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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_revitalization_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_revitalization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use and revitalization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_and_revitalization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects_and_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possessives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Possessives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Verb themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Noun modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahtna language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna" title="Ahtna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ahtna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna_(Sprache)" title="Ahtna (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahtna (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtena_keel" title="Ahtena keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ahtena keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ahtna" title="Idioma ahtna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma ahtna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna_(langue)" title="Ahtna (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahtna (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ahtna" title="Lingua ahtna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua ahtna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtena_jezik" title="Ahtena jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ahtena jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Атна йӹлмӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Атна йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Атна чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Атна чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna_kalba" title="Ahtna kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ahtna kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E8%AA%9E" title="アトナ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アトナ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna_spriak" title="Ahtna spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ahtna spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Ahtna (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ahtna (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna" title="Ahtna – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ahtna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ahtena" title="Lenga ahtena – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga ahtena" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ahtna" title="Język ahtna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język ahtna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_ahtna" title="Língua ahtna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua ahtna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Атна (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атна (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna" title="Ahtna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahtna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Ahtna (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahtna (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtnaca" title="Ahtnaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahtnaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="阿特纳语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿特纳语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Endangered Athabaskan language of Alaska</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Ahtna</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Copper River, Mednovskiy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Koht’aene Kenaege', Atnakenaege’</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska)" title="Copper River (Alaska)">Copper River</a> region)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">500 <a href="/wiki/Ahtna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahtna people">Ahtna</a> (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-e21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">15 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e21_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />30 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené languages">Na-Dené</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Northern Athabaskan languages">Northern Athabaskan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ahtna</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Latin (Ahtna alphabet)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aht" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aht">aht</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ahte1237">ahte1237</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/761">Ahtna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahtna_lang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ahtna_lang.png/320px-Ahtna_lang.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ahtna_lang.png/480px-Ahtna_lang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ahtna_lang.png/640px-Ahtna_lang.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Pre-contact distribution of Ahtna</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ahtna is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ahtna_language&params=62_10_N_143_49_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">62°10′N</span> <span class="longitude">143°49′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">62.167°N 143.817°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">62.167; -143.817</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Ahtna</b> or <b>Ahtena</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from<i> <span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">At Na</i></span> </i>"<a href="/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska)" title="Copper River (Alaska)">Copper River</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené">Na-Dené</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Ahtna" title="Ahtna">Ahtna</a> ethnic group of the <a href="/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska)" title="Copper River (Alaska)">Copper River</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. The language is also known as <b>Copper River</b> or <b>Mednovskiy</b>. </p><p>The Ahtna language consists of four different dialects: Upper, Central, Lower, and Western. Three of the four are still spoken today. Ahtna is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a>. </p><p>The similar name Atnah occurs in the journals of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_(explorer)" title="Simon Fraser (explorer)">Simon Fraser</a> and other early European diarists in what is now <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> as a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsilhqot'in">Tsilhqot'in</a> people, another Northern Athapaskan group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ahtna is classified as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Northern Athabaskan languages">Northern Athabaskan languages</a>, a subgrouping of the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ahtna is one of the eleven Athabaskan languages native to Alaska. The Ahtna language comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Athabaskan_language" title="Proto-Athabaskan language">proto-Athabaskan language</a>, believed to have evolved 5,000 to 10,000 years ago when humans migrated from Eurasia to North America over the Bering land bridge (<a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>), when it was dried up and exposed creating a natural land bridge. Many indigenous Native American languages are to have derived from this proto-Athabaskan language. Ahtna and other Athabaskan languages, like Navajo, have many similarities, due to their common ancestry. The Ahtna language has changed very much and very often, and it is still changing today. Within the past century more than one hundred words have made their way into the Ahtna vocabulary mostly due to influence from English. Contact with Russians influenced the Ahtna language with many Russian loanwords being introduced. With contact from English speakers, especially recently, English words have also been introduced. Some words are also borrowed from the Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language"> Tlingit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language"> Alutiiq</a> native languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ahtna region consists of the Copper River Basin and the Wrangell Mountains. The Ahtna Region is bordered by the Nutzotin river in the Northeast and the Alaska Range in the North. The Talkeetna Mountains are to the Chugach Mountains are to the South.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Upper Ahtna live on the upper portion of the Copper River, The Middle or Central Ahtna live slightly down river from there, The Lower Ahtna live near the mouth of the Copper River, which opens into the Gulf of Alaska, and the Western Ahtna live to the West of the River. </p><p>The Ahtna people live on and near traditional villages. There are eight villages within the Ahtna Region: Cantwell, Chistochina, Chitina, Copper Center, Gakona, Gulkana, Mentasta and Tazlina. They are all recognized federally.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_revitalization_efforts">Use and revitalization efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use and revitalization efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 15 elderly speakers out of a population of 500, and the language is facing extinction. </p><p>The subsistence and fishing-rights activist <a href="/wiki/Katie_John" title="Katie John">Katie John</a> (1915–2013) of <a href="/wiki/Mentasta_Lake,_Alaska" title="Mentasta Lake, Alaska">Mentasta</a> helped develop an Ahtna alphabet in the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recorded a pronunciation guide of the Mentasta dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-johns_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johns-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 a facing-bilingual collection of poetry in Ahtna and English, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Indian_Prophet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Indian Prophet (page does not exist)">The Indian Prophet</a></i>, was published by poet <a href="/wiki/John_Smelcer" title="John Smelcer">John Smelcer</a>. </p><p>In a revitalization program, the Ya Ne Dah Ah School in <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton, Alaska">Sutton, Alaska</a> teaches the Ahtna language as a part of its curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010, a digital archiving project of Ahtna was underway.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects_and_bands">Dialects and bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dialects and bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four main dialect divisions and eight bands (tribal unions):<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Lower Ahtna</b> (endonym <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">Atnahwt'aene</i></span></i>) <ul><li>Chitina/Taral Band</li> <li>Tonsina/Klutina Band</li></ul></li> <li><b>Central Ahtna</b> or <b>Middle Ahtna</b> (endonym <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">Dan'ehwt'aene</i></span></i>) <ul><li>Gulkona/Gakona Band</li></ul></li> <li><b>Western Ahtna</b> (own name <i>Tsaay Hwt'aene</i>) <ul><li>Tyone/Mendeltna Band</li> <li>Cantwell/Denali Band</li></ul></li> <li><b>Upper Ahtna</b> (endonym <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">Tatl'ahwt'aene</i></span></i>) <ul><li>Sanford River/Chistochina Band <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Slana/Batzulnetas Band</li> <li>Mentasta Band <sup id="cite_ref-johns_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johns-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_comparison">Vocabulary comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vocabulary comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The comparison of some animal names in the three <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan">Athabaskan</a> languages:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ahtna </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Tanana">Lower Tanana</a> </th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">udzih</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">wudzih</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">bedzeyh</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">ggax</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">gah</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">gwx</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">tsa'</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">tsá'</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">tso'</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">dzen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">dzenh</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">dzenh</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">niduuyi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">niidûuy</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">niduuy</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynx</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">debae</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">demee</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">deba</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">sos</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">shos</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">sresr</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">dliigi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">dlêg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">dlega</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">łuk'ae</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tanacross-language text"><i lang="tcb">łuk'a</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Lower Tanana-language text"><i lang="taa">łuk'a</i></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athabaskan languages are primarily prefixing. Many prefixes are presented together. There is limited suffixation and often one word has as much meaning as an English language sentence. Verbs are very complex therefore creating many different meanings or analysis of verbs. Some verbs include syntactic principles in addition to and/or replacement of morphological principles when constructing a word.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonants in Kari's IPA phonology and practical orthography are shown in the following table<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kari1990_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kari1990-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>sibilant</small> </th> <th><small>lateral</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasals</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gg⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨'⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">aspirated</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɬʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qʰ</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">ejective</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t'⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts'⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tl'⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c'⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k'⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricatives">Fricatives</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">hʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ł⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨yh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowels in Kari's practical orthography and phonology are as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-Kari1990_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kari1990-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ii⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨uu⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨oo⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is some variation in pronunciation of words according to dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessives">Possessives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Possessives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possession is indicated by prefixes such as <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">s-</i></span></i> "my", <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">u-</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">yu'-</i></span></i> "his/her", <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">ne-</i></span></i> "our"; as in <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">snaan</i></span></i> "my mother", <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">unaan</i></span></i> (or <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">yu'naan</i></span></i>) "his/her mother", <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">nenaan</i></span></i> "our mother".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_themes">Verb themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Verb themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs are primarily prefixing. There are often six or more prefixes before the stem and then one or more suffixes. (1a) displays a surface form in Ahtna spelling while (1b) is the verb theme. Three prefixes are present that have to be listed with the stem to make up the form. Anything adjacent in a verb theme can be separated by morphemes in the forms surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verb themes display what elements should be listed in a dictionary for a speaker to be able to reconstruct the verb. '#' displays an important word-internal boundary known as a disjunct boundary. '+' indicates a morpheme boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div>Tadeldlo'</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="aht" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">into water</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="aht" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">#</p><p style="margin: 0px;">#</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="aht" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">d</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="qualifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">QUAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="aht" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="aht" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">l</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="aht" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;">+</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="aht" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dlok'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">laugh</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">(lexical listing: verb theme)</p></div><p style="display: none;">ta # d + l + dlok'</p><p style="display: none;">{into water} # <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="qualifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">QUAL</abbr> + CL + laugh</p><p style="clear: left;">"Water is gurgling." (surface form)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In the Ahtna language the verb typically goes after the noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_modification">Noun modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Noun modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Ahtna language, modifiers usually go after the noun they modify. Examples of this include the name of the deity or trickster figure <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">Saghani Ggaay</i></span></i>, where <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">saghani</i></span></i> is the noun "<a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">raven</a>" and <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">ggaay</i></span></i> the adjective "little, small" or in the term <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">nen ten</i></span></i> "permafrost", a combination of <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">nen</i></span></i> "land, ground" and <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">ten</i></span></i> "frozen". This word order is also seen in place names such as <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">Dghelaay Ce'e</i></span></i> "<a href="/wiki/Denali" title="Denali">Denali</a>/Mount McKinley", literally "Biggest Mountain", and <i><span title="Ahtena-language text"><i lang="aht">Ben Ce'e</i></span></i> "Lake Susitna", literally "Big Lake".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e21_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e21_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/4/pub/ANLPAC/ANLPAC%202020%20Report%20to%20the%20Governor%20and%20Legislature.pdf">"2020 Biennial Report to the Governor and Legislature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Alaska Native Language Preservation & Advisory Council. 2020-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Biennial+Report+to+the+Governor+and+Legislature&rft.pub=The+Alaska+Native+Language+Preservation+%26+Advisory+Council&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commerce.alaska.gov%2Fweb%2FPortals%2F4%2Fpub%2FANLPAC%2FANLPAC%25202020%2520Report%2520to%2520the%2520Governor%2520and%2520Legislature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Directional Reference, Discourse, and Landscape in Ahtna. Berez, Andrea L. (2011) "There are about thirty first-language speakers still alive today (all 60+ years of age)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official">"Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official : The Two-Way : NPR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Alaska+OKs+Bill+Making+Native+Languages+Official+%3A+The+Two-Way+%3A+NPR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2014%2F04%2F21%2F305688602%2Falaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmelcer1998" class="citation book cs1">Smelcer, John (1998). <i>Ahtna Noun Dictionary and Pronunciation Guide 2nd Edition</i>. United States of America: The Ahtna Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9656310-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9656310-2-8"><bdi>0-9656310-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahtna+Noun+Dictionary+and+Pronunciation+Guide+2nd+Edition&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=The+Ahtna+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-9656310-2-8&rft.aulast=Smelcer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/aht">Ahtna language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahtna-inc.com/lands/">"Ahtna Land and Resource Department | Ahtna"</a>. <i>ahtna-inc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahtna-inc.com&rft.atitle=Ahtna+Land+and+Resource+Department+%7C+Ahtna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahtna-inc.com%2Flands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahtna-inc.com/about/region-map/">"Ahtna Villages | Ahtna"</a>. <i>ahtna-inc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ahtna-inc.com&rft.atitle=Ahtna+Villages+%7C+Ahtna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahtna-inc.com%2Fabout%2Fregion-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/06/04/fishing-rights-language-and-culture-advocate-katie-john-walks-149712">"Fishing Rights, Language and Culture Advocate, Katie John, Walks On"</a>. <i>Indian Country Today Media Network</i>. 2013-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today+Media+Network&rft.atitle=Fishing+Rights%2C+Language+and+Culture+Advocate%2C+Katie+John%2C+Walks+On&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com%2F2013%2F06%2F04%2Ffishing-rights-language-and-culture-advocate-katie-john-walks-149712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johns-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johns_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johns_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520040730/http://www.ynlc.ca/materials/lessons/johnk/index.html">"Ahtna Language, Mentasta Dialect, Recorded by Katie John"</a>. <i>Yukon Native Language Centre</i>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynlc.ca/materials/lessons/johnk/index.html">the original</a> on 2017-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yukon+Native+Language+Centre&rft.atitle=Ahtna+Language%2C+Mentasta+Dialect%2C+Recorded+by+Katie+John&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynlc.ca%2Fmaterials%2Flessons%2Fjohnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Beth Smetzer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsminer.com/news/alaska_news/athabascan-elder-katie-john-advocate-for-indigenous-rights-dies/article_a06c37a6-ca2a-11e2-873a-001a4bcf6878.html">"Katie John, advocate for indigenous Rights, Dies"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Daily_News-Miner" title="Fairbanks Daily News-Miner">Fairbanks News-Miner</a></i>, May 31, 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624045423/http://hpaied.org/honoring-nations/case-studies">"Case Studies, The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpaied.org/honoring-nations/case-studies">the original</a> on 2012-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+Studies%2C+The+Harvard+Project+on+American+Indian+Economic+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpaied.org%2Fhonoring-nations%2Fcase-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530145541/http://www.chickaloon.org/departments/education/languagerejuvenation">"Ahtna Athabascan Language Rejuvenation and Curriculum Program"</a>. <i>Chickaloon Village Traditional Council</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chickaloon.org/departments/education/languagerejuvenation">the original</a> on 2013-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chickaloon+Village+Traditional+Council&rft.atitle=Ahtna+Athabascan+Language+Rejuvenation+and+Curriculum+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chickaloon.org%2Fdepartments%2Feducation%2Flanguagerejuvenation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324075949/http://www.ahtnaheritagefoundation.com/cultural_center_projects.html">"Digital Archive Project"</a>. <i>Ahtna Heritage Foundation Cultural Center Projects</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahtnaheritagefoundation.com/cultural_center_projects.html">the original</a> on 2011-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahtna+Heritage+Foundation+Cultural+Center+Projects&rft.atitle=Digital+Archive+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahtnaheritagefoundation.com%2Fcultural_center_projects.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929073821/http://www.unm.edu/~bbmsl/naacm/subarcticarts.htm">"Native American Tribal Arts & Architecture, SUBARCTIC ARTS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unm.edu/~bbmsl/naacm/subarcticarts.htm">the original</a> on 2012-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+American+Tribal+Arts+%26+Architecture%2C+SUBARCTIC+ARTS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unm.edu%2F~bbmsl%2Fnaacm%2Fsubarcticarts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynlc.ca/materials/lessons/ah.html">Ahtna language, Chistochina Dialect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111213440/http://www.ynlc.ca/materials/lessons/ah.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnsmelcer.com/app/download/966501841/Ahtna+Dictionary.pdf">"Ahtna Noun Dictionary"</a> by John E. Smelcer (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuttle2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tuttle, Siri G. (2008). "Phonetics and Word Definition in Ahtna". <i>Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FLING.2008.015">10.1515/LING.2008.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144375935">144375935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics&rft.atitle=Phonetics+and+Word+Definition+in+Ahtna&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FLING.2008.015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144375935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tuttle&rft.aufirst=Siri+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kari1990-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kari1990_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kari1990_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKari1990" class="citation book cs1">Kari, James (1990). <i>Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary</i>. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55500-033-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55500-033-9"><bdi>1-55500-033-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahtna+Athabaskan+Dictionary&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-55500-033-9&rft.aulast=Kari&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhtna+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtna_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\nde\pca&limit=-1">Ahtna basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520040730/http://www.ynlc.ca/materials/lessons/johnk/index.html">Ahtna Language, Mentasta Dialect</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111213440/http://www.ynlc.ca/materials/lessons/ah.html">Ahtna language, Chistochina Dialect</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524122433/http://www.ynlc.ca/materials/stories/ah/charleylathome/index.html">An Ahtna language story</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/761">Endangered Language Project: Ahtna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214134754/http://www.johnsmelcer.com/resources/Ahtna%2BDictionary.pdf">Ahtna Noun Dictionary and Pronunciation Guide (2nd Edition)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Athabaskan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Northern Athabaskan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Alaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language" title="Denaʼina language">Denaʼina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Alaska–Yukon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Hitʼan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Northern Tutchone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Southern Tutchone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dene Suline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dunneza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine–Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Dakelh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Carrier_language" title="Southern Carrier language">Southern Carrier</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other North Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua%E2%80%93Clatskanie_language" title="Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan_languages" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages">Pacific Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Kato</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oregon Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Lower Rogue River</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galice_language" title="Galice language">Upper Rogue River</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plains Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Athabaskan">Proto-Athabaskan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Alaska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Template:Languages of Alaska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Template talk:Languages of Alaska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Alaska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Alaska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_languages" title="Alaska Native languages">Languages of Alaska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_languages" title="Alaska Native languages">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq_language" title="Alutiiq language">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yupik language">Central Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Yupik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Yupik language">Siberian Yupik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiaq language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language" title="Denaʼina language">Denaʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagalog_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagalog language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_language_in_Alaska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian language in Alaska (page does not exist)">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninilchik_Russian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninilchik Russian dialect">Ninilchik dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Alaska" title="Category:Languages of Alaska">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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