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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero-chiricahua" title="Mescalero-chiricahua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mescalero-chiricahua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mescalero-Chiricahua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_mescalero-chiricahua" title="Idioma mescalero-chiricahua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma mescalero-chiricahua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chiricahua" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_mescalero-chiricahua" title="Lingua mescalero-chiricahua – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua mescalero-chiricahua" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_Apache_(jezik)" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache (jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Chiricahua-Mescalero" title="Lingua Chiricahua-Mescalero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua Chiricahua-Mescalero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_spriak" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mescalero-Chiricahua spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero-chiricahua" title="Mescalero-chiricahua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mescalero-chiricahua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_apache,_mescalero-chiricahua" title="Lenga apache, mescalero-chiricahua – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga apache, mescalero-chiricahua" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_mescalero-chiricahua" title="Língua mescalero-chiricahua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua mescalero-chiricahua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Мескалеро-чирикауанский апаче – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мескалеро-чирикауанский апаче" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskalero-%C3%87irikavaca" title="Meskalero-Çirikavaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meskalero-Çirikavaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13368#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Chiricahua</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #99ddff;"><span title="Mescalero-Chiricahua-language text"><i lang="apm">Ndee bizaa</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua people">Chiricahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,500 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dene">Na-Dene</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Athabaskan">Southern Athabaskan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Southwestern Apache<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Western<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Chiricahua</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas">Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/apm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:apm">apm</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mesc1238">mesc1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1925">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_40-SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lang_Status_40-SE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_40-SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Mescalero-Chiricahua is classified as Severely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Mescalero-Chiricahua</b> (also known as <b>Chiricahua Apache</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan</a> language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">México</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is related to <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a> and has been described in great detail by the anthropological linguist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hoijer" title="Harry Hoijer">Harry Hoijer</a> (1904–1976), especially in Hoijer & Opler (1938) and Hoijer (1946). Hoijer & Opler's <i>Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts</i>, including a grammatical sketch and traditional religious and secular stories, has been converted into an online "book" available from the University of Virginia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Klinekole" title="Virginia Klinekole">Virginia Klinekole</a>, the first female president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe, was known for her efforts to preserve the language.<sup id="cite_ref-Alamogordo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alamogordo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is at least one language-immersion school for children in Mescalero.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero-Chiricahua_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero-Chiricahua_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chiricahua has 31 <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">simple</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">post-stopped</a></span> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mᵇ</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nᵈ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_release_(phonetics)" title="Lateral release (phonetics)">tˡ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɬʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero-Chiricahua_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chiricahua has 16 <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">short</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">long</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">short</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">long</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">short</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">long</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">oral</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">nasal</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">oral</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">nasal</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ̃</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ̃ː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">õ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">õː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">oral</span> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">nasal</span> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ã</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ãː</span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chiricahua has <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> oral, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a>, short, and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long</a> vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero-Chiricahua_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/apm/">Chiricahua</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx/detalle/conversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-">"Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+lengua+y+cultura+n%27dee%2Fn%27nee%2Fnd%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontigoenladistancia.cultura.gob.mx%2Fdetalle%2Fconversatorio-historia-de-la-lengua-y-cultura-n-dee-n-nee-nde-hacia-el-registro-en-el-catalogo-de-las-lenguas-indigenas-nacionales-clin-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alamogordo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alamogordo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525202353/http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_17614404">"Former tribal leader dies : Past Mescalero president, council member, writer remembered"</a>. <i>Alamogordo Daily News</i>. 2011-03-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_17614404">the original</a> on 2014-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alamogordo+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Former+tribal+leader+dies+%3A+Past+Mescalero+president%2C+council+member%2C+writer+remembered&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamogordonews.com%2Fci_17614404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525234738/http://www.alamogordonews.com/tablehome/ci_21431757/udall-visits-mescalero-apache-schools-talk-language-preservation">"Udall visits Mescalero Apache Schools to talk language preservation - Alamogordo Daily News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamogordonews.com/tablehome/ci_21431757/udall-visits-mescalero-apache-schools-talk-language-preservation">the original</a> on 2014-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Udall+visits+Mescalero+Apache+Schools+to+talk+language+preservation+-+Alamogordo+Daily+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamogordonews.com%2Ftablehome%2Fci_21431757%2Fudall-visits-mescalero-apache-schools-talk-language-preservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero-Chiricahua_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hoijer" title="Harry Hoijer">Hoijer, Harry</a>. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoijer1938" class="citation journal cs1">Hoijer, Harry (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 75–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1938.40.1.02a00080">10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+southern+Athapaskan+languages&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-87&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1938.40.1.02a00080&rft.aulast=Hoijer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoijer1939" class="citation journal cs1">Hoijer, Harry (1939). "Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish". <i>Language</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 110–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F408729">10.2307/408729</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/408729">408729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Chiricahua+loan-words+from+Spanish&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-115&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F408729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F408729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hoijer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoijer1945" class="citation journal cs1">Hoijer, Harry (1945). "Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 13–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463846">10.1086/463846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Classificatory+verb+stems+in+the+Apachean+languages&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-23&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463846&rft.aulast=Hoijer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoijer1945" class="citation journal cs1">Hoijer, Harry (1945). "The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 193–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463871">10.1086/463871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Apachean+verb%2C+part+I%3A+Verb+structure+and+pronominal+prefixes&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=193-203&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463871&rft.aulast=Hoijer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoijer1946" class="citation journal cs1">Hoijer, Harry (1946). "The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463881">10.1086/463881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Apachean+verb%2C+part+II%3A+The+prefixes+for+mode+and+tense&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463881&rft.aulast=Hoijer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoijer1946" class="citation journal cs1">Hoijer, Harry (1946). "The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 51–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463889">10.1086/463889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Apachean+verb%2C+part+III%3A+The+classifiers&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-59&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463889&rft.aulast=Hoijer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoijer1946" class="citation book cs1">Hoijer, Harry (1946). "Chiricahua Apache". In Osgood, C. (ed.). <i>Linguistic structures in North America</i>. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chiricahua+Apache&rft.btitle=Linguistic+structures+in+North+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wenner-Green+Foundation+for+Anthropological+Research&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Hoijer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoijerOpler1980" class="citation book cs1">Hoijer, Harry; Opler, Morris E. (1980) [1938, University of Chicago Press; 1964, University of Chicago Press; 1970, University of Chicago Press]. <i>Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts</i>. New York: AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-15783-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-15783-1"><bdi>0-404-15783-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiricahua+and+Mescalero+Apache+texts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-404-15783-1&rft.aulast=Hoijer&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Opler%2C+Morris+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOplerHoijer1940" class="citation journal cs1">Opler, Morris E.; Hoijer, Harry (1940). "The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 617–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1940.42.4.02a00070">10.1525/aa.1940.42.4.02a00070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+raid+and+war-path+language+of+the+Chiricahua+Apache&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=617-634&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1940.42.4.02a00070&rft.aulast=Opler&rft.aufirst=Morris+E.&rft.au=Hoijer%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinnow1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinnow, Jürgen (1988). <i>Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero</i> [<i>The language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero</i>] (in German). Hamburg: Helmut Buske.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Sprache+der+Chiricahua-Apachen%3A+Mit+Seitenblicken+auf+das+Mescalero&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Helmut+Buske&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Pinnow&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2006" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Anthony K. (2006). "On Speaking to Him (Coyote): The Discourse Functions of the <i>yi-/bi-</i> Alternation in Some Chiricahua Apache Narratives". <i>Southwest Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 143–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+Speaking+to+Him+%28Coyote%29%3A+The+Discourse+Functions+of+the+yi-%2Fbi-+Alternation+in+Some+Chiricahua+Apache+Narratives&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-160&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Anthony+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Young, Robert W. (1983). "Apachean languages". In Ortiz, A. (ed.). <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. Vol. 10: Southwest. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 393–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-004579-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-004579-7"><bdi>0-16-004579-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apachean+languages&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=393-400&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-16-004579-7&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mescalero-Chiricahua_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/apache/">Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/apm">OLAC resources in and about the Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache language</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_Earle_Goddard" title="Pliny Earle Goddard">Goddard, Pliny Earle</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sancarlosapache00goddgoog"><i>San Carlos Apache texts</i></a>. American Museum of Natural History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=San+Carlos+Apache+texts&rft.pub=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Pliny+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsancarlosapache00goddgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRene_Romo2011" class="citation news cs1">Rene Romo (2011-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116015830/http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_19318722">"Apaches work to save language"</a>. <i>Alamogordo Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_19318722">the original</a> on 2011-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alamogordo+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Apaches+work+to+save+language&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft.au=Rene+Romo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamogordonews.com%2Fci_19318722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMescalero-Chiricahua+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Oakes2012" class="citation news cs1">Harold Oakes (2012-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904130837/http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_21431757/udall-visits-mescalero-apache-schools-talk-language-preservation">"Udall visits Mescalero Apache Schools to talk language preservation"</a>. <i>Alamogordo Daily News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamogordonews.com/ci_21431757/udall-visits-mescalero-apache-schools-talk-language-preservation">the original</a> on 2012-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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talk:Athabaskan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Athabaskan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Athabaskan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Athabaskan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Northern Athabaskan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Alaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language" title="Denaʼina language">Denaʼina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Alaska–Yukon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Hitʼan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Northern Tutchone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Southern Tutchone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dene Suline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dunneza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine–Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Dakelh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Carrier_language" title="Southern Carrier language">Southern Carrier</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other North Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua%E2%80%93Clatskanie_language" title="Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan_languages" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages">Pacific Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Kato</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oregon Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Lower Rogue River</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galice_language" title="Galice language">Upper Rogue River</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mescalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plains Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Athabaskan">Proto-Athabaskan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Template:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official/<br />Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_language" title="Huastec language">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_languages" title="Mixe languages">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10,000-100,000<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolab%CA%BCal_language" title="Tojolabʼal language">Tojol-abʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal de Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Popoluca" title="Sierra Popoluca">Sierra Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_language" title="Tepehuán language">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehua_languages" title="Tepehua languages">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Under 10,000<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Chontal of Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_language" title="Chuj language">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_language" title="Akatek language">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatepec_Mixtec" title="Zacatepec Mixtec">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarijio_language" title="Huarijio language">Huarijío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocholtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language" title="Qʼeqchiʼ language">Qʼeqchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_language" title="Lacandon language">Lacandón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_language" title="Jakaltek language">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texistepec_language" title="Texistepec language">Texistepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_language" title="Paipai language">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Kikapú</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_whistled_speech" title="Kickapoo whistled speech">whistled speech</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_language" title="Tektitek language">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language" title="Mochoʼ language">Qatoʼk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">Pápago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_language" title="Ixil language">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluta_Popoluca" title="Oluta Popoluca">Olutec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD_language" title="Cochimí language">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayapa_Zoque" title="Ayapa Zoque">Ayapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_language" title="Awakatek language">Awakatek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Arizona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Arizona" title="Template:Languages of Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Arizona" title="Template talk:Languages of Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Arizona">Languages of Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous languages of Arizona">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman-Cochimí</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Havasupai language">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai-Hualapai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Havasupai-Hualapai language">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish language in Arizona">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_California" title="Category:Languages of California">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_New_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_New_Mexico" title="Template:Languages of New Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_New_Mexico" title="Template talk:Languages of New Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_New_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of New Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_New_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of New Mexico">Languages of New Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jemez_language" title="Jemez language">Jemez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keresan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo Sign Language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picuris_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Picuris dialect">Picuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language" title="Southern Tiwa language">Southern Tiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Taos dialect">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_English" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican English">New Mexican English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oklahoma">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><i><a 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