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of China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_of_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography of China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Environment of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_geographic_features_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_geographic_features_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Natural geographic features of China</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span>Provinces of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Cities of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Demography of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and politics of China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics_of_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics of China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruling_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ruling party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Branches of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultimate_authority_and_Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultimate_authority_and_Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ultimate authority and Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultimate_authority_and_Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Administrative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procuratorial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procuratorial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Procuratorial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procuratorial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supervisory_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supervisory_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Supervisory branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supervisory_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Military branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Foreign relations of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_organization_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organization_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>International organization membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organization_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_order_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Law and order in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Military of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Local government in China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture of China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_of_China-sublist" class="cdx-button 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/183px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/275px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/366px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">flag of the People's Republic of China</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/114px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/171px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/228px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">National Emblem of the People's Republic of China</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHN_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/188px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/282px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/376px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_pol01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/China_pol01.jpg/220px-China_pol01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/China_pol01.jpg/330px-China_pol01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/China_pol01.jpg/440px-China_pol01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>An enlargeable map of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Outline_(list)" title="Outline (list)">outline</a> is provided as an overview of and topical guide to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: </p><p>The <b>People's Republic of China</b> is the most extensive country in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">the third most extensive country in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a population of over 1,400,000,000, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">second most populous country in the world</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) has led the PRC under a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party system</a> since the state's establishment in 1949. The PRC is involved in a dispute over the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a>. The CCP's rival during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), fled to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan" title="List of islands of Taiwan">surrounding islands</a> after its defeat in 1949, claiming legitimacy over China, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> while it was the ruling power of the Republic of China (ROC). The term "<a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>" is often used to denote the areas under PRC rule, but sometimes excludes its two <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. </p><p>Because of its vast population, rapidly growing economy, and large research and development investments, China is considered an "<a href="/wiki/Potential_superpowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential superpowers">emerging superpower</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">second largest economy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">largest</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>.) <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China</a> is also a permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1978, China's market-based economic reforms have brought the poverty rate down from 53% in 1981 to 8% by 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, China is now faced with a number of other socioeconomic problems, including an aging population, an increasing rural-urban income gap, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">rapid environmental degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China plays a major role in international trade. The country is the world's largest consumer of steel and concrete, using, respectively, a third and over a half of the world's supply of each.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counting all products, China is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">largest exporter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">second largest importer</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_reference">General reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_administrative.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/220px-China_administrative.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/330px-China_administrative.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/440px-China_administrative.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>An enlargeable map of the administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">Pronunciation</a>: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3d\/En-us-China.ogg\/En-us-China.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-China.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/En-us-China.ogg/En-us-China.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-China.ogg" title="File:En-us-China.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mandarin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʂʊŋ˥<span class="wrap"> </span>kuɔ˧˥]</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Common English country name: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li>Official English country name: The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li>Common <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_capitals_in_native_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and capitals in native languages">中国</a> (Zhōngguó) (The Middle Kingdom or Central Realm)</li> <li>Official endonym: <a href="/wiki/List_of_official_endonyms_of_present-day_nations_and_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states">中华人民共和国</a> (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_and_demonymic_forms_of_place_names#Countries_and_nations" title="List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names">Adjectivals</a>: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chinese (disambiguation)">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_and_demonymic_forms_of_place_names#Countries_and_nations" title="List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names">Demonym</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chinese (disambiguation)">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of China">Name of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="International rankings of the People's Republic of China">International rankings of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_country_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO country codes">ISO country codes</a>: CN, CHN, 156</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_region_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO region codes">ISO region codes</a>: See <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">ISO 3166-2:CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domain</a>: <a href="/wiki/.cn" title=".cn">.cn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_of_China">Geography of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Asia_topographic_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/East_Asia_topographic_map.png/220px-East_Asia_topographic_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/East_Asia_topographic_map.png/330px-East_Asia_topographic_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/East_Asia_topographic_map.png/440px-East_Asia_topographic_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="2094" /></a><figcaption>An enlargeable topographic map of the People's Republic of China</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography of China</a></div> <ul><li>China is a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">country</a></li> <li>Location: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a>: <a href="/wiki/China_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="China Standard Time">China Standard Time</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+08">UTC+08</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of China">Extreme points of China</a> <ul><li>High: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> 8,848 m (29,029 ft) – highest point on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li>Low: <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a> −154 m (−505 ft)</li></ul></li> <li>Land boundaries: 22,117 km<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> 4,677 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 3,645 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (excluding the territorial border disputes; <i><a href="/wiki/McMahon_Line" title="McMahon Line">McMahon Line</a></i>) 3,380 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> 2,185 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> 1,533 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> 1,416 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> 1,281 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> 1,236 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> 858 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> 523 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> 470 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> 423 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> 414 km</dd> <dd><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> 76 km</dd></dl> <ul><li>Coastline: 14,500 km</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of China">Population of China</a>: 1,321,851,888(2007) - <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">1st most populous country</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Area_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Area of China (page does not exist)">Area of China</a>: 9,640,821 square kilometres (3,722,342 sq mi) - <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by area">3rd largest country</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of China">Atlas of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_of_China">Environment of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environment of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment of China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_BMNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/China_BMNG.jpg/220px-China_BMNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/China_BMNG.jpg/330px-China_BMNG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/China_BMNG.jpg/440px-China_BMNG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2881" /></a><figcaption>An enlargeable satellite image of the People's Republic of China</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_China" title="Climate of China">Climate of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_China" title="Pollution in China">Pollution in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution in China">Air pollution in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollution in China">Water pollution in China</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_China" title="List of ecoregions in China">Ecoregions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_China" title="List of earthquakes in China">Earthquakes in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of China">Protected areas of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of biosphere reserves in China">Biosphere reserves in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of the People's Republic of China">Flora of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_China" title="List of birds of China">Birds of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_China" title="List of mammals of China">Mammals of China</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_geographic_features_of_China">Natural geographic features of China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural geographic features of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Asia#China" title="List of glaciers in Asia">Glaciers of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in China">Lakes of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of China">Mountains of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls#China" title="List of waterfalls">Waterfalls of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_of_China">Regions of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regions of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_divisions_of_China">Administrative divisions of China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Provinces_of_China">Provinces of China</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Provinces of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cities_of_China">Cities of China</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cities of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">List of cities in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Historical capitals of China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">Direct-administered municipalities of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="District (China)">Districts of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" title="Counties of China">Counties of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_China" title="Villages of China">Villages of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_China" title="List of villages in China">list</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography_of_China">Demography of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demography of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics_of_China">Government and politics of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government and politics of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">Government of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the People's Republic of China">Politics of China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">Form of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">Capital</a> of China: <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of China">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy movements in China">Democracy movements in China</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_front">United front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (China)">United Front</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ruling_party">Ruling party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ruling party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>): <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">First Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branches_of_government">Branches of government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Branches of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ultimate_authority_and_Legislative_branch">Ultimate authority and Legislative branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ultimate authority and Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a> (nominal): <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_branch">Administrative branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li's Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of the People's Republic of China">Judicial system of the People's Republic of China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <ul><li>President and Chief Justice: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Procuratorial_branch">Procuratorial branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Procuratorial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <ul><li>Prosecutor-General: <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supervisory_branch">Supervisory branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Supervisory branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a>) <ul><li>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></li> <li>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_branch">Military branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations_of_China">Foreign relations of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign relations of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China">Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions in the People's Republic of China">Diplomatic missions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_organization_membership">International organization membership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International organization membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The People's Republic of China is a member of:<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="African Development Bank Group">African Development Bank Group</a> (AfDB) (nonregional member)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union/United_Nations_Hybrid_operation_in_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="African Union/United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur">African Union/United Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur</a> (UNAMID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a> (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> (ADB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Telecommunity" title="Asia-Pacific Telecommunity">Asia-Pacific Telecommunity</a> (APT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) (dialogue partner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum">Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum</a> (ARF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a> (BIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a> (CDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a> (SICA) (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a> (G24) (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">Group of 77</a> (G77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Twenty_Finance_Ministers_and_Central_Bank_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors">Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors</a> (G20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> (IADB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (IBRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a> (ICC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Police Organization">International Criminal Police Organization</a> (Interpol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a> (IFRCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> (IFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> (IFAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization</a> (IMSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a> (IOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a> (ICRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a> (ITSO)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Vaccine_Institute" title="International Vaccine Institute">International Vaccine Institute</a> (IVI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a> (IPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a> (LAIA) (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a> (MIGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonaligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonaligned Movement">Nonaligned Movement</a> (NAM) (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group</a> (NSG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a> (PIF) (partner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> (PCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> (SCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC) (observer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific,_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a> (UNIDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">United Nations Institute for Training and Research</a> (UNITAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Mission_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste">United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste</a> (UNMIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a> (UNIFIL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara</a> (MINURSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">United Nations Mission in Liberia</a> (UNMIL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Mission in the Sudan">United Nations Mission in the Sudan</a> (UNMIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Cote_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire">United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire</a> (UNOCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (MONUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (permanent member, <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">since 1971</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">United Nations Truce Supervision Organization</a> (UNTSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> (UPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a> (WCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a> (WFTU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> (UNWTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangger_Committee" title="Zangger Committee">Zangger Committee</a> (ZC)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_order_in_China">Law and order in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Law and order in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of China">Law of China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Percecution of Christians in China</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China">Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_of_China">Military of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></div> <ul><li>Command <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy">Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force">Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_(pre-1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of China (pre-1911)">Military history of China (pre-1911)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government_in_China">Local government in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Local government in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Local government in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_China">History of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the history of China">Timeline of the history of China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_(pre-1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of China (pre-1911)">Military history of China (pre-1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_China" title="List of earthquakes in China">List of earthquakes in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_of_China">Culture of China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culture of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture of China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of China">Architecture of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in China">Art in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_clothing" title="Chinese clothing">Chinese clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of China">Cuisine of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in China">Festivals in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in China">Media in China</a></li> <li>National symbols of China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">National Emblem of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China">Flag of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People of China">People of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in the People's Republic of China">Public holidays in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_China" title="Hinduism in China">Hinduism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in China">Judaism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">List of World Heritage Sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of China">Literature of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in the People's Republic of China">Television in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in China">Theatre in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_in_China">Sports in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in the People's Republic of China">Sport in China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_China" title="Football in China">Football in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics" title="China at the Olympics">China at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_at_the_Asian_Games" title="China at the Asian Games">China at the Asian Games</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_and_infrastructure_of_China">Economy and infrastructure of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2011)</a>: 2nd (second)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in China">Communications in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_Information_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre">Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency" title="History of Chinese currency">Currency of China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a>: <a href="/wiki/CNY" class="mw-redirect" title="CNY">CNY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in China">Energy in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry in China">Oil industry in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in China">Health care in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_exchanges_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chinese stock exchanges (disambiguation)">Chinese stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airports in the People's Republic of China">Airports in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail transport in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_China" title="Roads in China">Roads in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_in_China">Education in China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_education_in_China" title="Outline of education in China">Outline of education in China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_China" title="Higher education in China">Higher education in China</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">List of universities in China</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also">See also</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div> <ul><li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/China" title="Special:PrefixIndex/China">All pages with titles beginning with <i>China</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22China%22" title="Special:Search/intitle:"China"">All pages with titles containing <i>China</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Chinese" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Chinese">All pages with titles beginning with <i>Chinese</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Chinese%22" title="Special:Search/intitle:"Chinese"">All pages with titles containing <i>Chinese</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:PrefixIndex/People's Republic of China">All pages with titles beginning with <i>People's Republic of China</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22People%27s_Republic_of_China%22" title="Special:Search/intitle:"People's Republic of China"">All pages with titles containing <i>People's Republic of China</i></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_China-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of China-related topics">List of China-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_Group_of_Twenty_Finance_Ministers_and_Central_Bank_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Member state of the Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors">Member state of the Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member state of the United Nations">Member state of the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Asia" title="Outline of Asia">Outline of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline of geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Macau" title="Outline of Macau">Outline of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan" title="Outline of Taiwan">Outline of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tibet" title="Outline of Tibet">Outline of Tibet</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Area rank is disputed with the United States and is either ranked third or fourth. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">List of countries and dependencies by area</a> for more information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China has the longest total land boundaries of any country.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> each border 14 countries, more than any other countries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 93 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a> places the authority to direct the armed forces of the PRC in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a>. However, Article 80 gives the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President of the People's Republic of China</a> the power to proclaim martial law, proclaim a state of war, and issue mobilization orders. Since the mid-1990s, it has been standard practice to have the President, the CMC Chairman, and the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> be the same person although the differences in the start of terms means that there is some overlap between an occupant and his predecessor.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_China&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/">"China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. July 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=China&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527001617/http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/arb/article.php?article=693">"Review of "China: The Balance Sheet -- What the World Needs to Know Now About the Emerging Superpower"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. The Asia Review of Books. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+%22China%3A+The+Balance+Sheet+--+What+the+World+Needs+to+Know+Now+About+the+Emerging+Superpower%22&rft.pub=The+Asia+Review+of+Books&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianreviewofbooks.com%2Farb%2Farticle.php%3Farticle%3D693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Lyman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/6.1.03_miller.html">"China an Emerging Superpower?"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econstrat.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=59">the original</a> on 2019-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+-+Taiwan+Economic+Ties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econstrat.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D97%26Itemid%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019052916/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=408&issue_id=3322&article_id=2369703">"Beijing's Growing Politico-Economic Leverage Over Ulaanbaatar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=408&issue_id=3322&article_id=2369703">the original</a> on 2008-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beijing%27s+Growing+Politico-Economic+Leverage+Over+Ulaanbaatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fpublications_details.php%3Fvolume_id%3D408%26issue_id%3D3322%26article_id%3D2369703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20634060~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html">Fighting Poverty: Findings and Lessons from China's Success</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922130002/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20634060~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html">Archived</a> 2013-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (World Bank). Retrieved August 10, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2007" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim (December 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/world/asia/29china.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">"Beijing's Olympic Quest: Turn Smoggy Sky Blue"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beijing%27s+Olympic+Quest%3A+Turn+Smoggy+Sky+Blue&rft.date=2007-12-29&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F29%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F29china.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6247119.stm">"China fails environment targets"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+fails+environment+targets&rft.date=2007-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6247119.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cintrafor.org/CONFERENCE_TAB/China%20Conf%202006/Boardman%202006.pdf">Center for International Trade in Forest Products</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624202603/http://www.cintrafor.org/CONFERENCE_TAB/China%20Conf%202006/Boardman%202006.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> China's Building Boom. Retrieved December 2, 2006,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004658/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html">Rank Order - Imports</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-04/12/content_849420.htm">"WTO: China overtakes US as second biggest exporter"</a>. Geneva: <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a>. 2007-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of China">Wikimedia Atlas of China</a> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/">China.org.cn</a> China news, weather, business, travel, language courses, archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm">U.S. Department of State, Background Note on China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaontv.com/index.php/map">Interactive China map with province and city guides.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinadigitaltimes.net/">China Digital Times</a> Online China news portal, run by the Graduate School of Journalism of University of California at Berkeley.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaworker.info/">China Worker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinanewtravel.com/China-Map/">China Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinatour.net/flight/">China Flights</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyinquirer.com/nyinquirer/2006/10/chinas_21st_cen.html">NY Inquirer: China's 21st Century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omedia.org/Show_Article.asp?DynamicContentID=2180&MenuID=719&ThreadID=1014008">The Chinese Superpower-Historical Background</a>, Dr Rivka Shpak-Lissak</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://funmin.com/online-games/china-map/index.php">China Map Quest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-profile.com/amazon/books/books_1.htm">The 200 best books on China</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column 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