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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ethical activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D9%86" title="رودلف أوكن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رودلف أوكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eyken" title="Rudolf Eyken – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rudolf Eyken" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="رودولف کریستوف یوکن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رودولف کریستوف یوکن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="রুডল্‌ফ ক্রিস্টফ অয়কেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুডল্‌ফ ক্রিস্টফ অয়কেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рудольф Крыстаф Эйкен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рудольф Крыстаф Эйкен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рудальф Крыстаф Ойкен – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рудальф Крыстаф Ойкен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рудолф Ойкен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рудолф Ойкен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86_%CE%8C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Ρούντολφ Όικεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούντολφ Όικεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="رودولف کریستف یوکن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودولف کریستف یوکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%94%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%BC%84" title="루돌프 크리스토프 오이켄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루돌프 크리스토프 오이켄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%86_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%86_%D4%B7%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ռուդոլֆ Քրիստոֆ Էյքեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուդոլֆ Քրիստոֆ Էյքեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="रूडोल्फ क्रिस्टोफ यूकेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूडोल्फ क्रिस्टोफ यूकेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="רודולף אויקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רודולף אויקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರುಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟಾಫ್ ಯೂಕೆನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರುಡಾಲ್ಫ್ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ಟಾಫ್ ಯೂಕೆನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რუდოლფ კრისტოფ ოიკენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუდოლფ კრისტოფ ოიკენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рудольф Кристоф Эйкен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рудольф Кристоф Эйкен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolphus_Eucken" title="Rudolphus Eucken – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rudolphus Eucken" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABdolfs_Eikens" title="Rūdolfs Eikens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūdolfs Eikens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9E%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рудолф Кристоф Ојкен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рудолф Кристоф Ојкен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB" title="റുഡോൾഫ് ക്രിസ്റ്റഫ് യൂക്കെൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റുഡോൾഫ് ക്രിസ്റ്റഫ് യൂക്കെൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="रुडॉल्फ क्रिस्टॉफ युकेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रुडॉल्फ क्रिस्टॉफ युकेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რუდოლფ კრისტოფ ოიკენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუდოლფ კრისტოფ ოიკენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D9%86" title="رودلف اوكن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رودلف اوكن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="رودولف یوکن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رودولف یوکن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3" title="ルドルフ・クリストフ・オイケン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルドルフ・クリストフ・オイケン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰੁਡੋਲਫ਼ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫ਼ ਯੂਕੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੁਡੋਲਫ਼ ਕ੍ਰਿਸਟੋਫ਼ ਯੂਕੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%81_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="رڈلف کرسٹوف یوکن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رڈلف کرسٹوف یوکن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Эйкен, Рудольф Кристоф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйкен, Рудольф Кристоф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kristof_Ojken" title="Rudolf Kristof Ojken – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rudolf Kristof Ojken" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" title="Rudolf Eucken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rudolf Eucken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ருடால்ப் கிறிஸ்டோப் ஆய்க்கன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ருடால்ப் கிறிஸ்டோப் ஆய்க்கன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рудольф Кристоф Ойкен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рудольф Кристоф Ойкен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="รูด็อล์ฟ คริสท็อฟ อ็อยเคิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูด็อล์ฟ คริสท็อฟ อ็อยเคิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Рудольф Крістоф Ойкен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рудольф Крістоф Ойкен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="روڈولف کرسٹوف ائیوکن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روڈولف کرسٹوف ائیوکن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E4%BC%8A%E8%82%AF" title="鲁道夫·克里斯托夫·奥伊肯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲁道夫·克里斯托夫·奥伊肯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%80%AD%E9%8F%97" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucken-im-Alter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eucken-im-Alter.png/220px-Eucken-im-Alter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Eucken-im-Alter.png/330px-Eucken-im-Alter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Eucken-im-Alter.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1846-01-05</span>)</span>5 January 1846<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Aurich" title="Aurich">Aurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 September 1926<span style="display:none">(1926-09-14)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Göttingen University">Göttingen University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin University">Berlin University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> (1908)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Aktivismus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ethical_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical activism">Ethical activism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Real#In_philosophy" title="The Real">The Real</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Eucken_(signature).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rudolf_Eucken_%28signature%29.jpg/150px-Rudolf_Eucken_%28signature%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rudolf_Eucken_%28signature%29.jpg/225px-Rudolf_Eucken_%28signature%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Rudolf_Eucken_%28signature%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="75" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rudolf Christoph Eucken</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁuːdɔlf<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔɔʏkn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/De-Rudolf_Eucken.ogg\/De-Rudolf_Eucken.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Rudolf Eucken.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/De-Rudolf_Eucken.ogg/De-Rudolf_Eucken.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Rudolf_Eucken.ogg" title="File:De-Rudolf Eucken.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 5 January 1846 – 14 September 1926<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a German <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>. He received the <a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908 Nobel Prize in Literature</a> "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life", after he had been nominated by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eucken was born on 5 January 1846 in <a href="/wiki/Aurich" title="Aurich">Aurich</a>, then in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>). His father, Ammo Becker Eucken died when he was a child, and he was brought up by his mother, Ida Maria (née Gittermann).<sup id="cite_ref-Bio2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at Aurich, where one of his teachers was the <a href="/wiki/Classical_philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical philologist">classical philologist</a> and philosopher Ludwig Wilhelm Maximilian Reuter.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Göttingen University">Göttingen University</a> (1863–1866), where <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Hermann Lotze</a> was one of his teachers, and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter place, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg</a> was a professor whose ethical tendencies and historical treatment of philosophy greatly attracted him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eucken received his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in classical <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a> at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Göttingen University">Göttingen University</a> in 1866 with a dissertation titled <i>De Aristotelis dicendi ratione</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the inclination of his mind was definitely towards the philosophical side of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, after five years working as a school teacher at <a href="/wiki/Husum" title="Husum">Husum</a>, Berlin und <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, he was appointed Professor of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, succeeding another of his former teachers at Göttingen, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Teichm%C3%BCller" title="Gustav Teichmüller">Gustav Teichmüller</a>, and beating Friedrich Nietzsche in competition for the position. He stayed there until 1874 when he took up a similar position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stayed there until he retired in 1920. In 1912–13, Eucken spent half of the year as an exchange professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and in 1913 he served as a Deem lecturer at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Eucken, like many of his academic colleagues, took a strong line in favour of the causes with which his country had associated itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurich,_Ostfriesland,_Osterstra%C3%9Fe_27,_Geburtshaus_von_Rudolf_Eucken_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aurich%2C_Ostfriesland%2C_Osterstra%C3%9Fe_27%2C_Geburtshaus_von_Rudolf_Eucken_%282%29.JPG/220px-Aurich%2C_Ostfriesland%2C_Osterstra%C3%9Fe_27%2C_Geburtshaus_von_Rudolf_Eucken_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aurich%2C_Ostfriesland%2C_Osterstra%C3%9Fe_27%2C_Geburtshaus_von_Rudolf_Eucken_%282%29.JPG/330px-Aurich%2C_Ostfriesland%2C_Osterstra%C3%9Fe_27%2C_Geburtshaus_von_Rudolf_Eucken_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aurich%2C_Ostfriesland%2C_Osterstra%C3%9Fe_27%2C_Geburtshaus_von_Rudolf_Eucken_%282%29.JPG/440px-Aurich%2C_Ostfriesland%2C_Osterstra%C3%9Fe_27%2C_Geburtshaus_von_Rudolf_Eucken_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of Rudolf Eucken in Aurich, Osterstraße 27 (September 2015)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_activism">Ethical activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethical activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eucken's philosophical work is partly historical and partly <a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">constructive</a>, the former side being predominant in his earlier, the latter in his later works. Their most striking feature is the close organic relationship between the two parts. The aim of the historical works is to show the necessary connection between philosophical concepts and the age to which they belong; the same idea is at the root of his constructive speculation. All philosophy is <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of life">philosophy of life</a>, the development of a new culture, not mere <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectualism</a>, but the application of a vital religious inspiration to the practical problems of society. This practical idealism Eucken described by the term "<b>ethical activism</b>."<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with this principle, Eucken gave considerable attention to social and educational problems.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He maintained that humans have <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a>, and that they are therefore at the junction between nature and spirit. He believed that people should overcome their non-spiritual nature by continuous efforts to achieve a <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> life, another aspect of his <a href="/wiki/Ethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical">ethical</a> <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rudolf Eucken married Irene Passow in 1882 and had a daughter and two sons. His son <a href="/wiki/Walter_Eucken" title="Walter Eucken">Walter Eucken</a> became a famous founder of <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberal</a> thought in <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal economics">economics</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Eucken" title="Arnold Eucken">Arnold Eucken</a> was a chemist and physicist.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rudolf Eucken died on 15 September 1926 in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> at the age of 80.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was a prolific writer; his best-known works are: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dielebensanschau00euckuoft"><i>Die Lebensanschauungen der großen Denker</i></a> (1890; 7th ed., 1907; 1918; Eng. trans., W. Hough and Boyce Gibson, <i>The Problem of Human Life</i>, 1909) (The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers)</li> <li><i>Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt</i> (1896) (The Struggle for a Spiritual Content of Life)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derwahrheitsgeh00euckgoog"><i>Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion</i></a> (1901) (The Truth of Religion)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grundlinieneine00euckgoog"><i>Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensanschauung</i></a> (1907) (Life's Basis and Life's Ideal: The Fundamentals of a New Philosophy of Life)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dersinnundwertde00euck#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Der Sinn und Wert des Lebens</i></a> (1908) (The Meaning and Value of Life)</li> <li><i>Geistige Strömungen der Gegenwart</i> (1908; first appeared in 1878 as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diegrundbegriff01euckgoog"><i>Die Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart</i></a>; Eng. trans. by M. Stuart Phelps, New York, 1880) (Main Currents of Modern Thought)</li> <li><i>Können wir noch Christen sein?</i> (1911) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canwestillbechri00euck">Can We Still Be Christians?</a>, 1914)</li> <li><i>Present Day Ethics in their Relation to the Spiritual Life</i> (1913) (Deem Lectures given at New York University)</li> <li><i>Der Sozialismus und seine Lebensgestaltung</i> (1920) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismanalysi00euck">Socialism: an Analysis</a> (1922))</li></ul> <p>Other notable works are: </p> <ul><li><i>Die Methode der aristotelischen Forschung</i> (1872) (The Aristotelian Method of Research)</li> <li><i>Geschichte der philosophische Terminologie</i> (1879) (History of Philosophical Terminology)</li> <li><i>Prolegomena zu Forschungen über die Einheit des Geisteslebens</i> (1885) (Prolegomena to Research on the Unity of the Spiritual Life)</li> <li><i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie</i> (1886, 1905) (Contributions to the History of the Newer Philosophies)</li> <li><i>Die Einheit des Geisteslebens</i> (1888) (The Unity of the Spiritual Life)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomasvonaquino00euck"><i>Thomas von Aquino und Kant</i></a> (1901) (Thomas Aquinas and Kant)</li> <li><i>Gesammelte Aufsätze zu Philosophische und Lebensanschauung (1903) (Collected Essays on Views of Philosophy and Life)</i></li> <li><i>Philosophie der Geschichte</i> (1907) (Philosophy of History)</li> <li><i>Einführung in die Philosophie der Geisteslebens</i> (1908; Eng. trans., The Life of the Spirit, F. L. Pogson, 1909, Crown Theological Library) (Introduction to the Philosophy of the Life of the Spirit)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hauptproblemeder00euckuoft"><i>Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie der Gegenwart</i></a> (1907) (Main Problems of the Current Philosophy of Religion)</li></ul> <p>Other English translations of his work include: </p> <ul><li><i>Liberty in Teaching in the German Universities</i> (1897)</li> <li><i>Are the Germans still a Nation of Thinkers?</i> (1898)</li> <li><i>Progress of Philosophy in the 19th Century</i> (1899)</li> <li><i>The Finnish Question</i> (1899)</li> <li><i>The Present Status of Religion in Germany</i> (1901)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/problemhumanlif01euckgoog#page/n8/mode/2up"><i>The Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers from Plato to the Present Time</i></a>, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backtoreligion00euckrich"><i>Back to Religion</i></a>, 1912.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/maincurrentsmode00euckuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Main Currents of Modern Thought: A Study of the Spiritual and Intellectual Movements of the Present Day</i></a>, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/themeaningandval00euckuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Meaning and Value of Life</i></a>, A. and C. Black, 1913.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/canwestillbechri00euckrich#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Can we Still be Christians?</i></a>, The Macmillan Company, 1914.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/collectedessayso00euckuoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Collected Essays</i></a>, edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/Meyrick_Booth" title="Meyrick Booth">Meyrick Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin" title="T. Fisher Unwin">T. Fisher Unwin</a>, 1914.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knowledgelife00euck"><i>Knowledge and Life</i></a> (translation), G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1914.</li></ul> <p>He delivered lectures in England in 1911 and spent six months lecturing at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and elsewhere in the United States in 1912–1913. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gibson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W._R._Boyce_Gibson" title="W. R. Boyce Gibson">W. R. Boyce Gibson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RWc2V_JnKTMC&dq="><i>Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy of Life</i></a>, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1908/eucken/facts/">"Rudolf Eucken"</a>. <i>Rudolf Eucken Facts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rudolf+Eucken+Facts&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Eucken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1908%2Feucken%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Christoph+Eucken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=3471">nobelprize.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bio2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bio2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bio2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz19591.html">"Biografie Rudolf Christoph Eucken (German)"</a>. Bayerische Nationalbibliothek<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biografie+Rudolf+Christoph+Eucken+%28German%29&rft.pub=Bayerische+Nationalbibliothek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fsfz19591.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Christoph+Eucken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eucken,_Rudolf_Christoph" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eucken, Rudolf Christoph">Eucken, Rudolf Christoph</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 878.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eucken%2C+Rudolf+Christoph&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=878&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Christoph+Eucken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dissertation is available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dearistotelisdi00euckgoog">online at Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity1912" class="citation book cs1">University, Harvard (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3Q7AQAAMAAJ&q=rudolf+eucken+harvard+university&pg=PA28"><i>Harvard University Catalogue</i></a>. The University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+University+Catalogue&rft.pub=The+University.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=University&rft.aufirst=Harvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3Q7AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Drudolf%2Beucken%2Bharvard%2Buniversity%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Christoph+Eucken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1908/eucken-bio.html">"Rudolf Eucken - Biographical"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Eucken+-+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1908%2Feucken-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Christoph+Eucken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eucken, Rudolf Christoph"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eucken,_Rudolf_Christoph">"Eucken, Rudolf Christoph" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 13–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eucken%2C+Rudolf+Christoph&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=13-14&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Christoph+Eucken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiršs2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hiršs, Andris (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1248064">"FILOSOFA RŪDOLFA EIKENA VIZĪTE LATVIJĀ – NEIZPILDĪTĀ MISIJA"</a>. <i>Religiski-filozofiski raksti</i> (in Latvian). <b>XXXIV</b> (1): 134–155. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1407-1908">1407-1908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religiski-filozofiski+raksti&rft.atitle=FILOSOFA+R%C5%AADOLFA+EIKENA+VIZ%C4%AATE+LATVIJ%C4%80+%E2%80%93+NEIZPILD%C4%AAT%C4%80+MISIJA&rft.volume=XXXIV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134-155&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=1407-1908&rft.aulast=Hir%C5%A1s&rft.aufirst=Andris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D1248064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Christoph+Eucken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beck, Friedrich Alfred. <i>Rudolf Eucken,</i> Deutsche Buch-Gemeinschaft, 1927.</li> <li>Booth, Meyrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029089377#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Rudolf Eucken: His Philosophy and Influence,</i></a> Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913.</li> <li>Feuling, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dublinreview155londuoft#page/62/mode/2up"><i>"Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy,"</i></a> The Dublin Review, Vol. CLV, July/October, 1914.</li> <li>Gibson, W. R. Boyce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rudolfeuckensphi00gibs#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Rudolf Eucken's Philosophy of Life,</i></a> A. & C. Black, 1915.</li> <li>Jones, Abel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rudolfeuckenphil00joneiala#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Rudolf Eucken: A Philosophy of Life,</i></a> T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1913.</li> <li>Jones, W. Tudor. <i>Rudolf Eucken: His Life and Philosophy,</i> Haldeman-Julius Co., 1920.</li> <li>MacSwiney, Margaret Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rudolfeuckenspir00macsrich#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Rudolf Eucken and the Spiritual Life,</i></a> National Capital Press, 1915.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" class="extiw" title="commons:Rudolf Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobel-winners.com/Literature/rudolf_christoph.html">Eucken, Rudolf Christoph</a> at Nobel-winners.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42188">Works by Rudolf Eucken</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=9">List of Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%20Christoph%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eucken%2C%20R%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Rudolf%20Christoph%20Eucken%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Rudolf%20C%2E%20Eucken%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20C%2E%20Eucken%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Rudolf%20Eucken%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rudolf%20Christoph%20Eucken%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rudolf%20C%2E%20Eucken%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20C%2E%20Eucken%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20Christoph%20Eucken%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%20Christoph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eucken%2C%20R%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eucken%2C%20R%2E%20Christoph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rudolf%20Eucken%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Rudolf%20Christoph%20Eucken%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Rudolf%20C%2E%20Eucken%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20C%2E%20Eucken%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Rudolf%20Eucken%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Rudolf%20Christoph%20Eucken%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Rudolf%20C%2E%20Eucken%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20C%2E%20Eucken%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%20Christoph%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Rudolf%20Eucken%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eucken%2C%20Rudolf%22%29%20OR%20%28%221846-1926%22%20AND%20Eucken%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14057">Works by Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47695#P1899" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004867">Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudolf Eucken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1908_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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4em">1908 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (Great Britain/New Zealand)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Pontus Arnoldson</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47695#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110607111">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46845944">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/309782/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMFHtDcJhcHqyyMyRFrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118682555">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92021784">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12401443r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12401443r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00517768">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eucken, Rudolf"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV044400">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36064595">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000369&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1182406">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/58939">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069954658">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90179074">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000366043&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=157445">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M3194">Korea</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199633753">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx000g41hb4lh5">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662274905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/15816">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260799405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515629206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14341492">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0370796X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=28068">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56838237500">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:eucken.rudolf">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/623807">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/612553">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118682555.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118682555">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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