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aria-controls="toc-Early_congressional_career_(1976–1985)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early congressional career (1976–1985) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_congressional_career_(1976–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarian_Party_and_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarian_Party_and_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Libertarian Party and ventures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Libertarian_Party_and_ventures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Libertarian Party and ventures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Libertarian_Party_and_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1985–1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985–1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1985–1997 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985–1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1988 presidential campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_congressional_career_(1997–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_congressional_career_(1997–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later congressional career (1997–2013) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_congressional_career_(1997–2013)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later congressional career (1997–2013) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_congressional_career_(1997–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Committee assignments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 2008 presidential campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2008_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2008 presidential campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2008_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2008_Republican_primary_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Republican_primary_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 2008 Republican primary campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Republican_primary_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endorsement_after_ending_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsement_after_ending_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Endorsement after ending campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endorsement_after_ending_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 2012 presidential campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2012_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2012 presidential campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2012_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2012_Republican_primary_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_Republican_primary_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 2012 Republican primary campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_Republican_primary_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iowa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iowa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Iowa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iowa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Carolina,_Florida,_Nevada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Carolina,_Florida,_Nevada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 South Carolina, Florida, Nevada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Carolina,_Florida,_Nevada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregularities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregularities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Irregularities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregularities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_National_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_National_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Republican National convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_National_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endorsement_after_ending_campaign_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsement_after_ending_campaign_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Endorsement after ending campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endorsement_after_ending_campaign_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_party_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_party_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Political party identification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_party_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Political positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Domestic issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Economic issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballots_and_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballots_and_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Ballots and voting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballots_and_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Secession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Social issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-congressional_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-congressional_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Post-congressional career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-congressional_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-congressional career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-congressional_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2016_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 2016 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 2020 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 2024 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_relating_to_Ron_Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_relating_to_Ron_Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media relating to Ron Paul </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_relating_to_Ron_Paul-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media relating to Ron Paul subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media_relating_to_Ron_Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Other contributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ron Paul</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" > 67 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="رون بول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رون بول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Pol" title="Ron Pol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ron Pol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ران پال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ران پال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рон Пол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рон Пол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рон Пол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рон Пол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ران پال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ران پال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%A0_%ED%8F%B4" title="론 폴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="론 폴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Ռոն Փոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոն Փոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="रॉन पॉल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉन पॉल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C" title="רון פול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רון פול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldus_Paul" title="Ronaldus Paul – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ronaldus Paul" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rons_Pols" title="Rons Pols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rons Pols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="रॉन पॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉन पॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="رون بول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رون بول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ロン・ポール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロン・ポール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пол, Рон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пол, Рон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рон Пол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рон Пол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="รอน พอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอน พอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Рон Пол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рон Пол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ron Paul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97" title="罗恩·保罗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗恩·保罗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C" title="ראן פאול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראן פאול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" 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For his son, see <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ron Paul</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ron_Paul_2023.jpg/220px-Ron_Paul_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ron_Paul_2023.jpg/330px-Ron_Paul_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ron_Paul_2023.jpg/440px-Ron_Paul_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="3584" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Paul in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Laughlin" title="Greg Laughlin">Greg Laughlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Randy_Weber" title="Randy Weber">Randy Weber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gammage" title="Robert Gammage">Robert Gammage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="Texas's 22nd congressional district">22nd district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 3, 1976 – January 3, 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Casey" title="Robert R. Casey">Robert R. Casey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gammage" title="Robert Gammage">Robert Gammage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="Texas's 22nd congressional district">22nd district</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ronald Ernest Paul</div> (1935-08-20) August 20, 1935 (age 89) <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> (1987–1996, 2015–present)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (before 1987, 1996–2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Carolyn Wells</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1957)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_College" title="Gettysburg College">Gettysburg College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>) <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>physician</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ron Paul's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ron_Paul_signature.svg/128px-Ron_Paul_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ron_Paul_signature.svg/192px-Ron_Paul_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ron_Paul_signature.svg/256px-Ron_Paul_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="104" data-file-height="41" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ronpaulinstitute.org">Official website</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1963–1965 1965–1968</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/18px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/27px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/36px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard" title="Texas Air National Guard">Texas Air National Guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 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.mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._Ron_Paul_Speech_Criticizing_American_Foreign_Policy.ogg" title="File:Rep. Ron Paul Speech Criticizing American Foreign Policy.ogg">Ron Paul's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="2494" data-mwtitle="Rep._Ron_Paul_Speech_Criticizing_American_Foreign_Policy.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Rep._Ron_Paul_Speech_Criticizing_American_Foreign_Policy.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/Rep._Ron_Paul_Speech_Criticizing_American_Foreign_Policy.ogg/Rep._Ron_Paul_Speech_Criticizing_American_Foreign_Policy.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Paul gives a speech criticizing the country's <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist</a> foreign policy Recorded October 17, 2003</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#fed501;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_by_Gage_Skidmore_3_(crop_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ron_Paul_by_Gage_Skidmore_3_%28crop_2%29.jpg/75px-Ron_Paul_by_Gage_Skidmore_3_%28crop_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ron_Paul_by_Gage_Skidmore_3_%28crop_2%29.jpg/113px-Ron_Paul_by_Gage_Skidmore_3_%28crop_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ron_Paul_by_Gage_Skidmore_3_%28crop_2%29.jpg/150px-Ron_Paul_by_Gage_Skidmore_3_%28crop_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2227" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#fed501;color:black;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ron Paul</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ron_Paul" title="Electoral history of Ron Paul">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Liberty" title="Campaign for Liberty">Campaign for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Rational_Economics_and_Education" title="Foundation for Rational Economics and Education">F.R.E.E</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life,_education,_and_medical_career">Early life and career</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">U.S. Representative from Texas</div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_congressional_career_(1976–1985)">Early congressional career (1976–1985)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Later_congressional_career_(1997–2013)">Later congressional career (1997–2013)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">1988 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">2008 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">2012 presidential campaign</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Published works</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Foreign_Policy_of_Freedom" title="A Foreign Policy of Freedom">A Foreign Policy of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution:_A_Manifesto" title="The Revolution: A Manifesto">The Revolution: A Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Defined" title="Liberty Defined">Liberty Defined</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_sponsored_by_Ron_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul">List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Ron_Paul_movement" title="Draft Ron Paul movement">Draft Ron Paul movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_newsletters" title="Ron Paul newsletters">Ron Paul newsletters</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ron_Paul_series" title="Template:Ron Paul series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ron_Paul_series" title="Template talk:Ron Paul series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ron_Paul_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ron Paul series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ronald Ernest Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American author, activist, physician, and retired politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="Texas's 22nd congressional district">Texas's 22nd congressional district</a> from 1976 to 1977, and again from 1979 to 1985, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 14th congressional district">Texas's 14th congressional district</a> from 1997 to 2013. On three occasions, he sought the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidency of the United States</a>: as the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> nominee in <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>; and as a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>. A self-described <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist">constitutionalist</a>, Paul is a critic of several of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>'s policies, especially the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">tax policy</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>. He has also been a vocal critic of <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA surveillance programs</a>. In 1976, Paul formed the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Rational_Economics_and_Education" title="Foundation for Rational Economics and Education">Foundation for Rational Economics and Education</a> (FREE), and in 1985 was named the first chairman of the conservative PAC <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> groups focused on <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSE-3">[3]</a> He has been characterized as the "intellectual godfather" of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>, a fiscally conservative political movement started in 2007 and popularized in 2009 that is largely against most matters of <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Paul served as a <a href="/wiki/Flight_surgeon" title="Flight surgeon">flight surgeon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> from 1963 to 1968, and worked as an <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">obstetrician-gynecologist</a> from the 1960s to the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He became the first Representative in history to serve concurrently with a child in the Senate when his son, <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>, became United States Senator (R-KY) in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Ron Paul is a Senior Fellow and Distinguished Counselor of the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He has published a number of books and promoted the ideas of economists of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, during his political campaigns. He has cited President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> as a preferred model of governance.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> After the popularity and grassroots enthusiasm of his 2008 presidential bid, Paul announced in July 2011 that he would not seek reelection to Congress in order to focus on his 2012 bid for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Finishing in the top four with delegates in both races (while winning four states in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012 primaries</a>), he refused to endorse the Republican nominations of <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> during their respective 2008 and 2012 campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. In May 2012, Paul announced that he would not be competing in any other presidential primaries but that he would still compete for delegates in states where the primary elections had already been held.<a href="#cite_note-washingtontimes05142012-11">[11]</a> At both the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012</a> Republican National Conventions, Paul received the second-highest number of delegates behind only McCain and Romney respectively. Paul remained active after his retirement from electoral politics, giving speeches promoting <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">libertarian-conservative</a> ideas on college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Camia-13">[13]</a> He also continues to provide political commentary through The Ron Paul Liberty Report, a web show he co-hosts on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. At 81, and despite not running, Paul received one electoral vote from a <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, making him the oldest person to receive an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> vote, as well as the second registered Libertarian presidential candidate in history to receive an electoral vote, after <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a> in 1972. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_medical_career">Early life, education, and medical career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and medical career">edit</a>]</div> Ronald Ernest Paul was born on August 20, 1935, in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the son of Howard Caspar Paul (1904–1997), who ran a small dairy company, and Margaret Paul (née Dumont; 1908–2001). His paternal grandfather emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ny-15">[15]</a> and his paternal grandmother, a devout Christian, was a first-generation <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German American</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Ron Paul has four brothers.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As a junior at suburban <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Oaks_High_School" title="Keystone Oaks High School">Dormont High School</a>, he was the <a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200-meter dash</a> state champion.<a href="#cite_note-PTR-18">[18]</a> Paul went to <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_College" title="Gettysburg College">Gettysburg College</a>, where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Chi_Alpha" title="Lambda Chi Alpha">Lambda Chi Alpha</a> fraternity.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">B.S.</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-PTR-18">[18]</a> Paul earned a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Duke University School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a> in 1961, and completed his medical <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">internship</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_Hospital" title="Henry Ford Hospital">Henry Ford Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and his residency in <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrics and gynecology">obstetrics and gynecology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magee-Womens_Hospital_of_UPMC" class="mw-redirect" title="Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC">Magee-Womens Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-psul-21">[21]</a> Paul served as a <a href="/wiki/Flight_surgeon" title="Flight surgeon">flight surgeon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> from 1963 to 1965 and then in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air National Guard">United States Air National Guard</a> from 1965 to 1968. Paul and his wife then relocated to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, where he began a private practice in <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">obstetrics and gynecology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psul-21">[21]</a> One child that he helped deliver was famous Tejano singer <a href="/wiki/Selena_Quintanilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Selena Quintanilla">Selena Quintanilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_congressional_career_(1976–1985)">Early congressional career (1976–1985)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early congressional career (1976–1985)">edit</a>]</div> While a medical resident in the 1960s, Paul was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a>, which caused him to read other publications by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>. He came to know economists <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sennholz" title="Hans Sennholz">Hans Sennholz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> well, and credits his interest in the study of economics to them.<a href="#cite_note-gold-23">[23]</a> When President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> "<a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">closed the gold window</a>" by ending American participation in the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretton Woods System">Bretton Woods System</a>, thus ending the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a>'s loose association with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a><a href="#cite_note-gold-23">[23]</a> on August 15, 1971, Paul decided to enter politics<a href="#cite_note-drno-24">[24]</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidate for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lambda-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> In 1974, incumbent <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Casey" title="Robert R. Casey">Robert R. Casey</a> defeated him for the <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="Texas's 22nd congressional district">22nd district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psul-21">[21]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> later appointed Casey to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Maritime_Commission" title="Federal Maritime Commission">Federal Maritime Commission</a>, and Paul won an April 1976 <a href="/wiki/Special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Special election">special election</a> to the vacant office after a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1976-election-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-casey-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Paul lost the next regular election to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gammage" title="Robert Gammage">Robert Gammage</a> by fewer than 300 votes (0.2%), but defeated Gammage in a 1978 rematch, and was reelected in 1980 and 1982.<a href="#cite_note-fewer-than-300-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Gammage underestimated Paul's popularity among local mothers: "I had real difficulty down in <a href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria County</a>, where he practiced, because he'd delivered half the babies in the county. There were only two obstetricians in the county, and the other one was his partner."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tenure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ron_Paul_1979.jpg/170px-Ron_Paul_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ron_Paul_1979.jpg/255px-Ron_Paul_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ron_Paul_1979.jpg/340px-Ron_Paul_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Paul in 1979</figcaption></figure> Paul served in Congress three different periods: first from 1976 to 1977, after he won a special election, then from 1979 to 1985, and finally from 1997 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-congress-bio-33">[33]</a> In his early years, Paul served on the <a href="/wiki/House_Banking_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Banking Committee">House Banking Committee</a>, where he blamed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> for <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and spoke against the banking mismanagement that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">savings and loan crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ny-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-2008bio-34">[34]</a> Paul argued for a return to the gold standard maintained by the U.S. from 1873 to 1933, and with Senator <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a> convinced the Congress to study the issue.<a href="#cite_note-gold-23">[23]</a> He spoke against the reinstatement of registration for the military draft in 1980, in opposition to President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and the majority of his fellow Republican members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-wsj1997-35">[35]</a> During his first term, Paul founded the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Rational_Economics_and_Education" title="Foundation for Rational Economics and Education">Foundation for Rational Economics and Education</a> (FREE), a non-profit <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> dedicated to promoting principles of <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a> and free-market economics.<a href="#cite_note-RPFREE-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-RPFEE2-37">[37]</a> In 1984, Paul became the first chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a> (CSE),<a href="#cite_note-CSE-3">[3]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> group founded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a> "to fight for less government, lower taxes, and less regulation." CSE started a <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea Party protest">Tea Party protest</a> against high taxes in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-TEA2002-38">[38]</a> In 2004, Citizens for a Sound Economy split into two new organizations, with Citizens for a Sound Economy being renamed as <a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a>, and Citizens for a Sound Economy Foundation becoming <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a>. The two organizations would become key players in the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> from 2009 onward. Paul proposed <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term-limit</a> legislation multiple times, while himself serving four terms in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wsj1997-35">[35]</a> In 1984, he decided to retire from the House in order to <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1984 United States Senate election in Texas">run for the U.S. Senate</a>, complaining in his House farewell address that "Special interests have replaced the concern that the Founders had for general welfare... It's difficult for one who loves true liberty and utterly detests the power of the state to come to Washington for a period of time and not leave a true cynic."<a href="#cite_note-insight1997-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Paul lost the Republican primary to <a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Phil Gramm</a>, who had switched parties the previous year from Democrat to Republican. Another candidate of the senatorial primary was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grover" title="Henry Grover">Henry Grover</a>, a conservative former state legislator who had lost the 1972 gubernatorial general election to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Dolph_Briscoe" title="Dolph Briscoe">Dolph Briscoe</a>, Jr.<a href="#cite_note-elections_texas-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-rep-primary-42">[42]</a> On Paul's departure from the House, his seat was assumed by former state representative <a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a>, who would later become <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">House Majority Leader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Libertarian_Party_and_ventures">Libertarian Party and ventures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Libertarian Party and ventures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985–1997">1985–1997</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1985–1997">edit</a>]</div> Following the loss of the 1984 senate race, Paul returned to his obstetrics practice and took part in a number of other business ventures.<a href="#cite_note-ny-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Along with his former congressional chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a>, Paul founded a for-profit enterprise, Ron Paul & Associates, Inc. (RP&A) in 1984, with Paul serving as president, Rockwell as vice president, Paul's wife Carol as secretary, and daughter Lori Pyeatt as treasurer. The company published a variety of <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_newsletters" title="Ron Paul newsletters">political and investment-oriented newsletters</a>, including Ron Paul Freedom Report and Ron Paul Survival Report,<a href="#cite_note-sanchez-weigel-45">[45]</a> and by 1993 was generating revenues in excess of $900,000.<a href="#cite_note-1995_video-46">[46]</a> Paul also co-owned a mail-order coin dealership, Ron Paul Coins, for twelve years with <a href="/wiki/Burt_Blumert" class="mw-redirect" title="Burt Blumert">Burt Blumert</a>, who continued to operate the dealership after Paul resumed office in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-cw-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Paul spoke multiple times at the <a href="/wiki/American_Numismatic_Association" title="American Numismatic Association">American Numismatic Association</a>'s 1988 convention.<a href="#cite_note-cw-47">[47]</a> He worked with his Foundation for Rational Economics and Education on such projects as establishing the National Endowment for Liberty, producing the At Issue public policy series that was broadcast on the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RPFREE-36">[36]</a> and continuing publication of newsletters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988_presidential_campaign">1988 presidential campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1988 presidential campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign</a></div> Paul left the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in 1987 and launched a bid for the presidency running on the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> ticket. His candidacy was seen as problematic because of the party's platform position of support for freedom of choice on abortions. <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Russell_Means" title="Russell Means">Russell Means</a>, Paul's rival for the nomination, emphasized that he was in favor of <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In a forum held prior to the nomination, Means dismissed the greater funds raised by Paul's campaign, commenting that Means was receiving "10 times more press" than the former Congressman and was therefore "100 times more effective".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On September 25, 1988, American psychologist and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic drugs">psychedelic advocate</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a> held a fundraiser for Paul, who attended the event.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Journalist Debra Saunders attended and wrote about her experience.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In the 1988 presidential election, Paul was on the ballot in 46 states,<a href="#cite_note-1988nytimes-55">[55]</a> scoring third in the popular vote with 432,179 votes (0.5%).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Paul was kept off the ballot in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, due to what the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a> termed a "technicality," and received votes there only when written in,<a href="#cite_note-Dispatch1-57">[57]</a> just as he did in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> According to Paul, his presidential campaign was about more than obtaining office; he sought to promote his libertarian ideas, often to school and university groups regardless of vote eligibility. He said, "We're just as interested in the future generation as this election. These kids will vote eventually, and maybe, just maybe, they'll go home and talk to their parents."<a href="#cite_note-1988nytimes-55">[55]</a> Paul considered running again for president in <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> but instead chose to endorse Republican <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> that year, and served as an adviser to Buchanan's ultimately unsuccessful presidential primary campaign against incumbent President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_congressional_career_(1997–2013)">Later congressional career (1997–2013)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later congressional career (1997–2013)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ron_paul.jpg/170px-Ron_paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ron_paul.jpg/255px-Ron_paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ron_paul.jpg/340px-Ron_paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption>An earlier congressional portrait of Paul, c. 1997</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_65396u_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_65396u_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Paul_65396u_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_65396u_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Paul_65396u_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Paul_65396u_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Paul in his Congressional office, September 1999</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_2">Elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 14th congressional district">Texas's 14th congressional district</a></div> <dl><dt>1996 campaign</dt></dl> During 1996, Paul was re-elected to Congress after a difficult campaign. The <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> endorsed incumbent <a href="/wiki/Greg_Laughlin" title="Greg Laughlin">Greg Laughlin</a> in the primary; Paul won with assistance from baseball pitcher, constituent, and friend <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Ryan" title="Nolan Ryan">Nolan Ryan</a>, tax activist and publisher <a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-ny-15">[15]</a> and conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> (the latter two of whom had run in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">1996 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>). Paul narrowly defeated Democratic attorney Charles "Lefty" Morris in the fall election, despite Morris' criticism over controversial statements in several <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_newsletters" title="Ron Paul newsletters">newsletters that Paul published</a>. <dl><dt>1998–2013</dt></dl> In 1998 and 2000, Paul defeated Loy Sneary, a Democratic <a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Texas" title="Bay City, Texas">Bay City, Texas</a>, rice farmer and former <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Matagorda County">Matagorda County</a> judge.<a href="#cite_note-drno-24">[24]</a> In the 2008 Republican primary,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> he defeated <a href="/wiki/Friendswood" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendswood">Friendswood</a> city councilman <a href="/wiki/Chris_Peden" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Peden">Chris Peden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> with over 70 percent of the vote<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and ran unopposed in the general election.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the 2010 Republican primary, Paul defeated three opponents with 80 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would not seek re-election to the House in order to pursue the <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">2012 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-free-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure_2">Tenure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tenure">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Legislation</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_sponsored_by_Ron_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul">List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul</a></div> Of the 620 bills that Paul had sponsored through December 2011, over a period of more than 22 years in Congress, only one had been signed into law—a lifetime success rate of less than 0.3%.<a href="#cite_note-WPHR2121-68">[68]</a> The sole measure authored by Paul that was ultimately enacted allowed for a federal customhouse to be sold to a local historic preservation society (H.R. 2121 in 2009).<a href="#cite_note-WPHR2121-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul,_official_Congressional_photo_portrait,_2007_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007_%281%29.jpg/220px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007_%281%29.jpg/330px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>2007 congressional portrait</figcaption></figure> By amending other legislation, he helped prohibit funding for <a href="/wiki/National_identification_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="National identification numbers">national identification numbers</a>, funding for federal teacher certification,<a href="#cite_note-drno-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> jurisdiction over the U.S. military, American participation with any U.N. <a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">global tax</a>, and surveillance of peaceful <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> activities by citizens.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In November 1997, Paul was one of eighteen Republicans in the House to co-sponsor <a href="/wiki/1997_impeachment_resolution_by_Bob_Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 impeachment resolution by Bob Barr">a resolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> that sought to launch an <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">impeachment inquiry</a> against President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pace1-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-hutcheson-71">[71]</a> The resolution did not specify any charges or allegations.<a href="#cite_note-hutcheson-71">[71]</a> This was an early effort to <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeach</a> Clinton, predating the eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a>. The eruption of that scandal would ultimately lead to a more serious effort to impeach Clinton in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On October 8, 1998, Paul voted in favor of legislation that was passed to open <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">an impeachment inquiry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">On December 19, 1998</a>, Paul voted in favor of all four proposed <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of impeachment">articles of impeachment</a> against Clinton (only two of which received the needed majority of votes to be adopted).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Two days prior, on December 16, Paul had stated that he would vote to impeach based on Clinton's military attacks in the Middle East, namely the <a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">1998 bombing of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a>, and not necessarily the Lewinsky scandal, which he described as far less serious than the "unconstitutionality of presidents waging wars".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <dl><dt>Affiliations</dt></dl> Paul was honorary chairman of, and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a>, a political action committee that describes its goal as electing "liberty-minded, limited-government individuals".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He is an initiating member of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Rural_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Rural Caucus">Congressional Rural Caucus</a>, which deals with agricultural and rural issues, and the 140-member <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Wildlife_Refuge_Caucus" title="Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus">Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Committee assignments">edit</a>]</div> Paul served on the following committees and subcommittees.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">Committee on Financial Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Financial_Services_Subcommittee_on_Domestic_Monetary_Policy_and_Technology" title="United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology">Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology</a> (chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Financial_Services_Subcommittee_on_International_Monetary_Policy_and_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on International Monetary Policy and Trade">Subcommittee on International Monetary Policy and Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">Committee on Foreign Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Foreign_Affairs_Subcommittee_on_Oversight_and_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations">Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations</a></li></ul></li></ul> With the election of the <a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th Congress</a>, and a resulting <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">GOP</a> majority in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>, Paul became the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Financial_Services_Subcommittee_on_Domestic_Monetary_Policy_and_Technology" title="United States House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology">Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology</a> starting in January 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ronpaul01216-82">[82]</a> Paul's congressional career ended on January 3, 2013, with the swearing in of the <a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th Congress</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008_presidential_campaign">2008 presidential campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2008 presidential campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">2008 Republican Party presidential primaries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Republican_primary_campaign">2008 Republican primary campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2008 Republican primary campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RonPaul-June07-NHdebate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RonPaul-June07-NHdebate.jpg/220px-RonPaul-June07-NHdebate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RonPaul-June07-NHdebate.jpg/330px-RonPaul-June07-NHdebate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RonPaul-June07-NHdebate.jpg/440px-RonPaul-June07-NHdebate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Paul campaigning for president in <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a>, June 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RonPaulSupporters-DurhamNHdebate-5sept07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/RonPaulSupporters-DurhamNHdebate-5sept07.JPG/220px-RonPaulSupporters-DurhamNHdebate-5sept07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/RonPaulSupporters-DurhamNHdebate-5sept07.JPG/330px-RonPaulSupporters-DurhamNHdebate-5sept07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/RonPaulSupporters-DurhamNHdebate-5sept07.JPG/440px-RonPaulSupporters-DurhamNHdebate-5sept07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Supporters outside of the Fox News debate in September 2007</figcaption></figure> Paul formally declared his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Republican nomination">2008 Republican nomination</a> on March 12, 2007, on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Few major politicians endorsed him, and his campaign was largely ignored by traditional media.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> However, he attracted an intensely loyal grassroots following,<a href="#cite_note-NYTSeelye07-85">[85]</a> interacting through internet social media.<a href="#cite_note-RPdigg-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In May 2007, shortly after the first televised primary debates, the blogs search engine site <a href="/wiki/Technorati" title="Technorati">Technorati</a>.com listed Paul's name as the term most frequently searched for;<a href="#cite_note-RPdigg-86">[86]</a> and Paul's campaign claimed that Paul had more <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> channel subscribers than <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> or any other candidate for president.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Paul fundraised more money than any other Republican candidate in the fourth quarter of 2007, as the primary season headed into the Iowa caucuses.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Despite benefiting from campaign contributions from individual donors,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and the supporters determined to keep his name a frequent topic of discussion on the internet,<a href="#cite_note-RPdigg-86">[86]</a> over the course of the campaign Paul was unable to translate the enthusiasm of his core supporters into large enough numbers of actual primary votes to unseat his rivals. Paul came in 5th place in both the January 4 <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a> (10% of votes cast)<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and the January 8 New Hampshire primary (8%).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> With the exception of the Nevada caucuses January 19, where he came in 2nd (14%) behind <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (51%), he did little better through the rest of January: Michigan 4th (6%), South Carolina 5th (4%), Florida 5th (3%). On Super Tuesday, February 5, he placed 4th in almost every state, generally taking in a mere 3–6% of the votes although he did better in the northern states of North Dakota (21%, 3rd place) and Montana (25%, 2nd place).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> By March, front-runner <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> had secured enough pledged delegates to guarantee that he would win the nomination, and Romney and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> had both formally withdrawn from the race. Paul, who had won no state primaries, knew that it was now impossible for him to win the nomination, as he had captured only 20<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>—40 pledged delegates compared to more than 1,191 for McCain, yet he refused to concede the race and said that it was unlikely that he would ultimately endorse McCain.<a href="#cite_note-ElkinsBeast-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Over the next few weeks, Paul's supporters clashed with establishment Republicans at several county and state party conventions over state party rules, the party platforms, and selection of delegates for the national convention.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In one instance, Nevada's state party leaders in response to Paul's supporters at the state nominating convention, resorted to prematurely shutting down the convention before selecting national delegates, with a plan to reconvene at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On June 12, 2008, Paul withdrew his bid for the Republican nomination. He later said that one of the reasons he did not run in the general election as a third-party candidate, after losing the primaries, was that, as a concession to gain ballot access in certain states, he had signed legally binding agreements to not run a third-party campaign if he lost the primary.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Some of the $4 million remaining campaign contributions was invested into the political action and advocacy group called <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul%27s_Campaign_for_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty">Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endorsement_after_ending_campaign">Endorsement after ending campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Endorsement after ending campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rally_for_the_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rally_for_the_Republic.jpg/220px-Rally_for_the_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rally_for_the_Republic.jpg/330px-Rally_for_the_Republic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rally_for_the_Republic.jpg/440px-Rally_for_the_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Paul's Rally for the Republic, held in Minneapolis, Minnesota on September 2, 2008</figcaption></figure> At a September 10, 2008, press conference, Paul announced his general support of four third-party candidates: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a>); <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>); <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (independent). He said that each of them had pledged to adhere to a policy of balancing budgets, bringing the troops home, defending privacy and personal liberties, and investigating the Federal Reserve. Paul also said that under no circumstances would he be endorsing either of the two main parties' candidates (McCain—Republican Party, or Obama—Democratic Party) because there were no real differences between them, and because neither of them, if elected, would seek to make the fundamental changes in governance that were necessary. He urged instead that, rather than contribute to the "charade" that the two-party election system had become, the voters support the third-party candidates as a protest vote, to force change in the election process.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-kugel-109">[109]</a> Later that same day, Paul gave a televised interview with Nader saying much the same again.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Two weeks later, "shocked and disappointed" that <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> (the Libertarian nominee) had pulled out of attending the press conference at the last minute and had admonished Paul for remaining neutral and failing to say which specific candidate Paul would vote for in the general election, Paul released a statement saying that he had decided to endorse <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a> candidate, for president.<a href="#cite_note-campaignforliberty1-111">[111]</a> Paul withdrew from active campaigning in the last weeks of the primary election period. He received 42,426 votes, or 0.03% of the total cast, in the general election.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2012_presidential_campaign">2012 presidential campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2012 presidential campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">2012 Republican Party presidential primaries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_Republican_primary_campaign">2012 Republican primary campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2012 Republican primary campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_0723.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ron_Paul_0723.jpg/220px-Ron_Paul_0723.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ron_Paul_0723.jpg/330px-Ron_Paul_0723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ron_Paul_0723.jpg/440px-Ron_Paul_0723.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Paul speaking at a rally at <a href="/wiki/Lindenwood_University" title="Lindenwood University">Lindenwood University</a> in St. Charles, Missouri, March 2012</figcaption></figure> Paul won several early straw polls for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and formed an official exploratory committee in late April 2011.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> He participated in the first Republican presidential debate on May 5, 2011<a href="#cite_note-election-news-116">[116]</a> and on May 13, 2011, formally announced his candidacy in an interview on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> He placed second in the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Ames_Straw_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Ames Straw Poll">Ames Straw Poll</a>, missing first by 0.9%.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Paul indicated in a June 2011 interview that if nominated, he would consider former New Jersey Superior Court judge <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Andrew Napolitano</a> as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In December 2011, with Paul's increased support, the controversy over racist and homophobic statements in several <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_newsletters" title="Ron Paul newsletters">Ron Paul newsletters</a> in the 1980s and early 1990s once again gained media attention.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> During this time Paul supporters asserted that he was continually ignored by the media despite his significant support, citing examples of where television news shows would fail to mention Paul in discussions of the Republican presidential hopefuls even when he was polling second.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iowa">Iowa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iowa">edit</a>]</div> Ron Paul's presidential campaign managers <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Benton" title="Jesse Benton">Jesse Benton</a>, John Tate and Demetri Kesari were all found guilty of paying former Iowa State Senator <a href="/wiki/Kent_Sorenson" title="Kent Sorenson">Kent Sorenson</a> $73,000 to switch his support from Rep. <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> to Paul.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In court papers filed in August 2014, Sorenson said that he had been paid by both presidential campaigns for his endorsement and pled guilty to criminal charges stemming from the incident.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Paul came in third in the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Republican_caucuses,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Republican caucuses, 2012">Iowa Republican Caucus</a> held on January 3, 2012. Out of a turnout of 121,503 votes, Paul took 26,036 (21%) of the certified votes. <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> finished in a virtual tie for first place with 25% each,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> although Ron Paul had ultimately won<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Iowa at the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> gathering 22 delegates to Mitt Romney's 5. In the <a href="/wiki/2012_New_Hampshire_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2012 New Hampshire Republican presidential primary">New Hampshire primary</a> held on January 10, 2012, Paul received 23% of the votes and came in second after Romney's 39%.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Carolina,_Florida,_Nevada">South Carolina, Florida, Nevada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South Carolina, Florida, Nevada">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_Support_Sign_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ron_Paul_Support_Sign_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG/200px-Ron_Paul_Support_Sign_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ron_Paul_Support_Sign_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG/300px-Ron_Paul_Support_Sign_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ron_Paul_Support_Sign_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG/400px-Ron_Paul_Support_Sign_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>Sign in support of Paul in Ann Arbor, Michigan on the day of the 2012 Michigan primary</figcaption></figure> Paul's results then declined, despite the withdrawal of candidates <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Jon Huntsman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>. He had fourth-place finishes in the next two primaries, on January 21 in South Carolina (with 13% of the vote)<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and on January 31 in Florida (where he received 7% of the vote).<a href="#cite_note-FLEW-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vote_by_COUNTY-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On February 4, Paul finished third in Nevada with 18.8% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Three non-binding primaries were held on February 7; Paul took 3rd place in Colorado<a href="#cite_note-CO2012-134">[134]</a> and Missouri<a href="#cite_note-MO2012-135">[135]</a> with 13% and 12% of the vote, respectively. He fared better in Minnesota<a href="#cite_note-MN2012-136">[136]</a> with 27%, finishing second to <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>. On May 14, Paul's campaign announced that due to lack of funds (though despite financial backing from financiers <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Spitznagel" title="Mark Spitznagel">Mark Spitznagel</a>)<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> he would no longer actively campaign for votes in the 11 remaining primary states, including Texas and California, that had not yet voted.<a href="#cite_note-washingtontimes05142012-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC0514-138">[138]</a> He would, however, continue to seek to win delegates for the national party convention in the states that had already voted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irregularities">Irregularities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Irregularities">edit</a>]</div> In June, a group of 132 supporters of Paul, demanding the freedom as delegates to the upcoming Republican party national convention to cast votes for Paul, filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court against the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> and 55 state and territorial Republican party organizations for allegedly coercing delegates to choose <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> as the party's presidential nominee.<a href="#cite_note-NJsuit-139">[139]</a> The suit alleged that there had been "a systematic campaign of <a href="/wiki/Election_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Election fraud">election fraud</a> at state conventions," employing rigging of voting machines, ballot stuffing, and falsification of ballot totals. The suit further pointed to incidents at state conventions, including acts of violence and changes in procedural rules, allegedly intended to deny participation of Paul supporters in the party decision-making and to prevent votes from being cast for Paul. An attorney representing the complainants said that Paul campaign advisor <a href="/wiki/Doug_Wead" title="Doug Wead">Doug Wead</a> had voiced support for the legal action.<a href="#cite_note-NJsuit-139">[139]</a> Paul himself told <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> that although the lawsuit was not a part of his campaign's strategy and that he had not been advising his supporters to sue, he was not going to tell his supporters not to sue, if they had a legitimate argument. "If they're not following the rules, you have a right to stand up for the rules. I think for the most part these winning caucuses that we've been involved in we have followed the rules. And the other side has at times not followed the rules."<a href="#cite_note-CNNsuit-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_National_convention">Republican National convention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Republican National convention">edit</a>]</div> Paul declined to speak at the Republican National Convention as a matter of principle, saying that the convention planners had demanded that his remarks be vetted by the Romney campaign and that he make an unqualified endorsement of Romney.<a href="#cite_note-nytspeech-141">[141]</a> Paul had felt that "It wouldn't be my speech... That would undo everything I've done in the last 30 years. I don't fully endorse him for president."<a href="#cite_note-nytspeech-141">[141]</a> Many of Paul's supporters and delegates walked out of the convention in protest over rules adopted by the convention that reduced their delegate count and that would make it harder for non-establishment candidates to win the party's nomination in future elections.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Supporters and media commentators had noted that the delegations from states where Paul had had the most support were given the worst seats in the convention hall, while delegations from regions with no electoral votes, such as the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico, were given prime seats at the front.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endorsement_after_ending_campaign_2">Endorsement after ending campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Endorsement after ending campaign">edit</a>]</div> As in 2008, in 2012 Paul ultimately refused to endorse the ticket selected by the Republican Party. He said that there was no essential difference between <a href="/wiki/Romney%E2%80%93Ryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romney–Ryan">Romney</a> and his Democratic opponent, President Obama, on the most critical policies: "I've been in this business a long time and believe me there is essentially no difference from one administration to another no matter what the platforms... The foreign policy stays the same, the monetary policy stays the same, there's no proposal for any real cuts and both parties support it."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Paul received 26,204 write-in votes, or 0.02% of the total cast in the election.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_party_identification">Political party identification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political party identification">edit</a>]</div> Throughout his entire tenure in Congress, Paul has represented his district as a member of the Republican Party. However, he has frequently taken positions in direct opposition to the other members and the leadership of the party, and he has sometimes publicly questioned whether he really belonged in the party. Paul voted for <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> for president in 1956 when he was 21 years old.<a href="#cite_note-DearFrank-147">[147]</a> He had been a lifelong supporter of the Republican Party by the time he entered politics in the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-DearFrank-147">[147]</a> He was one of the first elected officials in the nation to support <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s presidential campaign,<a href="#cite_note-SFC88-148">[148]</a> and he actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.<a href="#cite_note-DMN87-149">[149]</a> After Reagan's election in 1980, Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies. He later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981,<a href="#cite_note-SJMN88-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT88-151">[151]</a> aghast that "in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> proposed a budget with a $38 billion deficit, and every Republican in the House voted against it. In 1981, Reagan proposed a budget with a $45 billion deficit—which turned out to be $113 billion—and Republicans were cheering his great victory. They were living in a storybook land."<a href="#cite_note-SFC88-148">[148]</a> He expressed his disgust with the political culture of both major parties in a speech delivered in 1984 upon resigning from the House of Representatives to prepare for a (failed) run for the Senate, and he eventually apologized to his libertarian friends for having supported Reagan.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN88-150">[150]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ron_Paul%27s_1987_Resignation_Letter_to_the_RNC" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ron Paul's 1987 Resignation Letter to the RNC">Ron Paul's 1987 Resignation Letter to the RNC</a></div></div></div> </div> By 1987, Paul was ready to sever all ties to the Republican Party, as he explained in a blistering resignation letter: "Since [1981] Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party have given us skyrocketing deficits, and astoundingly a doubled national debt. How is it that the party of balanced budgets, with control of the White House and Senate, accumulated red ink greater than all previous administrations put together? ... There is no credibility left for the Republican Party as a force to reduce the size of government. That is the message of the Reagan years."<a href="#cite_note-DearFrank-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-DMN87-149">[149]</a> A month later he announced he would seek the 1988 Libertarian Party nomination for president. During the 1988 campaign, Paul called Reagan "a dramatic failure"<a href="#cite_note-DMN87-149">[149]</a> and complained that "Reagan's record is disgraceful. He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people."<a href="#cite_note-PI87-152">[152]</a> Paul predicted that "the Republicans are on their way out as a major party,"<a href="#cite_note-SJMN88-150">[150]</a> and he said that, although registered as a Republican, he had always been a libertarian at heart.<a href="#cite_note-SJMN88-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT88-151">[151]</a> Paul returned to his private medical practice and managing several business ventures after losing the 1988 election; but by 1996, he was ready to return to politics, this time running on the Republican Party ticket again. He said that he had never read the entire Libertarian platform when he ran for president as a Libertarian in 1988, and that "I worked for the Libertarians on my terms, not theirs."<a href="#cite_note-chron96-153">[153]</a> He added that in terms of a political label he preferred to call himself "a constitutionalist. In Congress I took an oath to uphold the Constitution, not the (Republican) platform."<a href="#cite_note-chron96-153">[153]</a> When he lost the Republican Party presidential primary election in 2008, Paul criticized the two major political parties, saying that there was no real difference between the parties and that neither of them truly intended to challenge the status quo. He refused to endorse the Republican Party's nominee for president, <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, and lent his support to third-party candidates instead.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In the 2012 presidential campaign, during which he acknowledged it was unlikely that he would win the Republican Party nomination,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Paul again asserted that he was participating in the Republican Party on his own terms, trying to persuade the rest of the party to move toward his positions rather than joining in with theirs.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> He expressed doubt that he would support any of his rivals should they win the nomination, warning that, "If the policies of the Republican Party are the same as the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(epithet)" title="Democrat Party (epithet)">Democrat Party</a> and they don't want to change anything on foreign policy, they don't want to cut anything, they don't want to audit the Fed and find out about monetary policy, they don't want to have actual change in government, that is a problem for me."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> On that same theme he said in another interview, "I would be reluctant to jump on board and tell all of the supporters that have given me trust and money that all of a sudden, I'd say, [all] we've done is for naught. So, let's support anybody at all ... even if they disagree with everything that we do."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">Political positions of Ron Paul</a></div> Paul has been described as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ny-15">[15]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> Keith Poole, Paul had the most conservative voting record of any member of Congress from 1937 to 2002,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and is the most conservative of the candidates that had sought the 2012 Republican nomination for president.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Other analyses have judged Paul much more moderate. The <a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a>, for instance, rated Paul only the 145th-most-conservative member of the House of Representatives (out of 435) based on votes cast in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The National Journal's analysis gave Paul a 2011 composite ideological rating of 54% liberal and 46% conservative.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The foundation of Paul's political philosophy is the conviction that "the proper role for government in America is to provide national defense, a court system for civil disputes, a criminal justice system for acts of force and fraud, and little else."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> He has been nicknamed "Dr. No," reflecting both his medical degree and his insistence that he will "never vote for legislation unless the proposed measure is expressly authorized by the Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-drno-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-2008bio-34">[34]</a> In 2008, Paul spoke at the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>'s 50th-anniversary celebration.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2008-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBS_News_2011-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> An anti-war activist, Paul promotes a <a href="/wiki/Noninterventionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Noninterventionist">noninterventionist</a> foreign policy and an end to <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> He advocates <a href="/wiki/American_Sovereignty_Restoration_Act" title="American Sovereignty Restoration Act">withdrawal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>, for reasons of maintaining strong national sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> He voted for the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, but suggested war alternatives such as authorizing the president to grant <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Marque_and_Reprisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of Marque and Reprisal">Letters of Marque and Reprisal</a> targeting specific terrorists, in lieu of launching an <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">Afghanistan invasion</a>. An opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> as well, and potential war with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, he has criticized <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a> and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, arguing that both inadvertently cause terrorist reprisals against Americans, such as the 9/11 attacks. Paul has stated that "Israel is our close friend" and that it is not the place of the United States to "dictate how Israel runs her affairs". Paul, a critic of the US's implementation of most <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a>, said in 2011 that "it was our foreign aid that helped <a href="/wiki/Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak">Mubarak</a> retain power to repress his people in the first place."<a href="#cite_note-Israel-171">[171]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> protests in 2004, which led to <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a>'s ouster from government, Paul accused the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a> of having staged a coup in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Paul supported the <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">2014 Crimean status referendum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> for which he was called a friend of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and has objected to <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War">foreign aid to Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_issues">Domestic issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Domestic issues">edit</a>]</div> Paul endorses <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right" title="Constitutional right">constitutional rights</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to keep and bear arms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> for political detainees. He was one of only three Republicans in the House to vote against the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a>. Paul opposes federal use of <a href="/wiki/Torture_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture and the United States">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidential_autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential autonomy">presidential autonomy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/REAL_ID_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="REAL ID Act">national identification card</a>, warrantless <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)">domestic surveillance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">the draft</a>. He has also called for shutting down the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a> and moving matters of <a href="/wiki/Airline_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline security">airline security</a> to private businesses.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Paul believes that the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> is currently misused by the court system: "In case after case, the Supreme Court has used the infamous '<a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>' metaphor to uphold court decisions that allow the federal government to intrude upon and deprive citizens of their religious liberty."<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> After the April 2013 <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing" title="Boston Marathon bombing">Boston Marathon bombing</a>, Paul commented on the tactics used by governing forces into a harsh criticism that he has written as a "military-style occupation of an American city".<a href="#cite_note-Camia-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_issues">Economic issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economic issues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_LPAC_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paul_LPAC_2011.jpg/220px-Paul_LPAC_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paul_LPAC_2011.jpg/330px-Paul_LPAC_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paul_LPAC_2011.jpg/440px-Paul_LPAC_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Paul speaking at the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Political_Action_Conference" title="Liberty Political Action Conference">Liberty Political Action Conference</a> (LPAC)</figcaption></figure> Paul is a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economics; he has authored six books on the subject, and displayed pictures of Austrian School economists <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> (as well as of President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago school (economics)">Chicago School</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>)<a href="#cite_note-will-179">[179]</a> on his office wall. He regularly voted against almost all proposals for new government spending, initiatives, or taxes;<a href="#cite_note-saynot-180">[180]</a> he cast two thirds of all the lone negative votes in the House during a 1995–1997 period.<a href="#cite_note-drno-24">[24]</a> He pledged never to raise taxes<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> and states he has never voted to approve a <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficit">budget deficit</a>. Paul believes that the country could abolish the individual <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> by scaling back federal spending to its fiscal year 2000 levels;<a href="#cite_note-endirs-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> financing government operations would be primarily by <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Excise tax in the United States">excise taxes</a> and non-protectionist <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>. He endorses eliminating most <a href="/wiki/Government_agencies#Government_agencies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government agencies">federal government agencies</a>, terming them unnecessary bureaucracies. On April 15, 2011, Paul was one of four Republican members of Congress to vote against Rep. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a>'s budget proposal, known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Path_to_Prosperity" title="The Path to Prosperity">The Path to Prosperity</a>."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Paul has consistently warned of <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> and called for a return to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> as far back as 1981.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> From 1999 until his retirement, he introduced bills into each Congress seeking to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> in a single year,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> a position he outlines in his 2009 book <a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a>. Paul is a strong proponent of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, once saying that "free trade is an answer to a lot of conflicts around the world".<a href="#cite_note-Mic-190">[190]</a> He rejects membership in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> as "managed trade".<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> He has also advocated for open trade and better relations with the country of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. In addition, Paul argued in 2012 that "as well intentioned as <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</a> are, they almost always backfire and hurt the people."<a href="#cite_note-Mic-190">[190]</a> He has described his interest in ending wars and lowering <a href="/wiki/Military_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Military spending">military spending</a> as partly an "economic issue", adding, "We'd save a lot of money by not being engaged [in overseas conflict] like this."<a href="#cite_note-WAexaminer-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> As a <a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market environmentalist">free-market environmentalist</a>, he asserts <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> rights in relation to environmental protection and pollution prevention.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> He <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">rejects</a> the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">scientific consensus on climate change</a> and has claimed that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> is a hoax in a 2009 <a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a> interview.<a href="#cite_note-:1-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> Paul has stated that "The government shouldn't be in the medical business." He pushes to eliminate federal involvement with and management of <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">health care</a>, which he argues would allow prices to decrease due to the fundamental dynamics of a free market.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> He also opposes federal government influenza <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> programs.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> Paul endorses increased border security and opposes welfare for <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">birthright citizenship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>;<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> he voted for the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a>. However, in a 2019 interview, Paul expressed disapproval of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s proposed <a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">border wall</a> along the southern US border, saying, "I don't like walls. I don't want to wall people in and wall people out."<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballots_and_voting">Ballots and voting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ballots and voting">edit</a>]</div> He is an outspoken proponent of increased <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a> for third-party candidates.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> He has sought to repeal the <a href="/wiki/National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993" title="National Voter Registration Act of 1993">National Voter Registration Act of 1993</a>, also known as the Motor Voter law.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secession">Secession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Secession">edit</a>]</div> Paul has stated that <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> from the United States "is a deeply American principle" and that "If the possibility of secession is completely off the table there is nothing to stop the federal government from continuing to encroach on our liberties and no recourse for those who are sick and tired of it."<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Paul wrote the remarks in a post on his Congressional website in one of his final public statements as a member of Congress, noting that <a href="/wiki/2012_state_petitions_for_secession" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 state petitions for secession">many petitions</a> had been submitted to the White House calling for secession in the wake of the November 2012 election.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Social issues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronpaul1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ronpaul1.jpg/220px-Ronpaul1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ronpaul1.jpg/330px-Ronpaul1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ronpaul1.jpg/440px-Ronpaul1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Paul at the 2007 <a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">National Right to Life Committee</a> Convention</figcaption></figure> Citing the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Ninth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendments</a>, Paul advocates <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> to decide how to regulate social matters not cited directly by the Constitution. He opposes federal regulation of such matters as the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a><a href="#cite_note-americanview-203">[203]</a> (although he opposes capital punishment),<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> of education,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> of drugs, and of marriage. Regarding <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, he stated in 2011 that "My personal opinion is government shouldn't be involved. The whole country would be better off if individuals made those decisions and it was a private matter."<a href="#cite_note-Shoenberg_2011-206">[206]</a> He endorsed revising the military's "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">don't ask, don't tell</a>" policy to concern mainly disruptive sexual behavior (whether heterosexual or homosexual).<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> His abortion-related legislation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanctity_of_Life_Act" title="Sanctity of Life Act">Sanctity of Life Act</a> in 2005, is intended to negate <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> and to get "the federal government completely out of the business of regulating state matters."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Paul says his years as an obstetrician led him to believe that life begins at <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">conception</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Paul was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, arguing that it sanctioned federal interference in the labor market and did not improve <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a>. He once remarked: "The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> not only violated the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> and reduced individual liberty; it also failed to achieve its stated goals of promoting racial harmony and a color-blind society".<a href="#cite_note-cr1964-211">[211]</a> Paul opposes <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Paul opposes the federal <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> and advocates that states should decide whether to regulate or deregulate drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">medical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational marijuana">recreational</a> marijuana, and other substances.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> In 2001, he joined with Democratic Congressman <a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Barney Frank</a> in helping pass the States' Rights to Medical Marijuana Act (H.R. 2592), an attempt to stop the federal government from preempting states' medical marijuana laws.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Paul again partnered with Frank in support of <a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">online gambling</a> rights. In 2006, both strongly opposed H.R. 4777, the Internet Gambling Prohibition and Enforcement Act, and H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach <a href="/wiki/Internet_Gambling_Prohibition_Act" title="Internet Gambling Prohibition Act">Internet Gambling Prohibition Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> In June 2018, Paul posted a tweet containing a racist cartoon and a caption which invoked the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory</a>. The tweet read "Are you stunned by what has become of American culture? Well, it's not an accident. You've probably heard of 'Cultural Marxism,' but do you know what it means?". The tweet was later deleted with an apology, stating that a staff member had inadvertently posted what Paul described as an "offensive cartoon".<a href="#cite_note-Tweets_Racist_Cartoon-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riotta_2018-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mathis-Lilley_2018-221">[221]</a> In August 2022, Paul expressed support for Republican state governments he described as “fighting back against so-called ‘Woke’ Capitalism.”<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">third-party source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-congressional_career">Post-congressional career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Post-congressional career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_(52280027924).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ron_Paul_%2852280027924%29.jpg/220px-Ron_Paul_%2852280027924%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ron_Paul_%2852280027924%29.jpg/330px-Ron_Paul_%2852280027924%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ron_Paul_%2852280027924%29.jpg/440px-Ron_Paul_%2852280027924%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Paul speaking at a 2022 conference hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a> student activism organization</figcaption></figure> In April 2013, Paul founded the <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_Institute_for_Peace_and_Prosperity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity">Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> that seeks to promote his non-interventionist views.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The institute is part of his larger foundation <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Rational_Economics_and_Education" title="Foundation for Rational Economics and Education">Foundation for Rational Economics and Education</a>. In the same month, he began to offer the Ron Paul Curriculum, a homeschool online curriculum developed by <a href="/wiki/Gary_North_(economist)" title="Gary North (economist)">Gary North</a> and taught from a "free market and Christian" perspective.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In June 2013, Paul criticized the <a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">NSA surveillance program</a> and praised <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> for having performed a "great service to the American people by exposing the truth about what our government is doing in secret".<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In April 2015, Paul began appearing in <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">infomercials</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stansberry_%26_Associates_Investment_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stansberry & Associates Investment Research">Stansberry & Associates Investment Research</a>, warning about an upcoming financial meltdown as a result of the imminent crash of the world's currencies.<a href="#cite_note-apocalypse-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Crisis-227">[227]</a> In March 2017, Paul predicted a market downturn again.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Paul was a critic of Donald Trump's plans to increase the number of military personnel in Afghanistan. In August 2017, he said that Americans don't see Afghanistan as a threat to their personal security and being aggressive in foreign policy only loses Trump some of his support base.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Paul has also called for Trump to bring American troops back from Syria in April 2018, on the grounds that the threat from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> has been eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> He continues to voice his disagreements regarding foreign policy, and more recently, regarding the events involving America and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In 2013, Paul established the Ron Paul Channel, an Internet broadcast. Its slogan was "Turn Off Your TV. Turn On the Truth."<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In 2015, Ron Paul ended all relationships with the Ron Paul Channel in order to start a new Internet program called The Ron Paul Liberty Report,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> which he co-hosts with Daniel McAdams. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_presidential_election">2016 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2016 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> Paul endorsed his son, Senator <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>, in the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016">Republican primary</a> and campaigned for him in Iowa.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> After his son dropped out, Paul had said that no Republican or Democratic candidate even came close to holding libertarian views.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Paul expressed disappointment in former New Mexico Governor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>'s Libertarian Party nomination for president, and told independent voters that Green Party nominee <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> was a better candidate for those who "lean towards progressivism and liberalism", while emphasizing that he was not endorsing her.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Paul received one electoral vote from a Texas <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Texas_College" title="South Texas College">South Texas College</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> William Greene (who had been pledged to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Texas_Tribune_1-239">[239]</a> in the 2016 presidential election,<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesElectoralCollege-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Texas_Tribune_2-241">[241]</a> making Paul the oldest person ever to receive an electoral vote, and the second Libertarian Party member to receive an electoral vote, after <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a> in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_presidential_election">2020 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 2020 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> In the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2020">Democratic primary</a>, Paul described Hawaii Representative <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> as "the most intelligent" and "the very, very best" option of the Democratic candidates, primarily for her views on foreign policy, adding that "We probably wouldn't agree with too much on economics."<a href="#cite_note-WAexaminer-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_presidential_election">2024 presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2024 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> In April 2023, in an episode of The Ron Paul Liberty Report titled "President Kennedy?", Paul praised then-Democratic (later Independent) presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> for his stances on noninterventionism, the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">crony</a> <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, saying "[Kennedy's] baggage is telling the truth" and advocated for his participation in the major party presidential debates.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> A few days before the election, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> expressed interest in having Paul join the proposed <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency" title="Department of Government Efficiency">Department of Government Efficiency</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">second Trump presidency</a>, which Musk has suggested could help cut the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">U.S. federal budget</a> by up to US$2 trillion. Paul responded that he was happy to discuss the idea with Musk, although declined any "official position" within the new department.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Will,_Rand_%26_Ron_Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Will%2C_Rand_%26_Ron_Paul.jpg/220px-Will%2C_Rand_%26_Ron_Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Will%2C_Rand_%26_Ron_Paul.jpg/330px-Will%2C_Rand_%26_Ron_Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Will%2C_Rand_%26_Ron_Paul.jpg/440px-Will%2C_Rand_%26_Ron_Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Paul at a rally in <a href="/wiki/Erlanger,_Kentucky" title="Erlanger, Kentucky">Erlanger, Kentucky</a>, in October 2010, along with his son, senatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> of Kentucky, and his grandson, William Paul (pictured from right to left)</figcaption></figure>Paul has been married to Carol (Carolyn) Wells since 1957.<a href="#cite_note-dailypaul-246">[246]</a> They met in 1952 when Wells asked Paul to be her escort to her 16th birthday party.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> They have five children, who were <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">baptized</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ny-15">[15]</a> Ronald, Lori, <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Randal</a>, Robert, and Joy. Paul's son Randal (Rand) is the junior United States senator from the state of Kentucky. Raised a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, Paul later became a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Since 1995, Carol Paul has published the <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_Family_Cookbook" title="Ron Paul Family Cookbook">Ron Paul Family Cookbook</a>, a collection of recipes she and her friends contributed, and which was sold in part to support Ron Paul's political campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> His life and career is the subject of the 2012 film Ron Paul Uprising.<a href="#cite_note-systematic-251">[251]</a> Paul and his wife currently reside in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson,_Texas" title="Lake Jackson, Texas">Lake Jackson, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> On September 25, 2020, Paul was hospitalized after slurring his words while speaking during a livestream event. Paul later posted a photo of himself in a hospital bed to his Twitter page, along with the statement "I am doing fine. Thank you for your concern".<a href="#cite_note-fox_hospitalized-253">[253]</a> In April 2021, following Paul's absence from his daily show, the Ron Paul Liberty Report, his co-host Daniel McAdams revealed Paul's daughter, Lori Pyeatt, had recently died.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_relating_to_Ron_Paul">Media relating to Ron Paul</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media relating to Ron Paul">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ron Paul: Father of the Tea Party, by Jason Rink, 2011<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></li> <li>Ron Paul's rEVOLution: The Man and the Movement He Inspired, by Brian Doherty, 2012<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vimeo.letusdisagree.com/">The Housing Bubble</a>, a 2018 documentary starring Ron Paul, and featuring numerous archival clips of his predictions over the years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America:_Freedom_to_Fascism" title="America: Freedom to Fascism">America: Freedom to Fascism</a>, 2006 film featuring an interview from Paul.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Drug_War:_The_Last_White_Hope" title="American Drug War: The Last White Hope">American Drug War: The Last White Hope</a>, 2007 documentary in which Paul has a cameo appearance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.O.U.S.A." title="I.O.U.S.A.">I.O.U.S.A.</a>, 2008 documentary featuring Paul among the cast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCno" title="Brüno">Brüno</a>, 2009 film by <a href="/wiki/Sacha_Baron_Cohen" title="Sacha Baron Cohen">Sacha Baron Cohen</a> in which Paul has a cameo appearance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Tax" title="An Inconvenient Tax">An Inconvenient Tax</a>, 2010 documentary featuring Paul among the cast.</li> <li>Ron Paul Uprising, 2012 film by William Lewis, about Paul and his campaign for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-systematic-251">[251]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged_Part_III:_Who_Is_John_Galt%3F" title="Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?">Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?</a>, 2014 adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a> in which Paul has a cameo appearance.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_bibliography" title="Ron Paul bibliography">Ron Paul bibliography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaul1981" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/books/goldpeace.pdf">Gold, Peace, and Prosperity: The Birth of a New Currency</a> (PDF). Lake Jackson, TX: <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Rational_Economics_and_Education" title="Foundation for Rational Economics and Education">Foundation for Rational Economics and Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-1-041280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-1-041280-4"><bdi>978-91-1-041280-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7877384">7877384</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold%2C+Peace%2C+and+Prosperity%3A+The+Birth+of+a+New+Currency&rft.place=Lake+Jackson%2C+TX&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Rational+Economics+and+Education&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7877384&rft.isbn=978-91-1-041280-4&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fbooks%2Fgoldpeace.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulLehrman,_LewisU.S._Gold_Commission1982" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron; <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Lehrman" title="Lewis Lehrman">Lehrman, Lewis</a>; U.S. Gold Commission (September 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/books/caseforgold.pdf">The Case for Gold: A Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> (2d ed. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932790-31-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932790-31-6"><bdi>978-0-932790-31-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8763972">8763972</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Gold%3A+A+Minority+Report+of+the+U.S.+Gold+Commission&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Cato+Institute+%282d+ed.+Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute%2C+2007%29&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8763972&rft.isbn=978-0-932790-31-6&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Lehrman%2C+Lewis&rft.au=U.S.+Gold+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fbooks%2Fcaseforgold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1983" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (1983). Abortion and Liberty. Lake Jackson, TX: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912453-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912453-02-6"><bdi>978-0-912453-02-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9682249">9682249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+and+Liberty&rft.place=Lake+Jackson%2C+TX&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Rational+Economics+and+Education&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9682249&rft.isbn=978-0-912453-02-6&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1983" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (1983). Ten Myths About Paper Money: And One Myth About Paper Gold. Lake Jackson, TX: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11765863">11765863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Myths+About+Paper+Money%3A+And+One+Myth+About+Paper+Gold&rft.place=Lake+Jackson%2C+TX&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Rational+Economics+and+Education&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11765863&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1984" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/books/paulmises.pdf">Mises and Austrian Economics: A Personal View</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a>, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2d ed. 2004). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19968524">19968524</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mises+and+Austrian+Economics%3A+A+Personal+View&rft.place=Auburn%2C+AL&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute+%282d+ed.+2004%29&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19968524&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fbooks%2Fpaulmises.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1987" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/freedom-under-siege">Freedom Under Siege: The U.S. Constitution After 200 Years</a>. Lake Jackson, TX: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (2d ed. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-444-3"><bdi>978-1-61016-444-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19697005">19697005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Under+Siege%3A+The+U.S.+Constitution+After+200+Years&rft.place=Lake+Jackson%2C+TX&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Rational+Economics+and+Education+%282d+ed.+Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute%2C+2007%29&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19697005&rft.isbn=978-1-61016-444-3&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Ffreedom-under-siege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1990" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (1990). Challenge to Liberty: Coming to Grips with the Abortion Issue. Lake Jackson, TX: Ron Paul Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46960450">46960450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+to+Liberty%3A+Coming+to+Grips+with+the+Abortion+Issue&rft.place=Lake+Jackson%2C+TX&rft.pub=Ron+Paul+Enterprises&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46960450&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1991" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (1991). The Ron Paul Money Book: The Monetary Writings of Congressman Ron Paul. Plantation Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ron+Paul+Money+Book%3A+The+Monetary+Writings+of+Congressman+Ron+Paul&rft.pub=Plantation+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2000" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904072016/http://paul.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=510&Itemid=60">A Republic, If You Can Keep It</a>. Lake Jackson, TX: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45414993">45414993</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paul.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=510&Itemid=60">the original</a> on September 4, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Republic%2C+If+You+Can+Keep+It&rft.place=Lake+Jackson%2C+TX&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Rational+Economics+and+Education&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45414993&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaul.house.gov%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D510%26Itemid%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2002). The Case for Defending America. Lake Jackson, TX: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49744552">49744552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Defending+America&rft.place=Lake+Jackson%2C+TX&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Rational+Economics+and+Education&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49744552&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2002). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards–2001. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893958-84-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893958-84-5"><bdi>978-1-893958-84-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ron+Paul+%E2%80%93+Liberty+In+Media+Awards%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Jersey+City%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Palisade+Business+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-893958-84-5&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2003). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards – Vol. 2–2002. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ron+Paul+%E2%80%93+Liberty+In+Media+Awards+%E2%80%93+Vol.+2%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Jersey+City%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Palisade+Business+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2004). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards – Vol. 3–2003. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893958-24-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893958-24-1"><bdi>978-1-893958-24-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ron+Paul+%E2%80%93+Liberty+In+Media+Awards+%E2%80%93+Vol.+3%E2%80%932003&rft.place=Jersey+City%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Palisade+Business+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-893958-24-1&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUptonPaul,_Ron2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton, Fred</a>; Paul, Ron (2005). Indecency in the Media: Rating and Restricting Entertainment Content: Should the House Pass H.R. 3717, the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act?. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Digest" title="Congressional Digest">Congressional Digest</a> Corp. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/81150568">81150568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indecency+in+the+Media%3A+Rating+and+Restricting+Entertainment+Content%3A+Should+the+House+Pass+H.R.+3717%2C+the+Broadcast+Decency+Enforcement+Act%3F&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Congressional+Digest+Corp&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F81150568&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Paul%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangelPaul,_Ron2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">Rangel, Charles B.</a>; Paul, Ron (2006). Compulsory National Service: 2006–2007 Policy Debate Topic: Should the All-Volunteer Force be Replaced by Universal, Mandatory National Service?. <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda</a>, MD: Congressional Digest Corp. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84912971">84912971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compulsory+National+Service%3A+2006%E2%80%932007+Policy+Debate+Topic%3A+Should+the+All-Volunteer+Force+be+Replaced+by+Universal%2C+Mandatory+National+Service%3F&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+MD&rft.pub=Congressional+Digest+Corp&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84912971&rft.aulast=Rangel&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft.au=Paul%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2007). <a href="/wiki/A_Foreign_Policy_of_Freedom:_Peace,_Commerce,_and_Honest_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship">A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship</a>. Lake Jackson, TX: <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Rational_Economics_and_Education" title="Foundation for Rational Economics and Education">Foundation for Rational Economics and Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912453-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912453-00-2"><bdi>978-0-912453-00-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/145174995">145174995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Foreign+Policy+of+Freedom%3A+Peace%2C+Commerce%2C+and+Honest+Friendship&rft.place=Lake+Jackson%2C+TX&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Rational+Economics+and+Education&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145174995&rft.isbn=978-0-912453-00-2&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pdfy-l1I7cdjuWX_pCXm0">Pillars of Prosperity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn</a>, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-24-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-24-4"><bdi>978-1-933550-24-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillars+of+Prosperity&rft.place=Auburn%2C+AL&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-933550-24-4&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpdfy-l1I7cdjuWX_pCXm0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulHaddad,_PhilipMarsh,_Roger2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron; Haddad, Philip; Marsh, Roger (April 2008). Ron Paul Speaks. <a href="/wiki/Guilford,_Connecticut" title="Guilford, Connecticut">Guilford</a>, CN: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-448-1"><bdi>978-1-59921-448-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/199459258">199459258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ron+Paul+Speaks&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CN&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F199459258&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-448-1&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Philip&rft.au=Marsh%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution:_A_Manifesto" title="The Revolution: A Manifesto">The Revolution: A Manifesto</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53751-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-53751-3"><bdi>978-0-446-53751-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191881970">191881970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution%3A+A+Manifesto&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191881970&rft.isbn=978-0-446-53751-3&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2009" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2009). <a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54919-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54919-6"><bdi>978-0-446-54919-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318878539">318878539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+the+Fed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318878539&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54919-6&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2011" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libertydefined5000paul">Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4555-0145-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4555-0145-8"><bdi>978-1-4555-0145-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+Defined%3A+50+Essential+Issues+That+Affect+Our+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4555-0145-8&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibertydefined5000paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2013" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schoolrevolution0000paul">The School Revolution: A New Answer for Our Broken Education System</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4555-7717-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4555-7717-0"><bdi>978-1-4555-7717-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828057047">828057047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+School+Revolution%3A+A+New+Answer+for+Our+Broken+Education+System&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828057047&rft.isbn=978-1-4555-7717-0&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschoolrevolution0000paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2015" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2015). Swords Into Plowshares: A Life in Wartime and a Future of Peace and Prosperity. Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9964265-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9964265-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9964265-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+Into+Plowshares%3A+A+Life+in+Wartime+and+a+Future+of+Peace+and+Prosperity&rft.pub=Ron+Paul+Institute+for+Peace+and+Prosperity&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-9964265-0-3&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2017" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Ron (2017). The Revolution at Ten Years. Ron Paul Institute for Peace and Prosperity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9964265-5-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9964265-5-8"><bdi>978-0-9964265-5-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+at+Ten+Years&rft.pub=Ron+Paul+Institute+for+Peace+and+Prosperity&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9964265-5-8&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_contributions">Other contributions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other contributions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellocChesterton,_Cecil2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc, Hilaire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Chesterton" title="Cecil Chesterton">Chesterton, Cecil</a> (2007) [1911]. The Party System. Paul, Ron (foreword). <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, VA: IHS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932528-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932528-11-4"><bdi>978-1-932528-11-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173299105">173299105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party+System&rft.place=Norfolk%2C+VA&rft.pub=IHS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173299105&rft.isbn=978-1-932528-11-4&rft.aulast=Belloc&rft.aufirst=Hilaire&rft.au=Chesterton%2C+Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortmanLavello,_Randy2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortman, Erik; Lavello, Randy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/websofpowergover0000fort">Webs Of Power: Government Agencies, Secret Societies, & Elite Legacies</a>. Paul, Ron (interview). <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, Texas: Van Cleave Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759670-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9759670-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9759670-0-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61026033">61026033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webs+Of+Power%3A+Government+Agencies%2C+Secret+Societies%2C+%26+Elite+Legacies&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Van+Cleave+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61026033&rft.isbn=978-0-9759670-0-3&rft.aulast=Fortman&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Lavello%2C+Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwebsofpowergover0000fort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugenMusser,_Susan2007" class="citation book cs1">Haugen, David M.; Musser, Susan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780737732436">Human Embryo Experimentation</a>. Paul, Ron (Chapter 9: No form of stem cell research should be federally funded). <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>, MI: Greenhaven Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7377-3243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7377-3243-6"><bdi>978-0-7377-3243-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84152907">84152907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Embryo+Experimentation&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84152907&rft.isbn=978-0-7377-3243-6&rft.aulast=Haugen&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Musser%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780737732436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugen2007" class="citation book cs1">Haugen, David M., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalsecurity00haug">National Security</a>. Paul, Ron (Chapter 1–7: The federal debt is a threat to national security). <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>, MI: Greenhaven Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7377-3761-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7377-3761-5"><bdi>978-0-7377-3761-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/144227284">144227284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Security&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F144227284&rft.isbn=978-0-7377-3761-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalsecurity00haug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/WK76Dl18uAU">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605042451/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK76Dl18uAU&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Jaeger, James; <a href="/wiki/Ted_Baehr" title="Ted Baehr">Baehr, Theodore</a>; <a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin, G. Edward</a>; Paul, Ron; Vieira, Edwin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WK76Dl18uAU">Fiat Empire: Why the Federal Reserve Violates the U.S. Constitution</a> (DVD). Beverly Hills, CA: Cornerstone-Matrixx Entertainment. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/192133806">192133806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiat+Empire%3A+Why+the+Federal+Reserve+Violates+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.place=Beverly+Hills%2C+CA&rft.pub=Cornerstone-Matrixx+Entertainment&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192133806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWK76Dl18uAU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinns2001" class="citation book cs1">Minns, Michael Louis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtosurviveirsm0000minn">How to Survive the IRS</a>. Paul, Ron (foreword). Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56980-170-3"><bdi>978-1-56980-170-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44860846">44860846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Survive+the+IRS&rft.place=Fort+Lee%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Barricade+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44860846&rft.isbn=978-1-56980-170-3&rft.aulast=Minns&rft.aufirst=Michael+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtosurviveirsm0000minn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul,_RonHayashi,_TerryPardo,_VictorianoFisher,_Edwin1969" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Ron; Hayashi, Terry; Pardo, Victoriano & Fisher, Edwin (August 1, 1969). "Evaluation of Renal Biopsy in Pregnancy Toxemia". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 34 (2). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: 235–241. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5798269">5798269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Renal+Biopsy+in+Pregnancy+Toxemia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-241&rft.date=1969-08-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5798269&rft.au=Paul%2C+Ron&rft.au=Hayashi%2C+Terry&rft.au=Pardo%2C+Victoriano&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1999" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Ron (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/01443339910788712/full/html?skipTracking=true">"Being Pro-Life is Necessary to Defend Liberty"</a>. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 19 (3–4). MCB University Press, Ltd: 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F01443339910788712">10.1108/01443339910788712</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-333X">0144-333X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/89482648">89482648</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing" title="Emerald Group Publishing">Emerald Group Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sociology+and+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=Being+Pro-Life+is+Necessary+to+Defend+Liberty&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F89482648&rft.issn=0144-333X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F01443339910788712&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F01443339910788712%2Ffull%2Fhtml%3FskipTracking%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Paul, Ron; <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Bartlett" title="Roscoe Bartlett">Bartlett, Roscoe</a> et al. (2001). The United Nations & the New World Order (Videotape). <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_OH" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick, OH">Brunswick, OH</a>: American Portrait Films, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57341-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57341-132-5"><bdi>978-1-57341-132-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56793278">56793278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+%26+the+New+World+Order&rft.place=Brunswick%2C+OH&rft.pub=American+Portrait+Films%2C+Inc&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56793278&rft.isbn=978-1-57341-132-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Pearl, Sandy; Beutel, Bill; Alis, Bob; Weingold, Dave; Paul, Ron; Bartsch, Ed (1980). Born Again (Videotape). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Instructional Resources Center. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7407395">7407395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Born+Again&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Instructional+Resources+Center&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7407395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkousenWeber,_ChrisKetcher,_Michael1987" class="citation book cs1">Skousen, Mark; Weber, Chris; Ketcher, Michael (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/closingdoorendof0000skou">The Closing Door: The End of Financial Privacy in America and How to Protect Yourself</a>. Paul, Ron (introduction). <a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Connecticut" title="Bethel, Connecticut">Bethel</a>, CN: Institute for the Preservation of Wealth (worldcat.org/oclc/35396237 2d ed. 1988). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938689-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938689-03-4"><bdi>978-0-938689-03-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17209571">17209571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Closing+Door%3A+The+End+of+Financial+Privacy+in+America+and+How+to+Protect+Yourself&rft.place=Bethel%2C+CN&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Preservation+of+Wealth+%28worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35396237+2d+ed.+1988%29&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17209571&rft.isbn=978-0-938689-03-4&rft.aulast=Skousen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Weber%2C+Chris&rft.au=Ketcher%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclosingdoorendof0000skou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieira1983" class="citation book cs1">Vieira, Edwin Jr. (1983). Pieces of Eight. Paul, Ron (foreword). Fort Lee, NJ: Sound Dollar Committee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8159-6226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8159-6226-7"><bdi>978-0-8159-6226-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9919612">9919612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pieces+of+Eight&rft.place=Fort+Lee%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Sound+Dollar+Committee&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9919612&rft.isbn=978-0-8159-6226-7&rft.aulast=Vieira&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_NotHaus2003" class="citation book cs1">von NotHaus, Bernard, ed. (September 1, 2003). The Liberty Dollar Solution to the Federal Reserve. Paul, Ron (Chapter 21: Abolish the Fed). <a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a>, IN: American Financial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9671025-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9671025-2-8"><bdi>978-0-9671025-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberty+Dollar+Solution+to+the+Federal+Reserve&rft.place=Evansville%2C+IN&rft.pub=American+Financial+Press&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-9671025-2-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Criticism of the Federal Reserve">Criticism of the Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Ron_Paul_movement" title="Draft Ron Paul movement">Draft Ron Paul movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">List of federal political scandals in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement" title="List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement">List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulville,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulville, Texas">Paulville, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Ron_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for Ron Paul">Students for Ron Paul</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau,_Ryan2018" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Ryan (February 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204124008/https://71republic.com/2018/02/03/paul-attacks-libertarian-leadership/">"Ron Paul Attacks Libertarian Leadership in Response to Controversy"</a>. 71Republic. 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Retrieved February 3, 2018. <q>I paid my lifetime membership, in 1987, with a gold coin, to make a point.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=71Republic&rft.atitle=Ron+Paul+Attacks+Libertarian+Leadership+in+Response+to+Controversy&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft.au=Lau%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F71republic.com%2F2018%2F02%2F03%2Fpaul-attacks-libertarian-leadership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaster" class="citation web cs1">Heaster, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515234811/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Paul__Ronald.html">"Ron Paul"</a>. 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The Texas Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=Texas+electors+cast+36+votes+for+Trump%2C+1+for+Kasich%2C+1+for+Ron+Paul&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.au=Patrick+Svitek&rft.au=Bobby+Blanchard&rft.au=Aliyya+Swaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2016%2F12%2F19%2Fwatch-texas-electoral-college-vote-begins-texas-ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-xpm-2011-jun-14-la-me-passings-20110614-story.html">"PASSINGS: JOHN HOSPERS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=PASSINGS%3A+JOHN+HOSPERS&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fla-xpm-2011-jun-14-la-me-passings-20110614-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4NJypTl6fE">"President Kennedy?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. April 6, 2023. 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November 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+asks+this+ex-Congressman+to+join+second+Trump+term&rft.date=2024-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fus-news%2Felon-musk-asks-this-ex-congressman-to-join-second-trump-term-to-reduce-101730541022990.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/video/ron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin/10191375">"Ron Paul vows to join Elon Musk, help eliminate government waste in a Trump admin"</a>. The Hill. November 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Ron+Paul+vows+to+join+Elon+Musk%2C+help+eliminate+government+waste+in+a+Trump+admin&rft.date=2024-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fvideo%2Fron-paul-vows-to-join-elon-musk-help-eliminate-government-waste-in-a-trump-admin%2F10191375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailypaul-246"><a href="#cite_ref-dailypaul_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul,_Carol2007" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Carol (March 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011192056/http://dailypaul.com/node/53">"The American Dream – Through the Eyes of Mrs. Ron Paul"</a>. Daily Paul. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailypaul.com/node/53">the original</a> on October 11, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Paul&rft.atitle=The+American+Dream+%E2%80%93+Through+the+Eyes+of+Mrs.+Ron+Paul&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.au=Paul%2C+Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailypaul.com%2Fnode%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Sheri & Bob Stritof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marriage.about.com/od/politics/p/ronpaul.htm">"Carol and Ron Paul Marriage Profile".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024222337/http://marriage.about.com/od/politics/p/ronpaul.htm">Archived</a> October 24, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412111947/http://www.biography.com/people/ron-paul-265881?page=1">"Ron Paul"</a>. Biography. A&E Television Networks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/ron-paul-265881?page=1">the original</a> on April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Ron+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fron-paul-265881%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusna_Haq2011" class="citation journal cs1">Husna Haq (May 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/2011/0513/Election-101-Ron-Paul-sets-sights-on-2012.-Ten-things-to-know-about-him/What-is-his-family-and-religious-background">"Election 101: Ron Paul sets sights on 2012. Ten things to know about him. – What is his family and religious background?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved August 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Election+101%3A+Ron+Paul+sets+sights+on+2012.+Ten+things+to+know+about+him.+%E2%80%93+What+is+his+family+and+religious+background%3F&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.au=Husna+Haq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FElections%2F2011%2F0513%2FElection-101-Ron-Paul-sets-sights-on-2012.-Ten-things-to-know-about-him%2FWhat-is-his-family-and-religious-background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDevitt2011" class="citation news cs1">McDevitt, Caitlin (November 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/click/1111/Ron_Pauls_family_publishes_2012_cookbook.html#">"Ron Paul's family publishes 2012 cookbook"</a>. Politico. Retrieved June 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Ron+Paul%27s+family+publishes+2012+cookbook&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.aulast=McDevitt&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fclick%2F1111%2FRon_Pauls_family_publishes_2012_cookbook.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988">. For earlier versions see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Carol (1997). The Ron Paul family cookbook. Clute, TX. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793200538">793200538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ron+Paul+family+cookbook&rft.place=Clute%2C+TX&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793200538&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Carol (2002). The Ron Paul family spring cookbook: including "The American dream, through the eyes of Mrs. Ron Paul". Clute, TX. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793200539">793200539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ron+Paul+family+spring+cookbook%3A+including+%22The+American+dream%2C+through+the+eyes+of+Mrs.+Ron+Paul%22&rft.place=Clute%2C+TX&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793200539&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-systematic-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-systematic_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-systematic_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2012" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Debbie (June 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420112248/http://pronlinenews.com/?p=21019">"Dr. Ron Paul: Systematic extinction of the GOP"</a>. PRonlinenews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pronlinenews.com/?p=21019">the original</a> on April 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRonlinenews.com&rft.atitle=Dr.+Ron+Paul%3A+Systematic+extinction+of+the+GOP&rft.date=2012-06-02&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpronlinenews.com%2F%3Fp%3D21019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_HlavatyHouston_Chronicle2013" class="citation web cs1">Craig Hlavaty; Houston Chronicle (July 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Vince-Vaughn-Ron-Paul-4642703.php">"Vince Vaughn spotted mingling at Ron Paul's barbecue in Lake Jackson"</a>. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Vince+Vaughn+spotted+mingling+at+Ron+Paul%27s+barbecue+in+Lake+Jackson&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft.au=Craig+Hlavaty&rft.au=Houston+Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Farticle%2FVince-Vaughn-Ron-Paul-4642703.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fox_hospitalized-253"><a href="#cite_ref-fox_hospitalized_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossHenney2020" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Lee; Henney, Megan (September 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ron-paul-hospitalized-for-precautionary-reasons-in-texas-fox-news-has-learned">"Ron Paul hospitalized for 'precautionary' reasons in Texas, Fox News has learned"</a>. Fox News. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Ron+Paul+hospitalized+for+%27precautionary%27+reasons+in+Texas%2C+Fox+News+has+learned&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Henney%2C+Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fron-paul-hospitalized-for-precautionary-reasons-in-texas-fox-news-has-learned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ronpaulinstitute.org/archives/peace-and-prosperity/2021/april/26/lori-paul-pyeatt-requiescat-in-pace/">"Lori (Paul) Pyeatt Requiescat in pace"</a>. April 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lori+%28Paul%29+Pyeatt+Requiescat+in+pace&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fronpaulinstitute.org%2Farchives%2Fpeace-and-prosperity%2F2021%2Fapril%2F26%2Flori-paul-pyeatt-requiescat-in-pace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanneh" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kelefa_Sanneh" title="Kelefa Sanneh">Sanneh, Kelefa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/02/27/party-crasher">"Party Crasher"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved April 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Party+Crasher&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Kelefa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F02%2F27%2Fparty-crasher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARon+Paul" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Scribd <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/book/163600786/Ron-Paul-s-rEVOLution-The-Man-and-the-Movement-He-Inspired">Ron Paul's rEVOLution: The Man and the Movement He Inspired by Brian Doherty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164108/http://www.scribd.com/book/163600786/Ron-Paul-s-rEVOLution-The-Man-and-the-Movement-He-Inspired">Archived</a> March 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ron_Paul&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?45747">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/personalities/ron-paul/">Fact-checking</a> at <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontheissues.org/Ron_Paul.htm">Issue positions and quotes</a> at <a href="/wiki/On_the_Issues" title="On the Issues">On the Issues</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Congress</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/members-of-congress/summary?cid=N00005906">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/ronald_paul/400311">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/GovTrack" title="GovTrack">GovTrack</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000583">Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/H6TX22101">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/296">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019143450/http://www.ronpaul.tv/">Ron Paul TV</a>. Ron Paul presidential candidate media and Internet video campaign.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Casey" title="Robert R. Casey">Bob Casey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="Texas's 22nd congressional district">Texas's 22nd congressional district</a> 1976–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gammage" title="Robert Gammage">Bob Gammage</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gammage" title="Robert Gammage">Bob Gammage</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="Texas's 22nd congressional district">Texas's 22nd congressional district</a> 1979–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Laughlin" title="Greg Laughlin">Greg Laughlin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 14th congressional district">Texas's 14th congressional district</a> 1997–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Randy_Weber" title="Randy Weber">Randy Weber</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Libertarian_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Mica" title="John Mica">John Mica</a></div>as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Buck_McKeon" title="Buck McKeon">Buck McKeon</a></div>as Former US Representative </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ron_Paul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ron_Paul" title="Template:Ron Paul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ron_Paul" title="Template 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presidential campaign">2012 presidential campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_sponsored_by_Ron_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul">Sponsored legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_sponsored_by_Ron_Paul#International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul">American Sovereignty Restoration Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Education_Freedom_Act" title="Family Education Freedom Act">Family Education Freedom Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Transparency_Act" title="Federal Reserve Transparency Act">Federal Reserve Transparency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctity_of_Life_Act" title="Sanctity of Life Act">Sanctity of Life Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul,_official_Congressional_photo_portrait,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg/80px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg/120px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg/160px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1491" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_bibliography" title="Ron Paul bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Foreign_Policy_of_Freedom" title="A Foreign Policy of Freedom">A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution:_A_Manifesto" title="The Revolution: A Manifesto">The Revolution: A Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Defined" title="Liberty Defined">Liberty Defined</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Rational_Economics_and_Education" title="Foundation for Rational Economics and Education">Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (FREE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Liberty" title="Campaign for Liberty">Campaign for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Students for Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Ron_Paul_movement" title="Draft Ron Paul movement">Draft Ron Paul movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_newsletters" title="Ron Paul newsletters">Ron Paul newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneybomb" title="Moneybomb">Moneybomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulville,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulville, Texas">Paulville, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">2009 Tea Party protests</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ron_Paul" title="Category:Ron Paul">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FED105; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Libertarian Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Libertarian Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarian Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarian_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairpersons of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Committee" title="Libertarian National Committee">LNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">D. Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Nolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Nolan">S. Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Crane_(political_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Crane (political activist)">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">Bergland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Clark_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicia Clark (politician)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grant_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Grant (politician)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_VerHagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Randy VerHagen">VerHagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Turney_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Turney (politician)">Turney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Walter_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Walter (politician)">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Gingell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Gingell">Gingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Dasbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Dasbach">Dasbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">Bergland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lark" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Lark">Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Neale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoff Neale">Neale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dixon_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dixon (politician)">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Redpath" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Redpath">Redpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Neale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoff Neale">Neale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bishop-Henchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Bishop-Henchman">Bishop-Henchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Bilyeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Bilyeu">Bilyeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_McArdle" title="Angela McArdle">McArdle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Libertarian_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">MacBride</a>/<a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">Bergland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark" title="Ed Clark">Clark</a>/<a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">Bergland</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Marrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Marrou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lord" title="Nancy Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Browne</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Browne</a>/<a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik" title="Michael Badnarik">Badnarik</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Campagna" title="Richard Campagna">Campagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Barr</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spike_Cohen" title="Spike Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a> <a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_ter_Maat" title="Mike ter Maat">ter Maat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Libertarian Party (United States)">Parties by state and territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Alabama" title="Libertarian Party of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Libertarian_Party" title="Arizona Libertarian Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Libertarian Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_California" title="Libertarian Party of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Colorado" title="Libertarian Party of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Libertarian Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Delaware" title="Libertarian Party of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Florida" title="Libertarian Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Georgia" title="Libertarian Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Idaho" title="Libertarian Party of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Illinois" title="Libertarian Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Indiana" title="Libertarian Party of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Iowa" title="Libertarian Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Kansas" title="Libertarian Party of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Libertarian Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Libertarian Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Maine" title="Libertarian Party of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Maryland" title="Libertarian Party of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Libertarians_of_Massachusetts" title="Unified Libertarians of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Michigan" title="Libertarian Party of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Mississippi" title="Libertarian Party of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Missouri" title="Libertarian Party of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Libertarian_Party" title="Montana Libertarian Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Nebraska" title="Libertarian Party of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Nevada" title="Libertarian Party of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_Hampshire" title="Libertarian Party of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Libertarian_Party" title="New Jersey Libertarian Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_New_Mexico_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Free New Mexico Party">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_New_York" title="Libertarian Party of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_North_Carolina" title="Libertarian Party of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_North_Dakota" title="Libertarian Party of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Ohio" title="Libertarian Party of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Oklahoma" title="Libertarian Party of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Oregon" title="Libertarian Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Pennsylvania" title="Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_South_Carolina" title="Libertarian Party of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_South_Dakota" title="Libertarian Party of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Tennessee" title="Libertarian Party of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Texas" title="Libertarian Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Utah" title="Libertarian Party of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Vermont" title="Libertarian Party of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Virginia" title="Libertarian Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Washington" title="Libertarian Party of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Party of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Libertarian Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Wyoming" title="Libertarian Party of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Libertarian Party of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention" title="Libertarian National Convention">Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#1972" title="Libertarian National Convention">1972 (Denver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Libertarian National Convention">1973 (Strongsville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#1974" title="Libertarian National Convention">1974 (Irving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Libertarian National Convention">1975 (New York City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#1976" title="Libertarian National Convention">1976 (Washington, D.C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1977 Libertarian National Convention">1977 (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#1978" title="Libertarian National Convention">1978 (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Libertarian National Convention">1979 (Los Angeles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#Alternative_'80" title="Libertarian National Convention">1980 (Los Angeles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Libertarian National Convention">1981 (Denver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1983 Libertarian National Convention">1983 (New York City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Libertarian National Convention">1985 (Phoenix)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1987 Libertarian National Convention">1987 (Seattle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Libertarian National Convention">1989 (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1991 Libertarian National Convention">1991 (Chicago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Libertarian National Convention">1993 (Salt Lake City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1996 Libertarian National Convention">1996 (Washington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Libertarian National Convention">1998 (Washington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2000 Libertarian National Convention">2000 (Anaheim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#2002" title="Libertarian National Convention">2002 (Indianapolis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2004 Libertarian National Convention">2004 (Atlanta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Convention#2006" title="Libertarian National Convention">2006 (Portland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2010 Libertarian National Convention">2010 (St. Louis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">2012 (Las Vegas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2014 Libertarian National Convention">2014 (Columbus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">2016 (Orlando)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2018 Libertarian National Convention">2018 (New Orleans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2020 Libertarian National Convention">2020 (Orlando)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Libertarian_National_Committee_chair_special_election" title="2021 Libertarian National Committee chair special election">2021 chair election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Libertarian National Convention">2022 (Reno)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2024 Libertarian National Convention">2024 (Washington)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_National_Committee" title="Libertarian National Committee">Libertarian National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Caucus" title="Mises Caucus">Mises Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPRadicals" title="LPRadicals">Radical Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarians_for_Life" title="Libertarians for Life">Libertarians for Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Form_a_Libertarian_Party" title="Committee to Form a Libertarian Party">Committee to Form a Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)">Party factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Accord">Dallas Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Electoral history of the Libertarian Party (United States)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Libertarian Party (United States)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian pledge">Libertarian pledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Titles <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rand_Paul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rand_Paul" title="Template:Rand Paul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rand_Paul" title="Template talk:Rand Paul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rand_Paul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rand Paul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rand_Paul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rand_Paul" title="Political positions of Rand Paul">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Rand_Paul" title="Electoral history of Rand Paul">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Read_the_Bills_Act" title="Read the Bills Act">Read the Bills Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Transparency_Act" title="Federal Reserve Transparency Act">Federal Reserve Transparency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Arming_Terrorists_Act" title="Stop Arming Terrorists Act">Stop Arming Terrorists Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tea_Party_Goes_to_Washington" title="The Tea Party Goes to Washington">The Tea Party Goes to Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Bullies" title="Government Bullies">Government Bullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_a_Stand" title="Taking a Stand">Taking a Stand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelley_Paul" title="Kelley Paul">Kelley Paul</a> (wife)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ron Paul</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kentucky" title="2010 United States Senate election in Kentucky">2010 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kentucky" title="2016 United States Senate election in Kentucky">2016 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1984)_1988_United_States_presidential_election_(1992_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1988 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1984)_1988_United_States_presidential_election_(1992_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">← 1984</a>) <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_du_Pont" title="Pete du Pont">Pete du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fernandez" title="Ben Fernandez">Ben Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">results</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Applegate" title="Douglas Applegate">Douglas Applegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Schroeder">Patricia Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Paul Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Traficant" title="James Traficant">James Traficant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election#Other_nominations" title="1988 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1987 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ron Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Lewis_(politician)" title="James A. Lewis (politician)">Jim Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Means" title="Russell Means">Russell Means</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lenora_Fulani" title="Lenora Fulani">Lenora Fulani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Ormsby_(politician)" title="George Ormsby (politician)">George Ormsby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Winn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Winn">Edward Winn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Willa_Kenoyer" title="Willa Kenoyer">Willa Kenoyer</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Ehrenreich" title="Ron Ehrenreich">Ron Ehrenreich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">James Warren</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Mickells" title="Kathleen Mickells">Kathleen Mickells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: Larry Holmes</li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Herer" title="Jack Herer">Jack Herer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_G._Lewin" title="Herbert G. Lewin">Herbert G. Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Marra" title="William A. Marra">William A. Marra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1988 elections: <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1988 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1988 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2004)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(2012_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2008 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2004)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(2012_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">← 2004</a>) <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_United_States_elections" title="Template:2008 United States elections">2008 United States elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_in_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="List of candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="Comparison of the 2008 United States presidential candidates">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_endorsements_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Congressional endorsements for the 2008 United States presidential election">Congressional endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot access for the 2008 United States presidential election">Ballot access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2008 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday,_2008" title="Super Tuesday, 2008">Super Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_primary" title="Potomac primary">Potomac primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Super_Tuesday_II" title="2008 Super Tuesday II">Super Tuesday II</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">international</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2008 Democratic National Convention">superdelegates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">cross-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Evan Bayh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Evan Bayh 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Political positions of Hillary Clinton">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Chris Dodd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Dodd 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John Edwards 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Edwards" title="Political positions of John Edwards">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Dennis Kucinich 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Richardson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Vilsack 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNY</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">IPNY</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primary candidates">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_McCain" title="Political positions of John McCain">positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of John McCain 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_liberal_support_for_John_McCain_in_2008" title="Democratic and liberal support for John McCain in 2008">cross-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_presidential_candidacy_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Vice presidential candidacy of Sarah Palin">candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Political positions of Sarah Palin">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2008 Republican Party presidential candidates">Other candidates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Sam Brownback 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Cox" title="John H. Cox">John H. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Jim Gilmore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Rudy Giuliani 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rudy_Giuliani" title="Political positions of Rudy Giuliani">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Huckabee 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Huckabee" title="Political positions of Mike Huckabee">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter" title="Duncan L. Hunter">Duncan L. Hunter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Duncan L. Hunter 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_McKinney" title="Ray McKinney">Ray McKinney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ron Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Tancredo 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Fred Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Fred Thompson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Tommy Thompson 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">Draft movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Democratic: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Mark_Warner_movement" title="Draft Mark Warner movement">movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republican: <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Condi_movement" title="Draft Condi movement">movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2008 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Chuck Baldwin 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Darrell Castle</li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Imperato" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Imperato">Daniel Imperato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_Green_National_Convention" title="2008 Green National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Cynthia_McKinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Cynthia McKinney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Clemente" title="Rosa Clemente">Rosa Clemente</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Brown" title="Elaine Brown">Elaine Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2008 Libertarian National Convention">convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Barr 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bob_Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Bob Barr">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Kubby" title="Steve Kubby">Steve Kubby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Allyn_Root" title="Wayne Allyn Root">Wayne Allyn Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ruwart" title="Mary Ruwart">Mary Ruwart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Stanhope" title="Doug Stanhope">Doug Stanhope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;">America's Independent Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Jay">Charles Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivist Party">Objectivist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(Objectivist_Party_politician)" title="Tom Stevens (Objectivist Party politician)">Tom Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Matt_Gonzalez" title="Matt Gonzalez">Matt Gonzalez</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Cynthia McKinney 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(political_activist)" title="Brian Moore (political activist)">Brian Moore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Brian Moore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Amondson" title="Gene Amondson">Gene Amondson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Weill" title="Ted Weill">Ted Weill</a></li> <li>VP nominee: Frank McEnulty</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Puryear" title="Eugene Puryear">Eugene Puryear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(political_activist)" title="Brian Moore (political activist)">Brian Moore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Brian Moore 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chester" title="Eric Chester">Eric Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a></li> <li>Alternate nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independent / Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_(character)" title="Stephen Colbert (character)">Stephen Colbert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Stephen Colbert 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle" title="Bradford Lyttle">Bradford Lyttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_(performance_artist)" title="Frank Moore (performance artist)">Frank Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Sharkey" title="Jonathon Sharkey">Jonathon Sharkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>Other 2008 elections: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2008 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2008 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2008)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(2016_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2008)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(2016_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">← 2008</a>) <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2012 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">National polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">Statewide polls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pre-2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">pre-2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early/Mid_2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Early/Mid 2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">early 2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">General election debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2012 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_Hurricane_Sandy" title="Political impact of Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;">Democratic Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Challengers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ely" title="Bob Ely">Bob Ely</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Judd" title="Keith Judd">Keith Judd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mosler" title="Warren Mosler">Warren Mosler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randall_Terry" title="Randall Terry">Randall Terry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Wolfe_Jr." title="John Wolfe Jr.">John Wolfe</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;">Republican Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Statewide polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">National polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Straw polls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Paul_Ryan" title="Political positions of Paul Ryan">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Michele Bachmann 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Herman Cain 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Herman_Cain" title="Political positions of Herman Cain">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Callahan" title="Mark Callahan">Mark Callahan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Newt Gingrich 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Newt_Gingrich" title="Political positions of Newt Gingrich">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Greenleaf" title="Stewart Greenleaf">Stewart Greenleaf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Jr._(2012_presidential_candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davis Jr. (2012 presidential candidate)">John Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Jon Huntsman</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jon Huntsman 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fred_Karger" title="Fred Karger">Fred Karger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">Thaddeus McCotter</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ron Paul</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Tim Pawlenty 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Santorum 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;">Libertarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Person" title="Carl Person">Carl Person</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sloan" title="Sam Sloan">Sam Sloan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;">Green Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cheri_Honkala" title="Cheri Honkala">Cheri Honkala</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2012 United States presidential election">third-party and independent candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Drake" title="Wiley Drake">Wiley Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Noonan" title="Edward C. Noonan">Edward C. Noonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Third Position Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Abernethy" title="Virginia Abernethy">Virginia Abernethy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Constitution_Party_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: Jim Clymer</li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: Stephen Durham</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #50C878;"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party" title="Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party">Grassroots Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carlson_(businessman)" title="Jim Carlson (businessman)">Jim Carlson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez" title="Luis J. Rodriguez">Luis J. Rodriguez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan" title="Cindy Sheehan">Cindy Sheehan</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Barnett" title="Andre Barnett">Andre Barnett</a></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Stewart Alexander 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mendoza" title="Alejandro Mendoza">Alejandro Mendoza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Objectivist Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(Objectivist_Party_politician)" title="Tom Stevens (Objectivist Party politician)">Tom Stevens</a></dd> <dt>Independents</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lee_Abramson" title="Lee Abramson">Lee Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randy_Blythe" title="Randy Blythe">Randy Blythe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naked_Cowboy" title="Naked Cowboy">Robert Burck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones_(pastor)" title="Terry Jones (pastor)">Terry Jones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">attempt to draft</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_elections" title="2012 United States elections">Other 2012 elections</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2012 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/19px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/29px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 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