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href="#List_of_SEZs_and_open_coastal_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of SEZs and open coastal cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_SEZs_and_open_coastal_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policies_of_the_SEZs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies_of_the_SEZs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economic policies of the SEZs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies_of_the_SEZs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shenzhen's_economic_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shenzhen's_economic_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shenzhen's economic transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shenzhen's_economic_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_SEZs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_SEZs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Overseas SEZs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_SEZs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-Term_Effects_and_Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-Term_Effects_and_Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Long-Term Effects and Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-Term_Effects_and_Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Econ%C3%B2mica_Especial_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="Zona Econòmica Especial de la República Popular de la Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zona Econòmica Especial de la República Popular de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonas_econ%C3%B3micas_especiales_de_China" title="Zonas económicas especiales de China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zonas económicas especiales de China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialaj_Ekonomiaj_Zonoj_(%C4%88inio)" title="Specialaj Ekonomiaj Zonoj (Ĉinio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Specialaj Ekonomiaj Zonoj (Ĉinio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="منطقه ویژه اقتصادی چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه ویژه اقتصادی چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_%C3%A9conomique_sp%C3%A9ciale_en_Chine" title="Zone économique spéciale en Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zone économique spéciale en Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%87%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ၏ အထူးစီးပွားရေးဇုံများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ၏ အထူးစီးပွားရေးဇုံများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciale_Economische_Zone_(China)" title="Speciale Economische Zone (China) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Speciale Economische Zone (China)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Kinas_spesielle_%C3%B8konomiske_soner" title="Folkerepublikken Kinas spesielle økonomiske soner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkerepublikken Kinas spesielle økonomiske soner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specjalne_strefy_ekonomiczne_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej" title="Specjalne strefy ekonomiczne Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Specjalne strefy ekonomiczne Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonas_Econ%C3%B4micas_Especiais_da_China" title="Zonas Econômicas Especiais da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zonas Econômicas Especiais da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Особые экономические зоны Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Особые экономические зоны Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in%27in_%C3%B6zel_ekonomik_b%C3%B6lgeleri" title="Çin'in özel ekonomik bölgeleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin'in özel ekonomik bölgeleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E9%85%8D%E5%A5%97%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA" title="国家综合配套改革试验区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国家综合配套改革试验区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Economic development zones of China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Special_economic_zones_of_China" 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<span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Peacock plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-peacock" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains wording that <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">promotes the subject in a subjective manner</a> without imparting real information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Special Economic Zones of China (SEZ)</b> are designated <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoned</a> areas in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with unique economic policies and regulations often for business with foreign nations and enterprise. These zones typically foster more <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market</a>-oriented business regulations compared to the rest of the country. They were established to attract foreign investment, boost different forms of economic growth, and facilitate experimentation with market reforms. Many of these zones can be attributed to the policy of paramount leader of China <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/1980_in_China" title="1980 in China">1980s</a>. </p><p>One of the most influential reforms under Deng was establishing four SEZs along the South-eastern coast of China, with <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Shenzhen Special Economic Zone">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shantou_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Shantou Special Economic Zone">Shantou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Zhuhai Special Economic Zone">Zhuhai</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong Province">Guangdong province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiamen_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Xiamen Special Economic Zone">Xiamen</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Fujian_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujian Province">Fujian province</a>. These initial SEZs were all established from 1980 to 1981. As of 2024, there have been 3 additional special economic zones. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> became the fifth SEZ. In 1990, Pudong district in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> became the sixth SEZ. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Binhai" class="mw-redirect" title="Binhai">Binhai</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> became the seventh SEZ. <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> are granted more market-oriented economic policies and flexible governmental measures by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">government of China</a>. This allows SEZs to utilize economic management which is more attractive to foreign and domestic businesses. </p><p>In SEZs, foreign and domestic trade and investment are conducted without the authorization of the Chinese central government in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">tax</a> and business incentives to attract <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China#Foreign_investment" title="Economy of China">foreign investment</a> and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade was originally controlled by China's centralized government. However, these special zones are where market-driven capitalist policies are implemented to entice foreign capitalist investments in China. In 1986, China then added 14 additional cities to the list of special economic zones. By the 2020s, the combined number of SEZs, national-level new areas, and free trade zones in China reached 45. </p><p>As of 2025, China has significantly expanded its SEZs and become standardized across the country, leading to both futurist speculation of the country and criticism. Many similar areas are in development in hopes to promote <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> in key industries and attract further foreign investment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_history">Implementation history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Implementation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular economic reforms ideas that ensued in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> referred to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and his theories, which predicted that nations need to undergo <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and a stage of capitalism for a natural socialist transition. </p><p>The concept of a Special Economic Zone arose in the late 1950s in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> The Irish government established the <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Free_Zone" title="Shannon Free Zone">Shannon Free Zone</a> to encourage foreign investment through tax incentives.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Various Chinese leaders visited the Shannon Free Zone, including <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (in 1980) and later <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, and especially at the <a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in December 1978, the Chinese government initiated its policy of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">reform and opening up</a>, as a response to the failure of Maoist economic policy to produce economic growth which would allow China to be competitive against not only industrialized nations of the west but also rising regional powers: Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officials in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong Province</a> led by Provincial <a href="/wiki/Party_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Party Secretary">Party Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shankun</a> sought to make Guangdong a national demonstration zone for Reform and Opening Up,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: xvii–xviii">: xvii–xviii </span></sup> starting with an investment project in <a href="/wiki/Shekou" title="Shekou">Shekou</a> prepared by <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Geng" title="Yuan Geng">Yuan Geng</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>-based <a href="/wiki/China_Merchants_Group" title="China Merchants Group">China Merchants Steam Navigation Company</a>. This project, initially a <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">ship breaking</a> facility, was approved by <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a> on January 31, 1979. In April 1979, Xi Zhongxun and other Guangdong officials presented in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> a proposal to give broader flexibility to the coastal provinces of Guangdong and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> to attract <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>, with additional exemptions in four cities, namely <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Shenzhen Special Economic Zone">Shenzhen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a> in Guangdong and <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a><sup id="cite_ref-:26_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 158">: 158 </span></sup> (Amoy) in Fujian Province. For these, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> coined the name "special zones"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and characterized them as experiments in the mold of the pre-1949 Communist base areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 65">: 65 </span></sup> The proposal was approved on July 15 and the four special zones were officially established on August 26, 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of an effort to overcome domestic political resistance, the name "special economic zone" was ultimately chosen over "special zone" to emphasize that only economic, not political, experiments should be carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 297">: 297 </span></sup> </p><p>Within these SEZs, export-focused businesses had the leeway to quickly respond to demand in foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup> These initial SEZs successfully attracted foreign capital, primarily from ethnic Chinese in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:9223_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9223-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 90">: 90 </span></sup> Foreign businesses in these areas were generally motivated to move production to China's SEZs because of lower labour costs, preferential economic policies, and the general trend of offshoring more simple manufacturing as globalization increased.<sup id="cite_ref-:9223_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9223-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 90">: 90 </span></sup> </p><p>Successes in the initial SEZs led to the establishment of additional SEZs in 14 coastal cities:<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a>. Since 1988, mainland <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Opening of China">China's opening</a> to the outside world has been extended to its border areas, areas along the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a> and inland areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> First, the state decided to turn <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> Island into mainland China's biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shortly afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> expanded the open coastal areas, extending into an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta">Yangtze River Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>-<a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> Triangle in south Fujian, the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Shandong Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> Province), <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> Province and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> autonomous region. In June 1990, the Chinese government opened the <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a> New Area in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> to overseas investment, and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley, with Shanghai's Pudong New Area as its "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragon</a> head."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1992, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> has opened a number of <a href="/wiki/Border_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Border city">border cities</a> and, in addition, all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free trade zones</a>, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As these open areas adopt different preferential policies, they play the dual roles of "windows" in developing the <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Export-oriented economy">foreign-oriented economy</a>, generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced technologies and of "radiators" in accelerating inland economic development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most of China's SEZs are located in former <a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">treaty ports</a> and therefore have symbolic significance in demonstrating a "reversal of fortunes" in China's dealings with foreigners since the <a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">century of humiliation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup> Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "[t]he success of these cities as 'red' treaty ports represented another step in China's overall reform and opening-up plan while legitimizing the leadership of the CPC over the Chinese state and people."<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p>Primarily geared to exporting processed goods, the five SEZs are <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">foreign trade</a>-oriented areas that integrate science, industry and innovation with trade. Foreign firms benefit from preferential policies, such as <a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">lower tax rates</a>, reduced regulations and special managerial systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since its founding in 1992, the Shanghai Pudong New Area has made progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley. The government has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Area that are not currently enjoyed by the special economic zones. For instance, in addition to the preferential policies of reducing or eliminating <a href="/wiki/Customs_duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs duties">Customs duties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> common to the economic and technological development zones, the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a> and run <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary industry">tertiary industries</a>. In addition, the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>, expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">RMB</a> business. In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> of the Pudong New Area came to 80 billion yuan, and the total industrial output value, 145 billion yuan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 2010, the PRC designated the city of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> a SEZ. Kashgar's annual growth rate was 17.4 percent in 2009, and Kashgar's designation has since increased <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">real estate prices</a> in the city. Kashgar is close to China's border with the independent states of former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a>, and the SEZ seeks to capitalize on international trade links between China and those states.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, then-magistrate of <a href="/wiki/Kinmen_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinmen County">Kinmen County</a> (ROC) <a href="/wiki/Chen_Fu-hai" title="Chen Fu-hai">Chen Fu-hai</a>, along with a non-profit Taiwan organization "with close ties to the CPC",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a referendum in which Kinmen would become a special economic zone and obtain free trade and free investment between it and neighbouring SEZ Xiamen on the mainland. The plan received controversy due to PRC investment in the ROC being otherwise strictly controlled; it was praised by a Xiamen government official and PRC state media, but the referendum did not<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> receive approval from the government of Taiwan before Chen's term ended in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_SEZs_and_open_coastal_cities">List of SEZs and open coastal cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of SEZs and open coastal cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world, between 1978 and 1984 China established <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zones</a> (SEZs) in <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a> as well as designating the entire island province of <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> as a special economic zone.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed from north to south): <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a>. These coastal cities have been designated "open coastal cities" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">沿海开放城市</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">沿海開放城市</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yánhǎi kāifàng chéngshì</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, beginning in 1985, the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed from north to south): the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei Province</a> (which surrounds <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Jing-Jin-Ji" title="Jing-Jin-Ji">Jing-Jin-Ji</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Shandong Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze River Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>-<a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> Triangle in southern <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region</a>. </p><p>In 1990, the Chinese government decided to open the <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong New Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> to overseas investment, as well as more cities in the Yang Zi River Valley.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 1992, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">City</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Special economic zone – Province </td> <td style="text-align: center;">– </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;">Special economic zone – City </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;">Open coastal city </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_policies_of_the_SEZs">Economic policies of the SEZs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic policies of the SEZs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Economic policies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">SEZs</a> included <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">tax</a> exemptions, reduced <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">custom duties</a>, reduced priced land, and increased flexibility to negotiate <a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">labour contracts</a> and financial contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> SEZs were also authorized to develop their own <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 84">: 84 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special Economic Zone</a> was the most active SEZ for legislative experiments over the period 1979-1990 and these had a significant role in shaping national economic legislation on <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">foreign trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 84">: 84 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shenzhen's_economic_transformation"><span id="Shenzhen.27s_economic_transformation"></span>Shenzhen's economic transformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shenzhen's economic transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of the special zones, perhaps the most successful was <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>. It transformed from 126 square miles of <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">villages</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As seen by the table below, the ten years of economic reform from 1980 to 1990 increased <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> in Shenzhen by six-fold, <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> by around sixty-fold, and gross industrial output by two-hundredfold. Before 1980, Shenzhen's GDP was just 0.2 percent of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong's</a>. In 2018, the city's GDP hit 2.42 trillion <a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">yuan</a> (US$372 billion), overtaking Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successes in Shenzhen prompted Chinese central authorities to instruct provincial officials to learn from Shenzhen.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population (thousands people) </th> <th>GDP (million yuan) </th> <th>Gross industrial output (million yuan) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>332.9 </td> <td>270 </td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>449.5 </td> <td>826 </td> <td>424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>881.5 </td> <td>3902 </td> <td>3119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>2019.4 </td> <td>17,167 </td> <td>20,912 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>17,680 </td> <td>3,240,000 </td> <td>4,500,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overseas_SEZs">Overseas SEZs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overseas SEZs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1990 to 2018, Chinese enterprises established eleven SEZs in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East including: Nigeria (two), Zambia, Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Mauritania, Egypt, Oman, and Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> Generally, the Chinese government takes a hands-off approach, leaving it to Chinese enterprises to work to establish such zones (although it does provide support in the form of grants, loans, and subsidies, including support via the <a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China Africa Development Fund</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> Such zones fall within the Chinese policy to <a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">go out</a> and compete globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 182">: 182 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation</a> promotes these SEZs heavily.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 177–182">: 177–182 </span></sup> </p><p>In southeast Asia, both <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned</a> and private Chinese companies are active in developing SEZs abroad consistent with the Chinese government's strategic priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> Efforts in these SEZs are often viewed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> China is involved in southeast Asia SEZs that include industrial parks, special export processing zones, technology parks, and innovation areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> From the Chinese government perspective, Chinese participation in overseas SEZs helps to increase demand for Chinese machinery and equipment and helps restructure the domestic Chinese industrial value chain by moving low-end production activity abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> It can also help bypass trade barriers during periods of friction such as the <a href="/wiki/US-China_trade_war" class="mw-redirect" title="US-China trade war">U.S.-China trade war</a> by facilitating exports to Europe and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p>The Chinese government has identified certain southeast Asian SEZs as highlighted destinations for Chinese investment.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> These highlighted overseas SEZs include: Kawasan Industri Terpadu Indonesia-China, <a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanoukville (city)">Sihanoukville</a> Special Economic Zone in Cambodia, Thailand-China Rayong Industrial Park (RIP), Longjiang Industrial Park in Vietnam, Vientiane Saysettha Development Zone in Laos, and Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 55–56">: 55–56 </span></sup> </p><p>The Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone began with a focus on manufacturing consumer goods with the goal of transitioning to producing machinery, photovoltaic materials, and chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 132–133">: 132–133 </span></sup> It received support from China's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_China" title="Export–Import Bank of China">Export-Import Bank of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">: 132 </span></sup> As of March 2020, the Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone had 174 factories employing more than 30,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 133">: 133 </span></sup> </p><p>The RIP is China's largest industrial cluster and manufacturing export area in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 56">: 56 </span></sup> As of late 2018, the RIP has more than 120 Chinese--owned companies, employs 35,000 (largely Thai nationals), and its gross industrial output was $12 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-:Han_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 56">: 56 </span></sup> </p><p>The first Chinese overseas SEZs facilitated the offshoring of labour-intensive and less competitive industries, for example in textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> As Professor Dawn C. Murphy summarizes, these zones now "aim to transfer China's development successes to other countries, increase business opportunities for China manufacturing companies, avoid trade barriers by setting up zones in countries with preferential trade access to important markets, and create a positive business environment for Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises investing in these regions."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 177">: 177 </span></sup> Overseas SEZs also foster support for China in the international system and help advocate for developing country causes through <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South–South cooperation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 182">: 182 </span></sup> They "help China demonstrate it is acting as a responsible great power in these regions."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 182">: 182 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long-Term_Effects_and_Criticism">Long-Term Effects and Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Long-Term Effects and Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deng described China's SEZs as "social and economic laboratories where foreign technologies and managerial skills could be observed", including in the development of manufacturing technology, a private real estate market, and management techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 113">: 113 </span></sup> </p><p>Many scholars argue that SEZs played a decisive role in the development of China and the success of Communism as implemented in China. Since their inception, SEZs have contributed 22% of China's GDP, 45% of total national foreign direct investment, and 60% of exports. SEZs are estimated to have created over 30 million jobs, increased the income of participating farmers by 30%, and accelerated industrialization, agricultural modernization, and urbanization.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SEZs became destinations for workers from across southern and southwest China, particularly younger women who could earn significantly more for factory work than they could earn in their hometowns.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 66">: 66 </span></sup> </p><p>A 2022 study in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Journal" title="American Economic Journal">American Economic Journal</a></i> found that SEZs in China led to increased <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> investment with improved educational outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China has seen some benefits from SEZs through foreign enterprises bringing in expertise, technology, and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> In turn, private firms have benefitted from cheaper labour, a business-friendly environment, robust infrastructure, and China's large domestic market.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup>Despite these changes, many scholars have taken issues with SEZs often involving policy prioritizing the short-term gains, encompassing a limited number of industries, and lack of entrepreneurial promotion are pointed out by critics of the SEZs. Others, like Gopalakrishnan, point out that "Left out of the picture are inequities in development, arable land loss, real estate speculation and labour violence", as well as significant transparency problems in bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many also believe SEZs pose a threat economically to the socialist and communist economic development in other parts of the country by dissuading attention to foreign policy over domestic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_areas" title="New areas">New areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Area_Revitalization_Plan" title="Northeast Area Revitalization Plan">Northeast Area Revitalization Plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/special-economic-zone">"Special economic zone (SEZ) - Chinese economics"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Special+economic+zone+%28SEZ%29+-+Chinese+economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fspecial-economic-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+economic+zones+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1"><bdi>978-1-5179-0031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betting+on+Macau%3A+Casino+Capitalism+and+China%27s+Consumer+Revolution&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.series=Globalization+and+Community+series&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+economic+zones+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2022" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Dawn C. (2022). <i>China's Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order</i>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3060-4"><bdi>978-1-5036-3060-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1249712936">1249712936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Rise+in+the+Global+South%3A+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Beijing%27s+Alternative+World+Order&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1249712936&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Dawn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+economic+zones+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Han-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Han_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2024" class="citation book cs1">Han, Enze (2024). <i>The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia</i>. 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New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102">10.2307/jj.11589102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300266900" title="Special:BookSources/9780300266900"><bdi>9780300266900</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102">jj.11589102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+City%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+China%27s+Search+for+a+New+International+Order&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.11589102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.11589102&rft.isbn=9780300266900&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+economic+zones+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Event/Africa/Investing%20in%20Africa%20Forum/2015/investing-in-africa-forum-chinas-special-economic-zone.pdf">"China's Special Economic Zones"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Special+Economic+Zones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FWorldbank%2FEvent%2FAfrica%2FInvesting%2520in%2520Africa%2520Forum%2F2015%2Finvesting-in-africa-forum-chinas-special-economic-zone.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+economic+zones+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+economic+zones+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuSunWu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, Fangwen; Sun, Weizeng; Wu, Jianfeng (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20200492&from=f">"Special Economic Zones and Human Capital Investment: 30 Years of Evidence from China"</a>. <i>American Economic Journal: Economic Policy</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fpol">10.1257/pol</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7731">1945-7731</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236623774">236623774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Journal%3A+Economic+Policy&rft.atitle=Special+Economic+Zones+and+Human+Capital+Investment%3A+30+Years+of+Evidence+from+China&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236623774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-7731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fpol&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Fangwen&rft.au=Sun%2C+Weizeng&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jianfeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Farticles%3Fid%3D10.1257%2Fpol.20200492%26from%3Df&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+economic+zones+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalakrishnan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gopalakrishnan, Shankar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419511">"Negative Aspects of Special Economic Zones in China"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>42</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">1492–</span>1494. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419511">4419511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Negative+Aspects+of+Special+Economic+Zones+in+China&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1492-%3C%2Fspan%3E1494&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4419511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Gopalakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4419511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+economic+zones+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chee Kian Leong, 2007, A Tale of Two Countries: Openness and Growth in China and India <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.degit.ifw-kiel.de/papers/degit_12/C012_042.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043701/http://www.degit.ifw-kiel.de/papers/degit_12/C012_042.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade (DEGIT) Conference Paper.</li> <li>Chee Kian Leong, (forthcoming), Special economic zones and growth in China and India: an empirical investigation,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10368-012-0223-6">[2]</a> International Economics and Economic Policy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_economic_zones_of_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chung-Tong Wu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/50/5000240.pdf">China's special economic zones: five years later</a> – Asian Journal of Public Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiatogether.org/2007/feb/opi-sezschina.htm">Special Economic Zones: Lessons from China by Bhaskar Goswami</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainlandchinadevelopment.com/">Support service to enter development Zones to Mainland China</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Template:Special economic zones of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Template talk:Special economic zones of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special economic zones of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Development_Zones_of_China174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" title="National Economic and Technological Development Zones">Economic Development Zones</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Special Economic Zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lujiazui_skyline,_Pudong,_Shanghai.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lujiazui skyline, Pudong, Shanghai"><img alt="Lujiazui skyline, Pudong, Shanghai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Lujiazui_skyline%2C_Pudong%2C_Shanghai.JPG/80px-Lujiazui_skyline%2C_Pudong%2C_Shanghai.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Lujiazui_skyline%2C_Pudong%2C_Shanghai.JPG/120px-Lujiazui_skyline%2C_Pudong%2C_Shanghai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Lujiazui_skyline%2C_Pudong%2C_Shanghai.JPG/160px-Lujiazui_skyline%2C_Pudong%2C_Shanghai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Coastal Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">List of massacres in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law45" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">Cyberwarfare by China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_China" title="Economic inequality in China">Economic inequality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_evictions_in_China" title="Forced evictions in China">Forced evictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underoccupied_developments_in_China" title="Underoccupied developments in China">Underoccupied developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_China" title="Unemployment in China">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_China" title="Freedom of the press in China">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Chinese_culture" title="Martyrdom in Chinese culture">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_and_dissent_in_China" title="Protest and dissent in China">Protest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_incidents_in_China" title="Mass incidents in China">”Mass incidents”</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_China1139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_China" title="Template talk:Economy of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_China1139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_China" title="Category:Companies of China">Companies of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">Iron rice bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976" title="Wage reform in China, 1949–1976">1949–1976 wage reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_China" title="Category:Industry in China">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_materials_industry_in_China" title="Advanced materials industry in China">Advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China" title="Business process outsourcing in China">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_industry_in_China" title="Cement industry in China">Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_China" title="Coffee production in China">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_industry_in_China" title="Container industry in China">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Cotton_Association" title="China Cotton Association">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor_manufacturing_industry_in_China" title="Electric motor manufacturing industry in China">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China" title="Fishing industry in China">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_China" title="Gambling in China">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China" title="Category:Mining in China">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">gold mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China" title="Pearl farming industry in China">Pearl farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China" title="Academic publishing in China">academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">Radio</a></li> <li>Railway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China" title="Railway equipment industry in China">equipment industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China" title="Rare earth industry in China">Rare earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_industry_in_China" title="Securities industry in China">Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy_industry_in_China" title="Sex toy industry in China">Sex toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_China" title="Software industry in China">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in China">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" title="National Economic and Technological Development Zones">Development Zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Software_Park" title="Dalian Software Park">Dalian Software Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China </a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Industrial_Park" title="Suzhou Industrial Park">Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiang_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park">Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries in China">Oil refineries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_in_China" title="Category:Trade in China">Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_China" title="Category:Infrastructure in China">infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_for_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of trade for the People's Republic of China">Trade history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The China World Trade Center">World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China" title="Postage stamps and postal history of China">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports of China">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China" title="List of exports of China">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">Trading partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">Law and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Tax system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labor contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance_in_China" title="Category:Finance in China">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_China" title="Category:Banking in China">banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_China" title="Category:Accounting in China">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China" title="History of banking in China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_China" title="List of banks in China">Other banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chengtong_Holdings_Group" title="China Chengtong Holdings Group">China Chengtong Holdings Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund" title="China Government Guidance Fund">China Government Guidance Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China-Africa Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund" title="China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund">China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Investment_Fund" title="China Internet Investment Fund">China Internet Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Reform_Holdings_Corporation" title="China Reform Holdings Corporation">China Reform Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fund_for_Technology_Transfer_and_Commercialisation" title="National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation">National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CITIC_Group" title="CITIC Group">CITIC Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_China" title="Financial services in China">Financial services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserves of China">Foreign exchange reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund industry</a></li> <li>Stock Exchanges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange" title="Dalian Commodity Exchange">Dalian Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Equities_Exchange_and_Quotations" title="National Equities Exchange and Quotations">National Equities Exchange and Quotations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange" title="Beijing Stock Exchange">Beijing Stock Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index" title="SSE Composite Index">SSE Composite Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Metal_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Metal Exchange">Shanghai Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_Executive_Council" title="Stock Exchange Executive Council">Stock Exchange Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SZSE_Component_Index" title="SZSE Component Index">SZSE Component Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Commodity_Exchange" title="Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange">Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Government institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission" title="China Securities Regulatory Commission">China Securities Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Financial_Regulatory_Administration_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Financial Regulatory Administration (China)">National Financial Regulatory Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Commission" title="National Energy Commission">National Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation" title="State Administration for Market Regulation">State Administration for Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange" title="State Administration of Foreign Exchange">State Administration of Foreign Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Taxation">State Administration of Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_China" title="Category:Economic development in China">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative" title="Rural credit cooperative">Rural credit cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">National economic initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China_2025" title="Made in China 2025">Made in China 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Business_China" title="Youth Business China">Youth Business China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regional economic initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim" title="Bohai Economic Rim">Bohai Economic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Revitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast China Revitalization">Northeast China Revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" title="Pearl River Delta Economic Zone">Pearl River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Taiwan_Straits_Economic_Zone" title="Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone">Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone">Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Economic_Zone" title="Zhongyuan Economic Zone">Zhongyuan Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">2005–2011 property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_export_recalls" title="2007 Chinese export recalls">2007 export</a> / <a href="/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">pet food recalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_slave_scandal" title="2007 Chinese slave scandal">2007 slave scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">2008–2009 economic stimulus plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">2010 Expo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–16 stock market turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_protein_export_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese protein export contamination">Protein export contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_China" title="Bankruptcy in China">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies" title="List of largest Chinese companies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_500_Enterprises_of_China" title="Top 500 Enterprises of China">Top 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State-owned_enterprises_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State-owned enterprises in China">Largest SOEs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hongs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongs">The Hongs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">Globalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Standards of the People's Republic of China">National Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Compulsory_Certificate" title="China Compulsory Certificate">China Compulsory Certificate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_China" title="Made in China">Made in China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingong" title="Mingong">Mingong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth" title="List of Chinese by net worth">List of Chinese by net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_economists" title="Category:Chinese economists">Chinese economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b></i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy of East Asia</a></li></ul> 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