebarana atomî ya Hîroşîma û Nagazakî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bombebarana atomî ya Hîroşîma û Nagazakî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosimas_un_Nagasaki_bombard%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Hirosimas un Nagasaki bombardēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hirosimas un Nagasaki bombardēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro%C5%A1imos_ir_Nagasakio_atominis_bombardavimas" title="Hirošimos ir Nagasakio atominis bombardavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hirošimos ir Nagasakio atominis bombardavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosima_%C3%A9s_Nagaszaki_bomb%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa" title="Hirosima és Nagaszaki bombázása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hirosima és Nagaszaki bombázása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атомски бомбардирања на Хирошима и Нагасаки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атомски бомбардирања на Хирошима и Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daroka_baomba_at%C3%B4mika_tao_Hiroshima_sy_Nagasaki" title="Daroka baomba atômika tao Hiroshima sy Nagasaki – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Daroka baomba atômika tao Hiroshima sy Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിരോഷിമ ദിനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിരോഷിമ ദിനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिरोशिमा शहरावरील परमाणुबॉम्ब हल्ला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिरोशिमा शहरावरील परमाणुबॉम्ब हल्ला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%89" title="ضربه نوويه على هيروشيما وناجاساكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ضربه نوويه على هيروشيما وناجاساكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoombommen_op_Hiroshima_en_Nagasaki" title="Atoombommen op Hiroshima en Nagasaki – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoombommen op Hiroshima en Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%88%86%E5%BC%BE%E6%8A%95%E4%B8%8B" title="日本への原子爆弾投下 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本への原子爆弾投下" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хиросимана а, Нагасакина а тӀе атоман бомбанаш йожор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хиросимана а, Нагасакина а тӀе атоман бомбанаш йожор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombombene_over_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombombene_over_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardaments_atomics_d%27Hiroshima_e_de_Nagasaki" title="Bombardaments atomics d'Hiroshima e de Nagasaki – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bombardaments atomics d'Hiroshima e de Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹੀਰੋਸ਼ੀਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਾਸਾਕੀ ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣੂ ਹਮਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੀਰੋਸ਼ੀਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਾਸਾਕੀ ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣੂ ਹਮਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeo_at%C3%B3miko_di_Hiroshima_i_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeo atómiko di Hiroshima i Nagasaki – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bombardeo atómiko di Hiroshima i Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8D" title="د هیروشیما او ناګاساکي اټومي بمبارۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هیروشیما او ناګاساکي اټومي بمبارۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atak_atomowy_na_Hiroszim%C4%99_i_Nagasaki" title="Atak atomowy na Hiroszimę i Nagasaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atak atomowy na Hiroszimę i Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeamentos_at%C3%B4micos_de_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeamentos atômicos de Hiroshima e Nagasaki – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bombardeamentos atômicos de Hiroshima e Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardamentele_atomice_de_la_Hiroshima_%C8%99i_Nagasaki" title="Bombardamentele atomice de la Hiroshima și Nagasaki – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bombardamentele atomice de la Hiroshima și Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атомовы бомбардованя Гирошимы и Нагасаки – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атомовы бомбардованя Гирошимы и Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атомные бомбардировки Хиросимы и Нагасаки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атомные бомбардировки Хиросимы и Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱬᱩ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱬᱩ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardimet_b%C3%ABrthamore_t%C3%AB_Hiroshim%C3%ABs_dhe_Nagasakit" title="Bombardimet bërthamore të Hiroshimës dhe Nagasakit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bombardimet bërthamore të Hiroshimës dhe Nagasakit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bummardamenti_at%C3%B2mici_di_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bummardamenti atòmici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bummardamenti atòmici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB" title="හිරෝෂිමා සහ නාගසාකි පරමාණු බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිරෝෂිමා සහ නාගසාකි පරමාණු බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3mov%C3%A9_bombardovanie_Hiro%C5%A1imy_a_Nagasaki" title="Atómové bombardovanie Hirošimy a Nagasaki – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atómové bombardovanie Hirošimy a Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedrsko_bombardiranje_Hiro%C5%A1ime_in_Nagasakija" title="Jedrsko bombardiranje Hirošime in Nagasakija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jedrsko bombardiranje Hirošime in Nagasakija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بۆمبارانکردنیی ناوکی ھیرۆشیما و ناگاساکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆمبارانکردنیی ناوکی ھیرۆشیما و ناگاساکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Атомска бомбардовања Хирошиме и Нагасакија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атомска бомбардовања Хирошиме и Нагасакија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_bombardiranje_Hiroshime_i_Nagasakija" title="Atomsko bombardiranje Hiroshime i Nagasakija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atomsko bombardiranje Hiroshime i Nagasakija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshiman_ja_Nagasakin_pommitukset" title="Hiroshiman ja Nagasakin pommitukset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiroshiman ja Nagasakin pommitukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombomberna_%C3%B6ver_Hiroshima_och_Nagasaki" title="Atombomberna över Hiroshima och Nagasaki – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atombomberna över Hiroshima och Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இரோசிமாவிலும் நாகசாக்கியிலும் அணுகுண்டு வீச்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரோசிமாவிலும் நாகசாக்கியிலும் அணுகுண்டு வீச்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE,_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="హిరోషిమా, నాగసాకిలపై అణ్వస్త్ర దాడులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిరోషిమా, నాగసాకిలపై అణ్వస్త్ర దాడులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4" title="การทิ้งระเบิดปรมาณูที่ฮิโรชิมะและนางาซากิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทิ้งระเบิดปรมาณูที่ฮิโรชิมะและนางาซากิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бомбаборони атомии Хиросима ва Нагасаки – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бомбаборони атомии Хиросима ва Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro%C5%9Fima_ve_Nagasaki%27ye_atom_bombas%C4%B1_sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Hiroşima ve Nagasaki'ye atom bombası saldırısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hiroşima ve Nagasaki'ye atom bombası saldırısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ядерне бомбардування Хіросіми і Нагасакі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядерне бомбардування Хіросіми і Нагасакі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ہیروشیما اور ناگاساکی میں ایٹمی بمباری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیروشیما اور ناگاساکی میں ایٹمی بمباری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%A5_n%C3%A9m_bom_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD_xu%E1%BB%91ng_Hiroshima_v%C3%A0_Nagasaki" title="Vụ ném bom nguyên tử xuống Hiroshima và Nagasaki – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vụ ném bom nguyên tử xuống Hiroshima và Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B2%9B%E6%89%98%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%B9%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="广岛托长崎原子弹爆炸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="广岛托长崎原子弹爆炸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B3%B6%E5%90%8C%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E7%95%80%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D%E6%8E%9F%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88" title="廣島同長崎畀美軍掟原子彈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="廣島同長崎畀美軍掟原子彈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two aerial photos of atomic bomb mushroom clouds, over two Japanese cities in 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/300px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/450px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/600px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4918" data-file-height="2918" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Atomic bomb <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom clouds</a> over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear bombing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&params=34_23_41_N_132_27_17_E_">34°23′41″N 132°27′17″E / 34.39472°N 132.45472°E / 34.39472; 132.45472</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&params=32_46_25_N_129_51_48_E_">32°46′25″N 129°51′48″E / 32.77361°N 129.86333°E / 32.77361; 129.86333</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">6 and 9 August 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Executed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Casualties</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Hiroshima: <ul><li>90,000–166,000 killed <ul><li>80,000–156,000 civilians</li> <li>10,000 soldiers</li> <li>12 Allied prisoners of war</li></ul></li></ul></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Nagasaki: <ul><li>60,000–80,000 killed <ul><li>60,000–80,000 civilians</li> <li>150 soldiers</li> <li>8–13 Allied prisoners of war</li></ul></li></ul></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total killed (by end of 1945): <ul><li>150,000–246,178</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War7811" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_War7811" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist">Jurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">Tiderace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper">Zipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX">PX</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bombs">atomic bombs</a> over the Japanese cities of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, respectively. The bombings killed between 150,000 and 246,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and they remain the only use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear weapons in an armed conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a> to the Allies on 15 August, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Japanese-occupied Manchuria</a>. The Japanese government signed the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">instrument of surrender</a> on 2 September, effectively <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">ending the war</a>. In the final year of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> prepared for a costly <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of the Japanese mainland</a>. This undertaking was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">conventional bombing and firebombing campaign</a> that devastated 64 Japanese cities, including an <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">operation on Tokyo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">war in the European theatre</a> concluded when Germany <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">surrendered</a> on 8 May 1945, and the Allies turned their full attention to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. By July 1945, the Allies' <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> had produced two types of atomic bombs: "<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>", an <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type fission weapon</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion-type nuclear weapon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> was trained and equipped with the specialized <a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a>, and deployed to <a href="/wiki/Tinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinian">Tinian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>. The Allies called for the <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese armed forces">Imperial Japanese armed forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> on 26 July 1945, the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government <a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">ignored</a> the ultimatum. The consent of the United Kingdom was obtained for the bombing, as was required by the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a>, and orders were issued on 25 July by <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Handy" title="Thomas T. Handy">Thomas T. Handy</a>, the acting <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff_of_the_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of staff of the United States Army">chief of staff of the United States Army</a>, for atomic bombs to be used against Hiroshima, <a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kokura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niigata_(city)" title="Niigata (city)">Niigata</a>, and Nagasaki. These targets were chosen because they were large urban areas that also held militarily significant facilities. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 6 August, a Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima. Three days later, a Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki. Over the next two to four months, the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">effects of the atomic bombings</a> killed 90,000 to 166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half occurred on the first day. For months afterward, many people continued to die from the effects of burns, <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">radiation sickness</a>, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. Despite Hiroshima's sizable military garrison, most of the dead were civilians. Scholars have extensively studied the effects of the bombings on the social and political character of subsequent world history and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_in_popular_culture" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture">popular culture</a>, and there is still <a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">much debate</a> concerning the ethical and legal justification for the bombings. According to supporters, the atomic bombings were necessary to bring an end to the war with minimal casualties and ultimately prevented a greater loss of life on both sides; according to critics, the bombings were unnecessary for the war's end and were a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>, raising moral and ethical implications. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_War">Pacific War</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of East Asia and the Western Pacific during World War II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/310px-1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/465px-1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/620px-1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>Situation of the Pacific War on 1 August 1945. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  White and green: Areas controlled by Japan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Red: Areas controlled by the Allies <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Gray: Areas controlled by the Soviet Union (neutral)</figcaption></figure> In 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> entered its fourth year. Most Japanese military units fought fiercely, ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost. The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">wounded in action</a>. Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war, from June 1944 to June 1945. In December 1944, American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German <a href="/wiki/Ardennes_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardennes Offensive">Ardennes Offensive</a>. Worried by the losses sustained, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> suggested the use of atomic bombs on Germany as soon as possible, but was informed the first usable atomic weapons were still months away.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> America's reserves of manpower were running out. Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened, and there was consideration of drafting women. At the same time, the public was becoming war-weary, and demanding that long-serving servicemen be sent home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco20092–3,_49–51-2">[2]</a> In the Pacific, the Allies <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)">returned to the Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960307-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign 1944–1945">recaptured Burma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960532-4">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">invaded Borneo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960527-5">[5]</a> Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Campaign">Bougainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aitape%E2%80%93Wewak_campaign" title="Aitape–Wewak campaign">New Guinea</a> and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong196348–49-6">[6]</a> In April 1945, American forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">landed on Okinawa</a>, where heavy fighting continued until June. Along the way, the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from five to one in the Philippines to two to one on Okinawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco20092–3,_49–51-2">[2]</a> Although some Japanese soldiers were <a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">taken prisoner</a>, most fought until they were killed or committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. Nearly 99 percent of the 21,000 defenders of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> were killed. Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a> in April to June 1945, 94 percent were killed;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741–44-7">[7]</a> 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered, an unprecedentedly large number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplemanBurnsGugelerStevens1948462–467-8">[8]</a> As the Allies advanced towards Japan, conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people. Japan's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">gross register tons</a> in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945, and 557,000 tons in August 1945. The lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944. The civilian economy, which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war, reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945. The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet, and the 1945 catch was only 22 percent of that in 1941. The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909, and hunger and malnutrition became widespread. U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan's. By 1943, the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year, compared to Japan's production of 70,000 for the entire war. In February 1945, Prince <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> advised Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> that defeat was inevitable, and urged him to abdicate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox19692540–2544-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparations_to_invade_Japan">Preparations to invade Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Downfall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uncle Sam holding a spanner, rolling up his sleeves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg/170px-%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg/255px-%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg/340px-%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="2931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_propaganda_during_World_War_II#Anti-Japanese" title="American propaganda during World War II">U.S. Army propaganda poster</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> preparing the public for the invasion of Japan after the end of the war with Germany and Italy</figcaption></figure> Even before the <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">surrender of Nazi Germany</a> on 8 May 1945, plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Downfall</a>, the Allied invasion of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200932–34-10">[10]</a> The operation had two parts: set to begin in October 1945, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall#Olympic" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Olympic</a> involved a series of landings by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth United States Army">Sixth Army</a> intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyūshū</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009125–130-11">[11]</a> This was to be followed in March 1946 by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall#Coronet" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Coronet</a>, the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Plain" title="Kantō Plain">Kantō Plain</a>, near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">Eighth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenth_United_States_Army" title="Tenth United States Army">Tenth</a> Armies, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Corps" title="Commonwealth Corps">Commonwealth Corps</a> made up of Australian, British and Canadian divisions. The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives, for troops to be redeployed from Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Japan" title="Climate of Japan">Japanese winter</a> to pass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009169–171-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Japan's geography</a> made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ketsug%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ketsugō">Operation Ketsugō</a>, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200945–48-13">[13]</a> In all, there were 2.3 million <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese Army</a> troops prepared to defend the home islands, backed by a <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Fighting_Corps" title="Volunteer Fighting Corps">civilian militia</a> of 28 million. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. The Vice Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Takijir%C5%8D_%C5%8Cnishi" title="Takijirō Ōnishi">Takijirō Ōnishi</a>, predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009121–124-14">[14]</a> The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup, which was accurately tracked through <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea1992202–225-15">[15]</a> On 15 June 1945, a study by the Joint War Plans Committee,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> drawing on the experience of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a>, estimated that Downfall would result in 132,500 to 220,000 U.S. casualties, with U.S. dead and missing in the range from 27,500 to 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200748-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> commissioned his own study by <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, who estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties, of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead, while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200998–99-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999340-19">[19]</a> In a meeting with the President and commanders on 18 June 1945, General <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> stated that "there was reason to believe" casualties for the first 30 days would not exceed the price paid for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Luzon</a>. Additionally, with the Japanese position rendered "hopeless" by an invasion of their mainland, Marshall speculated that Soviet entry into the war might be "the decisive action" needed to finally "[leverage] them into capitulation."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was "readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives": <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">poison gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112-21">[21]</a> Quantities of <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_chloride" title="Cyanogen chloride">cyanogen chloride</a> were moved to <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic, and MacArthur ensured that <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Warfare_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Warfare Service">Chemical Warfare Service</a> units were trained in their use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112-21">[21]</a> Consideration was also given to using <a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">biological weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer1985164–165-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_raids_on_Japan">Air raids on Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids on Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of a four engined World War II-era aircraft being viewed from above while it is flying over a city. A large cloud of smoke is visible immediately below the aircraft." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg/220px-Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg/330px-Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg/440px-Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>A B-29 over Osaka on 1 June 1945</figcaption></figure> While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War, the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long-ranged <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> became ready for use in combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate19534-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Matterhorn" title="Operation Matterhorn">Operation Matterhorn</a> involved India-based B-29s staging through bases around <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate195322–24-24">[24]</a> This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended, largely because of logistical problems, the bomber's mechanical difficulties, the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases, and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953169–175-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Haywood_S._Hansell" title="Haywood S. Hansell">Haywood S. Hansell</a> determined that <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinian">Tinian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> would better serve as B-29 bases, but they were in Japanese hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate195329–31-26">[26]</a> Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953507–509-27">[27]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">islands were captured</a> between June and August 1944. Air bases were developed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953514–521-28">[28]</a> and B-29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953548–551-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/XXI_Bomber_Command" title="XXI Bomber Command">XXI Bomber Command</a> began missions against Japan on 18 November 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953558–560-30">[30]</a> The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China-based B-29s had been. Hansell continued the practice of conducting so-called high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Precision_bombing" title="Precision bombing">precision bombing</a>, aimed at key industries and transportation networks, even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953566-31">[31]</a> These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location, technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft, unfavorable weather conditions, and enemy action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200124–26-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953574–576-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A vast devastated area with only a few burned out buildings standing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/220px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/330px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/440px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>The Operation Meetinghouse <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">firebombing of Tokyo</a> on the night of 9–10 March 1945, was the single deadliest air raid in history,<a href="#cite_note-deadliest-34">[34]</a> with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> Hansell's successor, <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>, assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics, with equally unsatisfactory results. The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953608–610-37">[37]</a> Under pressure from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF) headquarters in Washington, LeMay changed tactics and decided that low-level <a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">incendiary raids</a> against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities, shifting from precision bombing to <a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">area bombardment</a> with incendiaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953568–570-38">[38]</a> Like most <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing during World War II</a>, the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy's war industries, kill or disable civilian employees of these industries, and <a href="/wiki/Demoralization_(warfare)" title="Demoralization (warfare)">undermine civilian morale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199683-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerrell1996250-40">[40]</a> Over the next six months, the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 64 Japanese cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953750-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">firebombing of Tokyo</a>, codenamed Operation Meetinghouse, on 9–10 March, killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 41 km2 (16 sq mi) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night. It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war, at a cost of 20 B-29s shot down by flak and fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953614–617-42">[42]</a> By May, 75 percent of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan's "paper cities". By mid-June, Japan's six largest cities had been devastated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953642–643-43">[43]</a> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Fighting_on_Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting on Okinawa">fighting on Okinawa</a> that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland, allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated. Aircraft flying from Allied <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr1991207-44">[44]</a> Firebombing switched to smaller cities, with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000. According to <a href="/wiki/Yuki_Tanaka_(historian)" title="Yuki Tanaka (historian)">Yuki Tanaka</a>, the U.S. fire-bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanakaYoung20095,_84–85,_117-45">[45]</a> The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country's <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a> preparations proved inadequate. Japanese fighters and anti-aircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox1994412–414-46">[46]</a> From April 1945, the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> and Okinawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox1994422-47">[47]</a> That month, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> stopped attempting to intercept the air raids to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201054-48">[48]</a> By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B-29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country, to conserve supplies of fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201058–59-49">[49]</a> In July 1945, the Japanese had 137,800,000 litres (1,156,000 US bbl) of <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a> stockpiled for the invasion of Japan. About 72,000,000 litres (604,000 US bbl) had been consumed in the home islands area in April, May and June 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200979–80-50">[50]</a> While the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June, by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox1994429-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_bomb_development">Atomic bomb development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HD.30.507_(10444069294).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HD.30.507_%2810444069294%29.jpg/220px-HD.30.507_%2810444069294%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HD.30.507_%2810444069294%29.jpg/330px-HD.30.507_%2810444069294%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/HD.30.507_%2810444069294%29.jpg/440px-HD.30.507_%2810444069294%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="2969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> director, with a map of the Far East</figcaption></figure> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> in 1938 made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19857-52">[52]</a> Fears that a <a href="/wiki/German_atomic_bomb_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German atomic bomb project">German atomic bomb project</a> would develop atomic weapons first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries, were expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a> to Roosevelt in 1939. This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198512-53">[53]</a> Progress was slow until the arrival of the British <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a> report in late 1941, which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopically</a>-pure <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> like <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196440–43,_76–79-54">[54]</a> Consequently, the work was accelerated, first as a pilot program, and finally in the agreement by Roosevelt to turn the work over to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> to construct the production facilities necessary to produce uranium-235 and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a>. This work was consolidated within the newly created Manhattan Engineer District, which became better known as the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, eventually under the direction of Major General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves, Jr.">Leslie R. Groves, Jr.</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198589-55">[55]</a> The work of the Manhattan Project took place at dozens of sites across the United States, and even some outside of its borders. It would ultimately cost over US$2 billion (equivalent to about $27 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-56">[56]</a> and employ over 125,000 people simultaneously at its peak. Groves appointed <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> to organize and head the project's <a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, where bomb design work was carried out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198582–84-57">[57]</a> Two different types of bombs were eventually developed: a <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type fission weapon</a> that used uranium-235, called <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>, and a more complex <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion-type nuclear weapon</a> that used plutonium-239, called <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985511–516,_522-58">[58]</a> There was a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapon_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese nuclear weapon program">Japanese nuclear weapon program</a>, but it lacked the human, mineral, and financial resources of the Manhattan Project, and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunden199850–52-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_and_training">Organization and training</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men in military fatigues, without jackets or ties." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg/220px-Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg/330px-Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg/440px-Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>The "Tinian Joint Chiefs": Captain William S. Parsons (left), Rear Admiral William R. Purnell (center), and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell (right) </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a> was constituted on 9 December 1944, and activated on 17 December 1944, at <a href="/wiki/Wendover_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendover Army Air Field">Wendover Army Air Field</a>, Utah, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-509offhist-60">[60]</a> Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_group" title="Bombardment group">combat group</a> to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan. Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft, the group was designated as a "composite" rather than a "bombardment" unit.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Due to its remoteness, Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over <a href="/wiki/Great_Bend,_Kansas" title="Great Bend, Kansas">Great Bend, Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Home,_Idaho" title="Mountain Home, Idaho">Mountain Home, Idaho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbets1998163,_167–168-62">[62]</a> Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">pumpkin bombs</a>, targeting islands around Tinian and later the Japanese home islands, until as late as 14 August 1945.<a href="#cite_note-ready-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-peacenagasaki-64">[64]</a> Some of the missions over Japan were flown by single unescorted bombers with a single payload to accustom the Japanese to this pattern. They also simulated actual atomic bombing runs, including the directions of ingress and egress with respect to the wind. Tibbets himself was barred from flying most missions over Japan for fear that he might be captured and interrogated.<a href="#cite_note-peacenagasaki-64">[64]</a> On 5 April 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code name</a> Operation Centerboard was assigned. The officer responsible for its allocation in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>'s Operations Division was not cleared to know any details of it. The first bombing was later codenamed Operation Centerboard I, and the second, Operation Centerboard II.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian. In addition to its authorized strength, the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from <a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200525-66">[66]</a> known as the 1st Technical Detachment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953706-67">[67]</a> The 509th Composite Group's <a href="/wiki/393rd_Bombardment_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="393rd Bombardment Squadron">393rd Bombardment Squadron</a> was equipped with 15 <a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a> B-29s. These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons, and were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel-injected</a> engines, Curtiss Electric <a href="/wiki/Reverse_thrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse thrust">reversible-pitch</a> <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a>, pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200514–15-68">[68]</a> The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on 26 April 1945, to its port of embarkation at <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington. On 6 May the support elements sailed on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Cape_Victory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Cape Victory (page does not exist)">SS Cape Victory</a> for the Marianas, while group materiel was shipped on the <a href="/wiki/SS_Emile_Berliner" title="SS Emile Berliner">SS Emile Berliner</a>. The Cape Victory made brief port calls at <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eniwetok" class="mw-redirect" title="Eniwetok">Eniwetok</a> but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area. An advance party of the air echelon, consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men, flew by C-54 to <a href="/wiki/North_Field_(Tinian)" title="North Field (Tinian)">North Field</a> on Tinian, between 15 and 22 May.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> There were also two representatives from Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Farrell (general)">Thomas Farrell</a>, the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project, and <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William R. Purnell</a> of the Military Policy Committee,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005100-70">[70]</a> who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot. Along with Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">William S. Parsons</a>, the commander of Project Alberta, they became known as the "Tinian Joint Chiefs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristman1998176-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_targets">Choice of targets</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of Japan and the Marianas Islands indicating the routes taken by the raids. One goes straight to Iwo Jima and Hiroshima and back the same way. The other goes to the southern tip of Japan, up to Kokura, down to Nagasaki, and the southwest to Okinawa befofore heading back to Tinian." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg/290px-Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg/435px-Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg/580px-Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>The mission runs of 6 and 9 August, with Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and <a href="/wiki/Kokura" title="Kokura">Kokura</a> (the original target for 9 August) displayed</figcaption></figure> In April 1945, Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson. Groves formed a Target Committee, chaired by himself, that included Farrell, Major John A. Derry, <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> William P. Fisher, Joyce C. Stearns and <a href="/wiki/David_M._Dennison" title="David M. Dennison">David M. Dennison</a> from the USAAF; and scientists <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney" title="William Penney, Baron Penney">William Penney</a> from the Manhattan Project. The Target Committee met in Washington on 27 April; at Los Alamos on 10 May, where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there; and finally in Washington on 28 May, where it was briefed by Tibbets and <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ashworth" title="Frederick Ashworth">Frederick Ashworth</a> from Project Alberta, and the Manhattan Project's scientific advisor, <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Richard C. Tolman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985528–529-72">[72]</a> The Target Committee nominated five targets: <a href="/wiki/Kokura" title="Kokura">Kokura</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a>), the site of one of Japan's largest munitions plants; <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters; <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, an urban center for aircraft manufacture, machine tools, docks, electrical equipment and oil refineries; <a href="/wiki/Niigata,_Niigata" class="mw-redirect" title="Niigata, Niigata">Niigata</a>, a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery; and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, a major industrial center. The target selection was subject to the following criteria: <ul><li>The target was larger than 4.8 km (3 mi) in diameter and was an important target in a large city.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Blast_wave" title="Blast wave">blast wave</a> would create effective damage.</li> <li>The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945.<a href="#cite_note-targetcommittee-73">[73]</a></li></ul> These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids, and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made. Hiroshima was described as "an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area. It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a good <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary</a> target."<a href="#cite_note-targetcommittee-73">[73]</a> The Target Committee stated that "It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance. Two aspects of this are (1) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and (2) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released. ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon. Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed. The <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Emperor's palace</a> in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value."<a href="#cite_note-targetcommittee-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauer" title="Edwin O. Reischauer">Edwin O. Reischauer</a>, a Japan expert for the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">U.S. Army Intelligence Service</a>, was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto.<a href="#cite_note-targetcommittee-73">[73]</a> In his autobiography, Reischauer specifically refuted this claim: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson, the Secretary of War at the time, who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReischauer1986101-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2012183–203-75">[75]</a> </blockquote> Extant sources show that while Stimson was personally familiar with Kyoto, this was the result of a visit decades after his marriage, not because he honeymooned there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellerstein2020319–321-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 30 May, Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical, religious and cultural significance, but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985529-78">[78]</a> Stimson then approached <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> about the matter. Truman agreed with Stimson, and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa200667–68-79">[79]</a> Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July, but Stimson remained adamant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2006149–150-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985530-81">[81]</a> On 25 July, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> was put on the target list in place of Kyoto. It was a major military port, one of Japan's largest shipbuilding and repair centers, and an important producer of naval ordnance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985530-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_demonstration">Proposed demonstration</h3></div> In early May 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a> was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">nuclear technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–256-82">[82]</a> They agreed that the atomic bomb was to be used (1) against Japan at the earliest opportunity, (2) without special warning, and (3) on a "dual target" of military installation surrounded by other buildings susceptible to damage.<a href="#cite_note-peacenagasaki-64">[64]</a> During the meetings on 31 May and 1 June, scientist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompton1956240-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> later recalled that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery. If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice, the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference. An atomic bomb was an intricate device, still in the developmental stage. Its operation would be far from routine. If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack, a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure. Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made. It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available, followed afterwards by others at all-too-long intervals. We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud. If the test were made on some neutral territory, it was hard to believe that Japan's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed. If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender, the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective. On the contrary, it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could. Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive, no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompton1956238–239-84">[84]</a> </blockquote> The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the <a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a> issued by physicist <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> on 11 June and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on 16 June, saying that "we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use." Franck then took the report to Washington, D.C., where the Interim Committee met on 21 June to re-examine its earlier conclusions; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–260-85">[85]</a> Like Compton, many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack, and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal, making the mission less likely to produce surrender. Allied <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb. They also worried that the bomb might be a failure, as the Trinity test was that of a stationary device, not an air-dropped bomb. In addition, although more bombs were in production, only two would be available at the start of August, and they cost billions of dollars, so using one for a demonstration would be expensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman199586-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Generals-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaflets">Leaflets</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firebombing_leaflet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Leaflet showing B-29s dropping bombs. There are 12 circles with 12 Japanese cities named in Japanese writing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Firebombing_leaflet.jpg/220px-Firebombing_leaflet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Firebombing_leaflet.jpg/330px-Firebombing_leaflet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Firebombing_leaflet.jpg/440px-Firebombing_leaflet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Various leaflets were dropped on Japan listing cities targeted for destruction by firebombing. The other side stated that other cities may be attacked.<a href="#cite_note-The_Information_War_in_the_Pacific-88">[88]</a> </figcaption></figure> For several months, the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan. Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings; some were as much as 97 percent destroyed. LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing, and reduce the international stigma of area-bombing cities. Even with the warnings, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_during_the_early_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period#Japanese_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period">Japanese opposition to the war</a> remained ineffective. In general, the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful, with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities. The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet.<a href="#cite_note-The_Information_War_in_the_Pacific-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656-89">[89]</a> Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice "to appeal to their compatriots".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999153-90">[90]</a> In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the Oppenheimer-led <a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee</a> decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning. Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">shock in the leadership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138-91">[91]</a> No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton199117-92">[92]</a> Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a> wrote that it was 27 July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton199117-92">[92]</a> and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was 30 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138-91">[91]</a> The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on 27 July, but Hiroshima was not one of them, and there were no leaflet sorties on 30 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656-89">[89]</a> Leaflet sorties were undertaken on 1 and 4 August. Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August, as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton199117-92">[92]</a> Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing; a total of 33 cities listed. With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese "... we cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ..."<a href="#cite_note-The_Information_War_in_the_Pacific-88">[88]</a> Hiroshima was not listed.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungei1981215-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consultation_with_Britain_and_Canada">Consultation with Britain and Canada</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_received_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb_-_NARA_-_542193.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Letter_received_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb_-_NARA_-_542193.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Letter_received_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb_-_NARA_-_542193.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Letter_received_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb_-_NARA_-_542193.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Letter_received_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb_-_NARA_-_542193.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Letter_received_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb_-_NARA_-_542193.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Letter_received_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb_-_NARA_-_542193.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Handy" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Handy">Thomas Handy</a>'s order to General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a> ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs</figcaption></figure> In 1943, the United States and the United Kingdom signed the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a>, which stipulated that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent. Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission. A meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Policy_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Policy Committee">Combined Policy Committee</a>, which included one Canadian representative, was held at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> on 4 July 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962372–373-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson,_1st_Baron_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson">Henry Maitland Wilson</a> announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan, which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962372–373-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964372-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement, discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing. The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, at the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, as this also required British concurrence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962372–373-95">[95]</a> Orders for the attack were issued to General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a> on 25 July under the signature of General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Handy" title="Thomas T. Handy">Thomas T. Handy</a>, the acting chief of staff, since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953712–713-98">[98]</a> It read in part: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>The 509th Composite Group, 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki. To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb, additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb. The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb.</li> <li>Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff. Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </li></ol></blockquote> That day, Truman noted in his diary that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th. I have told the Sec. of War, Mr. Stimson, to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic, we as the leader of the world for the common welfare cannot drop that terrible bomb on the old capital [Kyoto] or the new [Tokyo]. He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potsdam_Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></div> The 16 July success of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Test">Trinity Test</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> desert exceeded expectations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962389–390-101">[101]</a> On 26 July, Allied leaders issued the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan. The declaration was presented as an <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan, resulting in "the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland". The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962395–396-102">[102]</a> On 28 July, Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government. That afternoon, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a> declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash (yakinaoshi) of the <a href="/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration" title="1943 Cairo Declaration">Cairo Declaration</a>, that the government intended to ignore it (<a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">mokusatsu</a>, "kill by silence"), and that Japan would fight to the end.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration. Emperor Hirohito, who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers, made no move to change the government position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix1996290-104">[104]</a> Japan's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">kokutai</a> (Imperial institution and national <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>), assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization, no occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese Home Islands</a>, Korea or <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a>, and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsada199639-105">[105]</a> At Potsdam, Truman agreed to a request from <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped. <a href="/wiki/William_Penney" class="mw-redirect" title="William Penney">William Penney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_Captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Captain">Group Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cheshire" title="Leonard Cheshire">Leonard Cheshire</a> were sent to Tinian, but LeMay would not let them accompany the mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977326,_356,_370-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombs">Bombs</h3></div> The Little Boy bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993262-107">[107]</a> There were two uranium-235 components, a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert. The projectile was completed on 15 June, and the target insert on 24 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265-108">[108]</a> The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components) left <a href="/wiki/Hunters_Point_Naval_Shipyard" title="Hunters Point Naval Shipyard">Hunters Point Naval Shipyard</a>, California, on 16 July aboard the <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)" title="USS Indianapolis (CA-35)">USS Indianapolis</a>, and arrived on Tinian on 26 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201230-109">[109]</a> The target insert followed by air on 30 July, accompanied by Commander <a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a> from Project Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265-108">[108]</a> Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B-29 crashing on takeoff, Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993262-107">[107]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Plutonium_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium core">plutonium core</a>, along with its <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> <a href="/wiki/Urchin_(detonator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urchin (detonator)">urchin initiator</a>, was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier <a href="/wiki/Raemer_Schreiber" title="Raemer Schreiber">Raemer Schreiber</a> in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morrison" title="Philip Morrison">Philip Morrison</a>. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">neutron reflector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245-110">[110]</a> The core departed from <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Army Air Field</a> on a <a href="/wiki/C-54" class="mw-redirect" title="C-54">C-54</a> transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group's <a href="/wiki/320th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron" title="320th Troop Carrier Squadron">320th Troop Carrier Squadron</a> on 26 July, and arrived at North Field 28 July. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B-29s, two from the 393rd Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit, and transported to North Field, arriving on 2 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiroshima_during_World_War_II">Hiroshima during World War II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Silver aircraft with "Enola Gay" and "82" painted on the nose. Seven men stand in front of it. Four are wearing shorts, four are wearing T-shirts, and the only ones with hats have baseball caps. Tibbets is distinctively wearing correct uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg/266px-B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg/399px-B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg/532px-B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a> dropped the "<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>" atomic bomb on Hiroshima. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a> (center in photograph) can be seen with six members of the <a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">ground crew</a>.</figcaption></figure> At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of industrial and military significance. A number of military units were located nearby, the most important of which was the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Gensui_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shunroku_Hata" title="Shunroku Hata">Shunroku Hata</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_General_Army_(Japan)" title="Second General Army (Japan)">Second General Army</a>, which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200964–65,_163-112">[112]</a> and was located in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Castle" title="Hiroshima Castle">Hiroshima Castle</a>. Hata's command consisted of some 400,000 men, most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199541-113">[113]</a> Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Fifty-Ninth_Army_(Japan)" title="Fifty-Ninth Army (Japan)">59th Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">5th Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/224th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="224th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">224th Division</a>, a recently formed mobile unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200970,_163-114">[114]</a> The city was defended by five batteries of 70 mm and 80 mm (2.8 and 3.1 inch) <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft guns</a> of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division, including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions. In total, an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059-115">[115]</a> Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military.<a href="#cite_note-effects-116">[116]</a> The city was a communications center, a key port for shipping, and an assembly area for troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985529-78">[78]</a> It supported a large war industry, manufacturing parts for planes and boats, for bombs, rifles, and handguns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977224–225-117">[117]</a> The center of the city contained several <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> buildings. Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses. A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city. The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs, and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames. The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts197738-118">[118]</a> It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962316-119">[119]</a> primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command's priority target. On 3 July, the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers, along with Kokura, Niigata and Kyoto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263-120">[120]</a> The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing, the population had steadily decreased because of a <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Japan during World War II">systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government</a>. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately 340,000–350,000.<a href="#cite_note-rerf-deaths-121">[121]</a> Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodden200720-122">[122]</a> Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters, others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2005262-123">[123]</a> More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long, straight <a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">firebreaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiévéWaley2003330-124">[124]</a> These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of 6 August 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotter2008267-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombing_of_Hiroshima">Bombing of Hiroshima</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A typed page of instructions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg/170px-Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg/255px-Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg/340px-Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operations_Order_No._35" title="Operations Order No. 35">Strike order</a> for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on 5 August 1945</figcaption></figure> Hiroshima was the primary target of the first atomic bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. The 393rd Bombardment Squadron B-29 <a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a>, named after Tibbets's mother and piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, <a href="/wiki/Tinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinian">Tinian</a>, about six hours' flight time from Japan,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> at 02:45 local time.<a href="#cite_note-SM19-127">[127]</a> Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B-29s: <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a>, commanded by Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Charles Sweeney</a>, which carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called <a href="/wiki/Necessary_Evil_(aircraft)" title="Necessary Evil (aircraft)">Necessary Evil</a>, commanded by Captain George Marquardt. Necessary Evil was the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">photography aircraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-509timeline-128">[128]</a> <table style="margin:auto; float:none;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Special Mission 13, primary target Hiroshima, 6 August 1945<a href="#cite_note-509timeline-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">Aircraft</th> <th>Pilot</th> <th>Call sign</th> <th>Mission role </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Straight_Flush_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight Flush (B-29)">Straight Flush</a></td> <td>Major <a href="/wiki/Claude_Eatherly" title="Claude Eatherly">Claude R. Eatherly</a></td> <td>Dimples 85</td> <td>Weather reconnaissance (Hiroshima) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Jabit_III_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabit III (aircraft)">Jabit III</a></td> <td>Major John A. Wilson</td> <td>Dimples 71</td> <td>Weather reconnaissance (Kokura) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Full_House_(aircraft)" title="Full House (aircraft)">Full House</a></td> <td>Major Ralph R. Taylor</td> <td>Dimples 83</td> <td>Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a> </td> <td>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul W. Tibbets</a></td> <td>Dimples 82</td> <td>Weapon delivery </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></td> <td>Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Charles W. Sweeney</a></td> <td>Dimples 89</td> <td>Blast measurement instrumentation </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Necessary_Evil_(aircraft)" title="Necessary Evil (aircraft)">Necessary Evil</a></td> <td>Captain George W. Marquardt</td> <td>Dimples 91</td> <td>Strike observation and photography </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Top_Secret_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Secret (B-29)">Top Secret</a></td> <td>Captain Charles F. McKnight</td> <td>Dimples 72</td> <td>Strike spare – did not complete mission </td></tr></tbody></table> After leaving Tinian, the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at 2,800 meters (9,200 ft),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012462-130">[130]</a> and set course for Japan. The aircraft arrived over Hiroshima in clear visibility at 9,470 meters (31,060 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012467-131">[131]</a> Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff. He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisTolzer195772-132">[132]</a> His assistant, <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Morris_R._Jeppson" title="Morris R. Jeppson">Morris R. Jeppson</a>, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshima_10km.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another view of the mushroom cloud forming, from further away." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_10km.jpg/170px-Hiroshima_10km.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_10km.jpg/255px-Hiroshima_10km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_10km.jpg/340px-Hiroshima_10km.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2–5 minutes after detonation<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> During the night of 5–6 August, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. Radar detected 65 bombers headed for <a href="/wiki/Saga_(city)" title="Saga (city)">Saga</a>, 102 bound for <a href="/wiki/Maebashi" title="Maebashi">Maebashi</a>, 261 en route to <a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya" title="Nishinomiya">Nishinomiya</a>, 111 headed for <a href="/wiki/Ube,_Yamaguchi" title="Ube, Yamaguchi">Ube</a> and 66 bound for <a href="/wiki/Imabari,_Ehime" title="Imabari, Ehime">Imabari</a>. An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977391–392-135">[135]</a> About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as Straight Flush flew over the city. It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay. It read: "Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes. Advice: bomb primary."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977414-136">[136]</a> The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977415-137">[137]</a> At 08:09, Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ferebee" title="Thomas Ferebee">Thomas Ferebee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19692566-138">[138]</a> The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg (141 lb) of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 9,400 meters (31,000 ft) to a detonation height of about 580 meters (1,900 ft) above the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malik-140">[140]</a> Enola Gay was 18.5 km (11.5 mi) away before it felt the shock waves from the blast.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">crosswind</a>, the bomb missed the <a href="/wiki/Aiming_point" title="Aiming point">aiming point</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aioi_Bridge" title="Aioi Bridge">Aioi Bridge</a>, by approximately 240 m (800 ft) and detonated directly over <a href="/wiki/Shima_Hospital" title="Shima Hospital">Shima Surgical Clinic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977423._427-142">[142]</a> It released the equivalent energy of 16 ± 2 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kilotons of TNT</a> (66.9 ± 8.4 TJ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43-139">[139]</a> The weapon was <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Gun-type_assembly_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon design">considered very inefficient</a>, with only 1.7 percent of its material fissioning.<a href="#cite_note-cotmplitboy-143">[143]</a> The radius of total destruction was about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi), with resulting fires across 11 km2 (4.4 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F-144">[144]</a> Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was 16 kilometers (10 mi) away when the bomb detonated. Only Tibbets, Parsons, and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given protective goggles. "It was hard to believe what we saw", Tibbets told reporters, while Parsons said "the whole thing was tremendous and awe-inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped 'My God'." He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to "a close burst of <a href="/wiki/Ack-ack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ack-ack">ack-ack</a> fire".<a href="#cite_note-guardian19450808-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_on_the_ground">Events on the ground</h3></div> People on the ground reported a pika (ピカ)—a brilliant flash of light—followed by a don (ドン)—a loud booming sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999264–265-146">[146]</a> The experiences of survivors in the city varied depending on their location and circumstances, but a common factor in survivor accounts was a sense that a conventional weapon (sometimes cited as a <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">magnesium bomb</a>, which has a distinctively bright white flash) had happened to go off immediately in their vicinity, causing tremendous damage (throwing people across rooms, breaking glass, crushing buildings). After emerging from the ruins the survivors gradually understood that the entire city had been attacked at the same instant. Survivor accounts frequently feature walking through the ruins of the city without a clear sense of where to go, and encountering the cries of people trapped within crushed structures, or people with horrific burns. As the numerous small fires created by the blast began to grow, they merged into a <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorm</a> that moved quickly throughout the ruins, killing many who had been trapped, and causing people to jump into Hiroshima's rivers in search of sanctuary (many of whom drowned).<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The photographer <a href="/wiki/Yoshito_Matsushige" title="Yoshito Matsushige">Yoshito Matsushige</a> took the only photographs of Hiroshima immediately after the bombing. He described in a later interview that, immediately after the bombing, "everywhere there was dust; it made a grayish darkness over everything." He took five photographs in total before he could not continue: "It was really a terrible scene. It was just like something out of hell."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Survivor accounts also prominently feature cases of survivors who appeared uninjured, but who would succumb within hours or days to what would later be identified as <a href="/wiki/Radiation_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation sickness">radiation sickness</a>. Estimating the number of people killed by the blast, firestorm, and radiation effects of the bombing has been hampered by imprecise record-keeping during the war, the chaos caused by the attack, uncertainty about the number of people in the city on the morning of the attack, and variations in methodology. Reports by the Manhattan Project in 1946 and the U.S. occupation–led Joint Commission for the Investigation of the Atomic Bomb in Japan in 1951 estimated 66,000 dead and 69,000 injured, and 64,500 dead and 72,000 injured, respectively, while Japanese-led reconsiderations of the death toll in the 1970s estimated 140,000 dead in Hiroshima by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[150]</a> Estimates also vary on the number of Japanese military personnel killed. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey" title="United States Strategic Bombing Survey">United States Strategic Bombing Survey</a> estimated in 1946 that there were 24,158 soldiers present in Hiroshima at the time of the attack, and that 6,789 were killed or missing as a result; the 1970s reconsiderations estimated about 10,000 military dead.<a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[150]</a> A modern estimate by the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Effects_Research_Foundation" title="Radiation Effects Research Foundation">Radiation Effects Research Foundation</a> (RERF) estimates a city population of 340,000 to 350,000 at the time of the bombing, of which 90,000 to 166,000 died by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-rerf-deaths-121">[121]</a> U.S. surveys estimated that 12 km2 (4.7 sq mi) of the city were destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69 percent of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6 to 7 percent damaged.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-151">[151]</a> Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan, and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center. Since the bomb detonated in the air, the blast was directed more downward than sideways, which was largely responsible for the survival of the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial">Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall</a>, now commonly known as the Genbaku (A-bomb) dome, which was only 150 m (490 ft) from <a href="/wiki/Ground_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground zero">ground zero</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a>). The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China, which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property, and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Hiroshima bombing</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing"><img alt="A devastated area very similar to the one of Tokyo above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg/130px-Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg/195px-Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg/260px-Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="546" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshima_after_the_Atom_Bomb_Strike_1945_taken_by_sailors_of_USS_Tuscaloosa_-_Clean_and_Colored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of Hiroshima"><img alt="Ruins of Hiroshima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hiroshima_after_the_Atom_Bomb_Strike_1945_taken_by_sailors_of_USS_Tuscaloosa_-_Clean_and_Colored.jpg/130px-Hiroshima_after_the_Atom_Bomb_Strike_1945_taken_by_sailors_of_USS_Tuscaloosa_-_Clean_and_Colored.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hiroshima_after_the_Atom_Bomb_Strike_1945_taken_by_sailors_of_USS_Tuscaloosa_-_Clean_and_Colored.jpg/195px-Hiroshima_after_the_Atom_Bomb_Strike_1945_taken_by_sailors_of_USS_Tuscaloosa_-_Clean_and_Colored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hiroshima_after_the_Atom_Bomb_Strike_1945_taken_by_sailors_of_USS_Tuscaloosa_-_Clean_and_Colored.jpg/260px-Hiroshima_after_the_Atom_Bomb_Strike_1945_taken_by_sailors_of_USS_Tuscaloosa_-_Clean_and_Colored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="532" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of Hiroshima</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing"><img alt="The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif/127px-Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif/190px-Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif/254px-Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial">Hiroshima Genbaku Dome</a> after the bombing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pattern of the kimono worn by a survivor burned into her skin in tight-fitting areas."><img alt="A burned out domed building surrounded by rubble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg/130px-The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg/195px-The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg/260px-The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2955" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pattern of the <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> worn by a survivor burned into her skin in tight-fitting areas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:4866937274_e3e7aff26e_b_Br%C3%BBluresRadiations.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Direct, thermal flash burns"><img alt="A woman's back, with chequered-shaped burns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/4866937274_e3e7aff26e_b_Br%C3%BBluresRadiations.jpg/130px-4866937274_e3e7aff26e_b_Br%C3%BBluresRadiations.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/4866937274_e3e7aff26e_b_Br%C3%BBluresRadiations.jpg/195px-4866937274_e3e7aff26e_b_Br%C3%BBluresRadiations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/4866937274_e3e7aff26e_b_Br%C3%BBluresRadiations.jpg/260px-4866937274_e3e7aff26e_b_Br%C3%BBluresRadiations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="2204" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Direct, <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">thermal flash burns</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victim_of_Atomic_Bomb_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="22-year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital (6 October 1945)"><img alt="22-year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital (6 October 1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Victim_of_Atomic_Bomb_003.jpg/130px-Victim_of_Atomic_Bomb_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Victim_of_Atomic_Bomb_003.jpg/195px-Victim_of_Atomic_Bomb_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Victim_of_Atomic_Bomb_003.jpg/260px-Victim_of_Atomic_Bomb_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="729" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">22-year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital (6 October 1945)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshima_Atomic_Bombing_Photo_Newly_Discovered.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of Hiroshima"><img alt="A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of Hiroshima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hiroshima_Atomic_Bombing_Photo_Newly_Discovered.jpg/130px-Hiroshima_Atomic_Bombing_Photo_Newly_Discovered.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hiroshima_Atomic_Bombing_Photo_Newly_Discovered.jpg/195px-Hiroshima_Atomic_Bombing_Photo_Newly_Discovered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hiroshima_Atomic_Bombing_Photo_Newly_Discovered.jpg/260px-Hiroshima_Atomic_Bombing_Photo_Newly_Discovered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of Hiroshima</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:21-01-198-hiroshima.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial at Andersonville NHS for the American airmen who died in the blast"><img alt="Memorial at Andersonville NHS for the American airmen who died in the blast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/21-01-198-hiroshima.jpg/130px-21-01-198-hiroshima.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/21-01-198-hiroshima.jpg/195px-21-01-198-hiroshima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/21-01-198-hiroshima.jpg/260px-21-01-198-hiroshima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersonville National Historic Site">Andersonville NHS</a> for the American airmen who died in the blast</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A victim with burns"><img alt="A victim with burns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/130px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/195px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/260px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A victim with burns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A victim with whole body burns"><img alt="A victim with whole body burns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/130px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/195px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/260px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="984" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A victim with whole body burns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A victim with whole body burns"><img alt="A victim with whole body burns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/130px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/195px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/260px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_whole_body_burned_-_1_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="983" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A victim with whole body burns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Victim with burns on her back"><img alt="Victim with burns on her back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/130px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/195px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png/260px-An_atomic_bomb_victim_with_burns_-_2_-_Ninoshima_Quarantine_Office_-_7_August_1945_-_Onuka_Masami.png 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1289" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victim with burns on her back</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Corpse_at_the_Western_Parade_Ground_near_Hiroshima_Castle_-_2_-_Hiroshima_City_-_10_August_1945_-_Nakata_Satsuo_(D%C5%8Dmei_News_Agency).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Corpse near the Western Parade Ground"><img alt="Corpse near the Western Parade Ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Corpse_at_the_Western_Parade_Ground_near_Hiroshima_Castle_-_2_-_Hiroshima_City_-_10_August_1945_-_Nakata_Satsuo_%28D%C5%8Dmei_News_Agency%29.png/130px-Corpse_at_the_Western_Parade_Ground_near_Hiroshima_Castle_-_2_-_Hiroshima_City_-_10_August_1945_-_Nakata_Satsuo_%28D%C5%8Dmei_News_Agency%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Corpse_at_the_Western_Parade_Ground_near_Hiroshima_Castle_-_2_-_Hiroshima_City_-_10_August_1945_-_Nakata_Satsuo_%28D%C5%8Dmei_News_Agency%29.png/195px-Corpse_at_the_Western_Parade_Ground_near_Hiroshima_Castle_-_2_-_Hiroshima_City_-_10_August_1945_-_Nakata_Satsuo_%28D%C5%8Dmei_News_Agency%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Corpse_at_the_Western_Parade_Ground_near_Hiroshima_Castle_-_2_-_Hiroshima_City_-_10_August_1945_-_Nakata_Satsuo_%28D%C5%8Dmei_News_Agency%29.png/260px-Corpse_at_the_Western_Parade_Ground_near_Hiroshima_Castle_-_2_-_Hiroshima_City_-_10_August_1945_-_Nakata_Satsuo_%28D%C5%8Dmei_News_Agency%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="1063" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corpse near the Western Parade Ground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobilized_school_girl_suffered_burns_to_face,_Hiroshima_Red_Cross_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mobilized school girl suffered burns to face"><img alt="A mobilized school girl suffered burns to face" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mobilized_school_girl_suffered_burns_to_face%2C_Hiroshima_Red_Cross_Hospital.jpg/130px-Mobilized_school_girl_suffered_burns_to_face%2C_Hiroshima_Red_Cross_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mobilized_school_girl_suffered_burns_to_face%2C_Hiroshima_Red_Cross_Hospital.jpg/195px-Mobilized_school_girl_suffered_burns_to_face%2C_Hiroshima_Red_Cross_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mobilized_school_girl_suffered_burns_to_face%2C_Hiroshima_Red_Cross_Hospital.jpg/260px-Mobilized_school_girl_suffered_burns_to_face%2C_Hiroshima_Red_Cross_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2096" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mobilized school girl suffered burns to face</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elder_sister_and_younger_brother_who_lost_their_hair_by_aftereffects_of_atomic_bomb_-_October_1945_-_Kikuchi_Shunkichi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Elder sister and younger brother who suffered radiation disease. The brother died in 1949 and the sister in 1965."><img alt="Elder sister and younger brother who suffered radiation disease. The brother died in 1949 and the sister in 1965." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Elder_sister_and_younger_brother_who_lost_their_hair_by_aftereffects_of_atomic_bomb_-_October_1945_-_Kikuchi_Shunkichi.png/130px-Elder_sister_and_younger_brother_who_lost_their_hair_by_aftereffects_of_atomic_bomb_-_October_1945_-_Kikuchi_Shunkichi.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Elder_sister_and_younger_brother_who_lost_their_hair_by_aftereffects_of_atomic_bomb_-_October_1945_-_Kikuchi_Shunkichi.png/195px-Elder_sister_and_younger_brother_who_lost_their_hair_by_aftereffects_of_atomic_bomb_-_October_1945_-_Kikuchi_Shunkichi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Elder_sister_and_younger_brother_who_lost_their_hair_by_aftereffects_of_atomic_bomb_-_October_1945_-_Kikuchi_Shunkichi.png/260px-Elder_sister_and_younger_brother_who_lost_their_hair_by_aftereffects_of_atomic_bomb_-_October_1945_-_Kikuchi_Shunkichi.png 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2567" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elder sister and younger brother who suffered radiation disease. The brother died in 1949 and the sister in 1965.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrocumulonimbus_cloud_over_Hiroshima,_near_local_noon._Aug_6_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pyrocumulonimbus_cloud_over_Hiroshima%2C_near_local_noon._Aug_6_1945.jpg/220px-Pyrocumulonimbus_cloud_over_Hiroshima%2C_near_local_noon._Aug_6_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pyrocumulonimbus_cloud_over_Hiroshima%2C_near_local_noon._Aug_6_1945.jpg/330px-Pyrocumulonimbus_cloud_over_Hiroshima%2C_near_local_noon._Aug_6_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pyrocumulonimbus_cloud_over_Hiroshima%2C_near_local_noon._Aug_6_1945.jpg/440px-Pyrocumulonimbus_cloud_over_Hiroshima%2C_near_local_noon._Aug_6_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>For decades this photo was misidentified as the <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> of the bomb that formed at c. 08:16.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hiroshima_Mushroom_Cloud_That_Wasn't-154">[154]</a> However, due to its much greater height, the scene was identified in March 2016 as the <a href="/wiki/Pyrocumulonimbus_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrocumulonimbus cloud">firestorm-cloud</a> that engulfed the city,<a href="#cite_note-The_Hiroshima_Mushroom_Cloud_That_Wasn't-154">[154]</a> some three hours after the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToonTurcoRobockBardeen20071994-155">[155]</a></figcaption></figure> The air raid warning had been cleared at 07:31, and many people were outside, going about their activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiroshima_Peace_Culture_Foundation200314-156">[156]</a> Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor, being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building (it remained as the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Park#Rest_House" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park">Rest House</a> after the war) only 170 meters (560 ft) from ground zero at the time of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> He died in 1982, aged 84.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast. She was in the solidly-built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters (980 ft) from ground-zero at the time of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Over 90 percent of the doctors and 93 percent of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured—most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged. Only one doctor, <a href="/wiki/Terufumi_Sasaki" title="Terufumi Sasaki">Terufumi Sasaki</a>, remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011330-162">[162]</a> Nonetheless, by early afternoon the police and volunteers had established evacuation center at hospitals, schools and tram stations, and a morgue was established in the Asano library.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011330–331-163">[163]</a> Survivors of the blast gathered for medical treatment, but many would die before receiving any help, leaving behind rings of corpses around hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Most elements of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Second_General_Army_(Japan)" title="Second General Army (Japan)">Second General Army</a> headquarters were undergoing physical training on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Castle" title="Hiroshima Castle">Hiroshima Castle</a>, barely 820 meters (900 yd) from the hypocenter. The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011325-165">[165]</a> The communications room of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_region" title="Chūgoku region">Chugoku</a> Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was located in a semi-basement in the castle. Yoshie Oka, a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer, had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi,_Yamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi">Yamaguchi</a>, when the bomb exploded. She used a special phone to inform <a href="/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima" title="Fukuyama, Hiroshima">Fukuyama</a> Headquarters (some 100 kilometers (62 mi) away) that "Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb. The city is in a state of near-total destruction."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Since Mayor <a href="/wiki/Senkichi_Awaya" title="Senkichi Awaya">Senkichi Awaya</a> had been killed at the mayoral residence, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Shunroku_Hata" title="Shunroku Hata">Shunroku Hata</a>, who was only slightly wounded, took over the administration of the city, and coordinated relief efforts. Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded, including Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Yi_U" title="Yi U">Yi U</a>, a prince of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Yi" title="House of Yi">Korean imperial family</a> who was serving as a General Staff Officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Hata's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel <a href="/wiki/Kumao_Imoto" title="Kumao Imoto">Kumao Imoto</a>, who acted as his chief of staff. Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used <a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D-class_suicide_motorboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat">Shin'yō-class suicide motorboats</a>, intended to repel the American invasion, to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444-167">[167]</a> Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011333-169">[169]</a> Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters, about 400 meters (1,300 ft) from the hypocenter of the blast.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Most died instantly, although two were reported to have been executed by their captors, and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the <a href="/wiki/Kempei_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempei Tai">Kempei Tai</a>, where they were stoned to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977444–445-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_University" title="Kyushu University">Kyushu University</a> were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The fires created by the atomic bomb detonation carried large amounts of ash into the clouds in the atmosphere. One to two hours after the explosion, a "black rain" fell as a tarry combination of ash, radioactive fallout, and water, causing severe radiation burns in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_realization_of_the_bombing">Japanese realization of the bombing</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:434px;max-width:434px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:20px;width:203px;max-width:203px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg/201px-AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg/302px-AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg/402px-AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Hiroshima before the bombing</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg/206px-AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg/309px-AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg/412px-AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Hiroshima after the bombing and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorm</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Tokyo control operator of the <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">Japan Broadcasting Corporation</a> noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air. He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line, but it too had failed.<a href="#cite_note-No_High_Ground-176">[176]</a> About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima. From some small railway stops within 16 km (10 mi) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima. All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-177">[177]</a> Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima. The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time. A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor.<a href="#cite_note-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-177">[177]</a> The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest. After flying for about three hours, while still nearly 160 km (100 mi) from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the firestorm created by the bomb. After circling the city to survey the damage they landed south of the city, where the staff officer, after reporting to Tokyo, began to organize relief measures. Tokyo learned that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb from President Truman's announcement of the strike, sixteen hours later.<a href="#cite_note-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_of_7–9_August">Events of 7–9 August</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Trumann_hiroshima.ogg" title="File:Trumann hiroshima.ogg">Truman talks about the bombing of Hiroshima</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Truman_on_Hiroshima.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Truman_on_Hiroshima.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Truman_on_Hiroshima.oga/Truman_on_Hiroshima.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">President Truman talks about the bombing of Hiroshima, which he describes as "a military base", after his return from the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon. He stated, "We may be grateful to Providence" that <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapon_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapon project">the German atomic bomb project</a> had failed, and that the United States and its allies had "spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history—and won". Truman then warned Japan: "If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware."<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_State19601376–1377-179">[179]</a> The 50,000-watt <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">standard wave</a> station on <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information" title="United States Office of War Information">OWI</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a>, broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima, stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Japan">Radio Japan</a>, which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering<a href="#cite_note-The_Information_War_in_the_Pacific-88">[88]</a> had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> had informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union's unilateral abrogation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> on 5 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa200646-181">[181]</a> At two minutes past midnight on 9 August, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time" title="Japan Standard Time">Tokyo time</a>, Soviet infantry, armor, and air forces had launched the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_Strategic_Offensive_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation">Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavinskiĭ2004153–154-182">[182]</a> Four hours later, word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union's official declaration of war. The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> on the nation, with the support of Minister of War <a href="/wiki/Korechika_Anami" title="Korechika Anami">Korechika Anami</a>, to stop anyone attempting to make peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999288–289-183">[183]</a> On 7 August, a day after Hiroshima was destroyed, <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Nishina" title="Yoshio Nishina">Yoshio Nishina</a> and other atomic physicists arrived at the city, and carefully examined the damage. They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by a nuclear weapon. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Soemu_Toyoda" title="Soemu Toyoda">Soemu Toyoda</a>, the Chief of the Naval General Staff, estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied, so they decided to endure the remaining attacks, acknowledging "there would be more destruction but the war would go on".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2001401-184">[184]</a> American <a href="/wiki/Magic_(cryptography)" title="Magic (cryptography)">Magic codebreakers</a> intercepted the cabinet's messages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284-185">[185]</a> Purnell, Parsons, Tibbets, Spaatz, and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65-186">[186]</a> Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284-185">[185]</a> they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb. Parsons said that <a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a> would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm, and asked if the bomb could be readied by 9 August. Parsons agreed to try to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962342-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagasaki_during_World_War_II">Nagasaki during World War II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_mission_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal picture of ten men in uniform. The five standing are wearing ties, and all but one of the ten wears a peaked cap or garrison cap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nagasaki_mission_crew.jpg/220px-Nagasaki_mission_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nagasaki_mission_crew.jpg/330px-Nagasaki_mission_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nagasaki_mission_crew.jpg/440px-Nagasaki_mission_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a> and its crew, who dropped a <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> atomic bomb on Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan, and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ordnance" class="extiw" title="wikt:ordnance">ordnance</a>, ships, military equipment, and other war materials. The four largest companies in the city were <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> Shipyards, Electrical Shipyards, Arms Plant, and Steel and Arms Works, which employed about 90 percent of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90 percent of the city's industry.<a href="#cite_note-Nagasaki-188">[188]</a> Although an important industrial city, Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with <a href="/wiki/AN/APQ-13" title="AN/APQ-13">AN/APQ-13</a> radar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263-120">[120]</a> Unlike the other target cities, Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff's 3 July directive,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962309-189">[189]</a> and was bombed on a small scale five times. During one of these raids on 1 August, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works.<a href="#cite_note-Nagasaki-188">[188]</a> By early August, the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm (2.8 in) anti-aircraft guns and two <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlight</a> batteries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_Harbor_looking_east,_August_1,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of the harbor at Nagasaki in August 1945 before the city was hit with the atomic bomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nagasaki_Harbor_looking_east%2C_August_1%2C_1945.jpg/220px-Nagasaki_Harbor_looking_east%2C_August_1%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nagasaki_Harbor_looking_east%2C_August_1%2C_1945.jpg/330px-Nagasaki_Harbor_looking_east%2C_August_1%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nagasaki_Harbor_looking_east%2C_August_1%2C_1945.jpg/440px-Nagasaki_Harbor_looking_east%2C_August_1%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>The harbor at Nagasaki in August 1945 before the city was hit with the atomic bomb</figcaption></figure> In contrast to Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of timber or timber-framed buildings with timber walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977353–354-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombing_of_Nagasaki">Bombing of Nagasaki</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bockscar_and_a_nuclear_weapon_painted_to_resemble_the_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bockscar_and_a_nuclear_weapon_painted_to_resemble_the_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg/220px-Bockscar_and_a_nuclear_weapon_painted_to_resemble_the_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bockscar_and_a_nuclear_weapon_painted_to_resemble_the_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg/330px-Bockscar_and_a_nuclear_weapon_painted_to_resemble_the_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Bockscar_and_a_nuclear_weapon_painted_to_resemble_the_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg/440px-Bockscar_and_a_nuclear_weapon_painted_to_resemble_the_Fat_Man_bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4432" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>The Bockscar B-29 and a post war Mk III nuclear weapon painted to resemble the Fat Man bomb, at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio</figcaption></figure> Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets. Scheduled for 11 August, the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five-day period of bad weather forecast to begin on 10 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwin2003233–234-191">[191]</a> Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian, labeled F-31, F-32, and F-33 on their exteriors. On 8 August, a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using <a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a> as the drop airplane. Assembly F-33 was expended testing the components and F-31 was designated for the 9 August mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005114-192">[192]</a> <table style="margin:auto; float:none;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Special Mission 16, secondary target Nagasaki, 9 August 1945<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200532-193">[193]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">Aircraft</th> <th>Pilot</th> <th>Call sign</th> <th>Mission role </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></td> <td>Captain George W. Marquardt</td> <td>Dimples 82</td> <td>Weather reconnaissance (Kokura) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Laggin%27_Dragon_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laggin' Dragon (B-29)">Laggin' Dragon</a></td> <td>Captain Charles F. McKnight</td> <td>Dimples 95</td> <td>Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></td> <td>Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Charles W. Sweeney</a></td> <td>Dimples 77</td> <td>Weapon delivery </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></td> <td>Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Bock" title="Frederick C. Bock">Frederick C. Bock</a></td> <td>Dimples 89</td> <td>Blast measurement instrumentation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Stink_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stink (B-29)">Big Stink</a></td> <td>Major James I. Hopkins, Jr.</td> <td>Dimples 90</td> <td>Strike observation and photography </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Full_House_(airplane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Full House (airplane)">Full House</a></td> <td>Major Ralph R. Taylor</td> <td>Dimples 83</td> <td>Strike spare – did not complete mission </td></tr></tbody></table> At 03:47 Tinian time (GMT+10), 02:47 Japanese time,<a href="#cite_note-SM19-127">[127]</a> on the morning of 9 August 1945, Bockscar, flown by Sweeney's crew, lifted off from <a href="/wiki/Tinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinian">Tinian</a> island with the Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged.<a href="#cite_note-SM16-194">[194]</a> During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar, the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 2,400 liters (640 U.S. gal) of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997204–205-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Nagasaki-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The before image looks like a city. In the after image, everything has been obliterated and it is recognisable as the same area only by the rivers running through it, which form an island in the centre of the photographs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after.jpg/220px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after.jpg/330px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after.jpg/440px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Nagasaki before and after the bombing, after the fires had burned out</figcaption></figure> This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission, flying as observers on the third plane, <a href="/wiki/Big_Stink_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stink (B-29)">Big Stink</a>, flown by the group's operations officer, Major James I. Hopkins, Jr. Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear. When Sweeney's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan, Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous.<a href="#cite_note-SM16-194">[194]</a> According to Cheshire, Hopkins was at varying heights including 2,700 meters (9,000 ft) higher than he should have been, and was not flying tight circles over <a href="/wiki/Yakushima" title="Yakushima">Yakushima</a> as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Bock" title="Frederick C. Bock">Frederick C. Bock</a>, who was piloting the support B-29 The Great Artiste. Instead, Hopkins was flying 64-kilometer (40 mi) dogleg patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997212-197">[197]</a> Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes, Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes. Before leaving the rendezvous point, Sweeney consulted Ashworth, who was in charge of the bomb. As commander of the aircraft, Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary, the city of Kokura.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997211-198">[198]</a> After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half-hour, Bockscar, accompanied by The Great Artiste, proceeded to Kokura, thirty minutes away. The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B-29s on nearby <a href="/wiki/Yahata,_Fukuoka" title="Yahata, Fukuoka">Yahata</a> the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Additionally, the Yahata Steel Works intentionally burned <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>, to produce black smoke.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 percent of the area over Kokura being covered, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese anti-aircraft fire was getting close, and Second Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Beser" title="Jacob Beser">Jacob Beser</a>, who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997213–215-201">[201]</a> With fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump, Bockscar and The Great Artiste headed for their secondary target, Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-SM16-194">[194]</a> Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, which had become entirely Allied-occupied territory <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa#Southern_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">only six weeks earlier</a>. After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary, Ashworth agreed with Sweeney's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured.<a href="#cite_note-Spitzer-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997216–217-203">[203]</a> At about 07:50 Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the "all clear" signal was given at 08:30. When only two B-29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10:53 Japanese Time (GMT+9), the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChun200870-204">[204]</a> A few minutes later at 11:00 Japanese Time, The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes. These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane, a physicist at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a> who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993295-205">[205]</a> In 1949, one of the authors of the letter, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a>, met with Sagane and signed the letter.<a href="#cite_note-Stories_from_Riken-206">[206]</a> At 11:01 Japanese Time, a last-minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar's bombardier, Captain <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Beahan" title="Kermit Beahan">Kermit Beahan</a>, to visually sight the target as ordered. The Fat Man weapon, containing a core of about 5 kg (11 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, was dropped over the city's industrial valley. It exploded 47 seconds later at 11:02 Japanese Time<a href="#cite_note-SM19-127">[127]</a> at 503 ± 10 m (1,650 ± 33 ft), above a tennis court,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200543,_46-207">[207]</a> halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north. This was nearly 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of the planned hypocenter; the blast was confined to the <a href="/wiki/Urakami" title="Urakami">Urakami Valley</a> and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainstock199692-208">[208]</a> The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt (87.9 ± 8.4 TJ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43-139">[139]</a> Big Stink spotted the explosion from 160 kilometers (100 mi) away, and flew over to observe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962346-209">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UrakamiTenshudoJan1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UrakamiTenshudoJan1946.jpg/220px-UrakamiTenshudoJan1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UrakamiTenshudoJan1946.jpg/330px-UrakamiTenshudoJan1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UrakamiTenshudoJan1946.jpg/440px-UrakamiTenshudoJan1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>The bomb destroyed the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Nagasaki" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Nagasaki">Urakami Tenshudo Church</a> </figcaption></figure> Bockscar flew on to Okinawa, arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach. Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance, but received no answer. He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from <a href="/wiki/Yontan_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Yontan Airfield">Yontan Airfield</a>. Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing, the Bockscar came in fast, landing at 230 km/h (140 mph) instead of the normal 190 kilometers per hour (120 mph). The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach. Touching down on only three engines midway down the landing strip, Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 7.6 meters (25 ft) before slamming back down hard. The heavy B-29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B-24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control. Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately, and with both pilots standing on the brakes, Bockscar made a swerving 90-degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it. A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997222–226-210">[210]</a> Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent <a href="/wiki/William_L._Laurence" title="William L. Laurence">William L. Laurence</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste. He also noted its "Victor" number as 77, which was that of Bockscar.<a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness-211">[211]</a> Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew, and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste. Except for Enola Gay, none of the 393rd's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account. Unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005222-212">[212]</a> which was in fact, Victor 89.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005184-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events_on_the_ground_2">Events on the ground</h3></div> Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima, its effects were confined by hillsides to the narrow <a href="/wiki/Urakami_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Urakami Valley">Urakami Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011367-214">[214]</a> Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, including "mobilized" students and regular workers, 6,200 were killed. Some 17,000–22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESklar198456–60-215">[215]</a> The 1946 Manhattan Project report estimated 39,000 dead and 25,000 injured, and the 1951 U.S.-led Joint Commission report estimated 39,214 dead and 25,153 injured; Japanese-led reconsiderations in the 1970s estimated 70,000 dead in Nagasaki by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[150]</a> A modern estimate by the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Effects_Research_Foundation" title="Radiation Effects Research Foundation">Radiation Effects Research Foundation</a> (RERF) estimates a city population of 250,000 to 270,000 at the time of the bombing, of which 60,000 to 80,000 died by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-rerf-deaths-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_-_person_burned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nagasaki_-_person_burned.jpg/220px-Nagasaki_-_person_burned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nagasaki_-_person_burned.jpg/330px-Nagasaki_-_person_burned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nagasaki_-_person_burned.jpg/440px-Nagasaki_-_person_burned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Yamahata" title="Yōsuke Yamahata">Yōsuke Yamahata</a> photographed this child incinerated in Nagasaki. American forces censored such images in Japan until 1952.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></figcaption></figure> Unlike Hiroshima's military death toll, only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly, including 36 from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059-115">[115]</a> At least eight Allied <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs) died from the bombing, and as many as thirteen may have died. The eight confirmed deaths included a British POW, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> Corporal <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Shaw" title="Ronald Shaw">Ronald Shaw</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> and seven Dutch POWs.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> One American POW, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Kieyoomia" title="Joe Kieyoomia">Joe Kieyoomia</a>, was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki, all of whom survived.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The radius of total destruction was about 1.6 km (1 mi), followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 3.2 km (2 mi) south of the bomb.<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-pd-222">[222]</a> About 58 percent of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged, and about 78 percent of the Mitsubishi Steel Works. The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 percent structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone. The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing, in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">fuel density</a> was available, no <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorm</a> developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon. Instead, ambient wind pushed the fire spread along the valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasstoneDolan1977304-224">[224]</a> Had the bomb been dropped more precisely at the intended aiming point, which was downtown Nagasaki at the heart of the historic district, the destruction to medical and administrative infrastructure would have been even greater.<a href="#cite_note-peacenagasaki-64">[64]</a> As in Hiroshima, the bombing badly dislocated the city's medical facilities. A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School, which served as the main medical center. The trains were still running, and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns. A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening, and fire-fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Nagai" title="Takashi Nagai">Takashi Nagai</a> was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital. He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery, but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The atomic bomb explosion generated a windstorm several kilometers wide that carried ash, dust, and debris over the mountain ranges surrounding Nagasaki. Approximately 20 minutes after the bombing, a black rain with the consistency of mud or oil came down carrying radioactive material for one to two hours before turning clear.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plans_for_more_atomic_attacks_on_Japan">Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Shot" title="Third Shot">Third Shot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorandum_from_Major_General_Leslie_Groves_to_Army_Chief_of_Staff_George_Marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Memorandum_from_Major_General_Leslie_Groves_to_Army_Chief_of_Staff_George_Marshall.jpg/170px-Memorandum_from_Major_General_Leslie_Groves_to_Army_Chief_of_Staff_George_Marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Memorandum_from_Major_General_Leslie_Groves_to_Army_Chief_of_Staff_George_Marshall.jpg/255px-Memorandum_from_Major_General_Leslie_Groves_to_Army_Chief_of_Staff_George_Marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Memorandum_from_Major_General_Leslie_Groves_to_Army_Chief_of_Staff_George_Marshall.jpg/340px-Memorandum_from_Major_General_Leslie_Groves_to_Army_Chief_of_Staff_George_Marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Memorandum from Leslie Groves to George C. Marshall regarding the third bomb, with Marshall's hand-written caveat that the third bomb not be used without express presidential instruction</figcaption></figure> There were plans for further attacks on Japan following Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Groves expected to have another "Fat Man" atomic bomb ready for use on 19 August, with three more in September and a further three in October.<a href="#cite_note-Generals-87">[87]</a> A second Little Boy bomb (using U-235) would not be available until December 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987175,_203,_224-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986689-229">[229]</a> On 10 August, he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that "the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August." The memo today contains hand-written comment written by Marshall: "It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President."<a href="#cite_note-Generals-87">[87]</a> At the cabinet meeting that morning, Truman discussed these actions. <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> paraphrased Truman as saying "there will be further dropping of the atomic bomb," while <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> recorded in his diary that: "Truman said he had given orders to stop atomic bombing. He said the thought of wiping out another 100,000 people was too horrific. He didn't like the idea of killing, as he said, 'all those kids.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986743-230">[230]</a> The previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs "as made ready" was thus modified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1991149–173-231">[231]</a> There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Downfall</a>, and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009111–112-232">[232]</a> Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied, and scheduled to leave <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtland Field">Kirtland Field</a> for Tinian on 11 and 14 August,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993396–397-233">[233]</a> and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>, to collect them.<a href="#cite_note-PaulTibbets_StudsTerkel-234">[234]</a> At Los Alamos, technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast <a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">another plutonium core</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Although cast, it still needed to be pressed and coated, which would take until 16 August.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Therefore, it could have been ready for use on 19 August. Unable to reach Marshall, Groves ordered on his own authority on 13 August that the core should not be shipped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1991149–173-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender_of_Japan_and_subsequent_occupation">Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></div> Until 9 August, Japan's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender. The full cabinet met at 14:30 on 9 August, and spent most of the day debating surrender. Anami conceded that victory was unlikely, but argued in favor of continuing the war. The meeting ended at 17:30, with no decision having been reached. Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of the meeting, where he met with <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Kido" title="Kōichi Kido">Kōichi Kido</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan">Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan</a>. Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference, and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that <a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">kokutai</a> be preserved. A second cabinet meeting was held at 18:00. Only four ministers supported Anami's position of adhering to the four conditions, but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous, no decision was reached before it ended at 22:00.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2006207–208-237">[237]</a> Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs, but the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Cabinet_Secretary" title="Chief Cabinet Secretary">Chief Cabinet Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hisatsune_Sakomizu" title="Hisatsune Sakomizu">Hisatsune Sakomizu</a> had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General <a href="/wiki/Yoshijir%C5%8D_Umezu" title="Yoshijirō Umezu">Yoshijirō Umezu</a> in advance, and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held. The meeting commenced at 23:50. No consensus had emerged by 02:00 on 10 August, but the emperor gave his "sacred decision",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2006209–210-238">[238]</a> authorizing the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D" title="Shigenori Tōgō">Shigenori Tōgō</a>, to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition, that the declaration "does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidoYoshitake19661223-239">[239]</a> On 12 August, the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Yasuhiko_Asaka" title="Prince Yasuhiko Asaka">Prince Asaka</a>, asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved. Hirohito simply replied, "Of course."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFujiwara1991129-240">[240]</a> As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne, Hirohito recorded on 14 August his <a href="/wiki/Gyokuon-h%C5%8Ds%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyokuon-hōsō">capitulation announcement</a> which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite an <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūjō Incident">attempted military coup d'état</a> by militarists opposed to the surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999316–319-241">[241]</a> In his declaration's fifth paragraph, Hirohito solely mentions the duration of the conflict; and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">But now the war has lasted for nearly four years. Despite the best that has been done by every one—the gallant fighting of military and naval forces, the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people, the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage, while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest.</blockquote> The sixth paragraph by Hirohito specifically mentions the use of nuclear ordnance devices, from the aspect of the unprecedented damage they caused: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization.</blockquote> The seventh paragraph gives the reason for the ending of hostilities against the Allies: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Such being the case, how are we to save the millions of our subjects, or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></blockquote> In his "Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors" delivered on 17 August, Hirohito did not refer to the atomic bombs or possible <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">human extinction</a>, and instead described the Soviet declaration of war as "endangering the very foundation of the Empire's existence."<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reportage">Reportage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_in_popular_culture" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Daily_Tribune_-_8_August_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Chicago_Daily_Tribune_-_8_August_1945.png/220px-Chicago_Daily_Tribune_-_8_August_1945.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Chicago_Daily_Tribune_-_8_August_1945.png/330px-Chicago_Daily_Tribune_-_8_August_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/Chicago_Daily_Tribune_-_8_August_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>The front page of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a> dated 8 August 1945. The cartoon refers back to the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor Attack</a> to rationalize the American atomic bombing.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm/220px-seek%3D356-342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="913" data-mwtitle="342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11075_Physical_Damage-Hiroshima.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946, by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._McGovern" title="Daniel A. McGovern">Daniel A. McGovern</a> and Harry Mimura</figcaption></figure> On 10 August 1945, the day after the Nagasaki bombing, military photographer <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Yamahata" title="Yōsuke Yamahata">Yōsuke Yamahata</a>, correspondent Higashi, and artist Yamada arrived in the city with instructions to record the destruction for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> purposes. Yamahata took scores of photographs, and on 21 August, they appeared in <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Shimbun</a>, a popular Japanese newspaper. After Japan's surrender and the arrival of American forces, copies of his photographs were seized amid the ensuing censorship, but some records have survived.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Leslie Nakashima, a former <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press</a> (UP) journalist, filed the first personal account of the scene to appear in American newspapers. He observed that large numbers of survivors continued to die from what later became recognized as radiation poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-Blume,_pp._25–26-245">[245]</a> On 31 August, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published an abbreviated version of his 27 August UP article. Nearly all references to uranium poisoning were omitted. An editor's note was added to say that, according to American scientists, "the atomic bomb will not have any lingering after-effects."<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blume,_pp._25–26-245">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICRC-Archives_Bilfinger-HiroshimaTelegram-hor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ICRC-Archives_Bilfinger-HiroshimaTelegram-hor.jpg/220px-ICRC-Archives_Bilfinger-HiroshimaTelegram-hor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ICRC-Archives_Bilfinger-HiroshimaTelegram-hor.jpg/330px-ICRC-Archives_Bilfinger-HiroshimaTelegram-hor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ICRC-Archives_Bilfinger-HiroshimaTelegram-hor.jpg/440px-ICRC-Archives_Bilfinger-HiroshimaTelegram-hor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="4411" /></a><figcaption>A telegram sent by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Bilfinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Bilfinger (page does not exist)">Fritz Bilfinger</a>, delegate of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC), on 30 August 1945 from Hiroshima</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Burchett" title="Wilfred Burchett">Wilfred Burchett</a> was also one of the first Western journalists to visit Hiroshima after the bombing. He arrived alone by train from Tokyo on 2 September, defying the traveling ban put in place on Western correspondents.<a href="#cite_note-Blume,_pp._26–27-247">[247]</a> Burchett's dispatch, "The Atomic Plague", was printed by the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> newspaper in London on 5 September 1945. The reports from Nakashima and Burchett informed the public for the first time of the gruesome effects of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a>—<a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">radiation burns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">radiation poisoning</a>, sometimes lasting more than thirty days after the blast.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchett200410–25-249">[249]</a> Burchett especially noted that people were dying "horribly" after bleeding from orifices, and their flesh would rot away from the injection holes where vitamin A was administered, to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-Blume,_pp._26–27-247">[247]</a> The New York Times then apparently reversed course and ran a front-page story by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lawrence_(news_personality)" title="Bill Lawrence (news personality)">Bill Lawrence</a> confirming the existence of a terrifying affliction in Hiroshima, where many had symptoms such as hair loss and vomiting blood before dying.<a href="#cite_note-Blume,_pp._26–27-247">[247]</a> Lawrence had gained access to the city as part of a press junket promoting the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Air Force">U.S. Army Air Force</a>. Some reporters were horrified by the scene, however, referring to what they saw as a "death laboratory" littered with "human guinea pigs". General MacArthur found the reporting to have turned from good PR into bad PR and threatened to court martial the entire group. He withdrew Burchett's press accreditation and expelled the journalist from the occupation zones.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The authorities also accused him of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda and later suppressed another story, on the Nagasaki bombing, by <a href="/wiki/George_Weller" title="George Weller">George Weller</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News" title="Chicago Daily News">Chicago Daily News</a>. Less than a week after his New York Times story was published, Lawrence also backtracked and dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blume,_pp._26–27-247">[247]</a> A member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey" title="United States Strategic Bombing Survey">United States Strategic Bombing Survey</a>, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._McGovern" title="Daniel A. McGovern">Daniel A. McGovern</a>, arrived in September 1945 to document the effects of the bombing of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-252">[252]</a> He used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946. The film crew shot 27,000 m (90,000 ft) of film, resulting in a three-hour documentary titled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The documentary included images from hospitals, burned-out buildings and cars, and rows of skulls and bones on the ground. It was classified "secret" for the next 22 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199573-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greg_Mitchell-254">[254]</a> Motion picture company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Eigasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Eigasha (page does not exist)">Nippon Eigasha</a> started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945. On 24 October 1945, a <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">U.S. military policeman</a> stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki. All Nippon Eigasha's reels were confiscated by the American authorities, but they were requested by the Japanese government, and declassified.<a href="#cite_note-Greg_Mitchell-254">[254]</a> The public release of film footage of the city post-attack, and some research about the effects of the attack, was restricted during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshikawaSwain19815-255">[255]</a> but the Hiroshima-based magazine, Chugoku Bunka, in its first issue published on 10 March 1946, devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> The book <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_(book)" title="Hiroshima (book)">Hiroshima</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> and originally published in article form in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-257">[257]</a> is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2000434–452-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Yorker_2010-260">[260]</a> It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to, and months after, the dropping of the Little Boy bomb.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-257">[257]</a> Beginning in 1974, a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled, with completion in 1977, and under both book and exhibition format, it was titled The Unforgettable Fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJapanese_Broadcasting_Corporation_(NHK)19771-261">[261]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm/220px-seek%3D330-342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1049" data-mwtitle="342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm/342-usaf-11080_Hiroshima-Blast_Effects.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946. Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern (director) and Harry Mimura (cameraman) for a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic bombing survey">United States Strategic Bombing Survey</a> project.</figcaption></figure> The bombing amazed <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> and other German atomic scientists, whom the British held at Farm Hall in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsilon" title="Operation Epsilon">Operation Epsilon</a>. Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon "would be possible for another twenty years"; <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> did not believe the news at first. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> said "I think it's dreadful of the Americans to have done it. I think it is madness on their part", but Heisenberg replied, "One could equally well say 'That's the quickest way of ending the war'". Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing "such an inhumane weapon"; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wirtz" title="Karl Wirtz">Karl Wirtz</a> observed that even if it had, "we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world, and then they would have dropped them on us".<a href="#cite_note-farmhall-262">[262]</a> Hahn told the others, "Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean".<a href="#cite_note-farmhall-262">[262]</a> The Vatican agreed; <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a> expressed regret that the bomb's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-ap19450807-263">[263]</a> Rev. <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Thicknesse" title="Cuthbert Thicknesse">Cuthbert Thicknesse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_St_Albans" title="Dean of St Albans">dean of St Albans</a>, prohibited using <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey">St Albans Abbey</a> for a thanksgiving service for the war's end, calling the use of atomic weapons "an act of wholesale, indiscriminate massacre".<a href="#cite_note-guardian19450815-264">[264]</a> Nonetheless, news of the atomic bombing was greeted more positively in the U.S.; a poll in <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune magazine</a> in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans (23 percent) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHixson2002239-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite19951–8-266">[266]</a> The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public (mainly the powerful images of the <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHixson2002239-265">[265]</a> During this time in America, it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films, magazines, and newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinSelden199725–26-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-attack_casualties">Post-attack casualties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_data_for_low-linear_energy_transfer_radiation" title="Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation">Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome#History" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Acute radiation syndrome § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_(book)" title="Hiroshima (book)">Hiroshima (book)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terufumi_Sasaki" title="Terufumi Sasaki">Terufumi Sasaki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/220px-seek%3D152-342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="536" data-mwtitle="342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm/342-usaf-11034_Medical_Aspects-Hiroshima.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and <a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">keloid</a> scars. Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash, to document and convey the <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight</a> nature of <a href="/wiki/Flash_burn" title="Flash burn">flash burns</a>, and to show that, much like a <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>, thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases. The sometimes extensive <a href="/wiki/Burn_scar_contracture" title="Burn scar contracture">burn scar contracture</a> is not unusual, being common to all <a href="/wiki/Burn#Signs_and_symptoms" title="Burn">second- and third-degree burns</a> when they cover a large area of skin. </figcaption></figure> An estimated 90,000 to 166,000 people in Hiroshima (between 26 and 49 percent of its population) and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki (between 22 and 32 percent of its population) died in 1945, of which a majority in each case were killed on the days of the bombings, due to the force and heat of the blasts themselves. Nearly all of the remainder of victims died within two to four months, due to radiation exposure and resulting complications.<a href="#cite_note-rerf-deaths-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[150]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Bomb_Casualty_Commission" title="Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission">Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission</a> (ABCC) report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki, who were largely within 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) of the <a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a>, who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by <a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute radiation syndrome</a> (ARS), all within about 20 to 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Many people not injured by the blast eventually died within that timeframe as well after suffering from ARS. At the time, the doctors had no idea what the cause was and were unable to effectively treat the condition.<a href="#cite_note-Blume,_pp._26–27-247">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Midori_Naka" title="Midori Naka">Midori Naka</a> was the first death officially certified to be the result of radiation poisoning or, as it was referred to by many, the "atomic bomb disease". She was some 650 meters (2,130 ft) from the hypocenter at Hiroshima and would die on 24 August 1945 after traveling to Tokyo. It was unappreciated at the time but the average radiation dose that would kill approximately 50 percent of adults (the <a href="/wiki/LD50" class="mw-redirect" title="LD50">LD50</a>) was approximately halved; that is, smaller doses were made more lethal when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn <a href="/wiki/Polytrauma" title="Polytrauma">polytraumatic</a> injuries.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Conventional skin injuries that cover a large area frequently result in bacterial infection; the risk of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> and death is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose moderately <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_infections_after_exposure_to_ionizing_radiation" title="Treatment of infections after exposure to ionizing radiation">suppresses the white blood cell count</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> In the spring of 1948, the ABCC was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>–<a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In 1956, the ABCC published The Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> The ABCC became the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Effects_Research_Foundation" title="Radiation Effects Research Foundation">Radiation Effects Research Foundation</a> (RERF) on 1 April 1975. A binational organization run by both the United States and Japan, the RERF is still in operation today.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_increases">Cancer increases</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation</a>; instead, radiation-induced cancer has a minimum <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">latency period</a> of some five years and above, and <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> some two years and above, peaking around six to eight years later.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Jarrett Foley published the first major reports on the significant increased incidence of the latter among survivors. Almost all cases of leukemia over the following 50 years were in people exposed to more than 1<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Linear_no-threshold_model" title="Linear no-threshold model">strictly dependent manner dependent on their distance from the hypocenter</a>, in the 1987 Life Span Study, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Effects_Research_Foundation" title="Radiation Effects Research Foundation">Radiation Effects Research Foundation</a>, a statistical excess of 507 cancers, of undefined lethality, were observed in 79,972 hibakusha who had still been living between 1958 and 1987 and who took part in the study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonAbrahamson1998101-277">[277]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> study continues with time, the RERF estimates that, from 1950 to 2000, 46 percent of leukemia deaths which may include <a href="/wiki/Sadako_Sasaki" title="Sadako Sasaki">Sadako Sasaki</a> and 11 percent of <a href="/wiki/Solid_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid cancer">solid cancers</a> of unspecified lethality were likely due to radiation from the bombs or some other post-attack city effects, with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality. Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors, strictly those who took part in the study.<a href="#cite_note-rerf-cancers-278">[278]</a> A meta-analysis from 2016 found that radiation exposure increases cancer risk, but also that the average lifespan of survivors was reduced by only a few months compared to those not exposed to radiation.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_defect_investigations">Birth defect investigations</h3></div> While during the preimplantation period, that is one to ten days following <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">conception</a>, intrauterine radiation exposure of "at least 0.2 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a>" can cause complications of implantation and death of the <a href="/wiki/Human_embryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryo">human embryo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a> caused by the radiation from the bombings, during this <a href="/wiki/Radiosensitivity" title="Radiosensitivity">radiosensitive</a> period, is not known. One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and in a <a href="/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable" title="Controlling for a variable">control</a> city, <a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure</a>, located 29 km (18 mi) south of Hiroshima, to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a> led the study which found that the overall number of <a href="/wiki/Birth_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth defects">birth defects</a> was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later.<a href="#cite_note-USA-283">[283]</a> While the National Academy of Sciences raised the possibility that Neel's procedure did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure which could bias the results,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2008143-284">[284]</a> overall, a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistically insignificant</a> increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima when the cities were taken as wholes, in terms of distance from the hypocenters. However, Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">gestational age</a> at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) of the hypocenter, an increase in <a href="/wiki/Microencephaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Microencephaly">microencephaly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anencephaly" title="Anencephaly">anencephaly</a> was observed upon birth, with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly three times what was to be expected when compared to the <a href="/wiki/Control_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Control group">control group</a> in Kure.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> geneticist <a href="/wiki/James_F._Crow" title="James F. Crow">James F. Crow</a> examined Neel's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrimskyShorett2005118-286">[286]</a> Many members of the ABCC and its successor <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Effects_Research_Foundation" title="Radiation Effects Research Foundation">Radiation Effects Research Foundation</a> (RERF) were still looking for possible birth defects among the survivors decades later, but found no evidence that they were significantly common among the survivors or <a href="/wiki/Heritable_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritable trait">inherited</a> in the children of survivors.<a href="#cite_note-USA-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigations_into_brain_development">Investigations into brain development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cognitive_decline" title="Radiation-induced cognitive decline">Radiation-induced cognitive decline</a></div> Despite the small sample size of 1,600 to 1,800 persons who came forth as <a href="/wiki/Prenatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal">prenatally</a> exposed at the time of the bombings, that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters, to survive the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a> absorption of a substantial dose of radiation and then the <a href="/wiki/Malnourished" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnourished">malnourished</a> post-attack environment, data from this cohort do support the increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Severe_mental_retardation" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe mental retardation">severe mental retardation</a> (SMR), that was observed in some 30 individuals, with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly. While a lack of statistical data, with just 30 individuals out of 1,800, prevents a definitive determination of a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_model#Toxicology" title="Threshold model">threshold point</a>, the data collected suggests a threshold intrauterine or fetal dose for SMR, at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development, when there is the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Undifferentiated_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Undifferentiated cell">undifferentiated</a> neural cells (8 to 15 weeks post-conception) <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">to begin at a threshold dose</a> of approximately "0.09" to "0.15" <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">Gy</a>, with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43-percent rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> However either side of this radiosensitive age, none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age less than 8 weeks, that is prior to <a href="/wiki/Synaptogenesis" title="Synaptogenesis">synaptogenesis</a> or at a gestational age more than 26 weeks "were observed to be mentally retarded", with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8–26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately "0.09" to "0.15" Gy of prompt radiation energy.<a href="#cite_note-auto-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-290">[290]</a> Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records, determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both, when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 gray, during the same gestational period of 8–25 weeks. However outside this period, at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception, "there is no evidence of a radiation-related effect on scholastic performance."<a href="#cite_note-auto-288">[288]</a> The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy in units of <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">grays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rad_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rad (unit)">rads</a> – rather than the biologically significant, biologically weighted <a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a> in both the SMR and cognitive performance data – is typical.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-290">[290]</a> The reported threshold dose variance between the two cities is suggested to be a manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy#LET" title="Fast neutron therapy">difference between X-ray and neutron absorption</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> emitting substantially more <a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">neutron flux</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man#Assembly" title="Fat Man">Baratol</a> that surrounded the core of <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> filtered or shifted the absorbed neutron-radiation profile, so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki was mostly that from exposure to X-rays/gamma rays. Contrast this to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima, where the in-utero dose depended more on the absorption of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> which have a <a href="/wiki/Relative_biological_effectiveness#Adoption_of_weighting_factors" title="Relative biological effectiveness">higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_dose_reconstruction" title="Radiation dose reconstruction">radiation dose reconstruction</a> work, the estimated <a href="/wiki/Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">dosimetry</a> at Hiroshima still has the largest uncertainty as the Little Boy bomb design was never tested before deployment or afterward; as such, the estimated radiation profile absorbed by individuals at Hiroshima had required greater reliance on calculations than the Japanese soil, concrete and roof-tile measurements which began to reach accurate levels and thereby inform researchers, in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes, such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> as a result of prenatal exposure, have been conducted with "no statistically significant linear relationship seen". There is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed, those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters, a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR, though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hibakusha">Hibakusha</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">Hibakusha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanno_torii_boxed_in_red.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sanno_torii_boxed_in_red.jpg/220px-Sanno_torii_boxed_in_red.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sanno_torii_boxed_in_red.jpg/330px-Sanno_torii_boxed_in_red.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sanno_torii_boxed_in_red.jpg/440px-Sanno_torii_boxed_in_red.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">Torii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, Japan. One-legged torii in the background</figcaption></figure> The survivors of the bombings are called <a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">hibakusha</a> (被爆者, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[çibaꜜkɯ̥ɕa]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[çibakɯ̥ꜜɕa]</a>), a Japanese word that translates to "explosion-affected people". The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha. As of 31 March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&action=edit">[update]</a>, 106,825 were still alive, mostly in Japan,<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> The government of Japan recognizes about one percent of these as having illnesses caused by radiation.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, as of August 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&action=edit">[update]</a>, the memorials record the names of more than 540,000 hibakusha; 344,306 in Hiroshima<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> and 198,785 in Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> If they discuss their background, hibakusha and their children were (and still are) victims of fear-based <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> and exclusion for marriage or work<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Radiophobia" title="Radiophobia">public ignorance</a>; much of the public persist with the belief that the hibakusha carry some hereditary or even contagious disease.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects/congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of the nuclear weapons used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or has been found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that could conceive, who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> A study of the long-term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17–20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somatization" title="Somatization">somatization</a> symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamadaIzumi2002409–415-308">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_survivors">Double survivors</h3></div> Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki. The 2006 documentary Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha (lit. double explosion-affected people), nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities.<a href="#cite_note-Twice-309">[309]</a> On 24 March 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Yamaguchi" title="Tsutomu Yamaguchi">Tsutomu Yamaguchi</a> as a double hibakusha. He was confirmed to be 3 km (1.9 mi) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on 8 August, the day before the bombing, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> He died in 2010 of stomach cancer.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_survivors">Korean survivors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan</a></div> During the war, Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes#Forced_labor" title="Japanese war crimes">forced labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007111-312">[312]</a> About 5,000–8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and 1,500–2,000 in Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors, a situation which resulted in the denial of free health benefits to them in Japan. Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiroshima_2">Hiroshima</h3></div> Hiroshima was subsequently struck by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Ida_(1945)" title="Typhoon Ida (1945)">Typhoon Ida</a> on 17 September 1945. More than half the bridges were destroyed, and the roads and railroads were damaged, further devastating the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshikawaSwain19816-315">[315]</a> The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946.<a href="#cite_note-After_the_Bomb-316">[316]</a> The city was rebuilt after the war, with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949. It provided financial assistance for reconstruction, along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> In 1949, a design was selected for the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Park" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park</a>. Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall, the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation, was designated the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial">Hiroshima Peace Memorial</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a> was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Hiroshima also contains a <a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda" title="Peace Pagoda">Peace Pagoda</a>, built in 1966 by <a href="/wiki/Nipponzan-My%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dji-Daisanga" title="Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga">Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> On 27 January 1981, the Atomic Bombing Relic Selecting Committee of Hiroshima announced to build commemorative plaques at nine historical sites related to the bombing in the year. <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial">Genbaku Dome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shima_Hospital" title="Shima Hospital">Shima Hospital</a> (hypocenter), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motoyasu_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motoyasu Bridge (page does not exist)">Motoyasu Bridge</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AE%89%E6%A9%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:元安橋">ja</a>] all unveiled plaques with historical photographs and descriptions. The rest sites planned including Hondō Shopping Street, Motomachi No.2 Army Hospital site, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiroshima_Red_Cross_Hospital_%26_Atomic-bomb_Survivors_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital (page does not exist)">Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E8%B5%A4%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E3%83%BB%E5%8E%9F%E7%88%86%E7%97%85%E9%99%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:広島赤十字・原爆病院">ja</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fukuromachi_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fukuromachi Elementary School (page does not exist)">Fukuromachi Elementary School</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E5%B8%82%E7%AB%8B%E8%A2%8B%E7%94%BA%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:広島市立袋町小学校">ja</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiroshima_City_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiroshima City Hall (page does not exist)">Hiroshima City Hall</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E5%B8%82%E5%BD%B9%E6%89%80" class="extiw" title="ja:広島市役所">ja</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Station" title="Hiroshima Station">Hiroshima Station</a>. The committee also planned to establish 30 commemorative plaques in three years.<a href="#cite_note-hpm198101-320">[320]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The Genbaku Dome can be seen in the center left of the image, the Motoyasu Bridge can be seen in the right of the image. The original target for the bomb was the T-shaped Aioi Bridge seen in the left of the image."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg/1000px-HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg/1500px-HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg/2000px-HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5225" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg" title="File:HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The <a href="/wiki/Genbaku_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Genbaku Dome">Genbaku Dome</a> can be seen in the center left of the image, the Motoyasu Bridge can be seen in the right of the image. The original target for the bomb was the T-shaped <a href="/wiki/Aioi_Bridge" title="Aioi Bridge">Aioi Bridge</a> seen in the left of the image.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagasaki_2">Nagasaki</h3></div> Nagasaki was rebuilt and dramatically changed form after the war. The pace of reconstruction was initially slow, and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949.<a href="#cite_note-After_the_Bomb-316">[316]</a> New temples were built, as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity. The <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Atomic_Bomb_Museum" title="Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum">Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum</a> opened in the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a <a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sann%C5%8D_Shrine" title="Sannō Shrine">Sannō Shrine</a>, and an arch near ground zero. In 2013, four locations were designated <a href="/wiki/List_of_Registered_Monuments_(Japan)" title="List of Registered Monuments (Japan)">Registered Monuments</a> to provide legal protection against future development. These four sites, together with "ground zero" (the hypocenter of the atomic bomb explosion) were collectively designated a <a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan" title="Monuments of Japan">National Historic Site</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Bunka1-322">[322]</a> These sites include: <ul><li>former Nagasaki City Shiroyama Elementary School (旧城山国民学校校舎). There were no children in the school building at the time as the building was being used for the payroll department of the Mitsubishi Arms Factory, but 138 of the 158 people inside, mostly civilian payroll staff, died.</li> <li>former Urakami Cathedral Belfry (浦上天主堂旧鐘楼). The cathedral was located close to the hypocenter and completely destroyed. At the time, it was crowded with worshippers for confession as the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was approaching on 15 August. All were killed.</li> <li>former Nagasaki Medical University gate (旧長崎医科大学門柱). The school building and facilities were destroyed by the atomic bomb. Over 850 people, including faculty, staff, students, and nurses, were killed.</li> <li>Sannō shrine second torii gate (山王神社二の鳥居).</li></ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:NagasakiHypocentre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter, or ground zero, of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki"><img alt="A rectangular column rises above a dark stone base with Japanese writing on it. It sits atop a grass mound which is surrounded by alternating circles of stone path and grass. There is a wall around the whole monument, and bushes beyond." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NagasakiHypocentre.jpg/1000px-NagasakiHypocentre.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NagasakiHypocentre.jpg/1500px-NagasakiHypocentre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NagasakiHypocentre.jpg/2000px-NagasakiHypocentre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NagasakiHypocentre.jpg" title="File:NagasakiHypocentre.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter, or ground zero, of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_over_bombings">Debate over bombings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> The role of the bombings in <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender</a>, and the ethical, legal, and military controversies surrounding the United States' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2005334-323">[323]</a> On one hand, it has been argued that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender, thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741–44-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200223–24-324">[324]</a> Stimson talked of saving one million casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeldenSelden1990xxx–xxxi-325">[325]</a> The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion, but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199097–114-326">[326]</a> However, critics of the bombings have asserted that atomic weapons are fundamentally immoral, that the bombings were <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, and that they constituted <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStohl1979279-327">[327]</a> The Japanese may have surrendered without the bombings, but only an unconditional surrender would satisfy the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> Others, such as historian <a href="/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Hasegawa" title="Tsuyoshi Hasegawa">Tsuyoshi Hasegawa</a>, argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan "played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow's mediation".<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> A view among critics of the bombings, popularized by American historian <a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a> in 1965, is that the United States used nuclear weapons to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. James Orr wrote that this idea became the accepted position in Japan and that it may have played some part in the decision-making of the US government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr2008521–529-331">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_considerations">Legal considerations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombardment_and_international_law" title="Aerial bombardment and international law">Aerial bombardment and international law</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a>, which address the codes of wartime conduct on land and at sea, were adopted before the rise of air power. Despite repeated diplomatic attempts to update <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> to include <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a>, it was not updated before World War II. The absence of specific international humanitarian law did not mean aerial warfare was not covered under the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>, but rather that there was no general agreement of how to interpret those laws.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> This means that aerial bombardment of civilian areas in enemy territory by all major belligerents during World War II was not prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Positive_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive international law">positive</a> or specific <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary</a> international humanitarian law.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> In 1963 the bombings were subjected to judicial review in <a href="/wiki/Ryuichi_Shimoda_v._The_State" title="Ryuichi Shimoda v. The State">Ryuichi Shimoda v. The State</a>. The District Court of Tokyo ruled the use of nuclear weapons in warfare was not illegal,<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-DWAD-335">[335]</a> but held in its <a href="/wiki/Obiter_dictum" title="Obiter dictum">obiter dictum</a><a href="#cite_note-DWAD-335">[335]</a> that the atomic bombings of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were illegal under international law of that time, as an indiscriminate bombardment of undefended cities. The court denied the appellants compensation on the grounds that the Japanese government had waived the right for reparations from the U.S. government under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a></div> By 30 June 1946, there were components for nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal, all Fat Man devices identical to the one used at Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg2017266–267-337">[337]</a> The nuclear weapons were handmade devices, and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly, safety, reliability and storage before they were ready for production. There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended, but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1995212–213-338">[338]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleet_admiral_(United_States)" title="Fleet admiral (United States)">Fleet Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">William D. Leahy</a>, decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting "an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages",<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> but in October 1947 he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg2017267-340">[340]</a> The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg2017267-340">[340]</a> The United States responded with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>, a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg2017291-341">[341]</a> Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small <a href="/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical nuclear weapons">tactical nuclear weapons</a>. By 1986, the United States had 23,317 nuclear weapons and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had 40,159. In early 2019, more than 90% of the world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by the United States and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> By 2020, <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nine nations had nuclear weapons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> but Japan was not one of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg2017269-345">[345]</a> Japan reluctantly signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> in February 1970,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuester1970765-346">[346]</a> but is still sheltered under the American <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_umbrella" title="Nuclear umbrella">nuclear umbrella</a>. American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa, and sometimes in Japan itself, albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg201780–82-347">[347]</a> Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, a policy that became known in the 1950s as the <a href="/wiki/New_Look_(policy)" title="New Look (policy)">New Look</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettHoll1989272-348">[348]</a> In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States would threaten many times to use its nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg2017319–322-349">[349]</a> On 7 July 2017, more than 120 countries voted to adopt the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>. Elayne Whyte Gómez, president of the UN negotiations, said, "the world has been waiting for this legal norm for 70 years".<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&action=edit">[update]</a>, Japan has not signed the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAsada2007" class="citation book cs1">Asada, Sadao (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BNXiMhnxjo8C&dq=battle+of+the+bulge+leslie+groves&pg=PA228">Culture Shock and Japanese-American Relations: Historical Essays</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07L.htm">the original</a> on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+%232+%E2%80%93+the+509th%3B+The+Hiroshima+Mission&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FHISTORY%2FH-07L.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012462-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012462_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDietzVan_Kirk2012">Dietz & Van Kirk 2012</a>, p. 462. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012467-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012467_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDietzVan_Kirk2012">Dietz & Van Kirk 2012</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisTolzer195772-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisTolzer195772_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewisTolzer1957">Lewis & Tolzer 1957</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-133"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501233757/http://mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07L1.htm">"Timeline #2- the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission"</a>. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07L1.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+%232-+the+509th%3B+The+Hiroshima+Mission&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FHISTORY%2FH-07L1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen" class="citation news cs1">Rosen, Rebecca J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/rare-photo-of-the-mushroom-cloud-over-hiroshima-discovered-in-a-former-japanese-elementary-school/267042/">"Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Rare+Photo+of+the+Mushroom+Cloud+Over+Hiroshima+Discovered+in+a+Former+Japanese+Elementary+School&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2013%2F01%2Frare-photo-of-the-mushroom-cloud-over-hiroshima-discovered-in-a-former-japanese-elementary-school%2F267042%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977391–392-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977391–392_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, pp. 391–392. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977414-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977414_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, p. 414. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977415-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977415_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19692566-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19692566_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen1969">Allen 1969</a>, p. 2566. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_139-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerr_et_al2005">Kerr et al 2005</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Malik-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Malik_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1985" class="citation web cs1">Malik, John (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/manhattan-project-history/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf">"The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions"</a> (PDF). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 9 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yields+of+the+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+Explosions&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1985-09&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fmanhattan-project-history%2Fpublications%2FLANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"> describes how various values were recorded for the B-29's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima. The strike report said 9,200 meters (30,200 ft), the official history said 9,600 meters (31,600 ft), Parson's log entry was 10,000 meters (32,700 ft), and the navigator's log was 9,470 meters (31,060 ft)—the latter possibly an error transposing two digits. A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 9,800 meters (32,200 ft). Similarly, several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation. Published sources vary in the range of 550 to 610 m (1,800 to 2,000 ft) above the city. The device was set to explode at 575 m (1,885 ft), but this was approximate. Malik uses the figure of 580 m (1,903 ft) plus or minus 15 m (50 ft), determined after data review by <a href="#CITEREFHubbell_et_al1969">Hubbell et al 1969</a>. Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned. Kerr et al. (2005) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m (1,968.5 ft), plus or minus 20 m (65.6 ft), gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624065430/http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima.htm">"The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, Aug 6, 1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima.htm">the original</a> on 24 June 2010. 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The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/little_boy.htm">the original</a> on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bomb-%22Little+Boy%22&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FHISTORY%2Flittle_boy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._McRaneyJ._McGahan1980" class="citation book cs1">W. McRaney; J. McGahan (6 August 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060624185903/http://www.dtra.mil/toolbox/directorates/td/programs/nuclear_personnel/docs/DNATR805512F.pdf">Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, 1945–1946 (DNA 5512F)</a> (PDF). Defense Nuclear Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtra.mil/toolbox/directorates/td/programs/nuclear_personnel/docs/DNATR805512F.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 June 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2006 – via Defense Threat Reduction Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+Dose+Reconstruction+U.S.+Occupation+Forces+in+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%2C+Japan%2C+1945%E2%80%931946+%28DNA+5512F%29&rft.pub=Defense+Nuclear+Agency&rft.date=1980-08-06&rft.au=W.+McRaney&rft.au=J.+McGahan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtra.mil%2Ftoolbox%2Fdirectorates%2Ftd%2Fprograms%2Fnuclear_personnel%2Fdocs%2FDNATR805512F.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian19450808-145"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian19450808_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,,127716,00.html">"Super-fortress crew tell their story"</a>. The Guardian. 8 August 1945. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Super-fortress+crew+tell+their+story&rft.date=1945-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcentury%2F1940-1949%2FStory%2F0%2C%2C127716%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999264–265-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999264–265_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, pp. 264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersey1946" class="citation book cs1">Hersey, John (1946). Hiroshima. 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Retrieved 7 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=New+group+sets+2030+deadline+for+Japan+to+join+nuke+ban+treaty&rft.date=2024-04-21&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Yosuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2F15240368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1969" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Louis (1969). "The Nuclear Raids". In <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Hart, Basil Liddell</a> (ed.). History of the Second World War. Vol. 6. 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Mankato, Minnesota: The Creative Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58341-545-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58341-545-0"><bdi>978-1-58341-545-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bombing+of+Hiroshima+%26+Nagasaki&rft.place=Mankato%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=The+Creative+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58341-545-0&rft.aulast=Bodden&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooksStanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Risa; Stanley, Elizabeth A. (2007). Creating Military Power: the Sources of Military Effectiveness. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5399-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-5399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Military+Power%3A+the+Sources+of+Military+Effectiveness&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5399-9&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Risa&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBungei1981" class="citation book cs1">Bungei, Shunjū Senshi Kenkyūkai (1981). The Day Man Lost: Hiroshima. Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-471-7"><bdi>978-0-87011-471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+Man+Lost%3A+Hiroshima&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87011-471-7&rft.aulast=Bungei&rft.aufirst=Shunj%C5%AB+Senshi+Kenky%C5%ABkai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchett2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Burchett" title="Wilfred Burchett">Burchett, Wilfred</a> (2004). "The Atomic Plague". In <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">Pilger, John</a> (ed.). Tell me No Lies. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 10–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06288-6"><bdi>978-0-224-06288-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61395938">61395938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Atomic+Plague&rft.btitle=Tell+me+No+Lies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61395938&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06288-6&rft.aulast=Burchett&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Richard H. 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Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2139-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-2139-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58554961">58554961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silverplate+Bombers%3A+A+History+and+Registry+of+the+Enola+Gay+and+Other+B-29s+Configured+to+Carry+Atomic+Bombs&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58554961&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2139-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, James (2007). House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-87201-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-87201-5"><bdi>978-0-618-87201-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+of+War%3A+The+Pentagon+and+the+Disastrous+Rise+of+American+Power&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-87201-5&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristman1998" class="citation book cs1">Christman, Albert B. (1998). Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-120-2"><bdi>978-1-55750-120-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38257982">38257982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Target+Hiroshima%3A+Deak+Parsons+and+the+Creation+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38257982&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-120-2&rft.aulast=Christman&rft.aufirst=Albert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChun2008" class="citation book cs1">Chun, Clayton K. 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Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-284-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-284-4"><bdi>978-1-84603-284-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191922849">191922849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%2C+1945%3A+From+Operation+Downfall+to+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191922849&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-284-4&rft.aulast=Chun&rft.aufirst=Clayton+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton1956" class="citation book cs1">Compton, Arthur (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomicquestperso0000comp">Atomic Quest</a>. 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Lawrenceville, Georgia: Red Gremlin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-01676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-01676-3"><bdi>978-0-692-01676-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797975707">797975707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+true+course%3A+Dutch+Van+Kirk%2C+Northumberland+to+Hiroshima&rft.place=Lawrenceville%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Red+Gremlin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797975707&rft.isbn=978-0-692-01676-3&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Simon&rft.au=Van+Kirk%2C+Theodore+Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDower1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. 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Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0504-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0504-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-0504-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23651196">23651196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacArthur%27s+ULTRA%3A+Codebreaking+and+the+War+Against+Japan%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23651196&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0504-0&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacarthursultra00drea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1996" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Pail N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/closedworldcompu00edwa">The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-55028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-55028-4"><bdi>978-0-262-55028-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/807140394">807140394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Closed+World%3A+Computers+and+the+Politics+of+Discourse+in+Cold+War+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807140394&rft.isbn=978-0-262-55028-4&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Pail+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclosedworldcompu00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsberg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Ellsberg, Daniel</a> (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. New York; London: Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-670-8"><bdi>978-1-60819-670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/968158870">968158870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doomsday+Machine%3A+Confessions+of+a+Nuclear+War+Planner&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F968158870&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-670-8&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiévéWaley2003" class="citation book cs1">Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. London: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1409-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-1409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Capitals+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Place%2C+Power+and+Memory+in+Kyoto%2C+Edo+and+Tokyo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1409-4&rft.aulast=Fi%C3%A9v%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Waley%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Frank, Richard B.</a> (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41424-7"><bdi>978-0-679-41424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downfall%3A+The+End+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41424-7&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujiwara1991" class="citation book cs1">Fujiwara, Akira (1991). Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō "dokuhakuroku". Tōkyō: Ōtsuki Shoten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-272-52022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-272-52022-0"><bdi>978-4-272-52022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tettei+kensh%C5%8D+Sh%C5%8Dwa+Tenn%C5%8D+%22dokuhakuroku%22&rft.place=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D&rft.pub=%C5%8Ctsuki+Shoten&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-4-272-52022-0&rft.aulast=Fujiwara&rft.aufirst=Akira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiangreco2009" class="citation book cs1">Giangreco, D.M. (2009). Hell to Pay: Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945–1947. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-316-1"><bdi>978-1-59114-316-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643381863">643381863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+to+Pay%3A+Operation+Downfall+and+the+Invasion+of+Japan+1945%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643381863&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-316-1&rft.aulast=Giangreco&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasstoneDolan1977" class="citation book cs1">Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/">The Effects of Nuclear Weapons</a>. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977enw..book.....G">1977enw..book.....G</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4016678">4016678</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense+and+the+Energy+Research+and+Development+Administration&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4016678&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977enw..book.....G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourmilab.ch%2Fetexts%2Fwww%2Feffects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinDillonWenger1995" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Donald; Dillon, Katherine V; Wenger, J Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rainofruinphotog00gold">Rain of Ruin: a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-033-5"><bdi>978-1-57488-033-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31969557">31969557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain+of+Ruin%3A+a+Photographic+History+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31969557&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-033-5&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V&rft.au=Wenger%2C+J+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frainofruinphotog00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowing1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gowing" title="Margaret Gowing">Gowing, Margaret</a> (1964). Britain and Atomic Energy, 1935–1945. London: Macmillan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3195209">3195209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Atomic+Energy%2C+1935%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3195209&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Groves, Leslie</a> (1983) [1962]. Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80189-1"><bdi>978-0-306-80189-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932666584">932666584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+it+Can+be+Told%3A+The+Story+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932666584&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80189-1&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruhl2007" class="citation book cs1">Gruhl, Werner (2007). Imperial Japan's World War II, 1931–1945. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8"><bdi>978-0-7658-0352-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76871604">76871604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Japan%27s+World+War+II%2C+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76871604&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0352-8&rft.aulast=Gruhl&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunden1998" class="citation journal cs1">Grunden, Walter E. (1998). "Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb: Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth". Intelligence and National Security. 13 (2): 32–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684529808432475">10.1080/02684529808432475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=Hungnam+and+the+Japanese+atomic+bomb%3A+Recent+Historiography+of+a+Postwar+Myth&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684529808432475&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft.aulast=Grunden&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHam2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ham" title="Paul Ham">Ham, Paul</a> (2011). Hiroshima Nagasaki. Sydney: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8845-7"><bdi>978-0-7322-8845-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/746754306">746754306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+Nagasaki&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F746754306&rft.isbn=978-0-7322-8845-7&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasegawa2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Hasegawa" title="Tsuyoshi Hasegawa">Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racingenemystali00hase">Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01693-4"><bdi>978-0-674-01693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racing+the+Enemy%3A+Stalin%2C+Truman%2C+and+the+Surrender+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01693-4&rft.aulast=Hasegawa&rft.aufirst=Tsuyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracingenemystali00hase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinSelden1997" class="citation book cs1">Hein, Laura; Selden, Mark, eds. (1997). Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age. New York: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-967-9"><bdi>978-1-56324-967-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+with+the+Bomb%3A+American+and+Japanese+Cultural+Conflicts+in+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-967-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hewlett" title="Richard G. Hewlett">Hewlett, Richard G.</a>; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf">The New World, 1939–1946</a> (PDF). A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/493738019">493738019</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+World%2C+1939%E2%80%931946&rft.place=University+Park&rft.series=A+History+of+the+United+States+Atomic+Energy+Commission&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F493738019&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Oscar+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governmentattic.org%2F5docs%2FTheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlettHoll1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hewlett" title="Richard G. Hewlett">Hewlett, Richard G.</a>; Holl, Jack M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/misc/1989-Hewlett-Holl-AtomsforPeaceandWar.pdf">Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission</a> (PDF). A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06018-0"><bdi>978-0-520-06018-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/82275622">82275622</a>. Retrieved 31 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atoms+for+Peace+and+War%2C+1953%E2%80%931961%3A+Eisenhower+and+the+Atomic+Energy+Commission&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.series=A+History+of+the+United+States+Atomic+Energy+Commission&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F82275622&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06018-0&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Holl%2C+Jack+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nuclearsecrecy.com%2Fmisc%2F1989-Hewlett-Holl-AtomsforPeaceandWar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroshima_Peace_Culture_Foundation2003" class="citation book cs1">Eyewitness Testimonies: Appeals from the A-Bomb Survivors (3rd ed.). Hiroshima: Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation. 2003. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/853288543">853288543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+Testimonies%3A+Appeals+from+the+A-Bomb+Survivors&rft.place=Hiroshima&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hiroshima+Peace+Culture+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F853288543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHixson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hixson, Walter L. (2002). The American Experience in World War II: The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94035-1"><bdi>978-0-415-94035-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59464269">59464269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Experience+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Atomic+Bomb+in+History+and+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59464269&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94035-1&rft.aulast=Hixson&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hoddeson" title="Lillian Hoddeson">Hoddeson, Lillian</a>; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Westfall" title="Catherine Westfall">Westfall, Catherine L.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalassembly0000unse">Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44132-2"><bdi>978-0-521-44132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26764320">26764320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Assembly%3A+A+Technical+History+of+Los+Alamos+During+the+Oppenheimer+Years%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26764320&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44132-2&rft.aulast=Hoddeson&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Henriksen%2C+Paul+W.&rft.au=Meade%2C+Roger+A.&rft.au=Westfall%2C+Catherine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalassembly0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt2001" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanswargreatpa0000hoyt">Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1118-5"><bdi>978-0-8154-1118-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12722494">12722494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+War%3A+The+Great+Pacific+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12722494&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1118-5&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanswargreatpa0000hoyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbell_et_al1969" class="citation book cs1">Hubbell, Harry; Cheka, Joseph; Jones, Throyce (1969). The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs. Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values. Hiroshima: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/404745043">404745043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epicenters+of+the+Atomic+Bombs.+Reevaluation+of+All+Available+Physical+Data+With+Recommended+Values&rft.place=Hiroshima&rft.pub=Atomic+Bomb+Casualty+Commission&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F404745043&rft.aulast=Hubbell&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Cheka%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Jones%2C+Throyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshikawaSwain1981" class="citation book cs1">Ishikawa, Eisei; Swain, David L. (1981). Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02985-3"><bdi>978-0-465-02985-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/715904227">715904227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%3A+The+Physical%2C+Medical%2C+and+Social+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715904227&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02985-3&rft.aulast=Ishikawa&rft.aufirst=Eisei&rft.au=Swain%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJapanese_Broadcasting_Corporation_(NHK)1977" class="citation book cs1">Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/UnforgettableFireDrawingsByAtomicBombSurvivors1967">Unforgettable Fire: Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors</a>. New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-74823-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-74823-8"><bdi>978-0-394-74823-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unforgettable+Fire%3A+Pictures+Drawn+by+Atomic+Bomb+Survivors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-394-74823-8&rft.au=Japanese+Broadcasting+Corporation+%28NHK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FUnforgettableFireDrawingsByAtomicBombSurvivors1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Barbara Rose (2008). The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War: The Rongelap Report. Walnutt Creek: Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-346-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-346-3"><bdi>978-1-59874-346-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Consequential+Damages+of+Nuclear+War%3A+The+Rongelap+Report&rft.place=Walnutt+Creek&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59874-346-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. The United States Army in World War II: Special Studies. 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Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-354-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-354-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59395824">59395824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Army+1931%E2%80%9345%3A+2+1942%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59395824&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-354-5&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Jason M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18765610-01902004">"Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb?: Confusion in Postwar Historiography"</a>. Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 19 (2): 183–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18765610-01902004">10.1163/18765610-01902004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-3947">1058-3947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American-East+Asian+Relations&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Henry+Stimson+Spare+Kyoto+from+the+Bomb%3F%3A+Confusion+in+Postwar+Historiography&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18765610-01902004&rft.issn=1058-3947&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Jason+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F18765610-01902004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1991" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, E. 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Fine Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55611-301-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55611-301-7"><bdi>978-1-55611-301-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flames+Over+Tokyo%3A+the+US+Army+Air+Forces%27+Incendiary+Campaign+against+Japan+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Donald+I.+Fine+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55611-301-7&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=E.+Bartlett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflamesovertokyou00kerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr_et_al2005" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, George D.; Young, Robert W.; Cullings, Harry M.; Christy, Robert F. (2005). "Bomb Parameters". 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Tōkyō: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo_Press" title="University of Tokyo Press">Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-13-030012-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-13-030012-4"><bdi>978-4-13-030012-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959675458">959675458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%A8%E6%88%B6%E5%B9%B8%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98&rft.place=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D&rft.pub=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D+Daigaku+Shuppankai&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959675458&rft.isbn=978-4-13-030012-4&rft.aulast=Kido&rft.aufirst=K%C5%8Dichi&rft.au=Yoshitake%2C+Oka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnebelBailey1960" class="citation book cs1">Knebel, Fletcher; Bailey, Charles W. 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Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4341-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-4341-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rights+and+Liberties+in+the+Biotech+Age%3A+Why+We+Need+a+Genetic+Bill+of+Rights&rft.place=Lantham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4341-6&rft.aulast=Krimsky&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft.au=Shorett%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightslibertiesi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisTolzer1957" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lewis" title="Robert A. 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Asian Survey. 10 (9): 765–778. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643028">10.2307/2643028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643028">2643028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Japan+and+the+Nuclear+Non-Proliferation+Treaty&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E765-%3C%2Fspan%3E778&rft.date=1970-09&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2643028&rft.aulast=Quester&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReischauer1986" class="citation book cs1">Reischauer, Edwin O. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mylifebetweenjap00reis">My Life Between Japan And America</a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-039054-9"><bdi>978-0-06-039054-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13114344">13114344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+Between+Japan+And+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13114344&rft.isbn=978-0-06-039054-9&rft.aulast=Reischauer&rft.aufirst=Edwin+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmylifebetweenjap00reis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7"><bdi>0-671-44133-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13793436">13793436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13793436&rft.isbn=0-671-44133-7&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darksunmakingofh00rhod/">Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-68-480400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-68-480400-2"><bdi>978-0-68-480400-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95011070">95011070</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/456652278">456652278</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7720934M">7720934M</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Sun%3A+The+Making+of+the+Hydrogen+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F456652278&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95011070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7720934M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-68-480400-2&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarksunmakingofh00rhod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotter2008" class="citation book cs1">Rotter, Andrew J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiroshimaworldsb00rott_0">Hiroshima: The World's Bomb</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280437-2"><bdi>978-0-19-280437-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima%3A+The+World%27s+Bomb&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280437-2&rft.aulast=Rotter&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiroshimaworldsb00rott_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss1990" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Harlow W. (1990). Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Exceptional Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944482-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-944482-01-8"><bdi>978-0-944482-01-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24429257">24429257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Alberta%3A+The+Preparation+of+Atomic+Bombs+For+Use+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Los+Alamos%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Exceptional+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24429257&rft.isbn=978-0-944482-01-8&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Harlow+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler2001" class="citation book cs1">Sandler, Stanley (2001). World War II in the Pacific: an Encyclopedia. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1883-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-1883-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44769066">44769066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+the+Pacific%3A+an+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44769066&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-1883-5&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer1985" class="citation book cs1">Schaffer, Ronald (1985). Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503629-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503629-9"><bdi>978-0-19-503629-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11785450">11785450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+of+Judgment%3A+American+Bombing+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11785450&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503629-9&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldenSelden1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kyoko_Iriye_Selden" title="Kyoko Iriye Selden">Selden, Kyoko Iriye</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Selden" title="Mark Selden">Selden, Mark</a>, eds. (1990). The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-773-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-773-2"><bdi>978-0-87332-773-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20057103">20057103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Bomb%3A+Voices+from+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20057103&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-773-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp, Patrick B. (2000). "From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland: John Hersey's 'Hiroshima'". Twentieth Century Literature. 46 (4): 434–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F827841">10.2307/827841</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-462X">0041-462X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827841">827841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.atitle=From+Yellow+Peril+to+Japanese+Wasteland%3A+John+Hersey%27s+%27Hiroshima%27&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E434-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0041-462X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F827841&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Patrick+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Sherwin" title="Martin J. Sherwin">Sherwin, Martin J.</a> (2003). A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and its Legacies. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3957-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-3957-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52714712">52714712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Destroyed%3A+Hiroshima+and+its+Legacies&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52714712&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3957-3&rft.aulast=Sherwin&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklar1984" class="citation book cs1">Sklar, Morty, ed. (1984). Nuke-rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons. Iowa City, Iowa: The Spirit That Moves Us Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930370-16-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930370-16-9"><bdi>978-0-930370-16-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10072916">10072916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuke-rebuke%3A+Writers+%26+Artists+Against+Nuclear+Energy+%26+Weapons&rft.place=Iowa+City%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=The+Spirit+That+Moves+Us+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10072916&rft.isbn=978-0-930370-16-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavinskiĭ2004" class="citation book cs1">Slavinskiĭ, Boris Nikolaevich (2004). The Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact: A Diplomatic History, 1941–1945. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32292-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32292-8"><bdi>978-0-415-32292-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese-Soviet+Neutrality+Pact%3A+A+Diplomatic+History%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Nissan+Institute%2FRoutledge+Japanese+Studies+Series&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32292-8&rft.aulast=Slavinski%C4%AD&rft.aufirst=Boris+Nikolaevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStohl1979" class="citation book cs1">Stohl, Michael (1979). The Politics of Terrorism. New York: M. Dekker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-6764-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-6764-8"><bdi>978-0-8247-6764-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4495087">4495087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.+Dekker&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4495087&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-6764-8&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Sweeney, Charles</a>; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion K. (1997). War's End: An Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission. New York: Quill Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-78874-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-78874-3"><bdi>978-0-380-78874-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%27s+End%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account+of+America%27s+Last+Atomic+Mission&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Quill+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-380-78874-3&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Antonucci%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Antonucci%2C+Marion+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanakaYoung2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuki_Tanaka_(historian)" title="Yuki Tanaka (historian)">Tanaka, Yuki</a>; Young, Marilyn B. (2009). Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth Century History. New York: New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-547-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-547-9"><bdi>978-1-59558-547-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/624416971">624416971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombing+Civilians%3A+A+Twentieth+Century+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F624416971&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-547-9&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rft.au=Young%2C+Marilyn+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). Ruin from the Air. London: Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89726-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89726-3"><bdi>978-0-241-89726-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252041787">252041787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruin+from+the+Air&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamilton&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252041787&rft.isbn=978-0-241-89726-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Morgan-Witts%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibbets1998" class="citation book cs1">Tibbets, Paul W. (1998). Return Of The Enola Gay. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9703666-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9703666-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9703666-0-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69423383">69423383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+Of+The+Enola+Gay&rft.place=New+Hope%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Enola+Gay+Remembered&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69423383&rft.isbn=978-0-9703666-0-3&rft.aulast=Tibbets&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToonTurcoRobockBardeen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Toon, O. B.; Turco, R. P.; Robock, A.; Bardeen, C.; Oman, L.; Stenchikov, G. L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf">"Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism"</a> (PDF). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7 (8): 1973–2002. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.1973T">2007ACP.....7.1973T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-7-1973-2007">10.5194/acp-7-1973-2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1680-7316">1680-7316</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+Effects+and+Societal+Consequences+of+Regional+Scale+Nuclear+Conflicts+and+Acts+of+Individual+Nuclear+Terrorism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1973-%3C%2Fspan%3E2002&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1680-7316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Facp-7-1973-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ACP.....7.1973T&rft.aulast=Toon&rft.aufirst=O.+B.&rft.au=Turco%2C+R.+P.&rft.au=Robock%2C+A.&rft.au=Bardeen%2C+C.&rft.au=Oman%2C+L.&rft.au=Stenchikov%2C+G.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.envsci.rutgers.edu%2Fpdf%2Facp-7-1973-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1960" class="citation book cs1">United States Department of State (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1945Berlinv02">Diplomatic Papers: The Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference), 1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_the_United_States_(book_series)" title="Foreign Relations of the United States (book series)">Foreign Relations of the United States</a>. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22435734">22435734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomatic+Papers%3A+The+Conference+of+Berlin+%28the+Potsdam+Conference%29%2C+1945&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22435734&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FFRUS.FRUS1945Berlinv02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainstock1996" class="citation book cs1">Wainstock, Dennis D. 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Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95475-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95475-8"><bdi>978-0-275-95475-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33243854">33243854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decision+to+Drop+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33243854&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95475-8&rft.aulast=Wainstock&rft.aufirst=Dennis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1990" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, J. Samuel (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1230637">"The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update"</a>. Diplomatic History. 14 (1): 97–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1990.tb00078.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00078.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7709">1467-7709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+Decision+to+Use+the+Bomb%3A+A+Historiographical+Update&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1990.tb00078.x&rft.issn=1467-7709&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J.+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1230637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, J. Samuel (April 2005). "Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground". Diplomatic History. 29 (2): 311–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00476.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00476.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7709">1467-7709</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154708989">154708989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Recent+Literature+on+Truman%27s+Atomic+Bomb+Decision%3A+A+Search+for+Middle+Ground&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154708989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1467-7709&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00476.x&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J.+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellerstein2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Wellerstein" title="Alex Wellerstein">Wellerstein, Alex</a> (2020). "The Kyoto Misconception: What Truman Knew, and Didn't Know, About Hiroshima". In Gordin, Michael D.; Ikenberry, G. John (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alexwellerstein.com/publications/2020-wellerstein_kyoto_misconception.pdf">The Age of Hiroshima</a> (PDF). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 34–55, 317–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19344-1"><bdi>978-0-691-19344-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1099689341">1099689341</a>. Retrieved 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kyoto+Misconception%3A+What+Truman+Knew%2C+and+Didn%27t+Know%2C+About+Hiroshima&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Hiroshima&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E55%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1099689341&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19344-1&rft.aulast=Wellerstein&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falexwellerstein.com%2Fpublications%2F2020-wellerstein_kyoto_misconception.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerrell1996" class="citation book cs1">Werrell, Kenneth P. (1996). Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-665-2"><bdi>978-1-56098-665-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32921746">32921746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blankets+of+Fire%3A+U.S.+Bombers+over+Japan+during+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32921746&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-665-2&rft.aulast=Werrell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1995" class="citation journal cs1">White, Geoffrey. M. (July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3807/api021.pdf?sequence=1">"Memory Wars: The Politics of Remembering the Asia-Pacific War"</a> (PDF). Asia-Pacific Issues (21). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-0966">1522-0966</a>. Retrieved 30 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Issues&rft.atitle=Memory+Wars%3A+The+Politics+of+Remembering+the+Asia-Pacific+War&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1995-07&rft.issn=1522-0966&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F3807%2Fapi021.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1960" class="citation book cs1">Williams, M. H. (1960). Chronology, 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1358166">1358166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1358166&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamadaIzumi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Yamada, Michiko; Izumi, Shizue (2002). "Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 (9): 409–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00127-002-0572-5">10.1007/s00127-002-0572-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-7954">0933-7954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12242616">12242616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7257634">7257634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychiatry+and+Psychiatric+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+Sequelae+in+Atomic+Bomb+Survivors+in+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+Two+Decades+After+the+Explosions&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0933-7954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7257634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12242616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00127-002-0572-5&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Michiko&rft.au=Izumi%2C+Shizue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalogaNoon2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven J.</a>; Noon, Steve (2010). Defense of Japan 1945. Fortress. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-687-3"><bdi>978-1-84603-687-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503042143">503042143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defense+of+Japan+1945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Fortress&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503042143&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-687-3&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Noon%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-missions-planes-crews">"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions – Planes & Crews"</a>. Atomic Heritage Foundation. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+Missions+%E2%80%93+Planes+%26+Crews&rft.pub=Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicheritage.org%2Fhistory%2Fhiroshima-and-nagasaki-missions-planes-crews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Allen, Thomas; Polmar, Norman (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codenamedownfall00alle">Code-Name Downfall</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80406-4"><bdi>978-0-684-80406-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code-Name+Downfall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80406-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Polmar%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcodenamedownfall00alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Alperovitz, Gar</a>; Tree, Sanho (1996). The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76285-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76285-0"><bdi>978-0-679-76285-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decision+to+Use+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76285-0&rft.aulast=Alperovitz&rft.aufirst=Gar&rft.au=Tree%2C+Sanho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Barrett, David Dean (2020). 140 Days to Hiroshima: The Story of Japan's Last Chance to Avert Armageddon. Diversion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63576-581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63576-581-6"><bdi>978-1-63576-581-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=140+Days+to+Hiroshima%3A+The+Story+of+Japan%27s+Last+Chance+to+Avert+Armageddon&rft.pub=Diversion+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-63576-581-6&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=David+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1981). Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02985-3"><bdi>978-0-465-02985-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%3A+The+Physical%2C+Medical%2C+and+Social+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02985-3&rft.au=The+Committee+for+the+Compilation+of+Materials+on+Damage+Caused+by+the+Atomic+Bombs+in+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">Delgado, James P.</a> (2009). Nuclear Dawn: the Atomic Bomb, from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War. New York: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-396-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-396-4"><bdi>978-1-84603-396-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/297147193">297147193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Dawn%3A+the+Atomic+Bomb%2C+from+the+Manhattan+Project+to+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F297147193&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-396-4&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2023). Road to Surrender: Three Men and the Countdown to the End of World War II. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-58925-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-58925-6"><bdi>978-0-399-58925-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Road+to+Surrender%3A+Three+Men+and+the+Countdown+to+the+End+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-399-58925-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gallichio, Marc (2020). Unconditional: The Japanese Surrender in World War II. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconditional%3A+The+Japanese+Surrender+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Gallichio&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gordin, Michael D. (2007). Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear War. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12818-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12818-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12818-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70630623">70630623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Days+in+August%3A+How+World+War+II+Became+a+Nuclear+War&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70630623&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12818-4&rft.aulast=Gordin&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gosling, Francis George (1994). The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy, History Division. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637052193">637052193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manhattan+Project%3A+Making+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy%2C+History+Division&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637052193&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=Francis+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hachiya, Michihiko (1955). Hiroshima Diary: The Journal of a Japanese Physician, August 6 – 30 September 1945. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80784-547-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80784-547-9"><bdi>978-0-80784-547-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+Diary%3A+The+Journal+of+a+Japanese+Physician%2C+August+6+%E2%80%93+30+September+1945&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-80784-547-9&rft.aulast=Hachiya&rft.aufirst=Michihiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Robert; Krauss, Amelia (2005). The 509th Remembered: A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves. Buchanan, Michigan: 509th Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923568-66-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923568-66-5"><bdi>978-0-923568-66-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59148135">59148135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+509th+Remembered%3A+A+History+of+the+509th+Composite+Group+as+Told+by+the+Veterans+Themselves&rft.place=Buchanan%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=509th+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59148135&rft.isbn=978-0-923568-66-5&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Krauss%2C+Amelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Merton, Thomas (1962). Original Child Bomb: Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave. New York: New Directions. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4527778">4527778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Child+Bomb%3A+Points+for+Meditation+to+be+Scratched+on+the+Walls+of+a+Cave&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Directions&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4527778&rft.aulast=Merton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Murakami, Chikayasu (2007). Hiroshima no shiroi sora (The White Sky in Hiroshima). Tokyo: Bungeisha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-286-03708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-286-03708-0"><bdi>978-4-286-03708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+no+shiroi+sora+%28The+White+Sky+in+Hiroshima%29&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Bungeisha&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-286-03708-0&rft.aulast=Murakami&rft.aufirst=Chikayasu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/20214/O_Brien_2019_JSS_Jointchiefs_AAM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Atom Bomb, the American Military Mind and the End of the Second World War"</a> (PDF). Journal of Strategic Studies. 42 (7): 971–991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2018.1559150">10.1080/01402390.2018.1559150</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F20214">10023/20214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159190983">159190983</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff%2C+the+Atom+Bomb%2C+the+American+Military+Mind+and+the+End+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E971-%3C%2Fspan%3E991&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F20214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159190983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402390.2018.1559150&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Phillips+Payson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10023%2F20214%2FO_Brien_2019_JSS_Jointchiefs_AAM.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ogura, Toyofumi (2001). Letters from the End of the World: A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima. Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2776-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2776-4"><bdi>978-4-7700-2776-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+the+End+of+the+World%3A+A+Firsthand+Account+of+the+Bombing+of+Hiroshima&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-2776-4&rft.aulast=Ogura&rft.aufirst=Toyofumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sekimori, Gaynor (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hibakushasurvivo00seki">Hibakusha: Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01204-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01204-6"><bdi>978-4-333-01204-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hibakusha%3A+Survivors+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kosei+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01204-6&rft.aulast=Sekimori&rft.aufirst=Gaynor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhibakushasurvivo00seki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Gods:_War_in_the_Western_Pacific,_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945">Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945</a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08065-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08065-0"><bdi>978-0-393-08065-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Gods%3A+War+in+the+Western+Pacific%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08065-0&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Walker, J. Samuel (2016). Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan (3rd ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2897-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2897-4"><bdi>978-1-4696-2897-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prompt+and+Utter+Destruction%3A+Truman+and+the+Use+of+Atomic+Bombs+against+Japan&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-2897-4&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J.+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Wilson (Spring 2007). "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima". International Security. 31 (4): 162–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec.2007.31.4.162">10.1162/isec.2007.31.4.162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-4804">1531-4804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57563920">57563920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=The+Winning+Weapon%3F+Rethinking+Nuclear+Weapons+in+Light+of+Hiroshima&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57563920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1531-4804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec.2007.31.4.162&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Warren, Stafford L.</a> (1966). "Manhattan Project". In Ahnfeldt, Arnold Lorentz (ed.). Radiology in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. pp. 831–922. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630225">630225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manhattan+Project&rft.btitle=Radiology+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E831-%3C%2Fspan%3E922&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Surgeon+General%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F630225&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Stafford+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <ul><li>Kort, Michael. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism." New England Journal of History 64.1 (2007): 31–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essaydocs.org/the-historiography-of-hiroshima-the-rise-and-fall-of-revisioni.html">online</a></li> <li>Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson" The New England Quarterly, 71#1 (1998), pp. 5–32 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/366722">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" class="extiw" title="q:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488" class="extiw" title="d:Q488">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decision">Decision</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Order_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb">Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb</a>. Wikisource. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Order+from+General+Thomas+Handy+to+General+Carl+Spaatz+authorizing+the+dropping+of+the+first+atomic+bomb&rft.pub=Wikisource&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FOrder_from_General_Thomas_Handy_to_General_Carl_Spaatz_authorizing_the_dropping_of_the_first_atomic_bomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005023340/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/index.php">"Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/index.php">the original</a> on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+on+the+Decision+to+Drop+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331230143/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/index.htm#decision">"Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb"</a>. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/index.htm#decision">the original</a> on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correspondence+Regarding+Decision+to+Drop+the+Bomb&rft.pub=Nuclear+Age+Peace+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearfiles.org%2Fmenu%2Flibrary%2Fcorrespondence%2Findex.htm%23decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116052141/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=June%252019,%25201946&documentid=65&studycollectionid=abomb&pagenumber=1">"The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>. 1946. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=June%2019,%201946&documentid=65&studycollectionid=abomb&pagenumber=1">the original</a> on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Findex.php%3Fdocumentdate%3DJune%252019%2C%25201946%26documentid%3D65%26studycollectionid%3Dabomb%26pagenumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sdc.med.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/n50/start-E.html">"Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster"</a>. Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientific+Data+of+the+Nagasaki+Atomic+Bomb+Disaster&rft.pub=Atomic+Bomb+Disease+Institute%2C+Nagasaki+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-sdc.med.nagasaki-u.ac.jp%2Fn50%2Fstart-E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/twocities/index.shtml">"Tale of Two Cities: The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. National Science Digital Library. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tale+of+Two+Cities%3A+The+Story+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=National+Science+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FHistory%2Ftwocities%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/MED/index.shtml">"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. Atomic Archive. 1946. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=Atomic+Archive&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FDocs%2FMED%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/72.pdf">"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Bomb+and+the+End+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB162%2F72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719094423/http://life.time.com/history/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-unpublished-photos/#1">"Photo gallery of aftermath pictures"</a>. Time-Life. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.time.com/history/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-unpublished-photos/#1">the original</a> on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+gallery+of+aftermath+pictures&rft.pub=Time-Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.time.com%2Fhistory%2Fhiroshima-and-nagasaki-unpublished-photos%2F%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-53648572">"Photo Essay: Hiroshima and Nagasaki: 75th anniversary of atomic bombings"</a>. BBC News. 8 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Photo+Essay%3A+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%3A+75th+anniversary+of+atomic+bombings&rft.date=2020-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fin-pictures-53648572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.645748.r1">Children of Hiroshima (Reel 1 of 2) (1952)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.645748.r2">Children of Hiroshima (Reel 2 of 2) (1952)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9v5sW6t0zI">Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki (silent)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wxWNAM8Cso">Reconstruction video of the bombing of Hiroshima</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMAY3qnAeHE">Hiroshima – 1945 – Movietone Moment</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+&+Nagasaki&author=Engineers&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e.nagasaki.mapping.jp/p/nagasaki-archive.html">"Nagasaki Archive"</a>. Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagasaki+Archive&rft.pub=Google+Earth+mapping+of+Nagasaki+bombing+archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe.nagasaki.mapping.jp%2Fp%2Fnagasaki-archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiroshima.mapping.jp/">"Hiroshima Archive"</a>. Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+Archive&rft.pub=Google+Earth+mapping+of+Hiroshima+bombing+archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhiroshima.mapping.jp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographies">Bibliographies</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305202907/http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=use*atomic*bombs*japan&creator=&title=&media=all&genre=all&disc=all&level=all&sortby=relevance&results=10&period=15">"Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=use*atomic*bombs*japan&creator=&title=&media=all&genre=all&disc=all&level=all&sortby=relevance&results=10&period=15">the original</a> on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annotated+bibliography+for+atomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=Alsos+Digital+Library+for+Nuclear+Issues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falsos.wlu.edu%2Fadv_rst.aspx%3Fkeyword%3Duse%2Aatomic%2Abombs%2Ajapan%26creator%3D%26title%3D%26media%3Dall%26genre%3Dall%26disc%3Dall%26level%3Dall%26sortby%3Drelevance%26results%3D10%26period%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiro-tsuitokinenkan.go.jp/english/index.php">Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903125833/http://www.hiro-tsuitokinenkan.go.jp/english/index.php">Archived</a> 3 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017144519/http://www.peace-nagasaki.go.jp/english/index.html">Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/top_e.html">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/8/10/hiroshima_and_nagasaki_a_look_back">Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later</a> – video by <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiroshima-remembered.com/">Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered</a> 2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manhattan_Project" title="Category:Manhattan Project">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji (Mutsuhito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō (Yoshihito)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa (Hirohito)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration (ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code">Senjinkun military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harry_S._Truman849" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harry_S._Truman" title="Template:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harry_S._Truman" title="Template talk:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harry_S._Truman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harry_S._Truman849" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">U.S. Senator from Missouri</a> (1935–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="First inauguration of Harry S. Truman">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman">Assassination attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Puerto_Rican_constitutional_referendum" title="1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum">1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1946 State of the Union Address">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1947 State of the Union Address">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1948 State of the Union Address">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1949 State of the Union Address">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1950 State of the Union Address">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1951 State of the Union Address">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1952 State of the Union Address">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1953_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 1953 State of the Union Address">1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman" title="List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination">Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Administration_and_cabinet" title="Harry S. Truman">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Balcony" title="Truman Balcony">Truman Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_passing#"The_buck_stops_here"" title="Buck passing">"The buck stops here"</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Harry S. Truman/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Harry S. Truman/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower transition</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> <ul><li>1945; <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Agreement on Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Declaration to Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Executive Order 9835</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Resources_Board" title="National Security Resources Board">National Security Resources Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_Persons_Act" title="Displaced Persons Act">Displaced Persons Act</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_West_Agreement" title="Key West Agreement">Key West Agreement</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Joint Long Range Proving Grounds</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> <ul><li>1949; <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>1950–1953; <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950" title="Defense Production Act of 1950">Defense Production Act of 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Douglas_MacArthur" title="Relief of Douglas MacArthur">Relief of Douglas MacArthur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Office of Defense Mobilization</a> <ul><li>1950; <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">Science Advisory Committee</a>, 1951</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)" title="Medal of Freedom (1945)">Medal of Freedom</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1945" title="Revenue Act of 1945">Revenue Act of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mental_Health_Act" title="National Mental Health Act">National Mental Health Act</a> <ul><li>1946; <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act" title="Flood Control Act">Flood Control Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1946" title="Flood Control Act of 1946">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1948" title="Flood Control Act of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1950" title="Flood Control Act of 1950">1950</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Hill–Burton Act">Hill–Burton Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Reorganization_Act_of_1946" title="Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946">Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Regulation_of_Lobbying_Act_of_1946" title="Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946">Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Tort_Claims_Act" title="Federal Tort Claims Act">Federal Tort Claims Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Legislative Reference Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act" title="National School Lunch Act">National School Lunch Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Civil_Rights" title="President's Committee on Civil Rights">President's Committee on Civil Rights</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Home_Finance_Agency" title="Housing and Home Finance Agency">Housing and Home Finance Agency</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1948" title="Agricultural Act of 1948">Agricultural Act of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1948" title="Revenue Act of 1948">Revenue Act of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1949" title="Agricultural Act of 1949">Agricultural Act of 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1949" title="Housing Act of 1949">Housing Act of 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingell%E2%80%93Johnson_Act" title="Dingell–Johnson Act">Dingell–Johnson Act</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1950" title="Revenue Act of 1950">Revenue Act of 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrelated_Business_Income_Tax" title="Unrelated Business Income Tax">Unrelated Business Income Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1951" title="Revenue Act of 1951">Revenue Act of 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1952" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_steel_strike" title="1952 steel strike">1952 steel strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Early_life_and_career" title="Harry S. Truman">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Office_and_Courtroom" title="Harry S Truman Office and Courtroom">Missouri Office and Courtroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Committee" title="Truman Committee">Truman Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Farm_Home" title="Harry S. Truman Farm Home">Harry S. Truman Farm Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_National_Historic_Site" title="Harry S. Truman National Historic Site">Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Historic_District" title="Harry S. Truman Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Little_White_House" title="Harry S. Truman Little White House">Truman Little White House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Electoral history of Harry S. Truman">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1934 United States Senate election in Missouri">United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1940 United States Senate election in Missouri">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">Dewey Defeats Truman</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Just_Wild_About_Harry" title="I'm Just Wild About Harry">campaign song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Bibliography of Harry S. Truman">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">Harry S Truman Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Reservoir" title="Truman Reservoir">Truman Dam and Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship" title="Harry S. Truman Scholarship">Harry S. Truman Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Sports_Complex" title="Truman Sports Complex">Truman Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Statue of Harry S. Truman">Statue of Harry S. Truman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a> (1975 play and film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman_(song)" title="Harry Truman (song)">Harry Truman</a> (1975 song by <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_Course:_Truman_vs._MacArthur" title="Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur">Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur</a> (1976 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_(1977_film)" title="MacArthur (1977 film)">MacArthur</a> (1977 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1995_film)" title="Truman (1995 film)">Truman</a> (1995 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1997_film)" title="Truman (1997 film)">Truman</a> (1997 documentary film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Wallace Truman</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" title="Margaret Truman">Margaret Truman</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellen_Young_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Ellen Young Truman">Martha Ellen Young Truman</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Truman_Daniel" title="Clifton Truman Daniel">Clifton Truman Daniel</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">← Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">← Henry A. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Harry_S._Truman" title="Category:Harry S. Truman">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_in_World_War_II3761" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USWWII" title="Template:USWWII"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USWWII" title="Template talk:USWWII"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_in_World_War_II3761" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States in World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">Home front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_music_during_World_War_II" title="American music during World War II">American music during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_aircraft_production_during_World_War_II" title="United States aircraft production during World War II">United States aircraft production during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. Generation">G.I. Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_at_War" title="Schools at War">Schools at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">Internment of German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Internment of Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">American women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II"> Minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II"> Military participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Army"> Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army uniforms in World War II">Uniforms</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Marine Corps"> Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy#World_War_II_(1941–1945)" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_medals_of_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States service medals of the World Wars"> Service medals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II">Medal of Honor recipients</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles_involving_the_United_States" title="List of World War II battles involving the United States">List of battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Chinese-American service in World War II">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy#World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Diplomatic participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template talk:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street crash of 1929">Wall Street crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II19064" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II19064" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Air_Raid" title="Aarhus Air Raid">Aarhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Carthage" title="Operation Carthage">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Mailly-le-Camp" title="Bombardment of Mailly-le-Camp">Mailly-le-Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Baden-Baden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bamberg" title="Bombing of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Celle" title="Bombing of Celle">Celle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg (Allies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Bombing of Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ludwigshafen_and_Oppau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II">Ludwigshafen / Oppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Bombing of Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nordhausen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Obersalzberg" title="Bombing of Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stralsund_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stralsund in World War II">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassa" title="Bombing of Kassa">Kassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorla" title="Bombing of Gorla">Gorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Amsterdam" title="Bombing of Amsterdam">Amsterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombings_of_Amsterdam-Noord" title="Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enschede#World_War_II" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Enkhuizen" title="Bombing of Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland#Bombing_of_Middelburg" title="Battle of Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" title="Allied bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)#Destruction_in_World_War_II" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Timi%C8%99oara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Timișoara in World War II">Timișoara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Stein_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Zürich_and_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Zürich and Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgrade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chiba_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Chiba in World War II">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui in World War II">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kumagaya" title="Bombing of Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya" title="Bombing of Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cockpit" title="Operation Cockpit">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taihoku</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Penang" title="Air raids on Penang">George Town</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_raids_on_Cyprus_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing raids on Cyprus during World War II">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chad4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Fort Lamy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boeing_B-29_Superfortress_family4834" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:B-29_family" title="Template:B-29 family"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:B-29_family" title="Template talk:B-29 family"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:B-29_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:B-29 family"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boeing_B-29_Superfortress_family4834" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress_variants" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress variants">B-29 Superfortress family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-29D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KB-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing KB-29 Superfortress">KB-29</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_XB-39_Superfortress" title="Boeing XB-39 Superfortress">XB-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">XB-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-50 Superfortress">B-50</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-54" title="Boeing B-54">YB-50C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-54" title="Boeing B-54">B-54</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">P2B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupolev" title="Tupolev">Tupolev</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-4" title="Tupolev Tu-4">Tu-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-80" title="Tupolev Tu-80">Tu-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-85" title="Tupolev Tu-85">Tu-85</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tankers</li><li>Transports</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boeing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter">C-97</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter" title="Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter">KC-97</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tupolev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-75" title="Tupolev Tu-75">Tu-75</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aero_Spacelines" title="Aero Spacelines">Aero Spacelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aero_Spacelines_Pregnant_Guppy" title="Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy">Pregnant Guppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aero_Spacelines_Super_Guppy" title="Aero Spacelines Super Guppy">Super Guppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aero_Spacelines_Mini_Guppy" title="Aero Spacelines Mini Guppy">Mini Guppy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Airliners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boeing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_377_Stratocruiser" title="Boeing 377 Stratocruiser">377 Stratocruiser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tupolev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-70" title="Tupolev Tu-70">Tu-70</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">AEW</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KJ-1_AEWC" title="KJ-1 AEWC">KJ-1 AEWC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kansas" title="Battle of Kansas">Battle of Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_B-29_Superfortress_operators" class="mw-redirect" title="List of B-29 Superfortress operators">Operators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_Boeing_B-29_Superfortresses" title="List of surviving Boeing B-29 Superfortresses">Survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FICON_project#Project_MX-1016_(Tip_Tow)" title="FICON project">Tip Tow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress_variants" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress variants">Variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaklow_Bomber" title="Bleaklow Bomber">1948 Bleaklow crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Lake_Mead_Boeing_B-29_crash" title="1948 Lake Mead Boeing B-29 crash">1948 Lake Mead crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Georgia_USAF_Boeing_B-29_crash" title="1948 Georgia USAF Boeing B-29 crash">1948 Waycross crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Fairfield-Suisun_Boeing_B-29_crash" title="1950 Fairfield-Suisun Boeing B-29 crash">1950 Fairfield-Suisun crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_202" title="Pan Am Flight 202">Pan Am Flight 202</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Prestwick_air_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Prestwick air disaster">1954 Prestwick air disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_845/26" title="Pan Am Flight 845/26">Pan Am Flight 845/26</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Orient_Airlines_Flight_2" title="Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2">Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_6" title="Pan Am Flight 6">Pan Am Flight 6</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_7" title="Pan Am Flight 7">Pan Am Flight 7</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Notable aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stink_(aircraft)" title="Big Stink (aircraft)">Big Stink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauntless_Dotty" title="Dauntless Dotty">Dauntless Dotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Stink_(aircraft)" title="Big Stink (aircraft)">Dave's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_(aircraft)" title="Doc (aircraft)">Doc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFI_(aircraft)" title="FIFI (aircraft)">FIFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_House_(aircraft)" title="Full House (aircraft)">Full House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabit_III" title="Jabit III">Jabit III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kee_Bird" title="Kee Bird">Kee Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laggin%27_Dragon" title="Laggin' Dragon">Laggin' Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Lady_II" title="Lucky Lady II">Lucky Lady II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Spook" title="Luke the Spook">Luke the Spook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_Evil_(aircraft)" title="Necessary Evil (aircraft)">Necessary Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Objective" title="Next Objective">Next Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_Punkins" title="Some Punkins">Some Punkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_Cargo_(aircraft)" title="Strange Cargo (aircraft)">Strange Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_Flush" title="Straight Flush">Straight Flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Secret_(aircraft)" title="Top Secret (aircraft)">Top Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_An%27_Atom" title="Up An' Atom">Up An' Atom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Notable flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1944_reconnaissance_sortie_over_Japan" title="1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan">1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_in_fiction#B-29_Superfortress" title="Aircraft in fiction">Boeing B-29 Superfortress in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_the_B-29" title="Birth of the B-29">Birth of the B-29</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Blue_Yonder_(1951_film)" title="The Wild Blue Yonder (1951 film)">The Wild Blue Yonder</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay:_The_Men,_the_Mission,_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb">Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:B-17_family" title="Template:B-17 family">Boeing B-17 family</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" 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class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-bhtvf","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.516","walltime":"3.913","ppvisitednodes":{"value":34800,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1244962,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":49323,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1087934,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3068.036 1 -total"," 23.70% 726.990 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.34% 562.749 213 Template:Sfn"," 15.27% 468.340 113 Template:Cite_book"," 13.21% 405.213 97 Template:Cite_web"," 4.95% 151.932 44 Template:Cite_news"," 4.44% 136.346 28 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[\"CITEREFChristman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChun2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompton1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoox1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoox1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoster-Mullen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCravenCate1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_Tredici1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietzVan_Kirk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDower1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrea1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllsberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiévéWaley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFujiwara1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiangreco2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasstoneDolan1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsteinDillonWenger1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanGoodman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowing1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreg_Mitchell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroves1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruhl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrunden1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGómez1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasegawa2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinSelden1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHersey1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewlettHoll1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiroshima_Peace_Culture_Foundation2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHixson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbell_et_al1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunterCharles2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImamuraNakaneOhtaKondo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshikawaSwain1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvey1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJapan_Broadcasting_Corporation1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJapanese_Broadcasting_Corporation_(NHK)1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Coleman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJowettAndrew2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKato,_Toru1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr_et_al2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidoYoshitake1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleeman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnebelBailey1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrimskyShorett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurence_M._Vance2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisTolzer1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLifton1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManhattan_Engineer_District1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaruyamaKumamotoNoda1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsubara2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNelly2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaub2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMochizuki2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMole1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakashima1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtakeYoshimaruSchull1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOughtersonLeRoyLiebowHammond1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonAbrahamson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutnam1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuester1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichmann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReischauer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuss1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffer1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldenSelden1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSklar1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlavick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlavinskiĭ2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoejima2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStohl1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreffer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanakaYoung2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerkel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTibbets1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToonTurcoRobockBardeen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoosen2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFW._McRaneyJ._McGahan1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainstock1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakatsuki2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatanabe2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellerstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellerstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellerstein2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerrell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintherBoiceThomsenSchull2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamadaIzumi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalogaNoon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Events_on_the_ground_Nagasaki\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"-'\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"B-29 family\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"Campaignbox Pacific War\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 113,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 96,\n [\"Convert\"] = 55,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Empire of Japan\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harry S. Truman\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military operation\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 4,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 6,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Manhattan Project\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 7,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 213,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"USWWII\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WWII city bombing\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 2,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","20.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","14.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","11.3"],["?","120","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","4.7"],["type","100","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.8"],["[others]","460","21.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-4t49m","timestamp":"20250221112754","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q488","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q488","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-12T10:36:12Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T16:57:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg","headline":"1945 use of nuclear weapons against Japan in World War II"}</script> </body> </html>