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class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Christopher Cummings</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="59912615"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/59912615/Vaccine_Hesitancy_and_Secondary_Risks"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Vaccine Hesitancy and Secondary Risks" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73594226/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/59912615/Vaccine_Hesitancy_and_Secondary_Risks">Vaccine Hesitancy and Secondary Risks</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Vaccine Hesitancy and Secondary Risk</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">One facet of pandemic preparedness and resiliency planning is to anticipate that a significant po...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">One facet of pandemic preparedness and resiliency planning is to anticipate that a significant portion of the population will not understand, or be willing, to adopt advocated risk mitigation responses. Communication plays a central and vital role in creating salience and stoking motivations to respond effectively to pandemics and other public health crises. Widespread adoption of variolation, inoculation, and vaccination has historically improved community resilience to disease, but with limited effectiveness due to a growing community who are unwilling to vaccinate. Vaccine hesitancy is a decision-making outcome stemming from diverse motives and is often related to a lack of vaccine confidence and perceived risks. In the race to develop vaccines to mitigate pandemic risks, there is a need to understand factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Secondary risk theory (SRT) is a useful framework to explain this, accounting for concerns about vaccine efficacy and safety. This chapter unpacks how vaccine hesitancy should be of critical concern to health and risk communicators and introduces SRT as a foundational theoretical framework to explain and predict vaccination decisions. 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="46082268"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/46082268/Comparing_nanoparticle_risk_perceptions_to_other_known_EHS_risks"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/46082268/Comparing_nanoparticle_risk_perceptions_to_other_known_EHS_risks">Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Nanoparticle Research</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="46082268"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="46082268"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46082268; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46082268]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46082268]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46082268; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='46082268']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=46082268]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":46082268,"title":"Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/46082268/Comparing_nanoparticle_risk_perceptions_to_other_known_EHS_risks","owner_id":1167253,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":1167253,"first_name":"Christopher","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cummings","page_name":"ChristopherCummings","domain_name":"ncsu","created_at":"2012-01-30T23:00:17.197-08:00","display_name":"Christopher Cummings","url":"https://ncsu.academia.edu/ChristopherCummings"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44661456"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44661456/Secondary_Risk_Theory_Validation_of_a_Novel_Model_of_Protection_Motivation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Secondary Risk Theory: Validation of a Novel Model of Protection Motivation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65133824/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44661456/Secondary_Risk_Theory_Validation_of_a_Novel_Model_of_Protection_Motivation">Secondary Risk Theory: Validation of a Novel Model of Protection Motivation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Risk Analysis</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Protection motivation theory states individuals conduct threat and coping appraisals when decidin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Protection motivation theory states individuals conduct threat and coping appraisals when deciding how to respond to perceived risks. However, that model does not adequately explain today's risk culture, where engaging in recommended behaviors may create a separate set of real or perceived secondary risks. We argue for and then demonstrate the need for a new model accounting for a secondary threat appraisal, which we call secondary risk theory. In an online experiment, 1,246 participants indicated their intention to take a vaccine after reading about the likelihood and severity of side effects. We manipulated likelihood and severity in a 2 × 2 between-subjects design and examined how well secondary risk theory predicts vaccination intention compared to protection motivation theory. Protection motivation theory performed better when the likelihood and severity of side effects were both low (R 2 = 0.30) versus high (R 2 = 0.15). In contrast, secondary risk theory performed similarly when the likelihood and severity of side effects were both low (R 2 = 0.42) or high (R 2 = 0.45). But the latter figure is a large improvement over protection motivation theory, suggesting the usefulness of secondary risk theory when individuals perceive a high secondary threat.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="198e177eee7b6cd8197aa1c7710b5f57" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65133824,"asset_id":44661456,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65133824/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44661456"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44661456"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44661456; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39713641"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39713641/_Influenza_versus_Flu_Do_different_medical_terms_affect_vaccination_intention_Corresponding_Author"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of "Influenza" versus "Flu": Do different medical terms affect vaccination intention? Corresponding Author" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59887440/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39713641/_Influenza_versus_Flu_Do_different_medical_terms_affect_vaccination_intention_Corresponding_Author">"Influenza" versus "Flu": Do different medical terms affect vaccination intention? Corresponding Author</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Health Communication </span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fad4a0b6b11f91f8902c46af15b949af" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59887440,"asset_id":39713641,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59887440/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39713641"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39713641"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39713641; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39713641]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39713641]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39713641; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39713641']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fad4a0b6b11f91f8902c46af15b949af" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39713641]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39713641,"title":"\"Influenza\" versus \"Flu\": Do different medical terms affect vaccination intention? 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From an oversight perspective, SB products come with significant uncertainty. Yet there is a need to anticipate and prepare for SB applications before deployment. This study develops a Societal Risk Evaluation Scheme (SRES) in order to advance methods for anticipatory governance of emerging technologies such as SB. The SRES is based upon societal risk factors that were identified as important through a policy Delphi study. These factors range from those associated with traditional risk assessment, such as health and environmental consequences, to broader features of risk such as those associated with reversibility, manageability, anticipated levels of public concern, and uncertainty. A multidisciplinary panel with diverse perspectives and affiliations assessed four case studies of SB using the SRES. Rankings of the SRES components are compared within and across the case studies. From these comparisons, we found levels of controllability and familiarity associated with the cases to be important for overall SRES rankings. From a theoretical standpoint, this study illustrates the applicability of the psycho-metric paradigm to evaluating SB cases. In addition, our paper describes how the SRES can be incorporated into anticipatory governance models as a screening tool to prioritize research, information collection, and dialogue in the face of the limited capacity of gover-nance systems. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elicit data on specific cases of SB with the goal of developing theory and tools for risk governance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ee20c2a20e695d9fe2834ff5632df95e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52015324,"asset_id":31699788,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52015324/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31699788"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31699788"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31699788; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="170245" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="59912615"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/59912615/Vaccine_Hesitancy_and_Secondary_Risks"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Vaccine Hesitancy and Secondary Risks" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73594226/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/59912615/Vaccine_Hesitancy_and_Secondary_Risks">Vaccine Hesitancy and Secondary Risks</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Vaccine Hesitancy and Secondary Risk</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">One facet of pandemic preparedness and resiliency planning is to anticipate that a significant po...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">One facet of pandemic preparedness and resiliency planning is to anticipate that a significant portion of the population will not understand, or be willing, to adopt advocated risk mitigation responses. Communication plays a central and vital role in creating salience and stoking motivations to respond effectively to pandemics and other public health crises. Widespread adoption of variolation, inoculation, and vaccination has historically improved community resilience to disease, but with limited effectiveness due to a growing community who are unwilling to vaccinate. Vaccine hesitancy is a decision-making outcome stemming from diverse motives and is often related to a lack of vaccine confidence and perceived risks. In the race to develop vaccines to mitigate pandemic risks, there is a need to understand factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Secondary risk theory (SRT) is a useful framework to explain this, accounting for concerns about vaccine efficacy and safety. This chapter unpacks how vaccine hesitancy should be of critical concern to health and risk communicators and introduces SRT as a foundational theoretical framework to explain and predict vaccination decisions. Keywords Vaccines • Vaccination • Vaccine hesitancy • Secondary risks •</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d47161cf94311996c457cca2ba14278b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":73594226,"asset_id":59912615,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73594226/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="59912615"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="59912615"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 59912615; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="46082268"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/46082268/Comparing_nanoparticle_risk_perceptions_to_other_known_EHS_risks"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/46082268/Comparing_nanoparticle_risk_perceptions_to_other_known_EHS_risks">Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Nanoparticle Research</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="46082268"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="46082268"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46082268; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46082268]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46082268]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46082268; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='46082268']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=46082268]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":46082268,"title":"Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/46082268/Comparing_nanoparticle_risk_perceptions_to_other_known_EHS_risks","owner_id":1167253,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":1167253,"first_name":"Christopher","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cummings","page_name":"ChristopherCummings","domain_name":"ncsu","created_at":"2012-01-30T23:00:17.197-08:00","display_name":"Christopher Cummings","url":"https://ncsu.academia.edu/ChristopherCummings"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44661456"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44661456/Secondary_Risk_Theory_Validation_of_a_Novel_Model_of_Protection_Motivation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Secondary Risk Theory: Validation of a Novel Model of Protection Motivation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65133824/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44661456/Secondary_Risk_Theory_Validation_of_a_Novel_Model_of_Protection_Motivation">Secondary Risk Theory: Validation of a Novel Model of Protection Motivation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Risk Analysis</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Protection motivation theory states individuals conduct threat and coping appraisals when decidin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Protection motivation theory states individuals conduct threat and coping appraisals when deciding how to respond to perceived risks. However, that model does not adequately explain today's risk culture, where engaging in recommended behaviors may create a separate set of real or perceived secondary risks. We argue for and then demonstrate the need for a new model accounting for a secondary threat appraisal, which we call secondary risk theory. In an online experiment, 1,246 participants indicated their intention to take a vaccine after reading about the likelihood and severity of side effects. We manipulated likelihood and severity in a 2 × 2 between-subjects design and examined how well secondary risk theory predicts vaccination intention compared to protection motivation theory. Protection motivation theory performed better when the likelihood and severity of side effects were both low (R 2 = 0.30) versus high (R 2 = 0.15). In contrast, secondary risk theory performed similarly when the likelihood and severity of side effects were both low (R 2 = 0.42) or high (R 2 = 0.45). But the latter figure is a large improvement over protection motivation theory, suggesting the usefulness of secondary risk theory when individuals perceive a high secondary threat.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="198e177eee7b6cd8197aa1c7710b5f57" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65133824,"asset_id":44661456,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65133824/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44661456"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44661456"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44661456; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39713641"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39713641/_Influenza_versus_Flu_Do_different_medical_terms_affect_vaccination_intention_Corresponding_Author"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of "Influenza" versus "Flu": Do different medical terms affect vaccination intention? Corresponding Author" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59887440/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39713641/_Influenza_versus_Flu_Do_different_medical_terms_affect_vaccination_intention_Corresponding_Author">"Influenza" versus "Flu": Do different medical terms affect vaccination intention? Corresponding Author</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Health Communication </span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fad4a0b6b11f91f8902c46af15b949af" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59887440,"asset_id":39713641,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59887440/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39713641"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39713641"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39713641; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39713641]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39713641]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39713641; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39713641']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fad4a0b6b11f91f8902c46af15b949af" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39713641]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39713641,"title":"\"Influenza\" versus \"Flu\": Do different medical terms affect vaccination intention? 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From an oversight perspective, SB products come with significant uncertainty. Yet there is a need to anticipate and prepare for SB applications before deployment. This study develops a Societal Risk Evaluation Scheme (SRES) in order to advance methods for anticipatory governance of emerging technologies such as SB. The SRES is based upon societal risk factors that were identified as important through a policy Delphi study. These factors range from those associated with traditional risk assessment, such as health and environmental consequences, to broader features of risk such as those associated with reversibility, manageability, anticipated levels of public concern, and uncertainty. A multidisciplinary panel with diverse perspectives and affiliations assessed four case studies of SB using the SRES. Rankings of the SRES components are compared within and across the case studies. From these comparisons, we found levels of controllability and familiarity associated with the cases to be important for overall SRES rankings. From a theoretical standpoint, this study illustrates the applicability of the psycho-metric paradigm to evaluating SB cases. In addition, our paper describes how the SRES can be incorporated into anticipatory governance models as a screening tool to prioritize research, information collection, and dialogue in the face of the limited capacity of gover-nance systems. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elicit data on specific cases of SB with the goal of developing theory and tools for risk governance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ee20c2a20e695d9fe2834ff5632df95e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52015324,"asset_id":31699788,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52015324/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31699788"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31699788"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31699788; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ee20c2a20e695d9fe2834ff5632df95e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31699788]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31699788,"title":"Societal Risk Evaluation Scheme (SRES): Scenario-Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Synthetic Biology Applications","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31699788/Societal_Risk_Evaluation_Scheme_SRES_Scenario_Based_Multi_Criteria_Evaluation_of_Synthetic_Biology_Applications","owner_id":1167253,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":1167253,"first_name":"Christopher","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Cummings","page_name":"ChristopherCummings","domain_name":"ncsu","created_at":"2012-01-30T23:00:17.197-08:00","display_name":"Christopher Cummings","url":"https://ncsu.academia.edu/ChristopherCummings"},"attachments":[{"id":52015324,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52015324/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Cummings_Kuzma_2017_SRES.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52015324/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Societal_Risk_Evaluation_Scheme_SRES_Sce.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52015324/Cummings_Kuzma_2017_SRES-libre.pdf?1488575426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSocietal_Risk_Evaluation_Scheme_SRES_Sce.pdf\u0026Expires=1740274431\u0026Signature=Cxy47yMBE12-ogDlO9-akesLaxbtLhzbIwfqXd4B4rim1i8u-L919w3S7LoFbzf8y1qF~91frJP7H9ROMLong60V1eEPwUqq~AVqeed~ddYZfqhpCgODJ11xdxFYe2DfgEhjYOpe2vdN2eCxhw6j0PjFSCIhDa0C7RsropYI~NjCZyPjOt8T1XvUEw4a7tAPv2r4tSRKSSkuUxhnK1qUNCvPS7fkNhEEClfybcTJbZs88CRwIqAeBA4zXoixaCxNNQ24vXHyAeIxjnJMtG5KFNS4c3DEErBX7t6QbEeJiTjIm~LFH7QplAIz61dVaDWP1okBxT5NtgpL3KjcNrFl4A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="8640593" id="articleschapters"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3624617"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/3624617/Project_on_Emerging_Nanotechnologies_Consumer_Product_Inventory_Explained"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies: Consumer Product Inventory Explained" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31316910/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/3624617/Project_on_Emerging_Nanotechnologies_Consumer_Product_Inventory_Explained">Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies: Consumer Product Inventory Explained</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ncsu.academia.edu/ChristopherCummings">Christopher Cummings</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ncsu.academia.edu/DavidBerube">David M Berube</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nanotechnology Law and Business</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN) product database began in 2005. The PEN Consumer P...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN) product database began in 2005. The PEN Consumer Products Inventory (CPI) has been frequently cited in scholarly and popular articles as well as reports from government and industry. The CPI has been used to establish a baseline or benchmark on the pervasiveness of products produced by nanotechnology and/or incorporating nanoparticles. In this article, a team of researchers examine and validate a sample from the CPI involving four prominent categories of nanoparticles (carbon, gold, silver, and iron). The authors conclude that the CPI has substantive deficiencies that call the validity of claims associated with the CPI into question. Individuals and organizations citing the CPI should be wary of over-claiming the reliability and validity of the presence of nanotechnology in consumer products.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bcc9caf5dddf2128ee96df9a66d9e95b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31316910,"asset_id":3624617,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31316910/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3624617"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3624617"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3624617; 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