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'\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .mapboxgl-map { font: 12px/20px Helvetica Neue,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); } .mapboxgl-canvas { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .mapboxgl-map:-webkit-full-screen { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .mapboxgl-canary { background-color: salmon; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass { cursor: -webkit-grab; cursor: grab; -moz-user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive.mapboxgl-track-pointer { cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive:active, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass:active { cursor: -webkit-grabbing; cursor: grabbing; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pan-x pan-y; touch-action: pan-x pan-y; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pinch-zoom; touch-action: pinch-zoom; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: none; touch-action: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { position: absolute; pointer-events: none; z-index: 2; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left { bottom: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right { right: 0; bottom: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl { clear: both; pointer-events: auto; -webkit-transform: translate(0); transform: translate(0); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 0 0 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 10px 0 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 0 10px 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 10px 10px 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group { border-radius: 4px; background: #fff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button { width: 29px; height: 29px; display: block; padding: 0; outline: none; border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid #ddd; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled { cursor: not-allowed; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { opacity: .25; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child { border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child { border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child { border-radius: inherit; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); } } @keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); transform: rotate(1turn); } } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { width: 88px; height: 23px; margin: 0 0 -4px -4px; display: block; background-repeat: no-repeat; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 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0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211019200030im_/https://www.bbc.com/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact { width: 23px; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211019200030im_/https://www.bbc.com/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 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.mapboxgl-ctrl.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib { padding: 0 5px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); margin: 0; } @media screen { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact { min-height: 20px; padding: 0; margin: 10px; position: relative; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 3px 12px 12px 3px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 24px 2px 4px; visibility: visible; margin-top: 6px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 4px 2px 24px; border-radius: 12px 3px 3px 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: block; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { content: ""; cursor: pointer; position: absolute; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); width: 24px; height: 24px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; left: 0; } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); text-decoration: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a:hover { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib .mapbox-improve-map { font-weight: 700; margin-left: 2px; } .mapboxgl-attrib-empty { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-scale { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75); font-size: 10px; border: 2px solid #333; border-top: #333; padding: 0 5px; color: #333; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .mapboxgl-popup { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; will-change: transform; pointer-events: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right { -ms-flex-direction: column-reverse; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right { -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-tip { width: 0; height: 0; border: 10px solid transparent; z-index: 1; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-top: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-bottom: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-left: none; border-right-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-right: none; border-left-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0 3px 0 0; cursor: pointer; background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-popup-content { position: relative; background: #fff; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 10px 10px 15px; pointer-events: auto; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer * { pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-marker { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; will-change: transform; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot, .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { background-color: #1da1f2; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { content: ""; position: absolute; -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after { border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; content: ""; height: 19px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 19px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } @keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale { background-color: #aaa; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after { display: none; } .mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle { background-color: rgba(29, 161, 242, 0.2); width: 1px; height: 1px; border-radius: 100%; } .mapboxgl-crosshair, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active { cursor: crosshair; } .mapboxgl-boxzoom { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; background: #fff; border: 2px dotted #202020; opacity: .5; } @media print { .mapbox-improve-map { display: none; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { color: #4a4a4a; margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video__border-line { padding: 0 10px; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 10px 0 3%; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-video__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 28px 0 18px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; margin: 0 10px; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { /* CreateSMPAudio */ display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { height: 50px; position: relative; /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising * { cursor: initial; pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button { opacity: 0.6; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video { margin-bottom: 10px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 36px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { color: #010101; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.17px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .most-popular-item__title--desktop { font-size: 16px; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--index { margin-right: 0; max-width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--index { -ms-flex-align: initial; align-items: initial; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index { color: #000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.53px; line-height: 30px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet { font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.74px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index { color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; margin-top: 4px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index { left: 0; margin-right: 40px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet { margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; padding: 30px 36px 0; top: -80px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 560px; top: -88px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 43px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet { padding: 31px 0; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 23px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable */ @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 900px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 300px; } } .related-articles { position: relative; } .related-articles__header { text-align: center; background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-articles__header--bright { margin: 20px 0 1.15ex; font-size: 13px; background-color: #d8d8d8; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 3; } .related-articles__list { list-style: none; padding: 0 0 1.5ex 0; margin: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; /* .with-numbers */ } .related-articles__list li { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; } .related-articles__list li > div { -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers { counter-reset: related-numbers; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); margin: 0 35px; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before { counter-increment: related-numbers; content: counter(related-numbers); font-weight: bold; font-size: 40px; -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; line-height: 1.85; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); -ms-flex: 0.1 0.1; flex: 0.1 0.1; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 1ex; flex-basis: 1ex; padding-right: 1ex; text-align: center; display: block; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li { margin-bottom: 10px; } .related-articles--wide-layout { background-color: initial; margin-top: 20px; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li { max-width: 100%; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li { max-width: 49.8%; } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .related-article { -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; min-height: 90px; } .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); -ms-flex: 0.3 0.3; flex: 0.3 0.3; min-width: 90px; max-width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); margin: 0; display: block; line-height: 0; -ms-flex-order: -1; order: -1; } .related-article__image img { width: 100%; border: 0; margin: 0 12px 0 0; } .related-article__text { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column nowrap; flex-flow: column nowrap; width: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: start; align-content: flex-start; position: relative; padding: 12px 6px 12px 0; line-height: 1.5; } .related-article__text a { width: 100%; padding-left: 12px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; text-decoration: none; } .related-article__text a + a { margin-top: 1ex; } .related-article__text br { display: none; } .related-article__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); letter-spacing: -0.01em; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-article__title:hover { color: #2e2e2e; } .related-article__collection { display: block; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.5px; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-article__collection span { display: none; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article { margin: 0.75ex 0; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images a:hover { color: #000; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title { padding-left: 10px; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 15px); max-width: calc(90px + 15px); margin: 0; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img { border-radius: 50%; } .related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.75ex 1.75ex; } .vertical-story-card-item { cursor: pointer; font-family: 'ReithSans'; height: 456px; margin: 20px 10px; position: relative; width: 297px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } .vertical-story-card-item img { width: 100%; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { background-color: #fff; bottom: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 111px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: absolute; right: 0; width: 275px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { width: 261px; } } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1 { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; text-transform: uppercase; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2 { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.06px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .vertical-story-group { font-family: 'ReithSans'; position: relative; } .vertical-story-group img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container { height: 370px; position: relative; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container img { height: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-mask { background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)); bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container { top: 120px; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 70%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { margin-top: 50px; } } .vertical-story-group__container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; grid-auto-rows: minmax(auto, auto); grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px)); height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; justify-items: center; margin-top: -210px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__container { margin-top: -120px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .mapContainer .mapTitle { background: transparent; color: #fff; display: block; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 1.1875em; margin-top: 2%; min-width: 25%; padding: 2%; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 0.375em; position: relative; text-align: center; z-index: 100; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapTitle { font-size: 2.4em; } } .mapContainer .styled-line { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .mapContainer button { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 60px; outline: none; padding: 2px; width: 60px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { color: #589e50; font-size: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle; } .mapContainer button:hover { background-color: #f2f2f2; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer button { height: 50px; width: 50px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { font-size: 2em; } } .mapContainer .navigationPanel { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, 0); transform: translate(-50%, 0); width: 100%; } .mapContainer .zoomControls { background-color: #fff; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; cursor: default; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 300px; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 300px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { max-width: 190px; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 190px; } } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { display: none !important; } .mapContainer .map-marker svg { -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; transition: all 0.1s ease-out; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(0.75); transform: scale(0.75); } } .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } .mapContainer__articleInfo { padding: 0 18px; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0.725em 0; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); text-decoration: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 1.7em; } } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 1.45em 0; text-decoration: none; } .location-header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .temperature-switcher { background: transparent; border: 0; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; white-space: nowrap; } .temperature-switcher:active { color: currentColor; } .temperature-switcher__active { font-weight: bold; } .temperature-switcher span { margin: 0 0.2ex; } .day { --w-day-font-size: 14px; --w-day-temp-font-size: 20px; --w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: 600; --w-day-name-font-weight: 500; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #959595; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: var(--w-day-font-size); } .day--desktop { --w-day-temp-font-size: 24px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: normal; --w-day-name-font-weight: 600; } .day:first-of-type { color: #4b4b4b; } .day__name { font-weight: var(--w-day-name-font-weight); line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase; } .day__symbol-header { display: block; height: 80px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 98px; } .day__symbol { display: block; height: 40px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 50px; } .day--desktop .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-top: 15px; width: 70px; } .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size); font-weight: var(--w-day-temp-font-weight); line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0.75em; text-transform: lowercase; } .day__temp--header { color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; } .day--mobile:first-of-type { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 3em; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-right: 10px; overflow: visible; width: 80px; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big); font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location { font-size: 120%; font-weight: 500; margin: 1em 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { color: #959595; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location, .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { text-align: center; width: 100%; } .weather { --w-height: 50px; --w-wrapper-margin: 24px; --w-days-flexbasis: 33%; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .weather--desktop { --w-height: 80px; --w-wrapper-margin: 50px; --w-days-flexbasis: initial; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days { -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; width: auto; } .weather__separator { border-right: 1px solid #dcdcdc; display: block; height: var(--w-height); } .weather__days { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-preferred-size: var(--w-days-flexbasis); flex-basis: var(--w-days-flexbasis); -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; margin-top: 2.5rem; } .weather__days--desktop { margin-top: 4rem; } .weather__header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column; flex-flow: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--w-wrapper-margin); } .weather__header button { margin-top: 1.5rem; } .weather__header--desktop { /* position the temperature switcher on desktop */ position: relative; } .weather__header--desktop button { margin: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .image-card { position: relative; } .image-card img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-card__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .image-card__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .image-card__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 90%; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } .destination-header { width: 100%; } .destination-header__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 380px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 16px; position: relative; } .destination-header__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .destination-header__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text { color: #fff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.95px; line-height: 37.4px; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text a { color: #fff; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; } .destination-header__text--desktop { font-size: 36px; } .destination-header__text-container { border-bottom: solid 1px #fff; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 17px; } .destination-header__text-container--desktop { padding-bottom: 0.75ex; } .destination-header__link-page, .destination-header__advert { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin-top: 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; } .destination-header__link-page span, .destination-header__advert span { display: block; width: 100%; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop, .destination-header__advert--desktop { margin-top: 40px; } .destination-header__link-page { left: 14px; margin: 0; position: absolute; text-transform: uppercase; top: 20px; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop { left: 25px; top: 36px; } .destination-header__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .destination-header a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .filter { display: inline-block; max-width: 160px; position: relative; } .filter__button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; padding: 16px; width: 160px; } .filter__content { background-color: #000; display: none; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 1; } .filter:focus .filter__content, .filter:hover .filter__content { display: block; } .filter__content--open { display: block; } .filter__content button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-style: italic; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; width: 100%; } .filter__content button:hover { background-color: #494848; } .callout-box-card { background-color: #eaeaea; color: #4a4a4a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } .callout-box-card img { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .callout-box-card__container { padding: 0.2rem 1.5rem; } .callout-box-card__container h3 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 1rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .callout-box-card__container h4 { font-size: 28px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; } .callout-box-card__container .body { font-size: 16px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; } .callout-box-card__container .body a { color: #4a4a4a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-video:hover { background-color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play { color: #000; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-p-tag--medium { font-size: 27px; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; } .simple-p-tag--quote { color: #575757; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; }/* stylelint-disable */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .vertical-index { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .vertical-index__collection-swimlane { min-height: 400px; } .vertical-index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 106px; padding-left: 25px; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad { background-color: #f1f1f1; padding: 25px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles { margin-top: 35px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile { margin-top: 28px; } .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { max-width: 976px; } } .vertical-index__storyworks-section > div > div.bbccom_visible > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; padding: 8px !important; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad .bbccom_standard_slot, .vertical-index__hero-article-leaderboard .bbccom_standard_slot { background-color: transparent !important; } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle { margin: auto 8px; } .latest-articles__editor { color: #020202; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2.92px; margin: 0 0 22px; } .latest-articles__editor--tablet { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__editor--desktop { margin-bottom: 36px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu > div { padding: 0 8px 8px !important; } .latest-articles__rectangle 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srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ytkby.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09ytkby.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ytkby.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ytkby.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ytkby.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09ytkby.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The waters around New York are littered with shipwrecks – some are visible, but most are not (Credit: Carlo Borlenghi/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09ytkby.jpg" alt="The waters around New York are littered with shipwrecks – some are visible, but most are not (Credit: Carlo Borlenghi/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--future"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/climatechange"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Climate change</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">The race to save New York's shipwrecks</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By Andrea Valentino</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="India's many hidden languages" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yp3r6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yp3r6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yp3r6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yp3r6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yp3r6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yp3r6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yp3r6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yp3r6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="A tribal farmer on the phone in Lanjigadh village, Odisha, India (Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yp3r6.jpg" alt="A tribal farmer on the phone in Lanjigadh village, Odisha, India (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/india"><span>India</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages"><span>India's many hidden languages</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Agnee Ghosh</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The 'inverted fortresses' for water" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yg91f.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yg91f.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yg91f.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yg91f.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yg91f.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yg91f.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yg91f.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yg91f.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Chand Bawri with intricate symmetries is a mathematical wonder and a visual delight (Credit: Marc Guitard/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yg91f.jpg" alt="Chand Bawri with intricate symmetries is a mathematical wonder and a visual delight (Credit: Marc Guitard/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/water"><span>Water</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis"><span>The 'inverted fortresses' for water</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Feza Tabassum Azmi</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="California's last-chance butterfly lab" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yjvrd.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yjvrd.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yjvrd.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yjvrd.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yjvrd.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yjvrd.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yjvrd.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yjvrd.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Laguna Mountains skippers, among the rarest of California's butterflies, have a wingspan of only 1 inch/2.5cm (Credit: Michael Ready)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yjvrd.jpg" alt="Laguna Mountains skippers, among the rarest of California's butterflies, have a wingspan of only 1 inch/2.5cm (Credit: Michael Ready)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/future-planet"><span>Future Planet</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies"><span>California's last-chance butterfly lab</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Ben Wyatt</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__full-width-image-article"><div data-bbc-container="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-title="Should young kids get the Covid-19 jab?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"full-width-image-article","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="full-width-image-article"><div class="full-width-image-article__container"><div class="full-width-image-article__image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yb5kx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09yb5kx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yb5kx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09yb5kx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yb5kx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yb5kx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yb5kx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09yb5kx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Israel has vaccinated more than half of 12 to 15-year-olds against Covid-19 – and even some younger children who are at special risk (Credit: Reuters)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09yb5kx.jpg" alt="Israel has vaccinated more than half of 12 to 15-year-olds against Covid-19 – and even some younger children who are at special risk (Credit: Reuters)" id=""/></picture><div class="full-width-image-article__background"></div></div><div class="full-width-image-article__text"><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span class="full-width-image-article-text__label b-reith-sans-font">Family Tree</span></a><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children"><h2 class="full-width-image-article-text__header b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Should young kids get the Covid-19 jab?</h2></a><p class="full-width-image-article-text__author b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">By Josie Glausiusz</p></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Covid-19</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Do we really need third vaccine doses?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09w6d9z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09w6d9z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09w6d9z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09w6d9z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09w6d9z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09w6d9z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09w6d9z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09w6d9z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="An Israeli health worker preparing to administer a booster shot (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09w6d9z.jpg" alt="An Israeli health worker preparing to administer a booster shot (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--future"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/virus"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Virus</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Do we really need third vaccine doses?</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By Zaria Gorvett</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How Covid-19 could end the fax" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211019200030/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019200030im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09tyvmp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" 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But its critics say that giving polluters the option to pay for their emissions is not the answer to climate change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn July, wildfires scorched vast swathes of North America. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-57890935\"\u003EIn Oregon, the Bootleg fire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E destroyed more than 400,000 acres of forest. As the trees went up in smoke, so did a large number of carbon offsets, including ones that had been bought by firms such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.leg.wa.gov\u002FReportsToTheLegislature\u002FHome\u002FGetPDF?fileName=DNR%20Carbon%20Sequestration%20Report_8f19b00b-5acf-4c97-83b4-16cecb559803.pdf\"\u003EBP\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.greendiamond.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpdf\u002F21.02%20MS%20Carbon.pdf\"\u003EMicrosoft\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Bootleg fire highlighted one of the flaws of the carbon offsetting market: how can we ensure the carbon removal projects we invest in will still be there in 10 years, let alone 100 years? As climate change leads to more intense wildfires and prolonged droughts over the next few decades, the question is whether these offsets are effective tools that can help us drastically reduce carbon emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe largest market for carbon offsetting to date will be under discussion in November at the 26th United Nations' Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26), in Glasgow. Governments say carbon credits, and a global carbon market where these credits can be bought and sold, can help them achieve \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fspeeches\u002Festablishing-the-principles-necessary-for-transparent-functioning-voluntary-carbon-markets\"\u003Eambitious emissions reduction targets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But campaigners warn that such a system provides rich countries with a license to keep polluting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The aim is that for every tonne of CO2 that is emitted somewhere, another tonne is captured elsewhere","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAhead of the conference, Future Planet analyses what an effective carbon market would look like, and how much it could make a dent in the world's emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA global marketplace \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEconomists \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feprints.lse.ac.uk\u002F37397\u002F1\u002FClimate_change_and_carbon_markets_a_panoramic_history%28author%29.pdf\"\u003Edevised carbon markets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as a way to increase climate ambition and lower carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere by creating a financial incentive to curb emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea is, if one country pays for emissions to be cut or captured in a second country, for example by planting a forest or installing renewable energy facilities, it can count those reductions towards its own climate goals. The aim is that for every tonne of CO2 that is emitted somewhere, another tonne is captured elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z121l"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECountries can trade credits, which each represent one tonne of CO2, with each other in a global marketplace. Theoretically, this exchange should balance out and prevent an overall increase in emissions – provided all emissions from human activity are covered by the scheme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEstablishing a global carbon market, however, has proven to be an enormous challenge. For almost 30 years, countries have tried, and largely failed, to draw up robust rules.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first global scheme dates back to the UN's Kyoto Protocol on climate change, which was adopted in 1997. Known as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), this carbon market came into operation in 2006. Under the CDM, richer countries could reduce their emissions by paying for the development of carbon-lowering projects in poorer nations, and counting these reductions as part of their own targets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Kyoto Protocol also established \"cap and trade\" schemes, which set a limit on the overall amount of emissions that are permitted from carbon-intensive sources, such as shipping and the energy industry, at regional, national and international levels. The European Union created the world's first emissions trading system, which is based on the cap and trade principle, in 2005. According to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7183178\u002F\"\u003E2020 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the system reduced carbon emissions by more than one billion tonnes between 2008 and 2016.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe CDM, on the other hand, effectively collapsed due to widespread concerns over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-15989873\"\u003Eenvironmental efficacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnews.bbc.co.uk\u002F2\u002Fhi\u002Fscience\u002Fnature\u002F7669215.stm\"\u003Ecorruption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and human rights violations. Eighty-five percent of offset projects used by the European Union under the CDM failed to reduce emissions, a \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Fclima\u002Fsites\u002Fclima\u002Ffiles\u002Fets\u002Fdocs\u002Fclean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\"\u003E2017 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E by the European Commission found.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2015, 190 countries signed up to the Paris Agreement and set emissions reduction targets. Under Article 6 of the climate pact, they agreed to establish a voluntary global carbon market, intending to avoid the pitfalls that led to the collapse of the CDM.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESix years on, countries are still hammering out the rules and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fcop25-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-madrid\"\u003Eare some way from consensus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Ministers are hoping to make progress on the issue at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow in November, but deep divisions remain on the design of the carbon market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome say the contentious issue could make or break the Paris Agreement. \"This was what countries promised each other,\" says Cynthia Lennon, associate on the global climate programme at the World Resources Institute. \"If they cannot fulfill this commitment, the Paris Agreement doesn't have the same weight.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z10s7"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf done right, this trading mechanism could almost double the reduction in global emissions and make it substantially cheaper for countries to meet their Paris Agreement climate goals, according to the advocacy group \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edf.org\u002Fclimate\u002Fhow-carbon-markets-can-increase-climate-ambition\"\u003EEnvironmental Defense Fund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Offset projects could channel much needed funds to poorer countries and yield enormous benefits for climate adaptation, providing them with financial incentives to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging\"\u003Erestore their forests and other biodiversity hotspots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Lennon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut if countries are unable to close loopholes or guarantee that the carbon market will lead to real emissions reductions, campaigners say it could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edf.org\u002Fblog\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F29\u002F3-things-you-need-know-about-soaring-voluntary-carbon-market\"\u003Edo more harm than good\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe pitfalls\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA major problem with current carbon market mechanisms is their \"very broad approach to crediting\", says Lambert Schneider, a carbon market expert at the Öko-Institut in Freiburg, Germany. Many offset projects are approved without having to provide very high assurances that they will reduce emissions, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The math has to be perfect, but there are instances where it doesn't all add up – Grayson Badgley","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn reality, the conditions an offset project needs to meet to actually capture a given amount of carbon are very stringent, says Grayson Badgley, a fellow in forest ecology at Columbia University in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The math has to be perfect, [but] there are instances where it doesn't all add up, \" says Badgley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECalifornia's offsetting programme, for example, has generated between 20 million and 39 million carbon credits that have not achieved real carbon savings, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarbonplan.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fforest-offsets-explainer\"\u003Eanalysis by CarbonPlan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a non-profit in San Francisco that analyses the scientific integrity of carbon offsetting schemes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis can lead to questions when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarbonplan.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fforest-offsets-explainer\"\u003Eorganisations whose mission it is to protect forests and wildlife accept credits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that allow companies to continue polluting. Many US conservation organisations, including The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.org\u002Fen-us\u002Fget-involved\u002Fhow-to-help\u002Fplaces-we-protect\u002Fupper-st--john-forest-preserve\u002F\"\u003ENature Conservancy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (TNC) and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewildernesstrust.org\u002Fprojects\u002Fhowland\u002F\"\u003ENortheast Wilderness Trust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have participated in the carbon offsetting market, Badgley notes. \"What would have happened if there wasn't the exchange of money for the carbon offset?\" he says. \"Was the forest really under threat?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe current system \"allows landowners who were already managing their land well to receive credits for what they were doing anyway\", says Barbara Haya, director of the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project at the University of California.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, TNC points out there are situations in which forest conservation can use carbon credits fairly, such as when the funds are used to improve forest management that results in greater carbon sequestration. At the St John River Forest in Maine, the organisation bought 75,000 hectares (290 sq miles) from the pulp and paper manufacturer International Paper. For 20 years, timber harvesting at the site was the primary source of income it generated for TNC. Reducing timber harvesting in exchange for carbon credits allowed the organisation to move away from tree felling, says a spokesperson from TNC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Since 1998, timber harvesting has been The Nature Conservancy's primary source of funds for taxes and stewardship of the Upper St John River Forest. By enrolling it in the forest carbon project, TNC made a long-term commitment to change its active harvesting practices and maintain a higher level of carbon on the property,\" the TNC spokesperson says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Northeast Wilderness Trust also underlines the difference between a forest offset scheme where there was a real risk of logging, and one where there is not. The trust's Wild Carbon programme \"is dedicated to carbon offsets generated exclusively from forever-wild landscapes that were unprotected and open to logging prior to our purchase\", says the trust's executive director, Jon Leibowitz.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It is inaccurately broad to state that conservation organisations shouldn't engage in carbon markets,\" Leibowitz argues. \"Science demonstrates that allowing existing forests to grow old and continue storing and sequestering carbon is among the most efficient and cost-effective carbon capture and storage mechanisms available to us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"For this reason, conservation organisations should have access to carbon revenue, so long as their carbon projects are both new conservation and permanent conservation,\" Leibowitz says. \"Done right, carbon revenue, especially when derived from forever-wild conservation, is a useful tool to help keep the carbon in our forests locked up, and enables the forests to grow and continue to sequester and store even more carbon for centuries to come.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z1112"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETaking carbon sequestration a step further, some of the most rigorous schemes avoid issuing offset credits at all, says Gilles Dufrasne, policy officer at the international non-profit Carbon Market Watch. But when they do, they aim to find projects that could not reduce emissions without the funding coming from offsets. In other words, it is all about making sure the offset schemes don't sell reductions that were going to happen anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if a project genuinely does capture carbon that wouldn't otherwise have been captured, offset schemes can falter for other reasons. As the Bootleg fire showed, they can fail to provide the permanent carbon sequestration they are often assumed to offer. A large majority of offsets in the US fall under the Improved Forest Management protocol, which does not take into account varying fire risks in different parts of the country and how these will worsen because of climate change, according to Badgley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We know that the risk of fires is going to go up. California's system doesn't incorporate those risks,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are ways to try to make sure that offset schemes have longevity, but being certain of their permanence is practically impossible. \"What will the deforestation rate be in Brazil in five or 10 years? Nobody knows. Over the years it has changed tremendously,\" says Schneider. \"The baseline used is always an assumption about the future, which comes with great uncertainty.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew rules \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs countries prepare to renegotiate carbon market rules at COP26 in November, campaigners say it is critical that all forms of cheating and corruption are eliminated. Two issues remain particularly contentious: double counting and whether surplus credits from the old CDM system should be carried forward into a new carbon market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You can negotiate ambition, but you don't negotiate about cheating – Gilles Dufrasne","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFirst, the double counting issue. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-50588128\"\u003EBrazil wants to claim credit for offsets that it sells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to another country, meaning that the reductions achieved would be counted twice. If the UK invests in a scheme protecting the Amazon rainforest, for example, Brazil wants to count the emissions' reduction towards both its own target, as well as the UK's goal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatechangenews.com\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F11\u002Fbrazil-fights-attempt-cancel-old-carbon-credits\u002F\"\u003EBrazil, along with China and India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, also wants to trade old credits from the Kyoto era on the new market, to protect the value of previous investments. \"As these emissions reductions already occurred in the past, using these credits will not change anything in the atmosphere and undermine countries' climate targets,\" argues Schneider.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Dufrasne, it is better to not have a deal at all than accept exemptions on double counting and carrying over old credits. \"You can negotiate ambition, but you don't negotiate about cheating,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z10wf"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe poor human rights and environmental records of past markets such as the CDM are also still a looming concern. Many carbon offsetting projects to date \"have not been clean for the environment and have violated human rights,\" says Erika Lennon, senior attorney at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fciel_tweets\"\u003ECenter for International Environmental Law\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, noting that in many cases project developers failed to consult with and gain consent from local communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne such project is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ciel.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F02\u002FFactSheet_AltoMaipo_Chile.pdf\"\u003EAlto Maipo hydropower scheme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Ein Santiago, Chile, which was verified under the CDM, despite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ciel.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F02\u002FRights-Carbon-Caution.pdf\"\u003Eserious environmental concerns and opposition from local communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who said the project, which involved rerouting water from the River Maipo for 100km (62 miles) to generate electricity, threatened their rights to water, food and life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It shouldn't be that hard to respect human rights in the context of climate action,\" says Lennon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnless the loopholes are straightened out and the rules become much more stringent, there isn't much point having a global carbon market flooded with cheap, ineffective offsets, says Haya.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You can't do effective climate mitigation based on fiction. You need to make sure the credits are real, otherwise the market is based on a lie,\" says Haya, suggesting that setting up an incentive fund for mitigation efforts, which companies and countries pay into, would be more effective at reducing overall emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven with robust rules, countries cannot rely on carbon offsetting alone to help them achieve their ambitious climate goals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're in a very different situation than when the Paris Agreement was adopted,\" says Elliott. \"Many countries have come forward with net zero targets, which bring the whole [reason] for markets into question and tell us we need to do something far more transformational.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHaving a global compensation scheme is \"not the crucial element of global climate action,\" says Dufrasne, noting that countries should prioritise adopting domestic and regional policies aimed at slashing emissions. This will lead to the cuts needed to set the world on a path to net zero by 2050. \"Governments should not just bank on buying credits from other countries, but focus on domestic reductions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-19T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How trading CO2 could save the climate","headlineShort":"How trading CO2 could save the climate","image":["p09z2f6g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A global carbon market could significantly reduce the world's carbon emissions. But its critics say that giving polluters the option to pay for their emissions is not the answer.","summaryShort":"Should polluters pay for their emissions?","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-18T23:05:35.018783Z","entity":"article","guid":"1faf51ca-716c-40a7-b11a-a4b04e77f0c8","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-19T13:20:44.849732Z","project":"future","slug":"20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242930},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks","_id":"616cb92845ceed1b8376daec","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fandrea-valentino"],"bodyIntro":"Hidden from sight beneath the waves, the seabed around New York's harbour is littered with historic sunken vessels that met a variety of fates in the waters around the great city. Now they face a new threat to their existence from the changing climate.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt might not be the first thing you notice when visiting Calvert Vaux Park, where Brooklyn meets Coney Island. But stand with your back to the highway and your nose to the public housing blocks across the water and you'll spot it if the tide is low enough.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA splash of yellow paint at its top is the only colour other than rust that announces the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003E45 feet (13.7m) long\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003Eshipwreck\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This is what remains of the Quester I, a submarine made in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003E1967 by \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003EJerry Bianco\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Built from salvaged metal, the shipyard worker had hoped to use his craft to explore an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?13691\"\u003EItalian ocean liner\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, sunk off \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.shipwreckworld.com\u002Fmaps\u002Fss-andrea-doria\"\u003EMassachusetts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a decade before. He never managed to. Tipping sideways, the submarine slipped into the mud, before coming loose from its moorings and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wrecksite.eu\u002Fwreck.aspx?267055\"\u003Eending up in the middle of the Coney Island Creek\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It's been there ever since.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Quester I is one of many sunken vessels that now rest within New York's brackish waters. America's gateway for centuries, there are thousands of wrecks packed on the seabed between Manhattan and the shores of Long Island. And though there are almost too many to count, some locals are trying. Often amateurs, these men and women mix technology, tenacity and enthusiasm to locate and visit \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fhistory\u002Fthe-search-for-the-guggenheim-treasure-8712138\u002F\"\u003Ebarges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-war-i-uss-san-diego-explosion-discovery\"\u003Ebattleships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.atlasobscura.com\u002Fplaces\u002Ftugboat-graveyard\"\u003Etugboats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newsday.com\u002Flong-island\u002Flong-island-divers-discover-civil-war-era-shipwreck-off-montauk-1.43342488\"\u003Ecivil war-era steamers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E submerged beneath the surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETheir work is important – this patchwork of diverse wrecks holds many secrets that can reveal much about the world of yesterday. But they won't last forever. Although the vessels begin deteriorating underwater almost as soon as they are sunk, their destruction is being hastened by climate change and the storms that accompany it. Some are simply ripped apart while others are being lost beneath thick layers of silt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet over the last few years, shipwreck hunters, amateurs and professionals alike have worked hard to save, or at least document, these precious artifacts before they disappear. With powerful new technology, they're systematically imaging hundreds of wrecks, then publishing their findings for a wide audience online. In some cases, specialists even advocate a more drastic solution – artificially covering wrecks until they're safe to explore once again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ytj67"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis work leads to other questions too. Given these wrecks are often graveyards, after all, should divers even be visiting? And when they do, how should they treat the artifacts they find there? None of these questions have straightforward solutions. But every day they go unanswered, the Quester I and hundreds of vessels like it continue to decompose, their secrets and stories vanishing beneath the waves. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere have been shipwrecks in New York before the city even existed. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historytoday.com\u002Farchive\u002Fnew-amsterdam-surrendered-english\"\u003ETwelve years before the Dutch founded New Amsterdam,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu\u002Fdisp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=101#:~:text=In%201664%2C%20the%20English%20sent,his%20brother%20King%20Charles%20II.\"\u003Efive decades before the English renamed it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu\u002Fdisp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=101#:~:text=In%201664%2C%20the%20English%20sent,his%20brother%20King%20Charles%20II.\"\u003E,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theonrust.com\u002Fhistory.html\"\u003ETyger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E ('Tiger') burned in the Hudson. Captained by a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theonrust.com\u002Fhistory.html\"\u003EDutch trader and privateer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=Tc7UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=adriaen+block+tyger+beaver+pelts&source=bl&ots=BsRhcnZZDi&sig=ACfU3U1Kp1lMz-WiGr5I1teexuchjEgaYQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO0s74-bXzAhVcpXIEHcTWDkgQ6AF6BAgtEAM#v=onepage&q=adriaen%20block%20tyger%20beaver%20pelts&f=false\"\u003Ethe ship caught fire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while laden with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=Tc7UBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=adriaen+block+tyger+beaver+pelts&source=bl&ots=BsRhcnZZDi&sig=ACfU3U1Kp1lMz-WiGr5I1teexuchjEgaYQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO0s74-bXzAhVcpXIEHcTWDkgQ6AF6BAgtEAM#v=onepage&q=adriaen%20block%20tyger%20beaver%20pelts&f=false\"\u003Ebeaver and otter pelts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the local \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farchaeology.cityofnewyork.us\u002Fcollection\u002Fnyc-timeline\u002Fadriaen-block-landed-with-a-group-of-traders-from-holland\"\u003ELenape\u003C\u002Fa\u003E people. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F529708?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%22Adriaen%20Block%22%20ship&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Adriaen%2BBlock%2522%2Bship&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_phrase_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A8cb1cb03801d40526030a63f266e1a1a\"\u003EFrom that day in late autumn 1613\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the charred hull of the ship, once the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F529708?seq=1\"\u003Elength of two city buses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F529708?seq=1\"\u003E and boasting guns weighing around 1,500 pounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (680kg), would lie ignored and undisturbed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nyhistory.org\u002Fexhibit\u002Ffragment-dutch-ship-tyger\"\u003Euntil it was finally rediscovered 303 years later, during construction work for the New York subway.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStart with the Tyger and you can trace a waterlogged story of America in New York's coastlines and rivers. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funtappedcities.com\u002F2013\u002F07\u002F23\u002Fmailbag-are-millions-gold-from-hms-hussar-shipwreck-still-in-east-river\u002F\"\u003EFrom the War of Independence, there's the \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funtappedcities.com\u002F2013\u002F07\u002F23\u002Fmailbag-are-millions-gold-from-hms-hussar-shipwreck-still-in-east-river\u002F\"\u003EHussar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funtappedcities.com\u002F2013\u002F07\u002F23\u002Fmailbag-are-millions-gold-from-hms-hussar-shipwreck-still-in-east-river\u002F\"\u003E, a British frigate lost in the East River.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E From the Gilded Age, there's the Harold, a barge carrying \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fhistory\u002Fthe-search-for-the-guggenheim-treasure-8712138\u002F\"\u003E$20m (£14.5m) of Guggenheim family treasure before it floundered near Staten Island\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And as John Noonan, a diver and wreck hunter from Long Island, explains, more recent dramas have left their prints too. \"There are submarines from World War One and World War Two,\" he says. \"There are American ships sunk by German mines off the coast. We have pretty much every type of shipwreck – ships that were scuttled, sunk during storms, strandings on the beach.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210622-how-shipwrecked-yeasts-could-change-the-taste-of-your-beer\"\u003EThe treasure inside a shipwrecked beer bottle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170822-why-its-not-surprising-that-ship-collisions-still-happen\"\u003EWhy ship collisions are still possible\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-clean-shipping-the-carbon-negative-cargo-boats-made-of-wood\"\u003EThe futuristic cargo boats made of wood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis variety is matched by quantity. There are perhaps 5,000 wrecks in and around New York, says Ben Roberts, another diver and expert. They are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwrecks.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov\u002Fviewer\u002F\"\u003Epeppered like shrapnel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the Jersey Shore, past Manhattan, and on to the far tip of Long Island, about 120 miles (190km) away. \"In this area we probably have one of the highest concentrations of wrecks and submerged history in the world,\" says Roberts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExamine the city's geography and this is easy to understand. With its immense sheltered harbour, New York's port has historically belonged to all of North America. Early Dutch sailors understood this immediately, claiming that the bay could one day host \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=nWM_vEqxTrUC&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=a+safe+haven+wherein+a+thousand+ship+may+ride+in+safety&source=bl&ots=AFTRYnRShl&sig=ACfU3U2woGuMIqrDIU4tX1nS2YwKNUS6Fw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj27M3Q9MHvAhVvMlkFHY7wCNUQ6AEwA3oECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=a%20safe%20haven%20wherein%20a%20thousand%20ship%20may%20ride%20in%20safety&f=false\"\u003E\"a thousand ships\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on their journey up the Hudson River into the American interior. That only became truer with the completion of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.canals.ny.gov\u002Fhistory\u002Fhistory.html#:~:text=The%20Erie%20Canal%20was%20officially,Hudson%20River%20and%20New%20York.&text=The%20canal%20spanned%20363%20miles,the%20development%20of%20the%20West.\"\u003EErie Canal, in 1825, which via the Hudson linked New York to the Great Lakes and Midwest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And by World War Two, the harbour reached its peak with over 1,000 vessels – including \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nyc.gov\u002Fhtml\u002Frecords\u002Fpdf\u002Fgovpub\u002F6118new_york_harbor_survey_program_celebrating_100_years.pdf\"\u003E575 tugboats and 543 ships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – packed there in March 1943, all flanked by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=CZYVS0Y1c9UC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=new+york+harbour+1943+543+ships&source=bl&ots=sfJwDD3-_6&sig=ACfU3U0X3lKxwQSXY816c8IsFeimGwclwQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJsdmrkrbzAhXlElkFHWU4A_QQ6AF6BAgXEAM#v=onepage&q=new%20york%20harbour%201943%20543%20ships&f=false\"\u003E750 active docks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and 39 shipyards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"First, he fashioned his own makeshift oxygen equipment out of PVC pipes and then tested his new gear in a lake 30 feet deep, for a full 10 minutes","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith so much traffic, sinkings were inevitable. During the 1840s, an average of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Famericanhistory.si.edu\u002Fonthewater\u002Fexhibition\u002F2_5.html\"\u003Ethree vessels wrecked in the shipping lanes approaching the city each month\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet, according to many experts, few New Yorkers appreciate the historical treasures off their shores. There are many explanations here, from a lack of education to the challenges of mapping (let alone visiting) sites hundreds of feet underwater. Kate Sutter, the associate program officer at LabX, a public engagement body at the National Academy of Sciences, has a different take. The blame, she says, may ultimately lie with the power and glamour of the Big Apple itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Everyone thinks about the city, and the people, and the businesses that thrive,\" says Sutter, who in her spare time uses underwater drones to examine New York's wrecks. \"That makes it really easy, myself included for a while, to not even think about the history and the waters that surround it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the rich history hidden underwater doesn't escape everyone's notice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen Roberts was growing up, he decided to go diving. That's hardly shocking for an adventurous teenager, but Roberts was different. After reading how an underwater treasure hunter had impressed his childhood friends by sitting in the neighbourhood pool with a homemade scuba kit, Roberts decided to follow suit. First, he fashioned his own makeshift oxygen equipment out of PVC pipes and then tested his new gear in a lake 30 feet (9.14m) deep, for a full 10 minutes. \"I scared my parents pretty bad,\" says Roberts. \"They decided: 'Hey, before this kid hurts himself, maybe we should get him certified!'\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFew shipwreck hunters have a diving baptism to match that. Yet in his dedication and passion – and maybe too in the dash of fanaticism his story betrays – Roberts is typical of his peers. Like him, most are amateurs, with day jobs as machinists or contractors or police officers. They spend their weekends and vacations scouring the seabed for New York's unremembered wrecks. According to both Roberts and Sutter, the falling cost of technology has helped amateur shipwreck hunting enter a golden age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z0561"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor a spectacular example of what this means in practice, consider the Adriatic. Sunk by Confederate raiders off Long Island, towards the end of the American Civil War, the ship was lost for a century and a half. But after years of planning, a team led by Noonan \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.soundingsonline.com\u002Ffeatures\u002Fwreck-hunters\"\u003Efirst explored the wreck in 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Instead of traditional scuba tanks, Noonan, Roberts and several other divers worked with rebreathers, which recirculated breathing gases and helped them stay submerged for longer. Conclusively identifying the ship was helped along by sophisticated sonar equipment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while Noonan calls his excursions a \"thrill\", he also suggests that the wrecks' histories are ultimately what he and his friends love about diving. Just as in landlocked archaeology, finding a vessel that fundamentally rewrites our understanding of history is rare. That's especially true in North America, given written records were already plentiful among Europeans by the time the Tyger floated up the Hudson. Even so, what the team found in the hull of the Adriatic was still revealing. Stoneware ink bottles, rolls of zinc and iron railway tracks all speak poignantly to a continent that was frantically industrialising. The fact the Adriatic was sunk by a raider so far from the Mason-Dixon Line, moreover, hints at how desperate the Confederacy was to disrupt Northern trade during the Civil War.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore generally, however, Roberts says he values wrecks like the Adriatic for the tales they preserve in wood and steel. \"They all have their own stories to tell,\" he says. Remember, after all, that many wrecks aren't just the husks of the vessels themselves. They're also the beds where passengers slept, the pots and pans they used to cook, the lamps they lit to read at night. To put it another way, says Dan Lieb, from the New Jersey Shipwreck Museum, these places are nothing less than a snapshot in time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo explain what he means, Lieb describes a millstone in the museum's collection. Salvaged from a European cargo ship lost near New York in the 1850s, in a parallel universe it might have ground corn on some Nebraska farm. Though it wasn't to be, Lieb says you can still see the chisel marks of the nameless artisan who made it, a striking reminder of an age before mass production and factory quotas. As Lieb says: \"It's literally the thumbprint of manufacture.\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorkupstate.com\u002Fnews\u002F2019\u002F02\u002Fthat-story-about-beer-salvaged-from-an-old-shipwreck-it-just-got-deeper.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EOther discoveries even drag divers back by their tastebuds.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E After visiting the \u003Cem\u003EOregon\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a passenger liner sunk off Long Island in 1886, some divers managed to collect a few unopened beer bottles – then asked a local brewer to recreate the recipe. The result, Roberts says, was delicious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet as fascinating as finds like these are, there are signs that future discoveries could become impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaking landfall in October 2012, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww1.nyc.gov\u002Fsite\u002Fcdbgdr\u002Fabout\u002FAbout%20Hurricane%20Sandy.page\"\u003EHurricane Sandy left behind a maelstrom of destruction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, wrecking 300 homes, inflicting $19bn (£14bn) of damage, and leaving 44 people dead. But as residents assessed the wreckage, fixed leaks and filed insurance claims, a beach nearby experienced its own moment of excitement. At Fire Island, a popular tourist spot east of the city, the remains of what might have been the Bessie White, a wrecked 1919 schooner, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewsfeed.time.com\u002F2012\u002F11\u002F18\u002Fsandy-exposes-90-year-old-shipwreck-on-fire-island\u002F\"\u003Ewere uncovered and ripped apart by Sandy's winds.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkatesutter.com\u002Fnyc-wrecks\"\u003ESo badly damaged by the storm were the ship's beams, however, that archaeologists struggled to confirm the vessel's identity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkatesutter.com\u002Fnyc-wrecks\"\u003E. \u003C\u002Fa\u003EMuch of the ship, whatever its real name, had already disintegrated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ytjnk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough the hurricane was unusually violent, the drama at Fire Island speaks to a broader problem. Sat at the bottom of a saltwater bathtub hundreds of feet deep, shipwrecks decay naturally. But now, with climate change \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyaleclimateconnections.org\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fhow-climate-change-is-making-hurricanes-more-dangerous\u002F\"\u003Estrengthening the ferocity of the strongest storms since 1975\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the risk to these wrecks is increasing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJohn Bricker, one of the divers who helped discover the Adriatic, has seen this deterioration with his own eyes. Comparing his first visit to an armoured cruiser, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-war-i-uss-san-diego-explosion-discovery\"\u003Elost off Fire Island in 1918\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to a second, more recent dive, this amateur shipwreck hunter and co-owner of a plant manufacturing machine parts describes an \"amazing\" amount of damage. \"It was almost like things were collapsing week-to-week.\" Explorers from Bricker to Roberts directly link these changes to storms like Sandy, noting that higher winds create bigger waves, which in turn can break or bury deeper wrecks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJennifer McKinnon, a marine archaeologist at East Carolina University, makes a similar point. \"Climate change is definitely something that we need to track,\" she says, adding that in the Pacific, her area of focus, typhoons have started \"wreaking havoc on underwater cultural heritage\". Of course, New York is spared those particular squalls. But as non-renewable resources, McKinnon warns that all shipwrecks are precious, and specialists like her need to take the threats of climate change seriously. As McKinnon puts it: \"There's not going to be another 19th Century trading ship that goes down in New York Harbour – what we have is what we have.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther marine archaeologists are approaching these questions from a slightly different angle. In 2016, for example, Jeneva Wright \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F307444284_Maritime_Archaeology_and_Climate_Change_An_Invitation\"\u003Ewrote a paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E arguing that experts like her can actually make a positive contribution to the fight against climate change. \"Maritime archaeological data,\" Wright wrote, \"can inform on environmental shifts and submerged sites can serve as an important avenue for public outreach by mobilising public interest and action towards understanding the impacts of climate change.\" Roberts agrees. If shipwrecks can't always revolutionise our understanding of history, they can certainly remind us of the \"destructive power of nature\" – both hundreds of years ago and in our current climate emergency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even weekend to weekend, the sands and currents can take away parts of wrecks that will never be found again – Kate Sutter","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt any rate, the feeling that these underwater treasures are disappearing has affected how divers approach their hobby. \"Even weekend to weekend, the sands and currents can take away parts of wrecks that will never be found again,\" says Sutter. \"It's of the utmost urgency – we need to get things documented, and documented fast.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut some professional archaeologists worry that the rush to find and visit wrecks by amateur enthusiasts, whatever their motivations, could risk causing fragile wrecks more harm than good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough he's keen to highlight his warm working relationship with amateur shipwreck hunters, Joe Hoyt is arguably one of the professional archaeologists who has concerns. Amateurs are both fiercely enthusiastic and have unparalleled knowledge about their chosen patch of ocean, he says. But as a full-time marine archaeologist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, he's been taught since college to understand archaeology contextually.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEssentially, that means studying a wreck and the artifacts it contains as a collective. Bringing a piece of cutlery, a millstone or beer bottle to the surface, for example, can mean less if you can't also examine where it was found or what was nearby. This is especially true given how tricky it is to preserve waterlogged artifacts once they're back on dry land. Even after 20 years, professional archaeologists are still drying out sections of one \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncpedia.org\u002Fmonitor-uss\"\u003ECivil War ship recovered off North Carolina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ytkhq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAll the same, the gap between professionals and amateurs isn't insurmountable. Together with Lieb and other amateurs, Hoyt and his colleagues at the NOAA recently examined the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov\u002Fmaritime\u002Fwalker\u002F\"\u003ERobert J. Walker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov\u002Fmaritime\u002Fwalker\u002F\"\u003E,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a research ship sunk off New Jersey. Places like the New Jersey Shipwreck Museum also act as depositories of artifacts for the wider community. Ultimately, Hoyt adds, the pressures of climate change might force everyone to make some tough choices about what can be explored – and which wrecks should be prioritised. Older examples, further on the path to oblivion, might need to be abandoned to their fate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot that the situation is completely hopeless. Both McKinnon and Roberts highlight improvements in imaging technology, making it far easier to record vulnerable sites effectively. Over this summer, to give one example, Roberts sailed from Massachusetts down to Virginia. Along the way, he used a custom sonar system to snap over 150 underwater sites in vivid detail – then \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FEastern-Search-Survey-109413857123876\"\u003Eposted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E maps and pictures on a dedicated Facebook page.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMcKinnon, for her part, proposes a different solution. If a wreck risks being destroyed by the next storm, it could always be artificially covered with sand. Of course, this approach might frustrate divers eager to see a vessel with their own eyes. But as McKinnon notes, fragile treasures worth preserving, from national parks to ancient ruins, are often blocked from public view. \"You can literally love a site to death,\" she says. \"You have to be able to make decisions – maybe it's smarter for us to rebury a site. It may mean that we don't see it, but are we thinking about our future generations?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever the future holds for New York shipwrecks as a collective, meanwhile, divers like Ben Roberts are busy hunting for the next Adriatic. A new project, he explains, is finding a freighter that vanished in a storm during World War Two. \"It's been this legend in the wreck community,\" he says. \"I think it'd be neat to bring closure to the mystery.\" As the search continues, and Roberts follows his leads, the Quester I sits just as it always has – largely ignored and waiting for the storm that will one day pull it from the Coney Island Creek and into the waters beyond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-18T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How climate change is threatening New York's shipwrecks","headlineShort":"The race to save New York's shipwrecks","image":["p09ytkby"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Hidden from sight beneath the waves, the seabed around New York's harbour is littered with historic sunken vessels. They are now threatened by the changing climate.","summaryShort":"Some vessels have sat on the seabed for centuries, but now face a new threat","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Farchaeology","tag\u002Foceans","tag\u002Fship"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-18T00:00:22.469772Z","entity":"article","guid":"fe44bbdf-8bd7-4ac4-b9e4-2be2c9c22562","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-18T19:20:11.210017Z","project":"future","slug":"20211015-how-climate-change-is-threatening-new-yorks-shipwrecks","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242934},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages","_id":"6168c49a45ceed139576560b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fagnee-ghosh"],"bodyIntro":"Between 1961 and 1971, thousands of languages vanished from Indian census data. One man decided to track them down, before they were lost forever.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt was 2010 and Ganesh N Devy was concerned about the lack of comprehensive data on the languages of India. \"The 1961 [Indian] census recognised 1,652 mother tongues,\" says Devy, \"but the 1971 census listed only 109. The discrepancy in numbers frustrated me a lot.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, Devy decided to find out what was going on himself.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndia is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. K David Harrison, a linguist from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, has labelled the country a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Fjohnson\u002F2010\u002F11\u002F23\u002Fseven-questions-for-k.-david-harrison\"\u003Elanguage hotspot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". This, according to Harrison, is a place with a high level of linguistic diversity and endangerment, as well as a low level of documentation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a professor of English at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Gujarat, Devy has always had an interest in languages. He has founded a number of organisations for their study, documentation and preservation, including the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre in Baroda, the Adivasis Academy in Tejgadh, the DNT-Rights Action Group, among others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs part of his work at the organisations, he used to go to villages where tribal populations lived and research them. He started noticing that these tribes have their own languages, which often do not get reported in the official government census.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe unexpected way that Bollywood could help millions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-indias-nostalgic-passion-for-old-typewriters\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EIndia's nostalgic passion for old typewriters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ancient fabric that no one knows how to make\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I had an intuition that the languages of communities with a very small number of people, communities that are economically deprived or communities that are nomadic are getting concealed in official statistics,\" says Devy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDevy felt that it would take a long, arduous process to document every language in India, so he stepped in to help. He launched the People's Linguistic Survey of India (PLSI) in 2010, for which he put together a team of 3,000 volunteers from all over the country. Most of these volunteers weren't researchers, but writers, school teachers, and other non-professional-linguists who possessed an intimacy with their mother tongue that was invaluable to Devy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a survey conducted during 2010-2013, Devy and his team recorded 780 languages and 68 scripts across the country. Devy says that nearly 100 languages could not be documented, either because of remoteness of the region or conflict, so the true number of languages in India continues to be hidden from us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince 2013, the PLSI has published 68 volumes, featuring detailed profiles of each language that Devy came across. The remaining 27 volumes will be published by 2025.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake the state of Odisha, which has the largest number of tribal communities in India. Devy always knew it would be a linguistic goldmine for him, but he could not find a linguist there who would be able to work on these remote languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yp4y6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAround this time, he came across a taxi driver who used to work for the district magistrate in Odisha. Whenever the district magistrate used to go for a visit in the villages, the driver preferred talking to the villagers rather than sitting in his car.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Over the years, he had mastered four languages and he had constructed grammar for those four languages and had collected folk songs and stories,\" says Devy. \"It was material that was worthy of giving him a doctorate, maybe two doctorates.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDevy has come across several such people, including a schoolteacher in Gujarat who documented an entire epic from a different language in Rajasthan. It took him 20 years to document the epic and the entire project was funded with his own money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What I discovered is that it's not for monetary reasons that people learn and love languages,\" says Devy. \"I always thought that it was only researchers who love languages, who were aware of grants and funds to support their work.\" Devy explains that he had not expected to find so many language specialists, especially among people who had not had much of a formal education. It was people like this whose knowledge proved invaluable to the linguistic survey.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut despite the layman's love for languages, Devy still estimates that close to 220 languages have been lost over the years. The languages spoken by remote communities in the North East and the Andaman Islands have been identified as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com\u002Fhome\u002Feducation\u002Fnews\u002Findigenous-languages-in-northeast-face-extinction-threat-many-confined-to-traditional-rituals\u002Farticleshow\u002F81145194.cms\"\u003Emost vulnerable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by linguists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2003, Anvita Abbi, visiting professor of Indian studies at Simon Fraser University, Canada, undertook a documentation project, Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese (Voga).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAbbi's study of the Andamanese tribe led to the identification of a sixth language family in India, namely the Great Andamanese, which is spoken by indigenous people who inhabit the Andaman Islands. She studied the major languages of the Great Andamanese such as Sare, Bo, Khora and Jeru.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2010, Boa Senior died in the Andaman Islands. She was the last fluent speaker of Bo – one of the oldest languages in the world, dating back to pre-Neolithic times.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Boa Senior died and Bo language went extinct, then the last speaker of Sare died as well as the last speaker of Khora,\" says Abbi. \"To be very frank, a feeling of sheer helplessness engulfs us, especially the linguists, because we have been trying to promote these languages,\" she says, explaining that she had written many letters to politicians, asking them for help, but felt that no one was listening.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2013, Abbi won the Padma Shri – an award handed out by the Indian government for civilian contributions to various fields – for her role in studying and documenting the languages of the Great Andamanese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yp480"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESometimes it is left to the communities themselves to preserve their endangered languages. One such endeavour was recently undertaken by Wanglung Mossang, a farmer from the village in Arunachal Pradesh, a state in the Northeast of India. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMossang speaks the Tangsa language which is a Sino-Tibetan language, or cluster of languages, spoken by the Tangsa people in northeastern India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Tangsa tribe of Arunachal Pradesh is divided into 40 subtribes, with each subtribe having its own dialect. The population of the Tangsa community is roughly 100,000 (a unit known as a lakh in India) and with so many different dialects, the danger of extinction of the language family increases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When I sat and chatted with elders in the community, I discovered plenty of words and vocabulary which were unknown to me before,\" says Mossang. \"I wanted to write down these words using the English alphabet but it was difficult because of syntactical differences.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is when he discovered Lakhum Mossang (no relation) who had invented a common script in 1990 that could be used by all the tribes of the Tangsa community. Wanglung Mossang took over the mission to preserve the Tangsa language after Lakhum Mossang passed away in 2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe common Tangsa script has 48 vowels and 31 consonants. The script has four different tones and each tone has a separate meaning attached to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarlier this year, Mossang conducted evening classes for two weeks for college students when they were on holiday to teach them the common Tangsa script. But this was just part of Mossang's strategy to preserve the language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We created a script development committee in 2019 for the preservation of the common Tangsa script. The committee approached the state government to introduce the common Tangsa script into the primary school curriculum. It was very satisfying when they accepted our proposal,\" says Mossang.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe chief minister of Arunachal Pradesh launched the book of Tangsa script on Teacher's Day – a national holiday to celebrate the contributions of teachers, which occurs on 5 September in India – this year and it will soon be introduced into the school curriculum. Now the Tangsa writing system has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thebetterindia.com\u002F261831\u002Farunachal-pradesh-tangsa-script-lakhum-mossang-tribe-extinct-language-microsoft\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eadopted as a font style by Microsoft Word\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, many other Indian languages are still at risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMossang says that people from tribal communities often lose their languages when they move out of the state or community to earn or when children aren't taught their mother tongue. Children learn the state languages in the school and parents promote these languages over their mother tongues with the hope that it will mean a better life for their children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"People don't pay much attention to the beauty of our tradition and culture. We need to conduct awareness campaigns and hold workshops to teach tribal languages to our people. But we cannot do these things on our own. We need financial assistance and government support to promote our language and culture,\" says Mossang.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yp5dh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Ministry of Education in India launched the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sppel.org\u002F\"\u003EScheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages (SPPEL)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2013, where the objective is to document the endangered languages or the languages that are likely to be endangered in the near future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne such initiative to document endangered languages has been taken by the Centre for Endangered Languages at Sikkim University, which was established in 2016. The Centre promotes the preservation of endangered languages of the Indian state of Sikkim and a region that includes the northwestern part of Bangladesh and the northern part of the Indian state of West Bengal, by digitally documenting the linguistic and cultural diversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcel.cus.ac.in\u002Fhome\"\u003ESikkim-Darjeeling Himalayas Endangered Language Archive (Sidhela)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a regional archive managed by Sikkim University's Centre for Endangered Languages and the university's central library, to house the documented resources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESikkim, like the rest of the eastern Himalayan region, is made up of multi-ethnic villages and people of multi-ethno-linguistic identities. The dominant culture of the state is Nepali or Gorkhali and they have a common set of festivals and foods. The lingua franca is also Nepali, while modern schools and the media have been instrumental in the spread of Hindi and English language as well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, the researchers at Sidhela discovered the Rai-Rokdung community completely by chance, when a student at their university informed them about it. Rokdung is one of the pacha (divisions) of the Bantawa clan within the Rai community. The Rokdung clan is mostly located in East Sikkim and the members of the community claim to possess a distinct language of their own separate from the Bantawa. There has been no earlier mention of the language in the linguistic history of the region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince then, research of the community, which has a population of just 200 people, has been ongoing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHima Ktien, a linguist at Sidhela who spearheaded the documentation project of the language of the Rai Rokdung community, spoke about how most Rokdung community members self-identify as members of the Rai groups, while some say they are Nepali. Only a few members choose to identify themselves as being a part of the Rokdung Yupacha or as Yaku.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We found only 20 people who could speak the Rai-Rokdung language,\" says Ktien. If a language isn't taught in school, then there is no means to get to use the language. So people attempt to assimilate into society by adopting the language of the majority, and because of that the Rai-Rokdung language suffered because people started shifting to other languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yp5ql"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Media, like the schools, and other domains chose to use other languages spoken by the majority in the state and people started speaking the languages in the home too. That is when language becomes extinct, because people forget about the spoken informs and it does not get transferred from generation to generation,\" says Ktien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Sikkim, the smaller languages tend to be forgotten because of cultural assimilation of the various ethno-linguistic groups into a unified cultural identity of \"Nepali\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A big reason why languages are transferred [from person to person],\" says Ktien, \"is because of [a community's] pride in their own identity and language. So, when a language becomes functionally useless for a community in the outside world, they also do not want to be identified as a speaker of a lesser-known language.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is then compounded by social factors, such as the need to work. \"A speaker of a smaller language group will not be able to get employed in jobs if they only speak their own language,\" says Ktien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile doing their research about the Rai-Rokdung community, Ktien and their team found that Rokdung is spoken in the home domain only when adults speak with the grandparents. The children of the house do not speak the Rokdung language and are mostly spoken to in Nepali. \"Apart from home and religion, Rokdung is not used in any other domains today,\" says Ktien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Ktien tells me that they witnessed something remarkable towards the end of their research. In a hopeful turn of events, during their field visit in January 2020, they noticed that the speakers of the Rokdung language were coming together weekly in an effort to revitalise Rokdung. The older generation, who were mostly grandparents, were trying to pass on the language to the generation below, who were mostly parents. These willing pupils would note down the words they were unfamiliar with and actively try to use them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It was very gratifying to witness the change that was brought on by our work in documenting the language,\" says Ktien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-01T13:30:18Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The race to find India's hidden languages","headlineShort":"India's many hidden languages","image":["p09yp3r6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Findia"],"summaryLong":"Between 1961 and 1971, thousands of languages vanished from Indian census data. One man decided to track them down, before they were lost forever.","summaryShort":"India is home to hundreds of languages that have been hiding in plain sight","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-15T00:00:08.577755Z","entity":"article","guid":"abb73168-0523-442b-b69e-6a968162a79e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-15T01:00:57.036445Z","project":"future","slug":"20211014-the-man-who-found-indias-hidden-languages","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242934},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","_id":"6166415545ceed1399372d34","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Ffeza-tabassum-azmi"],"bodyIntro":"Huge architectural gems built deep into the Earth like inverted fortresses are scattered around India – and restoring them may be a solution to help the country's parched communities.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAn exquisitely carved maze of 3,500 steps, arranged in perfect symmetry, descends with geometrical precision to reach a well. Criss-crossed steps encircle the water on three sides, while the fourth side is adorned by a pavilion with embellished galleries and balconies. Built by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20160305075546\u002Fhttp:\u002Fasijaipurcircle.nic.in\u002FChand%20Baori.html\"\u003ERajput ruler Raja Chanda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the 8th-9th Century, Chand Bawri in Abhaneri, Rajasthan, is India's largest and deepest stepwell. Extending down 13 floors, or 100ft (30m), into the ground, it is a captivating example of inverted architecture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlunging into the earth, stepwells like Chand Bawri were built in drought-prone regions of India to provide water all year round, ensuring communities had access to vital water storage and irrigation systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECenturies of natural decay and neglect, however, have pushed these structures into oblivion. Dating back more than 1,000 years, the stepwells (\u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cem\u003Ebawri\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, or\u003Cem\u003E vav\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) are crumbling into obscurity. Their value has gone largely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.in\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FThe_Vanishing_Stepwells_of_India.html?id=PhQ-zQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y\"\u003Eunnoticed by town planners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as modern running water systems eclipsed their importance. Many stepwells are in shambles or have caved in. Some have disappeared completely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in recent years, many of these ancient edifices are being restored to help tackle India's acute water problem. The country is currently undergoing the worst water crisis in its history, according to a recent \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003Egovernment report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There are hopes that the ancient technology of the stepwells might offer a solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.unesco.org\u002Fnew\u002Ffileadmin\u002FMULTIMEDIA\u002FHQ\u002FSC\u002Fpdf\u002FWWDR4%20Volume%201-Managing%20Water%20under%20Uncertainty%20and%20Risk.pdf\"\u003EUNESCO\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), India is the world's largest extractor of groundwater. The groundwater level in India is estimated to have declined by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmicensus.gov.in\u002F\"\u003E61% between 2007 and 2017.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E The depletion of this vital resource not only threatens people's access to drinking water but also food security by resulting in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.abd2849#:~:text=Specifically%2C%20groundwater%20depletion%20may%20reduce,future%20groundwater%20availability%20in%202025.\"\u003Ea reduction in food crops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by up to 68% in severely-hit regions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ygcrv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndia receives about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fslusi.dacnet.nic.in\u002Fwatershedatlas\u002Fintroduction.htm#:~:text=Water%20resource%20potential%20of%20India,m%20ha%2Dm%20ground%20water.\"\u003E400 million hectare metres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of rain annually, but nearly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.adriindia.org\u002Fadri\u002Findia_water_facts\"\u003E70% of surface water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is unfit for human consumption due to pollution.  India is ranked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpib.gov.in\u002Fnewsite\u002FPrintRelease.aspx?relid=195635\"\u003E120th out of 122 countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the water quality index. An estimated \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003E200,000 people die every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to inadequate water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe government emphasises \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003Ethe need to use India's historic water management systems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for solutions to these problems. States can leverage new technologies to modify traditional water systems for local requirements. In a nation where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Findia\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Fclean-drinking-water\"\u003E600 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – around half the population – face severe water shortages daily, traditional water-harvesting solutions are a harbinger of hope. \"With India's water table rapidly declining, stepwells can help refill ground aquifers and harvest runoffs. In three months during the rainy season, millions of litres of water can be collected,\" says Ratish Nanda, a conservation architect and projects' director at the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an organisation leading restoration efforts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, the government of Rajasthan, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.in.undp.org\u002Fcontent\u002Findia\u002Fen\u002Fhome\u002Fsustainable-development\u002Fsuccessstories\u002Fwater_in_the_landofextremesmarwarspeoplefindsolutionstowaterscar.html\"\u003Eone of the most water-scarce regions in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, drew up a comprehensive framework, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F179761563443651430\u002Fpdf\u002FInclusive-Revitalisation-of-Historic-Towns-and-Cities-Strategic-Framework-for-Rajasthan-State-Heritage-Programme.pdf\"\u003Etechnical assistance from the World Bank\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for restoration of the stepwells, including Chand Bawri.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The Rajasthan government, through its flagship program Mukhyamantri Jal Swavalamban Abhiyan\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehas taken initiatives to make villages self-sufficient in water by reviving the non-functional rainwater harvesting structures,\" says Mohit Dhingra, who teaches at Jindal School of Art and Architecture in Sonepat, India, and is associated with conservation projects in India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"India has a comprehensive water eco-system, but most of the traditional water bodies have become defunct. Reviving the stepwells will enable people to reclaim their traditional resources and spaces of community life. With the holding capacity that stepwells like Chand Bawri have, a great burden of water scarcity can be mitigated,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Initially constructed as crude trenches, they slowly evolved into engineering marvels between 11th-15th Century","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBansi Devi, who rears cattle for a living in Rajasthan, has already noticed a change. \"We had to walk for hours searching for water,\" she says. \"Now I can use water from the revived \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ein my village for our domestic use and also for feeding and washing the cattle.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Jodhpur city, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjdh.company\u002F\"\u003Ethe Toorji stepwell was restored\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a team spent several months pumping out stagnant water. Decades of toxic water had turned the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjdh.company\u002Fstep-well\u002F\"\u003Ered sandstone white\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with half an inch of thick crust covering much of the surface. Sand-blasting was carried out to clean the thick white crust of deposits on the wall, at a cost of about 1.5 million Indian rupees (£14,784). About 28 million litres (6.2 million gallons) of water per day is supplied to the city by other recently cleaned stepwells for irrigation and domestic purposes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGram Bharati Samiti (Society for Rural Development), a non-profit in the Jaipur district of Rajasthan, has carried out restoration work of seven stepwells in the villages of Rajasthan, providing around 25,000 people with a more reliable water source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We have restored seven stepwells where ground water has been recharged and storage capacity has increased,\" says Kusum Jain, secretary of Gram Bharati Samiti. \"Most stepwells can provide ample water for the daily needs of the villagers. It saw a unique coming-in of volunteers from different communities, exemplifying India's religious harmony.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERajkumar Sharma, a head teacher of the Government Primary School, in Shivpura, Rajasthan, is elated to see the revival. \"\u003Cem\u003EBaolis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are an integral part of our cultural life,\" he says. \"The stepwell in our village was the only source of water. With time, it had dried up and had converted into a heap of rubbish. We now have access to clean water for drinking, domestic use and for religious ceremonies. The \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E has become the grandeur of our village.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvidence of stepwells dates back to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002FIndus-civilization\"\u003EIndus Valley Civilisation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between 2500-1700 BC. Initially constructed as crude trenches, they slowly evolved into engineering marvels between 11th-15th Century. In 2016, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fstepwells.org\u002Fatlas.php?cmbm=1\"\u003EStepwell Atlas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, mapped the coordinates of around 3,000 existing stepwells in India. Delhi, the capital, alone has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.niyogibooksindia.com\u002Fbooks\u002FBaolis-stepwells\"\u003E32 stepwells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ygb4s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStepwells are multi-storied subterranean structures with significant ornamental and architectural features. They usually have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpenguin-guide-to-the-monuments-of-india-vol-i-buddhist-jain-hindu-by-george-michell-pp-518-illus-with-photographs-maps-diagrams-vol-ii-islamic-rajput-european-by-philip-davies-pp-605-illus-with-photographs-maps-diagrams-london-viking-1989-3000-each\u002F388FB16CA2462A1848D100DAFCB40556\"\u003Etwo parts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: a vertical shaft of water and the cascading galleries, chambers and a flight of orchestrated steps. \"Stepwells are a repository of India's historical tales, used for social gatherings and religious ceremonies,\" says historian Rana Safvi. \"They served as cool retreats for travellers as the temperature at the bottom was often five-six degrees lesser. Stepwells helped create bonhomie in common spaces as well as providing water for communities. They are an ingenious system for rainwater harvesting and served as water reservoirs. Revival of stepwells could be a significant step in our fight to overcome water shortage.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChicago-based author Victoria Lautman describes them as \"gates to the underworld\" in her book, The vanishing stepwells of India. \"Stepwells are unique since we generally look up at architecture, not down into it,\" she says. \"As one looks around the parade of steps, tall columns loom over, creating shifting views through a powerful play of light and shadow that is beautiful as well as mysterious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Awareness of India's stepwells has grown exponentially recently. It's ironic that they've been ignored, considering how wonderfully efficient stepwells were at providing water for nearly 1,500 years. Now, thanks to the restoration efforts, stepwells will come full circle.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis\"\u003EThe slums fighting a water crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210816-how-water-shortages-are-brewing-wars\"\u003EHow water shortages are brewing wars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru\"\u003EThe ethereal art of fog catching\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStepwells were built along natural slopes to collect run offs and acted as rainwater catchment areas, often connected to ponds so they could channel rainwater. Excavating and building these underground fortresses with pre-industrial tools and techniques must have been an enormous task, says Lautman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Built using masonry, rubble or brick, stepwells involved careful placement of a long staircase and side ledges around a trench that allowed access to water,\" she adds. \"During rainy seasons, the trench would transform into a huge water cistern, filling to capacity. Their close-packed design helped reduce evaporation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStepwells used for farming had drainage systems that channelled water into the fields. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fashokleyland.com\u002Fin\u002Fen\u002Fcustomers\u002Fpress-release\u002Fashok-leyland-and-hinduja-foundation-undertake-restoration-of-the-historical-moosi-rani-sagar-in-alwar-rajasthan\"\u003EMoosi Rani Sagar revival project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Rajasthan is one such multi-level plan involving wells, dams and canals from the top of the Aravalli hill to the stepwell at the foothills. Restoration work started in 2020 and required extensive cleaning and desilting, removing debris and invasive weeds and firming up  civic structures. From a cesspool, the channel has transformed into a fresh waterway, with thriving fish and turtles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yg9dg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearchers have explored the application of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FFractal-Geometry-in-Water-Conservation-Structures%3A-Parmara-Mishra\u002Fda60de827129209cf0cf2f250425fd3bb6a82ae7\"\u003Efractal geometry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in stepwells, which had both an aesthetic and functional purpose. This provided stability, buttressing walls against water pressure, owing to which many stepwells have survived and have the potential to be restored.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasi.nic.in\u002Fworld-heritage-sites\u002F\"\u003Egovernment identified 15 stepwells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Delhi for restoration. In 2019, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture partnered with the German Embassy in India to restore a stepwell in the Humayun Tomb complex in Delhi. \"It mandated re-grading the earth and rebuilding the walls,\" says Nanda. \"The efforts helped recharge aquifers through an investment of 4.15 million Indian rupees (£40,500\u002F$54,990). This catchment area will help conserve 150,000 litres (32,995 gallons) of rainwater.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 14th-century Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi was restored earlier\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Portions of the \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E had collapsed, threatening the families living nearby, who were relocated to safer places. \"It required rebuilding the collapsed portion with traditional materials, removing 700 years of accumulated debris, extensive cleaning and de-silting 80ft below the ground, and removal of the epoxy layer involving 8,000 man-days of work with the help of volunteers. The efforts helped in recharging underground aquifers,\u003Cem\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E says Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The Dargah \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is special as people consider it sacred and believe that the water has medicinal property. They carry water for drinking and healing purposes. The locals are enthused to see fresh water in the baoli,\" says Kaleemul Hafeez, a resident of Delhi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately, there is no universal way of restoring a \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Restoration needs to be done using traditional materials with skilled craftsmen, architects and structural engineers, according to Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Restoring stepwells may not solve the country's water problem completely, but can certainly provide solutions at the local level to battle water scarcity - Ratish Nanda","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Undertaking restoration is not easy. It's a complex project involving a multi-disciplinary team,\" says Nanda. \"It requires surveying surrounding structures to prevent any damage. A \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E needs a proper catchment area through which water can reach underground aquifers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost restoration work has been carried out through partnerships between government and non-governmental organisations, local volunteers and donors. \"The restoration projects are a lesson in how local communities can be brought closer to their heritage by offering them a sense of ownership and responsibility,\" says Safvi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut stepwells are not just a water source, they are also part of India's architectural history. They are heritage sites, surrounded by native trees and foliage, which need to be preserved. They can serve as vibrant social centres and can attract tourists. One approach to fund their upkeep has been to use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F179761563443651430\u002Fpdf\u002FInclusive-Revitalisation-of-Historic-Towns-and-Cities-Strategic-Framework-for-Rajasthan-State-Heritage-Programme.pdf\"\u003Eheritage funds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can be built through municipal revenue generation and donations for restoration and maintenance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Restoring stepwells may not solve the country's water problem completely, but can certainly provide solutions at the local level to battle water scarcity,\" says Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-13T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The ancient stepwells helping to curb India's water crisis","headlineShort":"The 'inverted fortresses' for water","image":["p09yg91f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Huge architectural gems built deep into the Earth like inverted fortresses are scattered around India – and restoring them may be a solution to help the country's parched communities.","summaryShort":"An ancient water storage technology is helping the country's parched communities","tag":["tag\u002Fwater","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-13T02:15:47.299218Z","entity":"article","guid":"e2207753-fe47-4e99-9a17-7a6179852bb0","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-15T11:13:01.573413Z","project":"future","slug":"20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242934},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies","_id":"61681f9d45ceed1399372d45","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fben-wyatt"],"bodyIntro":"From a breeding laboratory putting species on \"life support\" to the world's first fully electric smart tractor, California's scientists and farmers are working to halt the rapid decline of the state's butterflies.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPatience and a steady hand. Hand-rearing butterfly larvae is much like raising children in that respect, explains Esther Chang, the senior wildlife care specialist at San Diego Zoo's Wildlife Alliance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"They get kind of territorial,\" Chang says. \"If one caterpillar goes too close to the shelter of another, they stick their little heads down and headbutt each other.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBug-on-bug violence is an everyday concern at the Wildlife Alliance's multi-million-dollar invertebrate conservation facility. Or caterpillar crèche, as some prefer it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We ended up having to separate them into smaller groups,\" says Chang. \"The number of container cups just kept increasing and increasing. And they started eating more and more, so it took a lot of patience!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EChang is one of the small team of specialists headed by Paige Howorth, curator of invertebrates at the facility, whose sole job it is to hold back the death-march of extinction for these creatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The butterflies are the canary in the coal mine – Scott Black","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPopulation declines of butterflies have been so dramatic in California recently that for some species, this fertility clinic is the only reason they still exist at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe Laguna Mountains skipper, for example – a one-inch-wide butterfly with dark brown and cream mottled wings – is found only in a small area of the Cleveland National Forest, around 30 miles away from the zoo. Or it used to be. A skipper hasn't been seen on the mountain of its name for over 20 years. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAnd it's just one of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnrm.dfg.ca.gov\u002FFileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=109405&inline\"\u003E18 critically endangered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Californian butterfly and moth species that risk being lost forever thanks to a combination of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.abe5585\"\u003Eglobal warming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frsos.170760\"\u003Eloss of habitat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffevo.2020.00162\u002Ffull\"\u003Epesticide poisoning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, wildfires and drought.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yjw8b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EHoworth's team has been forced to collect adult female skippers from the neighbouring Palomar mountain in the hope of breeding them in the lab, where they can be protected. Once these founder adults are secured they're fed flowers and nectar-water by hand until they lay eggs. Either that or Gatorade.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We tried different solutions and the adults do seem to like Gatorade. For the larvae, they feed on the host plant where the adults lay their eggs,\" Howorth says, of the Cleveland's Horkelia leaves, a flowering perennial herb the team line in each of the larvae incubation cups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOn the underside of the plant's paw-like leaves, seen with the help of a suspended magnifying glass, are tiny light-green dots: butterfly eggs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We take a lot of care feeding them making sure they get sun exposure, you know, for egg development. We have a system where we move the adults to dishes that have plastic sponge filters to deliver the nectar solution. For adult butterflies… we give them a little spritz that kind of falls on them [like morning dew]. We usually only bring in 20 adults. So it's an ongoing effort, every egg counts,\" Howorth says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe rearing of these insects is a labour-intensive process. If the eggs take well, tiny caterpillars soon emerge and grow for seven weeks before nestling in small, hand-tied rolls of cardboard to form a chrysalis. The resulting pupae are then either hatched in the lab or taken to pre-designated areas of natural habitat where, with luck, they will begin a life in the wild.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThat's a lot of effort for the delivery of what is usually just over 250 animals, especially given the two-week lifespan of most of the butterflies. But when the species is part of a collapsing population of pollinators in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdfa.ca.gov\u002FStatistics\u002F\"\u003Estate that accounts for\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over a third of America's vegetable production and two-thirds of the country's fruits and nuts, the urgency makes more sense.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymx0k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAccording to a US Fish and Wildlife Service \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecos.fws.gov\u002Fdocs\u002Frecovery_plan\u002FLMS%2520RP_Signed.pdf\"\u003Ereport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it could cost more than $3m (£2.2m) and take until 2045 for the skipper to recover to the point where it's no longer considered endangered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut at least it's a non-migratory butterfly whose local habitats are to monitor and whose populations are easier to sustain. The same can't be said for California's iconic monarch butterfly, which is unique in the way it journeys vast distances according to the seasons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMonarchs breed in Mexico, and many travel around 3,000 miles (4,800km) to overwinter along the Californian coast and in some areas of the Rocky Mountains. Today the migrations still continue, but the monarchs' population has seen a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.westernmonarchcount.org\u002Fwestern-monarch-population-closer-to-extinction-still-no-federal-or-state-protection-in-sight\u002F\"\u003E99.9% crash in numbers since the 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, falling from around four million individuals to just 2,000 as of 2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"The butterflies are the canary in the coal mine, you know,\" says Scott Black, executive director of the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. \"We're going to see other butterflies and bees, and other important insects, and then our birds; and then our mammals head that same way if we don't take action soon.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBlack equates the vibrancy of insects and plants to the health of the planet's fabric. Rip up this fabric and the planet struggles to sustain bird, fish and animal life. And that of humans too. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Over 94% of songbirds need insects to feed their young,\" says Black. \"If you want to have fish in your rivers and streams then they need invertebrates to feed on. If you want to have pollination of your food crops, then think insects. I think that people really do need to wake up: the ramifications are clear and will affect humans on an everyday level in the next 20, 30 years. And that's my kids, that's everybody's kids around the world.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymxjr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBlack points to projects like those run by Howorth as key for sustaining species on \"life support\". But Xerces also supports projects working to stave off the need for such hands-on rescue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOne such project is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.themonarchchallenge.org\"\u003EMonarch Challenge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, brainchild of Carlo Mondavi – grandson of the renowned winemaker Robert Mondavi – whose mission has been to reduce the harmful impact of vineyards and agriculture on butterfly biodiversity in California's northern Napa Valley and Sonoma areas. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMondavi has created a system of wine making that shows it's possible to farm sustainably and with minimal carbon footprint while adding only 18 cents (13p) to the price of each bottle produced, a model that he says could be adopted by other vineyards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"I don't know any of my farmer friends that wakes up in the morning and says, 'I want to go spray chemicals.' Not one of them. They're terrible for the soil microbiome and the farm algae. And no-one likes working the land in hazmat suits. They all hate it,\" Mondavi says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ENo herbicides are used at his Raen winery, instead Mondavi relies on \"good bugs and good weeds taking care of the bad ones\", to encourage biodiversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOn top of committing 100% of profits of their pinot noir rosé to growing conservation awareness, the winery also provides packets of milkweed seeds – the natural host-plant habitat for monarch butterflies – with every bottle sold, in the hope this will help repopulate butterfly overwintering sites across America.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut Mondavi's most exciting product, inspired by the quest to save butterflies, according to the entrepreneurial vintner, is the all-electric\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.monarchtractor.com\u002Fabout.html\"\u003E Monarch Tractor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E he's helped develop with co-founder and chief executive, Praveen Penmetsa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Farming is the most important job on our planet. And that means the most important tool right now on the planet is a tractor,\" says Penmetsa, of the vehicle they claim is the world's first fully electric smart tractor. \"It's used in 80% of farm operations yet tractor technology is fundamentally the same as it was a century ago.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPrimarily, that has meant big diesel engines, with corresponding emissions of carbon and air pollutants. While the electric tractor lowers emissions on the farm, Penmetsa hopes the information it provides can help improve sustainability much further. \"The data from our tractor platform and AI means a farmer can provide some traceability, data that starts a behaviour change, as well as not using fossil fuels.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe tractor sells for $58,000 (£43,000), which the makers suggest will be earned back in savings in a matter of years. As well as delivering haulage, the Monarch Tractor has digital cameras as well as temperature, wind speed and weight sensors, all feeding data into a computer that uses machine learning to help the farmer track the productivity of their land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"It's unreasonable for us to expect our farmers to solve the problem [of environmental damage], without giving them the tools to do so and a way to make it profitable,\" Penmetsa adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFor Mondavi, the lightbulb moment came with the widespread fires that hit the Napa Valley region in the last few years. \"When the wildfires surrounded my family's farm in 2017, and burned a lot of my very good friends' homes and communities I realised: 'Holy smokes, unless we address climate change, what are we fighting for?' And so the really incredible thing about the tractor is it's a bridge away from our dependence on fossil fuel.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymyvn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMondavi argues the amount of carbon prevented from entering the atmosphere from farms each year can be measured in tonnes, and the use of an electric tractor adds significant numbers to the savings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"If you plug into the grid [rather than use diesel], your average farmer saves 53 tonnes of carbon per tractor per year. It's another 25 metric tonnes when you're going solar or completely renewable for your farm's power supply, and those are based on our recent, modest calculations.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPenmetsa says he has been receiving enquiries about the tractor from around the world. \"We've had farmers from New Zealand, all the way up to Norway, and from Japan, you know, to our neighbouring states here in America reach out to us. Against the cost they all see the value of both the [sustainability], automation and data collection capabilities.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFor Black, a man who first became intrigued with insects when hunting fireflies in his Omaha backyard as a child, there are other ways in which technology is helping the plight of butterflies on the west coast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe US Fish and Wildlife Service has a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fusfws.medium.com\u002Fhelp-butterflies-and-moths-by-becoming-a-citizen-scientist-d669e9618e23\"\u003Ecitizen scientist scheme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which they hope will raise awareness. Xerces itself runs and hosts the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.monarchmilkweedmapper.org\"\u003EMonarch Milkweed Mapper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a platform that uses crowd sourcing to help with their conservation efforts. Members can report butterfly sightings, breeding areas and the presence of milkweed habitats to a platform that helps to capture the insect health of a vast area of the United States in real time. As well as engaging local communities in the conservation effort, the platform also helps build a database of images and metadata on hard-to-track populations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EXerces is also campaigning for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fxerces.org\u002Fmph-act\"\u003Elegislators to pass a bill \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat would allow millions of dollars to be allocated to conservation projects across the west of America.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut for Black, the largest impact could be made by the general public of the state he calls home. He advises three simple things that residents not just in California but around the world could do to help in the fight to save the butterflies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Whether you have a tiny yard, or you manage a giant national forest, butterflies all need the same things: food to eat. They need flowers that they can [access for] nectar, and they need their host plants to lay their eggs. So look to plant and grow native flowers,\" Black says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Number two, they need refuge from pesticides. And pesticides are used more per acre in urban areas than in rural areas. So be mindful about the chemicals you're using for your pristine lawn or to kill mosquitoes in the back yard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"And the third thing would be to return to a little bit of messiness. Humans seem to love the idea of 'golf course landscapes'. Even farms are so regimented and structured, one crop over vast areas. But nature is kind of messy, and butterflies, when they pupate, find some secluded place maybe under brambles, or under a pile of sticks or in an old rock wall. So, messiness can provide refuge and would go a long way to help these insects survive.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-14T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The race to save California's rarest butterflies","headlineShort":"California's last-chance butterfly lab","image":["p09yjvrd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From a breeding laboratory putting species on \"life support\" to the world's first fully electric smart tractor, scientists are working to halt the decline of California's butterflies.","summaryShort":"The endangered butterflies have a taste for Gatorade","tag":["tag\u002Fconservation","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-14T11:38:11.36241Z","entity":"article","guid":"9682f9a1-3aed-49be-b99f-69c66e386dc6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-14T12:16:26.524551Z","project":"future","slug":"20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242934},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children","_id":"6164c59845ceed1b7c5e4b11","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjosie-glausiusz"],"bodyIntro":"In Israel, more than half of those over 12 years old and some younger children have had a single dose of Covid-19 vaccine – with a few already onto booster jabs. What can we learn from this?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn late August 2021, Talia Shmuel took her five-year-old son to their local health clinic in Jerusalem, Israel, for his first vaccine against Covid-19. He was born with a heart defect, and as a side-effect has a severely narrowed windpipe, which makes him particularly vulnerable to the disease. \"Any time he gets sick, it generally turns into pneumonia,\" Shmuel says. \"And he gets sick a lot.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShmuel, a mother of three, needed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002FBlobFolder\u002Fnews\u002F27072021-03\u002Fen\u002FNEWS_Corona_27072021.pdf\"\u003Especial \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002FBlobFolder\u002Fnews\u002F27072021-03\u002Fen\u002FNEWS_Corona_27072021.pdf\"\u003Eauthorisation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Israel's Ministry of Health to have her son vaccinated, because of his young age. She felt excited, and confident that it was the right choice. \"My husband and I are both research analysts, and we look at every single number that comes across; we are tracking everything,\" she says. \"We check multiple different sources. From the numbers, yes, there are possible side-effects [of the vaccine]. However, the side-effects of Covid-19 are significantly worse for him.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs more and more countries \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rki.de\u002FDE\u002FContent\u002FKommissionen\u002FSTIKO\u002FEmpfehlungen\u002FPM_2021-08-16.html\"\u003Earound the \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rki.de\u002FDE\u002FContent\u002FKommissionen\u002FSTIKO\u002FEmpfehlungen\u002FPM_2021-08-16.html\"\u003Eworld\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are beginning \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.canada.ca\u002Fen\u002Fpublic-health\u002Fservices\u002Fvaccination-children\u002Fcovid-19.html\"\u003Eto offer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fvaccines\u002Frecommendations\u002Fadolescents.html#:~:text=CDC%20recommends%20everyone%2012%20years,did%20prior%20to%20the%20pandemic.\"\u003ECovid-19 vaccines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.england.nhs.uk\u002F2021\u002F09\u002Fnhs-rolls-out-covid-19-jab-to-children-aged-12-to-15\u002F\"\u003Echildren over 12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Israel offers a glimpse of what the future may hold. The country rapidly vaccinated a large part of its adult population earlier this year. In June, it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002Fen\u002Fdepartments\u002Fnews\u002F21062021-02\"\u003Erecommended vaccinating children over 12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, after outbreaks in schools – and is now already offering \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose\"\u003Ethird doses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002Fen\u002Fdepartments\u002Fnews\u002F24082021-03\"\u003Ebooster shots for that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E age group\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Since July, it has also offered vaccinations for children aged 5-11 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.il\u002Fen\u002Fdepartments\u002Fnews\u002F27072021-03\"\u003E\"in exceptional circumstances\",\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including severe chronic lung illnesses and congestive heart failure. But while the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pfizer.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpress-release\u002Fpress-release-detail\u002Fpfizer-and-biontech-announce-positive-topline-results\"\u003Eshown to be safe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for children, the decision can be more complex than for adults. Since children tend to be less affected by Covid-19, even a small number of adverse reactions to the vaccine can make it harder to justify the jab.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yb5ym"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The vaccine works,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdkf.unibas.ch\u002Fen\u002Fresearch-groups\u002Ffocal-areas\u002Fimmunology-infectious-diseases\u002Fresearch-group-ritz-n\u002F\"\u003ENicole Ritz\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E, a specialist in paediatric infectious diseases\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E at University Children's Hospital Basel in Switzerland. \"But same as we have done for 12 to 18-year-olds, you need even more caution as you [decrease] in age. Potentially, this is going to be a vaccine which we give in the first year of life, as we do with many other vaccines. The more you [decrease] in age, the more you need data which shows you that this is a safe vaccine. And it's going to be more difficult [to collect that data] because a five-year-old is much less likely to tell you, 'I have a strange feeling in my heart, I don't feel happy today', than a 16-year-old.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIsrael's roll-out of the vaccine for children has been relatively smooth. To date, it has vaccinated more than half of 12 to 15-year-olds. A very small number of people have taken to the streets for sporadic protests. Most Israeli parents, however, appear willing to vaccinate their older children: By October 2021, 53.7% of children aged 12 to 15, and 84% of 16 to 19-year-olds, had received a first shot, according to the Ministry of Health's Covid-19 dashboard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAsked how they felt about the vaccine for younger children, including those without background illnesses, several parents showed enthusiasm. They cited their fear of their kids getting infected, anxiety about incipient lockdowns, burn-out over frequent quarantines and home-schooling, unease about their kids falling behind in school, or the inability of their kids to learn remotely – whether because they find it difficult to focus or due to lack of screens that enable kids to access Zoom. (\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewhy Zoom calls are so exhausting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yb69m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe rise of the highly contagious \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fvariants\u002Fdelta-variant.html\"\u003EDelta variant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has fuelled such fears of future lockdowns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn mid-June 2021, Israel lifted its indoor mask mandate, citing a successful campaign to fully vaccinate about 60% of its total population. Among the elderly, who are most at risk from Covid-19, that proportion is even higher – almost 90% of Israelis over 70 are vaccinated. Ten days later, as the Delta variant spread, the indoor mask mandate was back in place. By late summer, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2021.08.29.21262798v1\"\u003EDelta variant was dominant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Israel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter Israeli public schools opened on 1 September, the number of children testing positive for Covid-19 began to rise dramatically. Over the course of the month, slightly more than 54% of positive tests in Israel were in children aged zero to 19, according to the Israeli Ministry of Health's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdatadashboard.health.gov.il\u002FCOVID-19\u002Fgeneral\"\u003ECovid-19 dashboard\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some children were quarantined after a single day of school. For the second year in a row, Israelis who had planned to observe the Jewish New Year indoors in synagogue found themselves organising impromptu outdoor prayer services in local parks. They blew the traditional ram's horn, or shofar, under the trees as passing joggers paused to listen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVaccinating children could help break that cycle of optimistic re-openings followed by Covid-19 surges and setbacks, some experts say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I believe – and I've said it all along – that we need to vaccinate children in order to control the pandemic, from as early an age as possible,\" says epidemiologist \u003Cspan\u003EManfred Green\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Haifa in Israel. Very early in the pandemic, he explains, \"we knew that this was a very transmissible disease; now it's become more transmissible with Delta.\" Public health officials had hoped that if 60% to 70% of the population had immunity, the pandemic could be controlled, he says. They now realise that that percentage has to be much higher. Vaccinating children would \"diminish that pool\" of non-immune people in the population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yb6k3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs children congregate in schools, they can spread the disease, Green adds. If infected, they are likely to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F209273\u002Fmost-children-experience-mild-covid-19-show\u002F\"\u003Easymptomatic or experience only mild symptoms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but that does not mean all children brush off the disease easily. In the United States, hospitalisations of children and adolescents rose nearly five-fold during late June to mid-August 2021, as Delta was becoming dominant, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F70\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7036e2.htm\"\u003Eaccording to data from the US Centers for Disease Control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Israel, of all patients in a serious condition in October, between 0.2 and 0.5% were children aged zero to 19. A total of 12 children aged zero to 19 in Israel have died of Covid-19 since the start of the pandemic, according to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdatadashboard.health.gov.il\u002FCOVID-19\u002Fgeneral\"\u003EMinistry of Health's Covid-19 dashboard\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChildren are also at some risk of prolonged symptoms after infection, mostly headaches and fatigue, known as \"Long Covid\". Although reports vary, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flanchi\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2352-4642(21)00198-X\u002Ffulltext?utm_campaign=lancetcovid21&utm_content=175048732&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&hss_channel=tw-27013292\"\u003Ea recent \u003C\u002Fa\u003Estudy of 258,790\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cidrap.umn.edu\u002Fnews-perspective\u002F2021\u002F08\u002Flong-covid-19-rare-children-study-says\"\u003E children aged five to 17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that, in the UK, between 2% and 4% of 1,734 children who tested positive for Covid-19 experienced such longer-term symptoms. In Israel, a similar study found that 11% of 13,864 children aged three to 18 who had recovered from Covid-19 reported long-term symptoms including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fmore-than-10-of-israeli-kids-who-got-virus-now-suffer-from-long-covid-study\u002F\"\u003Edisturbed sleep and problems concentrating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some of these effects, the study's authors say, could result from prolonged lockdowns and school closures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven these factors, \"it makes a lot of sense\", Green says, to vaccinate children aged 5 to 11, and possibly at even younger ages, even without underlying conditions. From Israel's experience of vaccinating children aged 12 to 15, \"the lesson is that the vaccine has a good safety record. There are not a significant number of severe adverse effects\", he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a new series of features from the BBC that examine the issues and opportunities that parents, children and families face all over the world. It examines the role that families have in today’s society and how they will be part of the world tomorrow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBetween one in 3,000 and one in 6,000 males aged 16 to 24 who received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in Israel developed a rare \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F06\u002Fisrael-reports-link-between-rare-cases-heart-inflammation-and-covid-19-vaccination\"\u003Eheart muscle inflammation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E called myocarditis, but Green insists that it is \"almost always\" a treatable condition, although it may require hospitalisation. That side effect may also have to be seen in the context of the dangers of a Covid-19 infection. An \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa2110475\"\u003EIsraeli study of adults aged 16 years and older\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that the risk of myocarditis was \"substantially increased\" after infection with Covid-19, compared with its incidence after vaccination.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther Israeli public health officials express more caution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Vaccinating children under the age of 12 years raises difficult medical, ethical and social issues and questions,\" Adi Niv-Yagoda, an expert in health policy at Tel Aviv University and a member of the Israeli Health Ministry’s Covid-19 advisory panel, wrote in an email. \"On the one hand, vaccinating children between the ages of five and 12 years can be very helpful in dealing with the spread of Covid-19 morbidity and reducing the dimensions of the corona epidemic,\" he says. \"On the other hand, the natural concern [is] about possible future health consequences.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose concerns are echoed by Nicole Ritz of University Children's Hospital Basel. \"Do you vaccinate the younger kids to protect themselves or do you vaccinate them to protect society?\" asks Ritz, a pediatric infectious disease specialist who has treated between 20 and 30 children and adolescents with PIMS (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flanchi\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2352-4642(21)00138-3\u002Ffulltext#:~:text=Paediatric%20inflammatory%20multisystem%20syndrome%20temporally,CoV%2D2%20infection%20in%20children.\"\u003Epaediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), a rare and severe syndrome which occurs in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rcpch.ac.uk\u002Fresources\u002Fpims-covid-19-linked-syndrome-affecting-children-information-families\"\u003Eless than 0.5% of children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who have (or who have had) Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf the disease remains benign in most children, then only a small group of them prone to severe illness – those with risk factors \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002Fpidj\u002Ffulltext\u002F2021\u002F04000\u002Frisk_factors_for_severe_covid_19_in_children.2.aspx\"\u003Elike obesity, diabetes or lung diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – will potentially benefit directly from vaccination, Ritz explains. But if the only benefit of immunising kids is to protect their grandparents, then \"that vaccine has to be extremely safe\", she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yb6w8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERitz points to a recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F70\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7031e1.htm\"\u003ECDC report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Covid-19 safety in adolescents aged 12 to 17, which followed up on 8.9 million US adolescents who had received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Their Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (Vaers) received 9,246 reports of adverse events following vaccination, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aafp.org\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-of-the-public\u002F20210819mmwrcovidvacc.html\"\u003Ea rate of one out of every thousand patients vaccinated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More than 90% of these adverse events were \"non-serious\" events like dizziness and headache. The remainder, or 9.3%, were for serious adverse events, including chest pain, vomiting, fever and myocarditis. \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F70\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7031e1.htm\"\u003ENo reports of \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmmwr\u002Fvolumes\u002F70\u002Fwr\u002Fmm7031e1.htm\"\u003Edeath\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to Vaers were determined to be the result of myocarditis,\" the CDC report notes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the rise of the Delta variant has also prompted some researchers to change their position on vaccinating children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Given the rise of the Delta variant, it is now more urgent to vaccinate children 5 to 11 when those [clinical] trials are complete and the vaccine is shown to be safe and effective,\" infectious diseases physician Monica Gandhi of the University of California, San Francisco, told the BBC in an email. Earlier this year, she had not seen the need to vaccinate that age group, but Delta had changed the picture: \"With its higher transmissibility, I would favour vaccinating younger children to help protect those in the household and especially older adults.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGreen concurs. \"I know that some people will say, 'why should children get a vaccine that's not going to help them individually and only going to help society?' The answer is that children are not some kind of species that live outside of society. They are part of society. If their parents get ill, or their grandparents, or their neighbours, that affects them as well.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor parents, it can be difficult to make a confident decision amid the slew of studies and statistics. But some simply feel relief – and a growing sense of hope. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I would get my under-12s vaccinated in a hot second if I could,\" says Gila Rose, a freelance writer and editor in the Israeli town of Modiin. She has an 18-year-old and a 15-year-old (both of whom are vaccinated) as well an 11-year-old and almost-seven-year-old twins. Rose cites the rise of the Delta variant, as well as repeated lockdowns and quarantines, as reasons for speeding up vaccinations of younger children. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESchool closures are taking their toll, as well. \"Kids are really suffering,\" she says. \"It was one thing when we thought it would be a few months, or a year. But now we're heading into our third messed-up school year.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERose has \"no qualms\" about vaccinating her younger children, seeing the jab as a \"get out of quarantine free\" card: \"I will be first in line with my children. Maybe this is the thing that is finally needed, to turn the tide,\" she says.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-12T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What we know about Covid-19 jabs for kids","headlineShort":"Should young kids get the Covid-19 jab?","image":["p09yb5kx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In Israel, more than half of those over 12 years old and some younger children have had a single dose of Covid-19 vaccine – with a few already onto booster jabs.","summaryShort":"Israel is vaccinating vulnerable kids as young as five against Covid-19","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fvaccine","tag\u002Fchildren"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-11T23:05:33.079733Z","entity":"article","guid":"97b1d8ea-9a39-4912-8593-a267bc2b85a5","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-18T09:01:44.053458Z","project":"future","slug":"20211011-covid-19-should-we-vaccinate-children","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242935},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose","_id":"615361bd45ceed2593031ae4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"From squandering global vaccine supplies to the possibility of undermining immunity from the first two doses, booster programmes are a surprisingly complicated business.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe turning point came just after 6:30 on a Tuesday morning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was the 9 December 2020 and 91-year-old Margaret Keenan and 81-year-old William Shakespeare – who delighted the world by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-55233021\"\u003Ehailing from Warwickshire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like the poet – had just become the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-55227325\"\u003Efirst people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to ever receive an initial dose of a Covid-19 vaccine outside clinical trials.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe entire room burst into applause. The day was named \"V-day\", and the atmosphere was giddy. One British newspaper celebrated with the whimsical headline \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk\u002Fhome-news\u002Fcovid-vaccine-william-shakespeare-second-person-b1767857.html\"\u003EThe taming of the flu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" – while footage of a particularly charismatic early vaccine recipient, who was more concerned about his \"rather nasty lunch\" than the needle went \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmashable.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmartin-kenyon-uk-coronavirus-vaccine-interview\"\u003Eviral on Twitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The pandemic was far from over, but this was the first step on the way out. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENine months later, around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fcovid-vaccinations\"\u003E5.7 billion doses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of various vaccines have now been administered worldwide – with 41.8% of the global population at least partially protected. But the list of unknowns is growing by the day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One ghastly thing about this pandemic is that people get cross with us [scientists],\" says Danny Altmann, professor of immunology at University College London, \"because we change our minds, because it's such a moving target.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow that it's clear the world is likely to be riddled with Covid-19 – and its many variant successors – for years to come, the next big question is whether two doses of each vaccine is enough.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAltmann explains that not that long ago – in April and May – he was writing articles and giving interviews saying that most vaccinated people had immunity that was so stupendous, there was no need to worry about booster doses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The expression I used was 'protective headroom',\" says Altmann. \"That you've got lots of protective headroom and even if variants come along that drop the effectiveness of your vaccine 10 times, say, because you've got a 1,000 times excess of antibodies, it wouldn't do any harm.\" The strong antibody response was initially reflected in their efficacy, too – while the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Farticle\u002FS1473-3099(20)30773-8\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eapproving any over 50%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in reality it was orders of magnitude higher.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen the Delta variant came rampaging – and though most people still have high levels of antibodies, breakthrough infections are not rare events. \"We're seeing breakthrough infections in the face of quite decent levels of neutralising antibodies,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6f21"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut are we likely to start seeing significant numbers of deaths? How effective are booster doses anyway – and what's the best way to administer them? From radically diverging immunity in different groups of people to the – small – hypothetical possibility that third doses of certain vaccines could actually decrease the amount of immunity we have, there are many scientific reasons that booster programmes are a very different endeavour to the initial vaccine rollout.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"At the beginning, it was very simple concepts – do we test or don't we? Do we have antibodies, or don't we?\" says Altmann. \"Now it's much more complex.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA fourth wave  \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETake Israel – a country that vaccinated its population so widely and so early, the chief scientific officer at Pfizer recently called it \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fpfizer-exec-calls-israel-a-sort-of-laboratory-for-covid-vaccines\u002F\"\u003Ea sort of laboratory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". By mid-March – when the rest of the world was still scrambling for first doses – over 50% of the country's population was already fully vaccinated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn May, the country had among the lowest rates of infection anywhere in the world. Things looked so good that a month later, the government began to dramatically scale back restrictions. There was no longer any limit to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fisrael-to-lift-all-covid-restrictions-on-gatherings-as-virus-fades\u002F\"\u003Esize of gatherings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Restaurants and other cultural venues opened up to both vaccinated and unvaccinated citizens. People were no longer required to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2021\u002F04\u002F18\u002Fworld\u002Fisraelis-mask-mandate.html\"\u003Ewear masks outdoors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there was a major problem on the horizon – the arrival of the Delta variant. It snuck across the border sometime around early July – the first case was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Ffirst-case-of-delta-plus-covid-variant-found-in-israel-report\u002F\"\u003Edetected on 7 July\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and soon cases were building to an alarming level. Within weeks, they numbered in the hundreds. Later that month, they were clocking several thousand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time the country's Jewish majority began to prepare for the religious festival Yom Kippur in mid-September, there were at least \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fover-10000-new-virus-cases-on-saturday-as-transmission-rate-rises\u002F\"\u003E10,000 cases each day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – per person, this was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2021-09-12\u002Fisrael-preparing-for-possible-fourth-covid-vaccine-dose\"\u003Emore than anywhere else on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo begin with, the new variant was given most of the credit for this rapid unravelling. Then data emerged which creased the brows of experts around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"Why%20some%20people%20don't%20want%20a%20Covid-19%20vaccine\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy some people don't want a Covid-19 vaccine\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201103-the-controversial-cells-that-saved-10-million-lives\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe controversial cells that saved 10 million lives \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201027-what-is-added-to-vaccines\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe surprising ingredients found in vaccines\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen a team of Israeli researchers looked at infections among vaccinated people in the country, they found that though they were significantly less likely to develop severe Covid-19 than unvaccinated individuals, the immunity had become less potent over time. For example, those received their second dose in January were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2021.08.24.21262423v1.full.pdf\"\u003E1.7 times more likely to develop severe Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those who had both vaccines just two months later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Luckily it's not a death dataset, simply because if you've vaccinated the population, you have far, far fewer deaths. So it's all about protection from symptomatic disease,\" says Altmann, \"…but there are lots of symptomatic cases, and the curves and the statistical values and things are very striking.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday the fourth wave has spread across much of the world. In recent weeks, the virus has surged to record levels in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-58328945\"\u003EScotland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2021\u002Faug\u002F19\u002Fjapan-sees-record-number-of-covid-cases-days-before-paralympics-begin\"\u003EJapan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fworld\u002Fasia-pacific\u002Fphilippines-sees-record-22820-new-daily-coronavirus-cases-2021-09-09\u002F\"\u003EPhilippines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while many European countries have seen cases creep up again. And the evidence is mounting that waning immunity could be a global problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6fnb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-58322882\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Estudy in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that two doses of the Pfizer\u002FBioNTech vaccine were 88% effective after one month, compared to 74% after five or six months. Meanwhile, the Oxford\u002FAstraZeneca version declined from being 77% to 67% effective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe research is mirrored by analyses from Moderna and Pfizer, which have not yet been peer-reviewed. Moderna found that cases among fully vaccinated people jumped from 88 out of 11,431 people who received their second dose between December and March to 162 out of 16,747 people vaccinated five months earlier – a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fjemimamcevoy\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F15\u002Fmoderna-vaccine-highly-effective-against-delta-but-protection-against-infection-may-wane-over-time-new-data-suggests\u002F\"\u003Ejump of around 36%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meanwhile, Pfizer revealed that its vaccines decline from being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabcnews.go.com\u002FPolitics\u002Fpfizer-data-makes-case-booster-shots-months-primary\u002Fstory?id=80023544\"\u003E96% to 83.7%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E effective at preventing symptoms after four months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust like the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.07.09.20148429v1\"\u003Eprotection gained through natural infection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it looks like vaccine-induced immunity gradually wears off – though it's not yet clear whether this matters (more on this later).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAnother vaccine scramble \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnter booster vaccination programmes, which are rapidly springing up across the globe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Israel, third doses are already old news – they were approved for over-60s in late July, and the government has been gradually making them available to more and more people. The extra shot is currently available to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F30\u002Fisrael-doubles-down-on-covid-booster-shots-as-breakthrough-cases-rise.html\"\u003Eeveryone over the age of 12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as long as it's been at least five months since they were vaccinated with the second dose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe list of countries following suit is growing daily. The UK recently announced a booster programme for all over-50s and those with severely weakened immune systems, which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-58550833\"\u003Edue to start next week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasia.nikkei.com\u002FSpotlight\u002FCoronavirus\u002FCOVID-vaccines\u002FSingapore-starts-booster-shots-as-COVID-cases-hit-1-year-high\"\u003Eas did Singapore\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (but for the immunocompromised and over-60s).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, hundreds of thousands of extra doses have been given to clinically vulnerable people since 13 August, and the Biden administration has plans to provide them for all American adults once eight weeks have elapsed since their second dose. Other nations with booster programmes include \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fitaly-approves-booster-covid-19-shots-vulnerable-groups-2021-09-09\u002F\"\u003EItaly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2021-08-27\u002Fchina-greenlights-covid-19-booster-shots-for-high-risk-residents\"\u003EChina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rferl.org\u002Fa\u002Frussia-covid-delta-variant-revaccination-campaign\u002F31335476.html\"\u003ERussia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut is this really necessary?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This is a reminder:\" one doctor \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FAbraarKaran\u002Fstatus\u002F1436540755556765702\"\u003Erecently warned on Twitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"if you have high risk folks at home who were vaccinated during the start of 2021, it is worth being extra careful around them.\" They went on to explain that they had treated several elderly and immunocompromised people in the last week who had been double vaccinated. Some of them had gone on to become seriously ill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's an alarming observation, but the wider picture may not be as dire as it sounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, hospitalisations recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fus-news\u002F2021\u002Faug\u002F26\u002Fus-covid-hospitalisations-rise-cases-vaccines-delta\"\u003Erose above 100,000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the first time since January – and though there were 29 times as many unvaccinated as vaccinated people affected, inevitably some immunised people became seriously unwell because of the sheer numbers of cases. It's not yet clear whether there was indeed a higher probability of being hospitalised among people who were vaccinated earlier rather than later, as in Israel – however even if there were, there are a number of possible explanations other than waning immunity. For example, most countries vaccinated their most vulnerable citizens first.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, what is obvious is that the vaccines are still highly effective at shielding people from death, regardless of when you were inoculated – and it helps that the risk of vaccinated people being killed by Covid-19 was extremely small to start with. In the UK, there were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-58545548\"\u003Ejust 256 fatalities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E linked to the virus among fully immunised people between January and July 2021, out of more than 51,000. These \"breakthrough deaths\" overwhelmingly occurred in the most vulnerable groups, such as elderly people with weakened immune systems.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6h66"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs it happens, this is where a booster programme might be at its most useful. For example, a study of organ transplant recipients – who usually need to take drugs to suppress their immune system and prevent it from attacking the donated organ – found that some vaccinated patients had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjama\u002Ffullarticle\u002F2779852\"\u003Estrikingly low antibody levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which may not have been enough to protect them from Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, there is not yet any evidence that waning immunity is leading to more deaths in healthy people – though in some parts of the world it might put pressure on health services, if more people become seriously unwell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaria Elena Bottazzi, professor of paediatrics, virology, and microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine in Texas, takes the view that current rates of hospitalisation provide a stronger argument for increasing vaccination rates overall, rather than providing third doses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think the real question, in the context of the fact that certain areas of the world are still needing first and second doses,\" says \"is what is the real evidence that indicates that we should start adding a third dose – and when is it appropriate, which populations should we prioritise.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, what evidence is there that booster shots work?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAgain, it helps to turn to the Israel, which experimented with booster doses long before the rest of the world. One study of fully vaccinated over-60s found that those who had received a booster dose five months after their second shot had much more potent immunity – they were over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa2114255\"\u003E11 times less likely\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to be infected with Covid-19, and 19 times less likely to develop severe illness than those who had not received the third dose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELikewise, Pfizer's own data shows that booster shots can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F15\u002Fcovid-boosters-pfizer-says-israel-data-shows-third-shot-restores-efficacy-to-95percent.html\"\u003Erestore their vaccine's efficacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to 95%. And there are other scraps of evidence from around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a recent trial of booster shots in organ transplant recipients, an international team of scientists found that providing an extra dose of the Moderna vaccine led to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMc2111462\"\u003Esignificant jump in several markers of immunity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, compared to receiving a placebo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"As far as I know, it's the only randomised-controlled trial to look at a third dose,\" says Atul Humar, a senior scientist at Toronto General Hospital Research Institute. \"And it showed a very convincing benefit.\" Though the study didn't track the patients' disease outcomes, 60% of those who received the third dose reached the threshold for protective levels of neutralising antibodies, versus just 25% in the placebo group.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6hvn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother hint at the immunological benefits of a third exposure to the Covid-19 spike protein comes from India, where a study of vaccinated healthcare workers – which is yet to be peer-reviewed – recently found that their levels of antibodies declined significantly after four months, unless they had been infected with the virus naturally – which the researchers suggest may have acted as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchsquare.com\u002Farticle\u002Frs-888762\u002Fv1\"\u003Ekind of booster\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (though of course, this is not recommended).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn (even more) complicated picture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, even if waning immunity is a major global problem that booster shots can help to overcome it, there are still many things left to work out. In fact, the more you look at the detail, the more complicated it all becomes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, what should a booster programme look like?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Israel, where most people's first two vaccinations were by Pfizer, this is the vaccine that has been used so far for booster doses. The UK government is also currently planning to exclusively use the Pfizer version – however, the majority of the population received the Oxford\u002FAstraZeneca for their first and second doses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor first and second doses, studies suggest that mixing and matching different Covid-19 vaccine technologies can provide \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-021-01359-3\"\u003Esuperior immunity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to having the same one twice. However, though the UK began a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-first-covid-19-vaccine-booster-study-launches-in-uk\"\u003Etrial on mix-and-match booster vaccines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E back in May, there is not yet any data to confirm that this works or is a good idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Again, it's like so many other things – you know that expression, we're trying to build the aeroplane while we fly it, and doing it all as fast as we possibly can,\" says Altmann.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Altmann suspects that boosting with mRNA-based vaccines such as Pfizer and Moderna – which sneak mRNA containing the instructions to make the Covid-19 spike protein into cells, showing them what to look out for – work well, he does have mild concerns about the wisdom of boosting with another kind – the viral vector.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn contrast, vaccines like the Oxford\u002FAstraZeneca rely on a virus – in this case, a chimpanzee adenovirus – to smuggle the code for the Covid-19 spike protein into our bodies. And there's a theoretical possibility that reinfecting yourself with an (inactivated) virus several times could be a bad idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We've never been there before… there's quite a big chance that you're going to induce inhibitory antibodies against the vaccine itself, and stop the vaccine working,\" says Altmann, who explains he's curious to know whether the UK's vaccine advisory committee – the JCVI – have taken this into consideration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09w6hkh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother question is whether the immunity we gain from booster programmes might last longer if they were designed with updated versions of the vaccines – such as those that can recognise new variants like Delta.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You know, again, you could write a whole PhD on this sort of stuff,\" says Altmann, \"You have a complex world out there, you've got all these different people and all these different patterns of protective immunity.\" To begin with, we were all either people who had been infected or not infected – but out paths are rapidly diverging, and this makes vaccine development more complicated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAltmann explains that one person walking down the street might have been infected with the original Covid-19 variant, then received two doses of the Pfizer vaccine… then been reinfected with the Delta strain. Meanwhile, another person may have received a different brand of vaccine, and been infected with a different variant – such as the Alpha strain first identified in Kent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"So how am I going to guess which spike sequence or mutations to stick into my vaccine to make something that might be useful for the next year or two?\" says Altmann. \"It's so incredibly not as simple as saying 'which is the last variant you last heard of, bung that one in' – it's so not as simple as that.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an ideal world, Altmann would like to see governments taking this variability in a population's immunity into account – and perhaps even testing people's antibody levels to see if they actually need a third dose at all. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther lingering questions include how large the third dose should be – the UK is planning to experiment with giving people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2021\u002Faug\u002F22\u002Fuk-scientists-look-at-halving-boosters-to-save-vaccine-for-rest-of-the-world\"\u003Eless vaccine in the booster shot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to make more doses available to developing countries – and how long after the second it should be administered. For example, while Israel has run with a five-month gap, the US plans to wait eight months between them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA booster future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, perhaps the most pressing question of all is how long a person's newly restored immunity from their booster shot will last – and here at least, there is a strong suspicion of what is to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I don't think we know that,\" says Humar. \"But I think that that's a very real possibility. That's what it's starting to look like, especially as we see the waning antibodies and the decreased effectiveness against variants.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAltmann could also see booster programmes eventually evolving into annual ones, however he's unsure whether the science would back it up. \"I think that would be a managerial logistics decision, not an immunological decision,\" he says, explaining that it seems unlikely population immunity – with all the antibodies and T cells that involves – would be low enough to justify it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But I could easily imagine Department of Health planners saying 'well, the easiest thing is to do it at the same time every autumn. So let's just fire up more doses in the world and do it',\" says Altmann.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt looks like Israel is already close to such a scenario. No sooner had they announced that they were providing third doses to all eligible citizens, than the country's \"virus czar\", Salman Zarka, suggested they should start preparing for fourth shots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZarka \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timesofisrael.com\u002Fvirus-czar-calls-to-begin-readying-for-eventual-4th-vaccine-dose\u002F\"\u003Etold the Times of Israel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"This is our life from now on, in waves.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EZaria Gorvett is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FZariaGorvett\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@ZariaGorvett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-16T16:53:03.705Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Covid-19: How effective is a third vaccine dose?","headlineShort":"Do we really need third vaccine doses?","image":["p09w6d9z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fvirus"],"summaryLong":"From squandering global vaccine supplies to the possibility of undermining immunity from the first two doses, booster programmes are a surprisingly complicated business.","summaryShort":"Deciding if booster shots are worth it is surprisingly messy","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-17T02:42:28.036169Z","entity":"article","guid":"c0924ecd-b209-418b-b7b9-87c6af0df6f1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-29T12:06:40.220141Z","project":"future","slug":"20210916-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-third-vaccine-dose","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242935},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","_id":"6153617145ceed07682753b5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fashifa-kassam"],"bodyIntro":"Major backlogs in processing patient data during the pandemic are forcing the healthcare sector to reassess its relationship with fax machines.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs coronavirus cases surged in the city of Austin, Texas, last June, beleaguered public health officials instructed anyone with symptoms to act as though they had Covid-19. The reporting and tracing of new cases had slowed to a crawl, officials explained, partly due to an unexpected culprit: the fax machine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe machines had kicked into overdrive as the pandemic tightened its grip on the city, spitting out printout after printout of results from Covid-19 tests. \"We were probably getting thousands of cases a day that we were responding to. It was madness,\" says Janet Pichette, the chief epidemiologist for Austin Public Health. \"You cannot fight a pandemic using 19th-Century technology.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than a dozen staff combed through the stacks of printed facsimiles that at times piled up to 18cm (7 inches) thick, tasked with weeding out duplicates and tracking down any missing information. From there the results were manually entered into the city's tracking system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilar scenes were playing out around the world, highlighting the persistence of traditional fax machines in sectors such as healthcare, financial services and real estate, despite the global uptake of email, instant messaging and cloud computing. The inefficient sharing of data has left a growing number of governments promising to finally abandon their use of fax machines. More than 175 years after the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.encyclopedia.com\u002Fscience\u002Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\u002Finvention-fax-machine\"\u003Etechnology was first patented\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and decades after it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20150224-why-the-fax-machine-wont-die\"\u003Epeaked as a must-have tool for businesses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, could the coronavirus pandemic consign the fax machine to history?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-the-new-phones-that-are-stuck-in-the-past\"\u003EThe new phones that are stuck in the past\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20161017-your-old-phone-is-full-of-precious-metals\"\u003EWhy your old mobile phone is a gold mine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210705-how-children-are-spoofing-covid-19-tests-with-soft-drinks\"\u003EHow children are spoofing Covid-19 tests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Ministry of Health in the Netherlands hopes so. In May it proposed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gegevensuitwisselingindezorg.nl\u002Fgegevensuitwisseling\"\u003Elegislation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to parliament that would swap fax machines and DVDs for electronic formats in a bid to modernise how patient data is stored and accessed.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyvxd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's really ridiculous that we actually still have fax machines, to be honest,\" says Monica Schagen, a policy advisor with the ministry and registered nurse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in some sectors, such as in healthcare, the fax machine has stubbornly clung on as way of sharing paper health records, test results and documents. Fax isn’t the only outdated technology used in hospitals – doctors rely heavily on pagers to respond to medical emergencies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the Netherlands, the need for change was clear during the pandemic. As hospital admissions soared, healthcare workers lost valuable time tracking down patient records and test results. The Dutch healthcare sector has long grappled with the fact that the fax machine is almost obsolete in mainstream society, but vital to running a hospital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One of the first things that we teach our nursing students is how to use the fax machine,\" says Schagen. \"Because it all comes together at the same time; you have a patient or two in the operating theatre, patients that are going for medical examinations at different departments and patients that need to be discharged and you're trying to remember how the fax machine works.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There was a complete backlog of busy signals and they just couldn't handle the capacity that came in through Covid – Kathryn Brohman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's a paradox echoed across sectors such as real estate and financial services, where fax machines continue to whirl away despite being shunned by many as an archaic technology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOthers have remained loyal to the machine but updated it for the modern age, adopting technology that allows faxes to be sent and received in electronic formats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Society is amazingly complacent,\" says Kathryn Brohman, an associate professor at Queen's University in Kingston, Canada. \"You think about inertia, always doing it the same way, and every doctor's office had a fax machine and every pharmacy had a fax machine and the infrastructure was all there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's the whole idea of 'If it's not broken, why fix it?'. But it broke in Covid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe points to the Canadian province of New Brunswick, where a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbc.ca\u002Fnews\u002Fcanada\u002Fnew-brunswick\u002Fnb-covid-test-fax-machines-one-fax-at-a-time-1.5952106\"\u003Ebottleneck of around 1,500 faxes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reportedly left residents waiting days to find out if they had tested positive for Covid-19. \"Fax machines don't scale. It's either the line is open or not,\" she says. \"There was a complete backlog of busy signals and they just couldn't handle the capacity that came in through Covid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMonths earlier fax machines had also come under fire in Toronto, blamed by public health officials for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.toronto.ca\u002Flegdocs\u002Fmmis\u002F2020\u002Fhl\u002Fbgrd\u002Fbackgroundfile-147548.pdf\"\u003Esignificant delays\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the processing and reporting of results. The response was a new system, unveiled earlier this year, that slashed the number of laboratory results received via fax to around 10% of the total, says Vinita Dubey, a spokesperson for Toronto Public Health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyv66"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThe fax machine dates back to 1842 when Scottish inventor Alexander Bain created and patented a device that could scan a message written with special ink on a metallic surface and transmit it at a distance, using a telegraph circuit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENone of Bain’s machines were particularly successful. It was Italian priest and inventor Giovanni Caselli who in 1863 built the first commercial fax machine, which was first used in France. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the early 20th Century, fax machines were prized by several professions, including the military who used it to rapidly send maps and charts to and from aircraft, and newspapers, which used them to send photographs for urgent publication.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Japanese popularised the technology in the 1970s, making it a must-have tool for businesses. By the end of the 20th Century, fax machines had become ubiquitous due to their reliable and quick transmission of information. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 2000, fax’s role in business was declining as companies switched to email and the internet to share information. But in other sectors, such as healthcare and real estate, the fax machine has stubbornly clung on. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"The history of fax","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilar efforts are underway in Japan, where the government promised to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fkonotaromp\u002Fstatus\u002F1309655248877711361\"\u003Edo away with fax machines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a doctor vented his frustration over the convention of faxing handwritten medical reports to public health officials. \"Come on, let's stop this already,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fcutetanaka\u002Fstatus\u002F1253084766041038848\"\u003Ethe doctor wrote on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"Even with the coronavirus, we're writing by hand and faxing.\" Recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002F08\u002F09\u002Fnational\u002Ffax-machine-phaseout-pushback\u002F\"\u003Ereports\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest little has changed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe movement isn't just limited to the healthcare sector. Public offices in Greece this year began cutting the cord on their fax machines, after the pandemic reinforced the need to digitise the public sector. \"The Covid pandemic is causing more people to work from home, so much of the physical contact had to be eliminated,\" says Nikos Vettas, the director of the Athens-based Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the fax machine's shortcomings may make it an easy target, its purging may not be enough to address the technological issues seen during the pandemic, says Jonathan Coopersmith\u003Cstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ea professor at Texas A&M University and author of the 2015 book \"Faxed: The Rise and Fall of the Fax Machine\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The fax machine is being used as a scapegoat, as a way of saying look at how screwed up things are,\" he says. \"It's easy to say let's get rid of these machines. It's harder to figure out why are we still using them. But that's the real question that should be asked – why are people still doing this?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe answer likely lies with competing systems that are expensive, difficult to use or which are incompatible with other reporting systems, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike computer software, the fax machine is seen as extremely secure and difficult to hack. \"Your fax machine cannot be intercepted. As opposed to when you're sending something over the internet, unless you're encrypting it - how much security do you really have on sending that information?\" says Coopersmith.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's also relatively easy to use and senders receive a confirmation of receipt, making it a convenient choice for those looking for a legal footprint that can stand up in court, says Brohman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"[The fax] has proven much more resilient than I would have predicted back in 2015. And that reflects weaknesses with the theoretically superior competition,\" says Coopersmith.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoopersmith points to the example of Britain, where the country's health secretary banned the National Health Service (NHS) from buying fax machines, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-and-social-care-secretary-bans-fax-machines-in-nhs\"\u003Estarting in 2019,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the aim of completely phasing out the technology in the service by April 2020. \"The question he should have been asking was 'why are they still being used? What makes them so useful if we've got this other stuff?'\" he says. NHS England did not reply to a query regarding whether fax machines continue to be used.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tyvjl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Austin, last year's deluge of faxes led officials to tweak the system so that faxes are now received in an electronic format. \"When we started getting massive amounts of files, we immediately recognised there has got to be a better way here,\" says Pichette, the chief epidemiologist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the ordeal highlighted the need to improve public health technology infrastructure, she isn't convinced that the pandemic will result in the end of the fax machine. \"I see that it will continue to have somewhat of a role just because old habits are hard to break. And in some cases I don't know what the better solution is,\" says Pichette, noting that ideally a system would exist that allowed everyone from school clinics to laboratories to transfer information seamlessly, electronically and in an encrypted format to public health officials.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But whether that will happen while I'm still working at this health department, I don't know,\" she says. \"In the meantime, faxes keep coming in.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flife-connected"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-06T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The outdated machine hampering the fight against Covid-19","headlineShort":"How Covid-19 could end the fax","image":["p09tyvct"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p09tyvmp"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Major backlogs in processing patient data during the pandemic are forcing the healthcare sector to reassess its relationship with fax machines.","summaryShort":"Countries are phasing out the clunky machine after pandemic glitches","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fcommunication"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-06T00:00:28.868605Z","entity":"article","guid":"04d3cbb2-d007-4aa8-8cb1-69e9aecb41e3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-06T13:55:09.693092Z","project":"future","slug":"20210903-how-covid-19-could-finally-be-the-end-of-the-fax-machine","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242936},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","_id":"61535fb845ceed4142070702","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"Social media is rife with posts disparaging the vaccine hesitant – but these reactions to a complex and nuanced issue are doing more harm than good.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere should be no doubt about it: Covid-19 vaccines are saving lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsider some recent statistics from the UK. In a study tracking more than 200,000 people, nearly every single participant had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F226413\u002Falmost-100-double-vaccinated-people-england\u002F\"\u003Edeveloped antibodies against the virus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E within two weeks of their second dose. And despite initial worries that the current vaccines may be less effective against the Delta variant, analyses suggest that both the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fvaccines-highly-effective-against-hospitalisation-from-delta-variant\"\u003EAstraZeneca and the Pfizer-BioNTech jabs reduce hospitalisation rates by 92-96%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As many health practitioners have repeated, the risks of severe side effects from a vaccine are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.bmj.com\u002Fbmj\u002F2021\u002F05\u002F06\u002Fputting-risks-into-context-covid-19-vaccines-and-blood-clots\u002F\"\u003Etiny in comparison to the risk of the disease itself\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet a sizeable number of people are still reluctant to get the shots. According to a recent report by the International Monetary Fund, that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FWP\u002FIssues\u002F2021\u002F05\u002F06\u002FWho-Doesnt-Want-to-be-Vaccinated-Determinants-of-Vaccine-Hesitancy-During-COVID-19-50244\"\u003Eranges from around 10-20% of people in the UK to around 50% in Japan and 60% in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe result is becoming something of a culture war on social media, with many online commentators claiming that the vaccine hesitant are simply ignorant or selfish. But psychologists who specialise in medical decision-making argue these choices are often the result of many complicating factors that need to be addressed sensitively, if we are to have any hope of reaching population-level immunity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe 5Cs\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, some distinctions. While it is tempting to assume that anyone who refuses a vaccine holds the same beliefs, the fears of most vaccine hesitant people should not be confused with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-57374241\"\u003Ebizarre theories of staunch anti-vaxxers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"They're very vocal, and they have a strong presence offline and online,\" says Mohammad Razai at the Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, who has written about the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F01410768211018951\"\u003Evarious psychological and social factors that can influence people's decision-making\u003C\u002Fa\u003E around vaccines. \"But they’re a very small minority.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210609-how-long-will-long-covid-last\"\u003ESolving the puzzle of long Covid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210203-why-vaccinated-people-may-still-be-able-to-spread-covid-19\"\u003ECan vaccinated people spread Covid-19?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-covid-19-variants-how-the-virus-will-mutate-in-the-future\"\u003EHow Covid-19 will evolve in the future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe vast majority of vaccine-hesitant people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fanti-vaccination-beliefs-dont-follow-the-usual-political-polarization-81001\"\u003Edo not have a political agenda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and are not committed to an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F14760584.2021.1889799\"\u003Eanti-scientific cause\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: they are simply undecided about their choice to take the injection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe good news is that many people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ucl.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2021\u002Fmar\u002Fover-4-5-people-who-were-hesitant-would-now-take-covid-19-vaccine\"\u003Ewho were initially hesitant are changing their mind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"But even a delay is considered a threat to health because viral infections spread very quickly,\" says Razai. This would have been problematic if we were still dealing with the older variants of the virus, but the higher transmissibility of the new Delta variant has increased the urgency of reaching as many people as quickly as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxg7z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, scientists began studying vaccine hesitancy long before Sars-Cov-2 was first identified in Wuhan in December 2019, and they have explored various models which attempt to capture the differences in people's health behaviour. One of the most promising is known as the 5Cs model, which considers the following psychological factors:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfidence\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe person's trust in the vaccines efficacy and safety, the health services offering them, and the policy makers deciding on their rollout\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EComplacency\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewhether or not the person considers the disease itself to be a serious risk to their health\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECalculation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E: \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe individual's engagement in extensive information searching to weigh up the costs and benefits\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConstraints (or convenience)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E: how easy it is for the person in question to access the vaccine\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECollective responsibility\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E: the willingness to protect others from infection, through one's own vaccination\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, Cornelia Betsch at the University of Erfurt in Germany and colleagues asked participants to rate \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0208601#sec038\"\u003Ea series of statements that measured each of the 5Cs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and then compared the results with their actual uptake of relevant procedures, such as the influenza or the HPV vaccine. Sure enough, they found that the 5Cs could explain a large amount of the variation in people's decisions, and consistently outperformed many other potential predictors – such as questionnaires that focused more exclusively on issues of trust without considering the other factors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is useful to examine the various cognitive biases that are known to sway our perceptions","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn currently unpublished research, Betsch recently used the model to predict people's uptake of the Covid-19 vaccines, and her results so far suggest that the 5Cs model can explain the majority of the variation in people's decisions\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere will be other contributing factors, of course. A recent study from the University of Oxford suggests that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fpsychological-medicine\u002Farticle\u002Finjection-fears-and-covid19-vaccine-hesitancy\u002FA70D5D859CC25804B7AC4FB3AD54F68D\"\u003Ea fear of needles is a major barrier for around 10% of the population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the 5Cs approach certainly seems to capture the most common reasons for vaccine hesitancy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfirmation bias\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen considering these different factors and the ways they may be influencing people's behaviour, it is also useful to examine the various cognitive biases that are known to sway our perceptions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsider the first two Cs – the \u003Cem\u003Econfidence\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in the vaccine, the \u003Cem\u003Ecomplacency\u003C\u002Fem\u003E about the dangers of disease itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxfq3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJessica Saleska at the University of California, Los Angeles points out that humans have two seemingly contradictory tendencies – a \"negativity bias\" and an \"optimism bias\" that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Ftbm\u002Farticle\u002F11\u002F3\u002F821\u002F6187487?login=true\"\u003Ecan each skew people’s appraisals of the risks and benefits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe negativity bias concerns the way you appraise events beyond your control. \"When you're presented with negative information, that tends to stick in your mind,\" says Saleska. The optimism bias, in contrast, concerns your beliefs about yourself – whether you think you are fitter and healthier than the average person. These biases may work independently, meaning that you may focus on the dangerous side effects of the vaccines while simultaneously believing that you are less likely to suffer from the disease, a combination that would reduce confidence and increase complacency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is easy to dismiss someone else's decisions if you don't understand the challenges they face in their day-to-day lives","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThen there's the famous confirmation bias, which can also twist people's perceptions of the risks of the virus through the ready availability of misinformation from dubious sources that exaggerate the risks of the vaccines. This reliance on misleading resources means that people who score highly on the \"calculation\" measure of the 5Cs scale – the people who actively look for data – are often more vaccine hesitant than people who score lower. \"If you already think the vaccination could be risky, then you type in 'is this vaccination dangerous?', then all you are going find is the information that confirms your prior view,\" says Betsch. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemember that these psychological tendencies are extremely common. Even if you have accepted the vaccine, they have probably influenced your own decision making in many areas of life. To ignore them, and to assume that the vaccine hesitant are somehow wilfully ignorant, is itself a foolish stance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxj25"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENor should we forget the many social factors that might influence people's uptake – the \"constraints\u002Fconvenience\" factor in the 5Cs. Quite simply, the perception that a vaccine is difficult to access will only discourage people who are already sitting on the fence. When we spoke, Betsch suggested that this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F1196071\u002Fcovid-19-vaccination-rate-in-europe-by-country\u002F\"\u003Emight have slowed the uptake in Germany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which has a very complicated system to identify who is eligible to receive the vaccine at any one time. People would respond much more quickly, she says, if they received automatic notifications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERazai agrees that we need to consider the question of convenience, particularly for those in poorer communities who may struggle with the time and expense of the journey to a vaccination centre. \"Travelling to and from that may be a huge issue for most people who are on minimum wage or unemployment benefits,\" he says. That's why it's often best for the vaccines to be administered in local community centres. \"I think there has been anecdotal evidence of it being more successful in places of worship, mosque, gurdwaras, and churches.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, we need to be aware of the context of people's decisions, he says – such as the structural racism that might had led certain ethnic groups to have lower overall trust in medical authorities. It is easy to dismiss someone else's decisions if you don't understand the challenges they face in their day-to-day lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOpening a dialogue\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what can be done?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is no easy solution, but health authorities can continue to provide easy-to-digest, accurate information address the major concerns. According to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imperial.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F221294\u002Fglobal-report-tracks-changing-health-behaviours\u002F\"\u003Ea recent report by Imperial College London's Institute of Global Health Innovation (IGHI)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the major barriers continue to be patient's concerns about the side effects and the fears that the vaccines haven’t been adequately tested.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I would urge governments to stop thinking they can reach the mass of niches out there with one mass-market vaccine message – Sarah Jones","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor the former, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwintoncentre.maths.cam.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fcommunicating-potential-benefits-and-harms-astra-zeneca-covid-19-vaccine\u002F\"\u003Egraphics showing the relative risks of the vaccines, compared to the actual disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, can provide some context. For the latter, Razai suggests that we need more education about the history of the vaccines' development. The use of mRNA in vaccines has been studied for decades, for instance – with long trials testing its safety. This meant \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fvaccines\u002Fdifferent-vaccines\u002Fmrna.html\"\u003Ethe technique could be quickly adapted for the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"None of the technology that has been used would be in any way harmful because we have used these technologies in other areas in healthcare and research,\" Razai says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESarah Jones, a doctoral researcher who co-led the IGHI report, suggests a targeted approach will be necessary. \"I would urge governments to stop thinking they can reach the mass of niches out there with one mass-market vaccine message, and work more creatively with many effective communications partners,\" she says. That might involve closer collaborations with the influencer role models within each community, she says, who can provide \"consistent and accurate information\" about the vaccines' risks and benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09pxf92"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever they choose to deliver the information, health services need to make it clear that they are engaging in an open dialogue, Razai says – rather than simply dismissing them out of hand. \"We have to listen to people's concerns, acknowledge them, and give them information so they can make an informed decision.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESaleska agrees that it's essential to engage in a two-way conversation – and that's something that we could all learn as we discuss these issues with our friends and family. \"Being respectful and recognising their concerns – I think that could actually be more important than just spitting out the facts or statistics,\" she says. \"A lot of the time, it's more about the personal connection than it is about the actual information that you provide.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidrobson.me\u002F\"\u003EDavid Robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is the author of The Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things. His next book is The Expectation Effect: Transform Your \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHealth, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFitness, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EProductivity, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHappiness and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAgeing, to be published in early 2022. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fimmune-response"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-07-23T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why some people don't want a Covid-19 vaccine","headlineShort":"Why some people don't want a vaccine","image":["p09pxj9r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fvaccine"],"summaryLong":"Social media is rife with posts disparaging the vaccine hesitant – but these reactions are doing more harm than good.","summaryShort":"The reasons for vaccine hesitancy are complex but may prevent herd immunity","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fvaccine","tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-23T00:00:00.555572Z","entity":"article","guid":"fd76e8ff-70d5-414a-ac7c-1438cf2abeeb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:44:51.957837Z","project":"future","slug":"20210720-the-complexities-of-vaccine-hesitancy","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242936},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure","_id":"6153603b45ceed6ee462d66d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjose-luis-penarredonda"],"bodyIntro":"In South America, a toxic chemical is being touted as a miracle cure for Covid-19. How did the mistaken belief in its powers take hold?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe flyer had thousands of shares on Facebook. It requested people to do something that, amid a pandemic, sounded outrageous: go to a square and protest elbow-to-elbow with a bunch of strangers. Yet, dozens of residents of Lima, the capital of Peru, left their homes the morning of 28 July 2020, and met in one of the city’s biggest parks to do just that. In their minds, they were not only not risking their own lives, but saving the lives of many others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe protest was organized by an organisation called Comusav, a Spanish acronym for 'Global Coalition for Health and Life'. They said they were defending their rights to life and health, but their true cause was demanding their government accept a toxic chemical as a treatment for Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChlorine dioxide, the apparent cure they were clamouring for, is not only ineffective against Covid-19, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fnews-events\u002Fpress-announcements\u002Fcoronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-warns-seller-marketing-dangerous-chlorine-dioxide-products-claim\"\u003Eit can cause\u003C\u002Fa\u003E life-threatening dehydration and acute liver failure. It is considered hazardous for human consumption by health authorities all over the world, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.digemid.minsa.gob.pe\u002FUpLoad\u002FUpLoaded\u002FPDF\u002FComunicados\u002F2020\u002FC38_2020-07-22.pdf\"\u003Ethose in Peru\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Its promoters have had face-offs with doctors and have even been prosecuted by authorities for years, but the coronavirus pandemic \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002F53361876\"\u003Egave them their biggest showcase so far\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.      \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInterest in chlorine dioxide on Google \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrends.google.com\u002Ftrends\u002Fexplore?date=today%205-y&q=chlorine%20dioxide\"\u003Eskyrocketed in 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and hundreds of pages offering it began to appear in social media. Several celebrities endorsed it in their social media profiles, and some even managed to win mainstream media coverage by praising of its alleged properties. Andreas Kalcker, one of its biggest promoters, has been invited to talk about it by well-meaning journalists, legislators and academics not only in Peru, but also in neighbouring countries such as Colombia and Bolivia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210609-how-long-will-long-covid-last\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESolving the puzzle of long Covid\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210430-why-arent-antiviral-drugs-as-effective-as-antibiotics\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy we can’t treat Covid-19 with drugs\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-covid-19-variants-how-the-virus-will-mutate-in-the-future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow Covid-19 will evolve\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow did a substance \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Fnews-events\u002Fpress-announcements\u002Ffda-warns-consumers-about-dangerous-and-potentially-life-threatening-side-effects-miracle-mineral\"\u003Ethe Federal Drug Administration (FDA) says\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"is the same as drinking bleach\" trigger such a movement in Latin America? Social media had something to do with it, but also psychological traits and marketing techniques that have been around for a long time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA simple solution\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChlorine dioxide was not the only fake cure to gain popularity as the world scrambled for ways to combat the pandemic. Other substances, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medrxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.10.15.20209817v1\"\u003Ehydroxychloroquine, interferon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Feclinm\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2589-5370(20)30464-8\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eivermectin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(21)00461-X\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eazithromycin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were also touted as possible ways to prevent getting the virus or suffering its worst effects. None of them, it turned out, showed any conclusive results against Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The narrative of fake cures is fed by hope, by this idea that 'we finally found the solution',\" says Laura Merchan, a researcher from the Democracy Observatory in the University of the Andes in Bogota, who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpoliticayredes.obsdemocracia.org\u002Fpoliticayredes\u002Fcovid-19\u002Fdesinformacion-en-tiempos-de-pandemia\u002F\"\u003Estudied\u003C\u002Fa\u003E how false information about fake cures spread on Facebook in Colombia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkc2v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis was especially true early on in the pandemic, when scientists knew a lot less about the virus and it was not clear that a vaccine would appear soon. \"All these drugs have legitimate uses, and in all of them there was a piece of evidence that suggested they might work,\" says Merchan. In a situation defined by its uncertainty, these drugs promised a simple way out – hence their appeal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is perhaps the oldest medical marketing trick in the book. Back in Renaissance Italy, town squares were packed with charlatans who sold all kinds of concoctions by exaggerating their therapeutic claims. In a time long before the development of sanctioned, effective medicines for most illnesses, street peddlers could offer a way out of the complexity, says David Gentilcore, a historian in University of Venice Ca’Foscari who has extensively studied charlatans' role in the history of medicine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbcgoodfood.com\u002Fhowto\u002Fguide\u002Fbeyond-natural-processed-food\"\u003ERead more Beyond Natural stories on BBC Good Food\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A charlatan can come along and say, 'Oh, you have a fever, I have a simple remedy: You take a spoon, a spoonful of this every morning with a glass of wine and it'll put you right. It'll work on anybody, any time of the year, any age,'\" explains Gentilcore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is also why in many cases \"these cures were used as political instruments\", Merchan says. Leaders like former US president \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fpolitics\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F24\u002Frise-fall-trumps-obsession-with-hydroxychloroquine\u002F\"\u003EDonald Trump\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Brazilian president \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2020-05-20\u002Fchloroquine-is-all-the-rage-for-bolsonaro-in-brazil-s-virus-war\"\u003EJair Bolsonaro\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have promoted chloroquine as a cheap and widely available prophylactic against the virus. Soon enough, their supporters on social media started to claim its efficacy – using the digital infrastructures \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brasildefato.com.br\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F03\u002Fbolsonaro-and-his-bots-how-the-spread-of-fake-news-about-the-coronavirus-works\"\u003Ealso used for pushing other types of disinformation and abusing political opponents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more on BBC News' story on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F53361876\"\u003Efake Covid cures in South America\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The brain tends to mistake familiarity for fluency – Sander van der Linden","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince these political social media 'machines' excel at putting the same messages many times in front of people, they exploit what is known as the illusory truth effect – one of the top mechanisms that make people believe in false information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The brain tends to mistake familiarity for fluency: there's a lot of research that shows that the faster you process something, the more familiar you are with it, the more likely you are to believe it,\" says Sander van der Linden, a researcher from University of Cambridge who focuses on the psychology of misinformation. \"The more misinformation is repeated, the more likely you are to think that it is true.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkfxw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd there is a lot of false content about Covid-19 on social media. While it is very difficult to pin down a precise number, there are several figures which show how pervasive it can be. A survey \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ofcom.org.uk\u002Fresearch-and-data\u002Ftv-radio-and-on-demand\u002Fnews-media\u002Fcoronavirus-news-consumption-attitudes-behaviour\"\u003Eby broadcasting regulator Ofcom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the UK shows that 54% of respondents have seen social media content labelled as untrue; and Facebook's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabout.fb.com\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F04\u002Fcovid-19-misinfo-update\u002F\"\u003Emost recent report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, from April 2020, says the social network labelled more than 50 million pieces of content with fact-checking warnings, meant to alert users they contain false or misleading information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConspiratorial thinking\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile most other substances were hyped out of the misunderstanding of scientific evidence, \"chlorine dioxide works a lot more like a conspiracy theory\", says Merchan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2006, a US-born engineer and gold miner named Jim Humble published a book touting it as a Miracle Mineral Solution, or MMS, and claiming it helped curing malaria cases in Africa. Since then, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-london-33079776\"\u003Eit has been promoted as a cure for multiple diseases, from acne to autism to HIV\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As MMS gained popularity on fringe health circles worldwide, it attracted the attention of health authorities. The FDA published its first warning about it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20110203232945\u002Fhttp:\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002FNewsEvents\u002FNewsroom\u002FPressAnnouncements\u002Fucm220747.htm\"\u003Ein 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20100429000458\u002Fhttp:\u002Fwww.mareaweb.net\u002Fmms\u002FNEWS011.htm\"\u003Eblog post in 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Humble wrote he found a solution: \"Forming a church of health and healing.\" It was all about evading oversight: \"If handled properly a church can protect us from vaccinations that we don't want, from forced insurance, and from many things that a government might want to use to oppress us.\" Humble created the Genesis II church with Mark Grenon, who became one of the substance's top promoters. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Other chlorine dioxide enthusiasts are also keen on conspiratorial thinking","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2016, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabc7.com\u002Fgenesis-two-church-of-bleach-healing-miracle-mineral-solution\u002F1225161\u002F\"\u003Ea news report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed Grenon saying conspiratorial falsities in a church event, like the 11 September planes were \"holograms created by the government\", or that \"chemtrails\" were poisonous. Humble also has his fair share of bizarre claims on the record: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabc7.com\u002Fchurch-of-bleach-genesis-ii-2-health-and-healing\u002F1578279\u002F\"\u003Ehe said\u003C\u002Fa\u003E he is a billion-year-old god from the Andromeda galaxy who asked to be put in charge of taking care of the Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther chlorine dioxide enthusiasts are also keen on conspiratorial thinking, like Luis Lopez, from Peru. While talking to the BBC, he said he believed public health measures like mandatory masks make people sick, and that the whole pandemic is an effort to depopulate the Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELopez tells me the pandemic forced him to close his business, so he took on manufacturing and selling the substance \"because it works\". He says he makes the equivalent of £580 ($820) in a good day, more than three times the monthly minimum wage in his country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow did people like Lopez fall down the rabbit hole? \"What we think might be happening is that these are people who feel distrustful of authority, basically are more likely to lean on the conspiratorial side of things,\" says van der Linden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkcq5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother plausible explanation might have to do with how conspiracy theories exploit reasoning errors we are all prone to make. Van der Linden explains that \"believers often commit what's called a conjunction fallacy\", meaning they wrongly judge a specific set of conditions as more probable than a single general one. \"The probability of a conspiracy actually being true is, of course, very low, but the way that it's framed makes things seem more plausible than they actually are.\" (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-what-we-can-learn-from-conspiracy-theories\"\u003Ewhy people believe conspiracy theories\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther factors that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsos.201199\"\u003Eresearchers have identified\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to make people more susceptible to misinformation and conspiracy theories are poor literacy and numeracy skills, a sense of distrust of medical institutions, and a self-perceived minority status. \"Perceiving themselves as a minority is pretty predictive of people’s conspiratorial beliefs,\" says van der Linden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELopez says he was convinced to take chlorine dioxide by videos he saw on social media, but he also claims that it is difficult to recruit new people just by sending them content online. \"You have to talk to each person,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Kalcker, the chlorine dioxide promoter who rubs shoulders with some parts of the Latin American establishment, knows how to put on a show","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe jury is still out on the role social media plays on spreading conspiracy theories. There is research which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jmir.org\u002F2021\u002F4\u002Fe25215\"\u003Eassociates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a greater use of social media with more conspiratorial thinking, but other scholars \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fdont-blame-social-media-for-conspiracy-theories-they-would-still-flourish-without-it-138635\"\u003Eremind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E us that conspiracy theories were out there long before the internet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabout.fb.com\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F04\u002Fcovid-19-misinfo-update\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsupport.google.com\u002Fyoutube\u002Fanswer\u002F9891785?hl=en\"\u003EYouTube\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have taken down a lot of content from organisations like Comusav, and pledged to exclude all content that might cause harm. But when the content is deplatformed it does not disappear – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fdoes-deplatforming-work-to-curb-hate-speech-and-calls-for-violence-3-experts-in-online-communications-weigh-in-153177\"\u003Eit just goes somewhere else\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like messaging apps that are impossible to moderate at scale, or video platforms with lax content moderation policies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPutting on a show\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKalcker, the chlorine dioxide promoter who rubs shoulders with some parts of the Latin American establishment, knows how to put on a show. He delivers his speeches in perfect Spanish – with just a very slight German accent – often wearing a white coat and showing lab equipment in the background.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the videos he and others make promoting the substance make grandiose claims, and strive to sound and look scientific: they talk about protocols, dosages, and chemical reactions with a fluency many doctors do not have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELopez, in turn, often sells the thing by telling his own story. \"I got Covid, got very ill and needed oxygen. But I was taking it for some time, and the virus left my body in a week.\" When asked why did he get sick despite taking chlorine dioxide, he says he stopped before getting Covid. His claims sound outrageous: he also says his rhinitis and constant ear infections have been cured for life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkhgb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBoth tactics are similar to those the Italian charlatans used centuries ago. On the one hand, they put on a show on the \u003Cem\u003Epiazzas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E to be noticed among other merchants. \"The first description we ever have in any European language of puppets on a string is a description of a charlatan troupe,\" says Gentilcore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother thing they did was publishing personal stories of people who they claimed they cured. \"Some of them published pamphlets where they'll give the names of people that were cured by them, which will include names that people will recognise.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is a key difference, he explains. The word \"charlatan\" did not have the pejorative meaning it has today, as it referred to the act of selling by putting up a show, \"to talk up your thing and do it from a stage\". Furthermore, the concoctions charlatans sold were not only approved by the authorities, but also were not so different from the remedies official medicine practitioners of the time would offer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EModern day charlatans today may be skirting far closer to illegal activity. Kalcker has had standoffs with the Spanish police, who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.noudiari.es\u002Flocal-ibiza\u002Fdetenido-eivissa-el-guru-aleman-de-la-medicina-alternativa-por\u002F\"\u003Ebriefly detained him in 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Kalcker says on his website he has no criminal record in Spain and did not respond to questions from the BBC). Grenon was arrested in Colombia in August 2020, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.justice.gov\u002Fusao-sdfl\u002Fpr\u002Fflorida-family-indicted-selling-toxic-bleach-fake-miracle-cure-covid-19-and-other\"\u003Eis due to be extradited to the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where he faces charges of conspiracy to commit fraud and criminal contempt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The people from Comusav did not have permission to do the protest, but they managed to get their point across the higher spheres of the country","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut some loyalists just do not care. On the day of the Lima protest, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Frppnoticias\u002Fvideos\u002F-en-vivo-di%C3%B3xido-de-cloro-marchas-a-favor-de-este-peligroso-producto-genera-dist\u002F234708757927001\u002F\"\u003Ea journalist recorded a livestream\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from her radio station’s Facebook page. The images showed a small, harmless gathering, animated by the timid cries of someone with a megaphone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Protests do not work. You give people a flier, they skim through it and throw it away,\" says Luis, who was not there but organised other similar demonstrations in another Peruvian city.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHalf of the people who reacted to the transmission on Facebook used the \"Haha\" button. Yet, the reporter suddenly changed her tone: \"Look out! The police detained one of the protestors!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe people from Comusav did not have permission to hold the protest, but they managed to get their point across the higher spheres of the country. Despite the repeated health warnings, the conclusive evidence that it does not help to prevent or treat Covid-19, and the legal problems of some of its promoters, the Peruvian congress \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk\u002Fhome-news\u002Fcovid-peru-cure-investigation-bleach-b1848037.html\"\u003Edecided\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to set up a committee to \"investigate the possible positive and negative effects of chlorine dioxide\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09mkhxm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe promoter of the committee, congressman Posemoscrowte Chagua, has been accused of sharing conspiracy theories in Congress and did not backed up his proposal with robust evidence, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Felcomercio.pe\u002Ftecnologia\u002Fciencias\u002Fcds-dioxido-de-cloro-covid-19-pandemia-una-comision-investigadora-sin-sustentos-noticia\u002F\"\u003Ereported Peruvian paper \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Felcomercio.pe\u002Ftecnologia\u002Fciencias\u002Fcds-dioxido-de-cloro-covid-19-pandemia-una-comision-investigadora-sin-sustentos-noticia\u002F\"\u003EEl Comercio\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When contacted by the BBC, Chagua conceded that there is no evidence supporting the use of chlorine dioxide for treating Covid-19, but said the commission will examine \"successful experiences\" medical doctors have had with it in several countries, although he did not provide any evidence of such research results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe commission is unlikely to change the country’s official stance towards the poison, but this is not the real problem many see with the Congress’s decision. The commission “opens a space to pseudoscience and fake news,” tweeted Alberto de Belahunde, another Peruvian congressman. “It sends an awful message to a citizenry desperate for solutions.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":true,"displayDate":"2021-07-01T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"South America's bitter divide over a toxic 'Covid cure'","headlineShort":"The 'Covid cure' taking root online","image":["p09mk9w5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In South America, a toxic chemical is being touted as a miracle cure for Covid-19. How did the mistaken belief in its powers take hold?","summaryShort":"A dangerous chemical is touted as a wonder cure. Why?","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19","tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-01T10:12:05.47914Z","entity":"article","guid":"6da76452-5f68-4a7b-8647-ee8c9473e321","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:43:45.611574Z","project":"future","slug":"20210629-south-americas-bitter-divide-over-a-toxic-covid-cure","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242936},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice","_id":"6164d03945ceed1b8376dadc","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-baraniuk"],"bodyIntro":"The Inuit are famous for their ability to survive extreme conditions, having inhabited the Arctic for millennia. But as the ice recedes, this hard-earned knowledge is being lost.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAbout 1,600 people live in the village of Pond Inlet, or Mittimatalik as it is known in the Inuit language Inuktitut. It is a community huddled between mountains, on a northern shore of Baffin Island, Canada – a place further north than the northernmost tip of mainland Norway. In winter, temperatures drop to an average of -35C (-31F), though they have been known to dip below -50C (-58F).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's not the sort of place some people would immediately associate with \"global warming\". And yet, climate change is reshaping this part of the world dramatically – and impacting the people who live there.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Everything we do involves the ocean and sea ice, which is highly affected by climate change,\" says Natasha Simonee, a member of the Inuit community in Pond Inlet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDiminishing ice, warmer winters and changes to weather patterns are not just background noise for people like Simonee. These things have the potential to alter her whole way of life. She explains how elders in her community have grown reluctant to share \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.colorado.edu\u002Ftoday\u002F2010\u002F04\u002F07\u002Ftraditional-inuit-knowledge-combines-science-shape-arctic-weather-insights\"\u003Etraditional methods for predicting the weather\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, since the climate has changed so much. \"They question whether it's accurate,\" she explains. \"That kind of stuff is not necessarily practised and passed on anymore.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Arctic, Earth's northern polar region, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcouncil.science\u002Fcurrent\u002Fblog\u002Fclimate-explained-why-is-the-arctic-warming-faster-than-other-parts-of-the-world\u002F\"\u003Eis warming about twice as fast as the rest of the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and is home to four million people who are experiencing a particularly rapid and disruptive form of climate change. Among these Arctic residents are many indigenous groups, including Inuit, Saami and Chukchi people, to name a few.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191129-what-will-an-ice-free-arctic-look-like\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhat will an ice-free Arctic look like?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe daring plan to save the Arctic ice with glass\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191106-how-to-stay-safe-from-polar-bears-on-the-arctic-sea-ice\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe icy camp where polar bears roam\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fwhy-the-arctic-is-warming-so-fast\u002F\"\u003Emany explanations for the accelerated rate of change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the Arctic, such as how the loss of white, reflective ice causes increasing amounts of thermal energy to be absorbed in this part of the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimonee explains how thinning sea ice and slushy rivers make travelling across land using traditional methods more dangerous for people in her community. The skills involved for safe navigation, tracking and hunting are still passed on – but opportunities to do these things are increasingly threatened. Ancient traditions and unique forms of knowledge-sharing are at risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis includes time-honoured practices that few outside the Arctic have heard of. Alex Whiting – who is not Inuit but has lived in the Arctic for around 30 years – lives in the town of Kotzebue, or Qikiqtaġruk, in Alaska. Whiting explains that the traditional practice of burying fish in the ground and leaving it there to ferment, which extends the life of the foodstuff, is harder to do now than it once was. The technique relies on reliably cold temperatures throughout the winter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ybkmg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Those kind of skills are already becoming really tough to pass on to younger generations,\" says Whiting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also notes how important it is to be able to transmit knowledge about the safe crossing of ice patches. Experienced locals know how to detect cracks in the ice based on its colour or texture, or via careful taps with an ice pick. But societal changes and shorter hunting seasons mean only a few expert seal hunters venture out into such conditions these days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's still a kid or two that is apprentice in that kind of stuff,\" says Whiting. \"It hasn't completely died out.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the threat that it could disappear still hovers. Climate change is far from the only factor threatening the continuance of these activities, though it is becoming more harmful over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I don't think we've fully grasped it, it's like a whole way of life that's being taken away,\" says Jackie Dawson, professor and holder of the Canada research chair in environment, society and policy at the University of Ottawa. The effects of climate change are so destabilising, they can have major emotional and mental health impacts on Arctic peoples, she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDawson has studied the implications of rising ship traffic in the Canadian Arctic. Because of dwindling sea ice in recent years, it has become easier for ships to traverse the relatively narrow passages and channels scattered around the region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1462901119309451\"\u003EIn a study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published last year on the presence of vessels and how they may be affecting Inuit communities, Dawson and colleagues noted how local people felt that there was a risk to their seasonal hunting activities. For example, ship noise can drive away some animals, such as seals, which are hunted by Inuit at certain times of the year. For many Inuit people, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthesolutionsjournal.com\u002F2016\u002F08\u002F20\u002Fcontinued-importance-hunting-future-inuit-food-security\u002F\"\u003Ehunting is a key part of how they sustain themselves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in this remote part of the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEncouragingly, the team's research has brought them into contact with Simonee and other locals, and prompted greater dialogue between Inuit people and the shipping companies that are taking advantage of warming Arctic waters. Inuit community members have made requests to these firms including asking them to steer clear of certain areas in order to protect local animal populations. To Dawson's delight, the shipping companies have been receptive to such suggestions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's been wonderful. We were so surprised,\" she adds. \"These companies are also asking for real-time information on hunts, for example, so they can avoid them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ybl7d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut is it possible to actually quantify the extent to which culturally significant activities are changing due to climate change? Among those who have tackled this question is Donna Hauser, research assistant professor at the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Hauser and colleagues have worked with people living in Inuit communities, including Whiting and a team of elder advisers in Kotzebue, to better understand how the hunting season has changed alongside the climate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Fac1a36\"\u003EThe results of their research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, published in August, show that spring time hunts of bearded seals in Kotzebue ended around three weeks earlier in 2019 than they did in 2003. Meanwhile, historical sea ice records reveal that the conditions there in late spring today are comparable to those observed at the height of summer in the mid-20th Century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe effect on hunters is nuanced, though, says Hauser. The hunting season is shorter but, on the other hand, so too are hunting trips because less time is required to navigate the ice. It means hunters spend less time out on open water than they once did, and less money on fuel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What we've seen so far is that hunters are able to compensate,\" says Hauser. \"I think the concern is what we don’t know about the future.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt could also be argued that significantly changed activities are already suggestive of loss. Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oulu, has studied various ways in which the culture of his people, the Saami, is threatened by climate change. Saami people live across an area called Sápmi, which stretches from northern Norway to parts of northwest Russia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile it is possible to adapt reindeer herding as a livelihood or source of income to overcome the challenges posed by climate change, herding as a cultural form – a practice unchanged for a very long time – is vulnerable, he argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The greening process makes it difficult to navigate, travel, identify, search for and herd reindeer,\" explains Näkkäläjärvi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIncreasingly warm waters affect the kind of fish that are available for fishing, too. Näkkäläjärvi says that some old Saami words are falling out of use because the conditions or events to which they refer don't occur any more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"No longer can a herder always trust his or her knowledge, the knowledge that has accumulated during centuries and that has safeguarded the success of Saami reindeer culture in harsh conditions to modern times,\" he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002Fgallery\u002F2009\u002Foct\u002F20\u002Fclimate-change-nenet-russia\"\u003EThe Nenets people, who herd reindeer in the Russian Arctic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have also experienced such difficulties. They are used to migrating for hundreds of miles with their animals to find pastures to graze but climate change, and the associated rise of oil and gas infrastructure in this part of the world, has made this incredible journey much more difficult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ybjth"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fminorityrights.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fminority-and-indigenous-trends-2019\u002F\"\u003Ea 2019 report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by human rights organisation Minority Rights Group International noted: \"Some Nenets have already responded to these changes by leaving their nomadic communities and assimilating in urban communities, though many reportedly struggle with high levels of alcoholism, unemployment and mental health issues as a result.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo some extent, all cultures are perpetually in a state of evolution and change. It would be wrong to suggest that they can or should remain static. Perhaps that is why, on closer inspection, people's opinions about what climate change means for their culture can be quite varied.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShirley Tagalik moved north to the Canadian Arctic in the 1970s and, in her words, married into the community in the town of Arviat on the western shore of Hudson Bay. With a population exceeding 2,000 people, Arviat is one of the largest Inuit communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETagalik insists that, while there are concerns over the pace of climate change today, Inuit people have responded to many different climatic variations in the past.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Inuit culture is all about continually seeking solutions,\" she says. \"And so in the face of climate change, the requirement that we train youth to continually seek solutions becomes paramount.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome animals have become harder to hunt, she acknowledges, though she points out that, on the other hand, the growing season for certain plants has got longer. Vegetables are not a like-for-like replacement for seal meat but there is an opportunity to adapt and make more of one over the other, she suggests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETagalik stresses that it is in the very act of thinking about and responding to climate change that Inuit culture can express itself – and demonstrate its resilience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's well-documented that climate change is leading to losses of many different kinds, in communities across the globe. But however you measure that loss, it's clear that indigenous peoples in the Arctic are experiencing more of it than most.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Climate change is so real up here,\" says Simonee. \"It's my life.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article was updated on 14\u002F10\u002F21. An earlier version incorrectly stated that climate change has led to Inuit hunters spending more time out in open water and more money on fuel (it's the other way around).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. If you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-12T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Inuit knowledge vanishing with the ice","headlineShort":"The Inuit knowledge that's at risk","image":["p09ybj7c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fconservation"],"summaryLong":"The Inuit are famous for their ability to survive extreme conditions, having inhabited the Arctic for millennia. But as the ice recedes, this hard-earned knowledge is being lost.","summaryShort":"As the ice recedes, hard-earned Inuit knowledge is being lost","tag":["tag\u002Farctic"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-12T00:00:54.67328Z","entity":"article","guid":"7d4b7b6d-2177-4f2c-b03f-49d0771323a6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-14T21:29:06.477261Z","project":"future","slug":"20211011-the-inuit-knowledge-vanishing-with-the-ice","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242937},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers","_id":"615bbc9045ceed0520750138","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"It's officially arachnicide season in the Northern Hemisphere. Millions of spiders have appeared in our homes – and they'd better be on their guard. Why do we kill them so casually?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs I opened the front door, I mentally prepared myself for the obstacle course ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst I needed to fetch something from the shed – the domain of monstrous spiders the size of baby mice, who lurk in corners with just their furry, gangling legs protruding. Then I moved some old paving slabs, carefully side-stepping the scuttling, scorpion-like forms of woodlouse spiders, who had made their homes beneath them. Finally, I guided the new fronds of growth on my jasmine plant up the fence, trying not to get covered in the wiry daddy longlegs who stalk its vertical plains.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEventually my journey ended on the patio – and here there was a shock. Lying on the paving, legs splayed out wildly, as though he had fallen from a great height – was the pallid corpse of Stripy. This talented web-artist had reigned over my garden for three years, and over that time something strange had happened: I had started to like him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeeing him there, dethroned from his latest two-dimensional creation between my bins, he seemed somehow less blood-curdlingly alien – and more like any other animal, with a heart that had just stopped beating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut not all spiders meet such peaceful ends. The moment we sense the pitter-patter of their tiny feet across the living room floor, or catch a glimpse of movement in the corner of an eye as they abseil down from the ceiling, they're likely to end up squashed, poisoned, vacuumed up or simply flushed away from our homes. Why do many of us kill spiders so casually, swatting out their lives with our god-like power, almost like it's a reflex?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, humans routinely kill animals when it's convenient – many activities, from farming to laboratory experiments, wouldn't be possible without this unpleasant reality. But the practice of arachnicide is often described in oddly victorious terms. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There was a spider in the bathroom i sprayed it and watched as the spider slowly died it takes about a min to kick in really good stuff [sic]\", wrote one satisfied reviewer of a spider-killing product on Amazon. \"spider corpses (loads of them) on the ground\u002Fdangling from bits of web,\" said another, describing it as a \"happy result\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqs13"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA complex life form \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpider massacres like these are even more jarring when you consider that spiders and humans are not so different. Though our evolutionary paths diverged at least \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.askabiologist.org.uk\u002Fanswers\u002Fviewtopic.php?id=4606\"\u003E530 million years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, we share many of the same organs and body parts – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fmbe\u002Farticle\u002F33\u002F1\u002F109\u002F2579399?login=true\"\u003Esuch as kneecaps\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and similar brain chemicals, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F6149080\u002F\"\u003Edopamine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to adrenaline. No one has ever studied spider emotions directly, but it's easy to imagine that they might be more relatable than you would think.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEqually, their brains are hardly heavy on their spider shoulders (or in their legs – there sometimes isn't room for a full brain in a spider's head), but there's increasing evidence that some kinds are capable of remarkably complex \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2020.568049\u002Ffull\"\u003Eintellectual feats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as planning strategic detours to trick their prey. They may also have their own \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmg24532680-900-spiders-think-with-their-webs-challenging-our-ideas-of-intelligence\u002F\"\u003Eunique kind of intelligence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in which they're able to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10071-017-1069-7\"\u003Euse their webs to help them think\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd if they can avoid being hunted down by hysterical humans, there are spider species that can live for decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170913-the-lab-thats-home-to-10000-spiders\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe room that's home to 10,000 spiders\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210805-the-animals-changed-by-proximity-to-humans\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe animals changed by proximity to humans\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe invasive weed that travelled the world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe oldest-known spider on the planet – a trapdoor spider known as Number 16 – made it to the venerable \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.publish.csiro.au\u002Fpc\u002FPC18015\"\u003Eage of 43\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That whole time, she had just one home, a burrow in North Bungulla Reserve near Tammin, south-western Australia. At the time of the arachnid's death in 2018, Leanda Mason – an ecologist who had spent years studying her – told the Washington Post how she had been tragically \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fspeaking-of-science\u002Fwp\u002F2018\u002F05\u002F01\u002Fthe-extraordinary-life-and-death-of-the-worlds-oldest-known-spider\u002F\"\u003Ecut down in her prime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", killed by a sting from a parasitic wasp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf we needed any other reason to consider a spider life precious, there's the fact that – just as with all animals alive today – each individual arachnid is the product of an unbroken line of successful ancestors that stretches back to the first life on earth 3.8 billion years ago. Against staggering odds, that particular spider's parents and grandparents and great-grandparents – and so on, for millennia – managed to survive long enough to reproduce. Then a heavy-footed human steps on the spider in the bathroom because it's a minor annoyance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, are we all just cruel – or is there something else going on?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqt82"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Jeffrey Lockwood, there are a number of reasons we struggle to empathise with spiders – in fact, these unlucky creatures possess a constellation of separate features that chance has combined into a package we find uniquely repulsive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I tell people that sort of the perfect storm of evolution and culture is spiders – well that's one, and if you were going to pick an insect it would be bedbugs,\" says Lockwood, professor of natural sciences and humanities at the University of Wyoming and the author of The Infested Mind: Why Humans Fear, Loathe, and Love Insects. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn ancient enemy\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the most obvious reason we view spiders as fair game for crushing is our pathological fear of things with eight legs, which makes empathy particularly challenging. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHuman infants as young as just five months old tend to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0010027707002090\"\u003Emore threatened by images of spiders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those of other organisms, suggesting that our aversion to them is partly innate, perhaps having evolved to prevent us from casually picking up ones that are venomous.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis natural wariness is then thought to be compounded by cultural factors, such as having parents who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F10645578.2020.1865089\"\u003Edescribe them as frightening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as we grow up. Alarmist \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biorxiv.org\u002Fcontent\u002F10.1101\u002F2020.04.28.065607v1.abstract\"\u003Enews articles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other depictions are likely to add an extra frisson of panic – some experts have linked the irrational fear many people have for sharks \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsearch.informit.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.3316\u002Fielapa.995176603668553\"\u003Eto the 1975 film Jaws\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and it's possible that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrepo.tuni.fi\u002Fhandle\u002F10024\u002F122422\"\u003Evillainous spider trope\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is also having an impact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, fear is not the full picture – especially because we \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS109051380800086X\"\u003Edon't have the same aversion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to other arthropods that are equally dangerous.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne possible explanation is just how extra-terrestrial they seem, with unreasonable numbers of eyes – up to 12 – too many legs and toothless fangs. Their behaviour is also strikingly different to that of most mammals – building webs to trap unwary passersby, then mummifying them and sucking out their insides, or eating their mates and casually producing whole swarms of offspring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"And so their unfamiliarity binds with a kind of commonness so that they're – I think the technical term is we find them creepy,\" says Lockwood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpiders are genetically alien, too. Though humans and spiders are distantly related, we are much less closely related to them than we are to other animals such as mammals or even reptiles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqv2f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is potentially problematic, because the more we \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1207\u002Fs15324834basp2701_2\"\u003Ehave in common with others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – or the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007%2Fs12369-014-0263-x\"\u003Emore closely related\u003C\u002Fa\u003E we are – the more compassion we have for them. One 2019 study found that participants' empathy for animals decreased in line with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-019-56006-9\"\u003Eamount of time since our evolutionary paths diverged\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven scientists are heavily biased towards studying more charismatic, relatable animals. One 2010 study found that, for every research paper published about a threatened amphibian, there were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fconbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1523-1739.2010.01453.x\"\u003E500 about an endangered large mammal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETogether, this heady mix of society-wide fear and alienation may fundamentally be inhibiting our ability to care for spiders, in much the same way that these factors marginalise minority groups of humans. For example, one experiment found that exposing people to alarming images \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2019-79136-001?doi=1\"\u003Emade them less empathetic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but only towards the suffering of people outside their community. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, the combination is so effective at reducing our empathy, it's a classic way to stoke hatred towards the enemy or amplify xenophobia in wartime propaganda – and spiders are often used to achieve both simultaneously. In one iconic British World War Two poster, Hitler is shown as a gangly arachnid straddling the globe, accompanied by a visceral threat: \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iwm.org.uk\u002Fcollections\u002Fitem\u002Fobject\u002F15284\"\u003EOne by one. His legs will be broken\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA loss of control\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the most chilling stories about spiders have an element of surprise – such as the time a friend donned an old Halloween costume that had been stashed away in the loft for years, and someone said \"wow, I love the spider detail on your neck! It's so realistic…\". Much screaming ensued, because this was most certainly not part of the look, but a real spider who had silently slunk down from their hat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELockwood explains that this likely to be a major factor in our aversion to spiders – their ability to defy our control. \"We think we're in charge of our world, but the spiders and insects keep coming,\" he says. \"They keep crawling out from under the floorboards and whatnot. And so we have a sense – I think it's a good sense – that we don't get to call all the shots.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpiders are simply too good at hiding and too fast. Unlike with stray pigeons or foxes, you can't simply build a wall to keep them out.  Though we now live in a world of ultra-control – where we can even turn on the heating from the other side of he world – they're still turning up unexpectedly in our beds and shoes, as they have done for millennia. Like it or not, they are impossible to eradicate from our homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA silent scream\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also more practical considerations. One is that spiders don't have emotions that are easily recognisable to us, or make noises that we can relate to – so when a spider is in pain, we are oblivious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That's the weird space that they occupy,\" says Lockwood. \"If they were completely unrelatable, then I think we wouldn't have such difficulty with them. But there is a sense of animal-ness about them – we recognise them at one level, but then we completely are unable to relate to them at another level,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqspw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the ecologist Stephen Kellert wrote in his book Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia In Human Evolution And Development, \"...perhaps the most disturbing, these creatures [insects, spiders and other invertebrates] appear to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FKinship_to_Mastery\u002FPkufpPphlz8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover\"\u003Elack a mental life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". He explains that, to us, they don't seem to experience human emotions – it's as though their own minds are irrelevant to their existence. (Though of course, this is an illusion.)  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll this means that it's possible to squash a spider without receiving any feedback whatsoever – and unless your target runs away or the gruesome task is incomplete, there aren't many signals that you're doing something unpleasant. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, this is only true when they're small – and many people struggle to kill larger ones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Here we have huntsmans, which are these massive spiders like this big,\" says Greg Neely, demonstrating around six inches (15cm). \"But here people don't kill them, they're our friends. You might try to shoo one out of the house, but you wouldn't murder it,\" says Neely, professor of functional genomics at the University of Sydney, where he studies pain in fruit flies, among other animals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELockwood can relate to this. \"The same thing can be true of some very large cockroaches – my wife was pretty much normally averse to insects, but she would not, and I know others that do not like to, step on a cockroach because they make that crunch,\" he says, explaining that – many years ago – his wife would catch the insects under yoghurt pots for him to despatch when he got home. \"It was like a little death row,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's something about crushing another being that we don't have a big problem with until we get some sort of sensory signal, which says that this is an actual killing or this is violence,\" says Lockwood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA villainous face\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EApart from their menacing fangs and scampering legs, spiders face another challenge in the looks department, at least from a human perspective: they don't look like human babies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160913-the-benefits-of-having-a-babyface\"\u003E\"babyface effect\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a hugely influential hidden bias among humans, which means that we accidentally treat people – and animals – with naturally \"neotenous\", or child-like features as though they are actual babies. For example, oversized eyes, large foreheads, small noses and chins, and cherubic little lips can trigger powerful feelings of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11031-008-9101-5\"\u003Eempathy, compassion and affection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the effect can also lead us into a number of well-documented blunders. In environmental conservation, it's often observed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0199149\"\u003E\"cute\" species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E receive significantly more attention and funding, while \"uglier\" animals under the care of humans – in zoos and laboratories, for example – may have a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2076-2615\u002F10\u002F6\u002F1054\"\u003Elower quality of life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, because we find it harder to identify their suffering. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xqtjh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith their tiny, beady eyes, spiders fall into this category – to our flawed ape-brains, they have a decidedly un-cute adult appearance, to which we ascribe off-putting qualities such as being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0037253\"\u003Eless kind, trustworthy and warm\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In contrast, those few spider species that have larger eyes are generally \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F109258721502000202\"\u003Eseen as less frightening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne example is jumping spiders, which have two main doe-eyes, with their extra pairs hidden towards the backs of their heads. They’re so likeable that the researchers of one paper described them as \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F109258721502000202\"\u003Egateway spiders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" – useful ambassadors for their less wholesome relatives. They've already starred in a number of viral videos, which set their endearingly silly mating dances to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=xYIUFEQeh3g\"\u003Esongs like the YMCA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA flawed hierarchy \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERegardless of why we view spiders as a disposable nuisance, there are plenty of arguments for treating their lives with more respect – and psychological tricks for helping us to do so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne is to anthropomorphise spiders as much as possible, to hijack the brain's natural compassion for other members of our species – a method which has been suggested as a way to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10531-012-0274-6\"\u003Eget the public to engage more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with the conservation of endangered animals (which, incidentally, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.arc-trust.org\u002Fnews\u002Fendangered-spiders-rediscovered-in-surrey\"\u003Emany arachnids are\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This can be achieved by depicting spiders with more human-like physical features, giving them relatable personalities, emotions and genders – \"look, she's so cross!\" – and focusing on our similarities rather than differences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, there's also an opposing school of thought: since empathy is so deeply flawed, we should \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F09637214211031943\"\u003Etry to avoid using it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as the basis for our moral decisions altogether.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, we could ascribe spider lives with value based on rational calculations – such as their function within an ecosystem. So we could try reminding ourselves that arachnids kill around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00114-017-1440-1\"\u003E400-800 million tons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (363-726 tonnes) of prey each year, and in doing so help to keep certain insect populations in check, including those that cause disease in humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlternatively, we could avoid killing spiders because of their abilities and biology – arming ourselves with facts about the ingenuity of their brains, which are capable of remarkably complex decision-making, though they're tens of thousands of times \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fthe-genius-of-pinheads-when-little-brains-rule\u002F\"\u003Esmaller than those of mammals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there's also another way. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think people assume that some forms of life are worth more than others... but they don't think about it. They don't ask themselves those questions,\" says Geraldine Wright, professor of entomology at the University of Oxford. She points out that our disregard for spiders is partly a Western peculiarity, since some cultures and religions – such as Buddhism – have held the view that all living things are precious for millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, some experts are hopeful that we are gradually becoming more accepting of spiders and insects – especially as people start to think more about biodiversity and environmental conservation. \"The other change is the idea that each individual has an intrinsic value, and you shouldn't just kill it for the sake of it,\" says Donald Broom, emeritus professor of animal welfare at the University of Cambridge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust as I was writing this article, I noticed a new Stripy setting themselves up in my garden – perhaps one of my old friend's descendants. I think I'll leave them to it, whether I like them or not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EZaria Gorvett is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FZariaGorvett\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E@ZariaGorvett\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-04T17:19:24.546Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why so many of us are casual spider-murderers","headlineShort":"The reasons we casually kill spiders","image":["p09xql1d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"summaryLong":"It's officially arachnicide season in the Northern Hemisphere. Millions of spiders have appeared in our homes – and they'd better be on their guard. Why do we kill them so casually?","summaryShort":"It's officially arachnicide season in the Northern Hemisphere","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-05T02:46:38.373866Z","entity":"article","guid":"8a36740e-c013-4661-8587-c68055dff370","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-06T15:49:28.983141Z","project":"future","slug":"20211004-why-so-many-of-us-are-casual-spider-murderers","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242937},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out","_id":"6163a09f45ceed1b401a2d22","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-r-longrich"],"bodyIntro":"Would we still see our humanity in the same way if other hominin species – from Australopithecus to Neanderthals – hadn't gone extinct?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhave-you-got-a-question-about-life-love-death-or-the-universe-we-want-to-hear-from-you-130231\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp082d088.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"“The\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReader Question:\u003Cem\u003E We now know from evolutionary science that humanity has existed in some form or another for around two million years or more. Homo sapiens are comparatively new on the block. There were also many other human species, some which we interbred with. The question is then inevitable – when can we claim personhood in the long story of evolution? Are Chimpanzees people? Do Australopithecines have an afterlife? What are the implications for how we think about rights and religion?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E – Anthony A. MacIsaac, 26, Scotland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn our mythologies, there's often a singular moment when we became \"human\". Eve plucked the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge and gained awareness of good and evil. Prometheus created men from clay and gave them fire. But in the modern origin story, evolution, there's no defining moment of creation. Instead, humans emerged gradually, generation by generation, from earlier species. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust like any other complex adaptation – a bird's wing, a whale's fluke, our own fingers – our humanity evolved step by step, over millions of years. Mutations appeared in our DNA, spread through the population, and our ancestors slowly became something more like us and, finally, we appeared.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople are animals, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhen-did-we-become-fully-human-what-fossils-and-dna-tell-us-about-the-evolution-of-modern-intelligence-143717\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewe're unlike other animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. We have complex languages that let us articulate and communicate ideas. We're creative: we make art, music, tools. Our imaginations let us think up worlds that once existed, dream up worlds that might yet exist, and reorder the external world according to those thoughts. Our social lives are complex networks of families, friends and tribes, linked by a sense of responsibility towards each other. We also have an awareness of ourselves, and our universe: sentience, sapience, consciousness, whatever you call it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd yet the distinction between ourselves and other animals is, arguably, artificial. Animals are more like humans than we might like to think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y4jst"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat's especially true of the great apes. Chimps, for example, have simple \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F104\u002F19\u002F8184.short\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Egestural and verbal communication\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They make crude tools, even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0960982207008019\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eweapons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and different groups have different suites of tools – distinct \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature04047\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecultures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Chimps also have complex social lives, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-020-20709-9\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecooperate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with each other. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Charles Darwin noted in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gutenberg.org\u002Febooks\u002F2300\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe Descent of Man\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, almost everything odd about Homo sapiens– emotion, cognition, language, tools, society – exists, in some primitive form, in other animals. We're different, but less different than we think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the past, some species were far more like us than other apes – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhumanorigins.si.edu\u002Fevidence\u002Fhuman-fossils\u002Fspecies\u002Fardipithecus-ramidus\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EArdipithecus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhumanorigins.si.edu\u002Fevidence\u002Fhuman-fossils\u002Fspecies\u002Faustralopithecus-afarensis\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EAustralopithecus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhm.ac.uk\u002Fdiscover\u002Fhomo-erectus-our-ancient-ancestor.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHomo erectus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Neanderthals. Homo sapiens are the only survivors of a once diverse group of humans and human-like apes, collectively known as the hominins. It is a group that includes around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.livescience.com\u002Fhow-many-human-species.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E20 known species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and probably dozens of as yet unknown species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210805-the-animals-changed-by-proximity-to-humans\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe animals changed by proximity to humans\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECould humans really destroy all life on the planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190715-strange-evolution-the-weird-future-of-life-on-earth\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe weird future of life on Earth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe extinction of other hominins, however, has helped to create the impression of a vast, unbridgeable gulf that separates our species from the rest of life on Earth. But the division would be far less clear if those species still existed. What looks like a bright, sharp dividing line is really an artefact of extinction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe discovery of these extinct species now blurs that line again and shows how the distance between us and other animals was crossed – gradually, over millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur lineage probably split from the chimpanzees \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F102\u002F52\u002F18842\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Earound six million years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These first hominins, members of the human line, would barely have seemed human, however. For the first few million years, hominin evolution was slow. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some of these species were startlingly like us in their skeletons, and their DNA","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwould-we-still-see-ourselves-as-human-if-other-hominin-species-hadnt-gone-extinct-166759\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThis article\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is part of Life's Big Questions, a new series by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe Conversation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that is being co-published with BBC Future. It seeks to answer our readers' nagging questions about life, love, death and the Universe. We work with professional researchers who have dedicated their lives to uncovering new perspectives on the questions that shape our lives. If you have a question you would like to be answered, please email either send us a message on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETwitter \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eor email \u003Ca href=\"mailto:bigquestions@theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebigquestions@theconversation.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Life's Big Questions","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe first big change was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F326\u002F5949\u002F72.full\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewalking upright\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which let hominins move from forests into more open grassland and bush. But if they walked like us, nothing else suggests the first hominins were any more human than chimps or gorillas. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F326\u002F5949\u002F64.abstract\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EArdipithecus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the earliest well-known hominin, had a brain that was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F326\u002F5949\u002F68\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eslightly smaller than a chimp's\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and there's no evidence they used tools.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the next million years, Australopithecus appeared. Australopithecus had a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhm.ac.uk\u002Fdiscover\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002Fapril\u002Faustralopithecus-afarensis-had-slow-growing-brains.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eslightly larger brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – larger than a chimp's, but still smaller than a gorilla's. It made slightly more sophisticated tools than chimps, using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature09248\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esharp stones to butcher animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen came \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhumanorigins.si.edu\u002Fevidence\u002Fhuman-fossils\u002Fspecies\u002Fhomo-habilis\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHomo habilis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For the first time, hominin brain size \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faustralian.museum\u002Flearn\u002Fscience\u002Fhuman-evolution\u002Flarger-brains\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eexceeded that of other apes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Tools – stone flakes, hammer stones, \"choppers\" — \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sapiens.org\u002Fbiology\u002Fhomo-sapiens-and-tool-making\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebecame much more complex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. After that, around two million years ago, human evolution accelerated, for reasons we're yet to understand. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt this point, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhumanorigins.si.edu\u002Fevidence\u002Fhuman-fossils\u002Fspecies\u002Fhomo-erectus\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHomo erectus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E appeared. \u003Cem\u003EErectus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was taller, more like us in stature, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4920293\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehad large brains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – several times bigger than a chimp's brain, and up to two-thirds the size of ours. They made \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fadvances.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F6\u002F10\u002Feaaw4694?fbclid=IwAR365qLhWggSbCFSU4yAXwQNyuSYQqgDVbA3glC1XhGGL97pPCVHCFsaAfw\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esophisticated tools\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like stone handaxes. This was a major technological advance. Handaxes needed skill and planning to create, and you probably had to be taught how to make one. It may have been a metatool – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0047248400904664\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eused to fashion other tools\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like spears and digging sticks. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike us, Homo erectus had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1086\u002F666700\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esmall teeth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. That suggests a shift from plant-based diets to eating more meat, probably obtained from hunting. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's here that our evolution seems to accelerate. The big-brained Erectus soon gave rise to even larger-brained species. These highly intelligent hominins spread through Africa and Eurasia, evolving into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNeanderthal\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ENeanderthals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDenisovan\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EDenisovans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-020-2165-4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHomo rhodesiensis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature22335\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Earchaic Homo sapiens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Technology became far more advanced – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS004724841730177X\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Estone-tipped spears\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F118\u002F31\u002Fe2101108118.short?rss=1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Efiremaking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E appeared. Objects with no clear functionality, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F104\u002F24\u002F9964.short\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ejewellery\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhat-the-use-of-ochre-tells-us-about-the-capabilities-of-our-african-ancestry-47081\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eart\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, also showed up over the past half-million years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of these species were startlingly like us in their skeletons, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature12886?report=reader\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eand their DNA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHomo neanderthalensis, the Neanderthals, had brains approaching ours in size, and evolved even larger brains over time until the last Neanderthals had cranial capacities \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-021-24290-7\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecomparable to a modern human's\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They might have thought of themselves, even spoke of themselves, as human. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Neanderthal archaeological record records \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhow-we-discovered-that-neanderthals-could-make-art-92127\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Euniquely human behaviour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, suggesting a mind resembling ours. Neanderthals were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhy-the-neanderthals-may-have-been-more-sophisticated-hunters-than-we-thought-new-study-98870\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eskilled, versatile hunters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, exploiting everything from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352409X18304218\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Erabbits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to rhinoceroses and woolly mammoths. They made sophisticated tools, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0047248415002080\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethrowing spears\u003C\u002Fa\u003E tipped with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-021-82257-6\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Estone points\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They fashioned jewellery from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F107\u002F3\u002F1023\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eshells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F107\u002F47\u002F20234\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eanimal teeth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0119802\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eeagle talons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F111\u002F37\u002F13301\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Emade cave art\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And Neanderthal ears were, like ours, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41559-021-01391-6\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eadapted to hear the subtleties of speech\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. We know they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fneanderthal-dispute-laid-to-rest-they-buried-their-dead-21593\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eburied their dead\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and probably mourned them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's so much about Neanderthals we don't know, and never will. But if they were so like us in their skeletons and their behaviours, it's reasonable to guess they may have been like us in other ways that don't leave a record – that they sang and danced, that they feared spirits and worshipped gods, that they wondered at the stars, told stories, laughed with friends, and loved their children. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-the-secret-lives-of-neanderthal-children\"\u003Ethe secret lives of Neanderthal children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo the extent Neanderthals were like us, they must have been capable of acts of great kindness and empathy, but also cruelty, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwar-in-the-time-of-neanderthals-how-our-species-battled-for-supremacy-for-over-100-000-years-148205\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eviolence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and deceit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y4hnl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFar less is known about other species, like Denisovans, Homo rhodesiensis, and extinct sapiens, but it's reasonable to guess from their large brains and human-looking skulls that they were also very much like us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI admit this sounds speculative, but for one detail. The DNA of Neanderthals, Denisovans and other hominins is found in us. We met them, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnature14558\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eand we had children together\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cem\u003E(\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210112-heres-what-sex-with-neanderthals-was-like\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ERead more from BBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about these sexual liaisons.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E That says a lot about how human they were. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's not impossible that Homo sapiens took Neanderthal women captive, or vice versa. But for Neanderthal genes to enter our populations, we had to not only mate but successfully raise children, who grew up to raise children of their own. That's more likely to happen if these pairings resulted from voluntary intermarriage. Mixing of genes also required their hybrid descendants to become accepted into their groups — to be treated as fully human.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese arguments hold not only for the Neanderthals, I'd argue, but for other species we interbred with, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0092867419302181\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EDenisovans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fearly-humans-in-africa-may-have-interbred-with-a-mysterious-extinct-species-new-research-131699\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eunknown hominins in Africa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Which isn't to say that encounters between our species were without prejudice, or entirely peaceful. It is conceivable that our own species may have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwere-other-humans-the-first-victims-of-the-sixth-mass-extinction-126638\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eresponsible for the extinction of these peoples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But there must have been times we looked past our differences to find a shared humanity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, it's telling that while we did replace these other hominins, this took time. Extinction of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and other species \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwar-in-the-time-of-neanderthals-how-our-species-battled-for-supremacy-for-over-100-000-years-148205\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Etook hundreds of thousands of years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If Neanderthals and Denisovans were really just stupid, grunting brutes, lacking language or complex thought, it's impossible they could have held modern humans off as long as they did.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy, if they were so like us, did we replace them? It's unclear, which suggests the difference was something that doesn't leave clear marks in fossils or stone tools. Perhaps a spark of creativity – a way with words, a knack for tools, social skills – gave us an edge. Whatever the difference was, it was subtle, or it wouldn't have taken us so long to win out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUntil now, I've dodged an important question, and arguably the most important one. It's all well and good to discuss how our humanity evolved, but what even is humanity? How can we study and recognise it, without defining it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Most people would tend to think that it's okay to sell, cook or eat a cow, but not to do the same to the butcher","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPeople tend to assume that there's something that makes us fundamentally different from other animals. Most people, for example, would tend to think that it's okay to sell, cook or eat a cow, but not to do the same to the butcher. This would be, well, inhuman. As a society, we tolerate displaying chimps and gorillas in cages but would be uncomfortable doing this to each other. Similarly, we can go to a store and buy a puppy or a kitten, but not a baby.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe rules are different for us and them. We inherently see ourselves as occupying a different moral and spiritual plane. We might bury our dead pet, but we wouldn't expect the dog's ghost to haunt us, or to find the cat waiting in Heaven. And yet, it's hard to find evidence for this kind of fundamental difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe word \"humanity\" implies taking care of and having compassion for each other, but that's arguably a mammalian quality, not a human one. A mother cat cares for her kittens, and a dog loves his master, perhaps more than any human does. Killer whales and elephants form lifelong family bonds. Orcas appear to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalgeographic.com\u002Fanimals\u002Farticle\u002Forca-mourning-calf-killer-whale-northwest-news\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Egrieve for their dead calves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and elephants have been seen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalgeographic.com\u002Fanimals\u002Farticle\u002Felephants-mourning-video-animal-grief\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Evisiting the remains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of their dead companions. Emotional lives and relationships aren't unique to us. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps it's awareness that sets us apart. But dogs and cats certainly seem aware of us – they recognise us as individuals, like we recognise them. They understand us well enough to know how to get us to give them food, or let them out the door, or even when we've had a bad day and need company. If that's not awareness, what is? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe might point to our large brains as setting us apart, but does that make us human? Bottlenose dolphins have somewhat larger brains than we do. Elephant brains are three times the size of ours, orcas, four times, and sperm whales, five times. Brain size also varies in humans. Something other than brain size must make us human. Or maybe there's more going on in the minds of other animals, including extinct hominins, than we think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe could define humanity in terms of higher cognitive abilities such as art, maths, music, language. This creates a curious problem because humans vary in how well we do all these things. I'm less literary than Jane Austen, less musical than Taylor Swift, less articulate than Martin Luther King. In these respects, am I less human than they are?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y4j4c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf we can't even define it, how can we really say where it starts, and where it ends – or that we're unique? Why do we insist on treating other species as inherently inferior, if we're not exactly sure what makes us, us?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeither are we necessarily the logical endpoint of human evolution. We were one of many hominin species, and yes, we won out. But it's possible to imagine another evolutionary course, a different sequence of mutations and historical events leading to Neanderthal archaeologists studying our strange, bubble-like skulls, wondering just how human we were. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe nature of evolution means that living things don't fit into neat categories. Species gradually change from one into another, and every individual in a species is slightly different – that makes evolutionary change possible. But that makes defining humanity hard. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe're both unlike other animals due to natural selection, but like them because of shared ancestry – the same, yet different. And we humans are both like and unlike each other, united by common ancestry with other Homo sapiens, different due to evolution and the unique combination of genes we inherit from our families or even other species, like Neanderthals and Denisovans. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's hard to classify living things in strict categories, because evolution constantly changes things, creating diverse species, and diversity within species. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd what diversity it is. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrue, in some ways, our species isn't that diverse. \u003Cem\u003EHomo sapiens \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eshows less genetic diversity than your average bacterial strain, our bodies show less variation in shape than sponges, or roses, or oak trees. But in our behaviour, humanity is wildly diverse. We are hunters, farmers, mathematicians, soldiers, explorers, carpenters, criminals, artists. There are so many different ways of being human, so many different aspects to the human condition, and each of us has to define and discover what it means to be human. It is, ironically, this inability to define humanity that is one of our most human characteristics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Nicholas Longrich is a senior lecturer in paleontology and evolutionary biology at the University of Bath\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwould-we-still-see-ourselves-as-human-if-other-hominin-species-hadnt-gone-extinct-166759\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on The Conversation, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out-11"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Flifes-big-questions"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-11T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What if other human species hadn't died out","headlineShort":"What if other human species still lived","image":["p09y4h9x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Would we still see our humanity in the same way if other hominin species – from Australopithecus to Neanderthals – hadn't gone extinct?","summaryShort":"Would our extinct relatives have changed how we see our place in the world?","tag":["tag\u002Fevolution","tag\u002Fcomment-analysis"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-11T00:00:33.246325Z","entity":"article","guid":"4338cd16-322d-4356-8828-23a5c8759ccf","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-11T17:45:51.779875Z","project":"future","slug":"20211008-what-if-other-human-species-hadnt-died-out","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242937},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans","_id":"615f7d3f45ceed1b7c5e4b03","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fallison-hirschlag"],"bodyIntro":"Worldwide, shark populations are on the decline. Boosting their numbers could have a cascade effect to help sink carbon and make the oceans more resilient to climate change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the westernmost tip of Australia in the aptly named Shark Bay, at least 28 species of shark swim through the clear waters and undulating seagrass meadows – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sharkbay.org\u002Fnature\u002Fplants\u002Fseagrass\u002F\"\u003Elargest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the world. Tiger sharks in particular are common frequenters of the jagged inlets of Shark Bay. These mammoth predatory fish brush their 15-ft-long (4.5m) bodies through the seagrass, occasionally snatching a majestic grazing sea cow for a meal. While the presence of tiger sharks is a threat to their prey, these predators are crucial to the health of the marine ecosystem that supports both species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, despite sharks' notorious reputation among humans, they could also be a powerful ally in curbing climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt all comes back to the wispy strands of seagrass that sway with the waves in the shallows of Shark Bay. This seagrass is food for the sea cows, or dugongs, who each graze on roughly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dugongconservation.org\u002Fmedia\u002F2016\u002F08\u002FDugong-and-their-seagrass-habitat-small.pdf\"\u003E40kg\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (88lb) of seagrass a day – as well as for manatees and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Focean.si.edu\u002Focean-life\u002Fplants-algae\u002Fseagrass-and-seagrass-beds\"\u003Egreen sea turtles.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Off Australia's north-east coast of Queensland, tiger sharks are estimated to have fallen by at least 71%","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDugongs, which can weigh as much as 500kg (1,100lb), are a rich source of food for tiger sharks. By keeping the sea cow population in check, tiger sharks in Shark Bay help the seagrass meadows thrive. A flourishing seagrass meadow \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-climate-change-seagrass\u002Fshrinking-sea-meadows-store-more-carbon-than-forests-scientists-are-racing-to-track-whats-left-idUSKBN2BV0MV\"\u003Estores twice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as much CO2 per square mile as forests typically do on land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y0d15"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut globally, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fspecies\u002F39378\u002F2913541#population\"\u003Etiger shark numbers are declining, including some populations in Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Off Australia's north-east coast of Queensland, tiger sharks are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0006320719306020\"\u003Eestimated to have fallen by at least 71%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, largely due to overfishing and bycatch. A reduction in tiger sharks means more seagrass grazing by herbivores, which means less carbon is sequestered in sea vegetation. In the Caribbean and Indonesia where shark populations have dwindled, overgrazing by herbivores like sea turtles is already a profound \u003Cspan\u003Ethreat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E to seagrass habitats, and has led to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnclimate2763\"\u003E90 to 100%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E loss of seagrass.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as meaning less carbon is absorbed, the loss of seagrass also makes the habitat less able to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbesjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1111\u002F1365-2656.13424\"\u003Erecover from extreme, climate change-driven weather events,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as heatwaves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is clear evidence that shark populations are declining the world over, and humans are largely to blame. A recent reassessment by the IUCN Red List found that 37.5% of all shark and ray species are now threatened with extinction. Catherine Macdonald, marine conservation biologist and a lecturer at the University of Miami, points out that oceanic sharks and rays have declined in abundance by 71% since 1970.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EOverfishing is their biggest threat, but loss of coastal habitats, prey loss and declines in water quality are also contributing factors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Shrinking shark numbers","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of Western Australia's worst heatwaves hit in 2011, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fsrep01277\"\u003Ewith ocean temperatures rising by 5C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for two months. The heatwave was catastrophic for the bay's dominant species of seagrass, \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which forms rich, dense meadows that hold sediments and provide food for grazers. More than 90% of the \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewas lost, the largest loss known across the bay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis loss of seagrass was, perversely, a treat for the bay's sea cows, who love a smaller and harder-to-find type of tropical seagrass that was ordinarily shielded from access by the tall, dense \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. When tropical seagrass is more accessible, sea cows in their enthusiasm are known to forage for it in a destructive way known as \"excavation foraging\", \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0003347207002606\"\u003Edigging up the rhizomes of their preferred seagrass\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and making it harder for dense \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E beds to reform.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Shark Bay, the tiger sharks were somewhat able to restore the balance by keeping sea cow numbers down, and not all the bay's seagrass was lost. But it begged the question: What if sharks were absent from the bay – would the \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E dominated ecosystem survive?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo find out, researchers led by Rob Nowicki of Florida International University, spent time in Eastern Australia, where shark numbers were lower and sea cows grazed largely undisturbed. There, divers went down and plucked the seagrass, simulating the sea cows' grazing when there are no predators to stop them – the enthusiastic, destructive excavation foraging. Sure enough, they observed a rapid loss in seagrass coverage, particularly of \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and the ecosystem began to shift to a more tropical picture dominated by tropical seagrass.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We learned that when unchecked, dugong grazing can rapidly destroy wide areas of seagrass when they perform excavation foraging,\" says Nowicki. These changes can be long-lasting. “When the seagrass recovers, the seagrass community looks different, with different species dominating than before.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose findings underlined the role that sharks were playing in Shark Bay. \"Without tiger sharks keeping the dugongs in check, the bay would likely convert to mostly tropical seagrasses,\" says Nowicki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y0dnn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf shark populations continue to decline at the rate they are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewtrusts.org\u002Fen\u002Fresearch-and-analysis\u002Farticles\u002F2021\u002F03\u002F09\u002Falarming-decline-in-shark-populations-points-to-need-for-stricter-conservation-measures#:~:text=Despite%20years%20of%20calls%20to,because%20of%20increased%20fishing%20pressure.\"\u003Earound the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003E(see Shrinking Shark Numbers)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the resilience of carbon-rich ocean ecosystems to extreme climate events like heatwaves will likely be compromised, Nowicki's team concluded.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat said, Becca Selden, an assistant professor of biological sciences at Wellesley College, says the consequences for Shark Bay may be more profound than most, due to its unique ecosystem. \"The strong effect may have been enhanced by its comparatively simple food web in the seagrass ecosystem where predators limit grazing by a megaherbivore,\" Seldon explains. In other words, other coastal habitats may not fare quite so badly as Shark Bay when under similar pressure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as keeping sea cow numbers down and making seagrass ecosystems more resilient, tiger sharks also play another crucial role in maintaining the health of the habitat. They act as potent fertilisers when they poo, and when they perish in the meadows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Long-lived vertebrates can act as carbon sinks when carbon consumed at the ocean surface is transferred to the deep ocean by faeces and\u002For dead carcasses falling to the ocean floor,\" says Selden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fadvances.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F6\u002F44\u002Feabb4848\"\u003EThis phenomenon, known as carbon sinking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is most well-established in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F20554546\u002F\"\u003Ewhales\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but there is research showing the same benefits exist for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.news.ucsb.edu\u002F2018\u002F018820\u002Fnatural-fertilizer\"\u003Esharks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cem\u003E(\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-why-saving-whales-can-help-fight-climate-change\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more about how whale death and poo can help sink carbon at sea.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2017.2456\"\u003EOne study led by Jessica Williams at Imperial College London\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that grey reef sharks, which are commonly found in shallow reef ecosystems, transfer nutrients such as nitrogen to their habitats via faecal matter. They estimated that the population of over 8,000 grey sharks in Palmyra Atoll provided around 94.5kg (210lb) of nitrogen a day. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the tiger sharks in Shark Bay spend ample time hunting in and moving through the seagrass beds, it’s likely they provide similar fertilising benefits to those plants. \"Large pelagic sharks may be the most important contributors to this effect, including blue sharks, makos and hammerheads,\" says Selden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y0fmc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to boosting shark numbers, conservationists are up against a formidable opponent: The fishing industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Nowicki and Selden, there has been a movement towards more sustainable fishing, but a large percentage of the industry have not modified their methods, which is a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2021\u002F01\u002F27\u002Fclimate\u002Fsharks-population-study.html#:~:text=Oceanic%20sharks%20and%20rays%20have%20declined%20by%2071,1970%2C%20mainly%20because%20of%20overfishing.&text=More%20than%20three%20quarters%20of,of%20people%20in%20many%20nations.\"\u003Eprime reason\u003C\u002Fa\u003E why many marine apex predators continue to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs42003-018-0233-1\"\u003Edecline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The varying stringency of animal protection laws between different nations also plays a part.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Since many predatory fish are also wide-ranging, they can cover many nations' jurisdictions, some of which may not protect them or practice sustainable fishing practices,\" says Nowicki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReducing illegal and unsustainable fishing has been an uphill battle, though consumers are becoming \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-55630144\"\u003Emore environmentally conscious\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Focean.si.edu\u002Fconservation\u002Ffishing\u002Fsustainable-fishing\"\u003Echoosing sustainable fisheries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over unsustainable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Sustainable, coordinated, ecosystem-based fisheries management is a major tool to conserve these predators and their ecological role. Everyday citizens can do this by getting informed, reading up on the science, demanding that fisheries become or remain sustainable, and making sustainable seafood purchases,\" says Nowicki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you’re unsure which seafood is truly sustainable, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) assesses fisheries internationally, so if a distributor is certified sustainable, there will be a blue MSC seal on the package.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd aside from supporting sustainable fishing, Nowicki says the only way to truly protect marine life is to reduce our global greenhouse gas emissions. \"Ultimately, if we are going to conserve our ecosystems in the centuries to come, we are going to need to solve climate change while undertaking species conservation at the same time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if shark populations are restored to more abundant numbers, their contribution to carbon sinking and mitigation will be just one small part in the effort to curb climate change. But sharks' abundance has an undeniable ripple effect on the many marine ecosystems that rely on healthy, plentiful seagrass in one way or another. By leveling the ecological playing field, sharks are fortifying these ecosystems against the threat of climate change, so they can live to sink carbon another day.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-08T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The far-reaching benefits of tiger sharks for climate","headlineShort":"The unexpected benefits of tiger sharks","image":["p09y09s7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Worldwide, shark populations are on the decline. Boosting their numbers could have a cascade effect to help sink carbon and make the oceans more resilient to climate change.","summaryShort":"Without sharks, ecosystems struggle to bounce back after extreme climate events","tag":["tag\u002Foceans","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-07T23:05:33.062499Z","entity":"article","guid":"646af4a0-a22b-4511-b838-766ced03c41d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-11T15:42:45.153155Z","project":"future","slug":"20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242937},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage","_id":"615cdb5745ceed0728482a45","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan"],"bodyIntro":"Baby massage has been practised in South Asia for centuries. Now scientists are discovering its life-saving potential.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a cool October evening, Renu Saxena brought her newborn daughter home from hospital in the southern Indian city of Bengaluru. It struck her just how fragile her baby was, her tiny veins glowing through her translucent skin. She had been born early, at 36 weeks, and weighed only 2.4kg (5.3lbs). Saxena’s family urged her to immediately start an age-old Indian remedy for helping newborns thrive: daily baby massage. But her doctors were more cautious, and suggested she wait until the baby had put on more weight before starting massages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESaxena struck a compromise, and decided to hold off for two weeks. During that time, her daughter gained hardly any weight, less than 100g (3.5oz) a week, and slept fitfully. It was only when Saxena hired a retired neonatal nurse, and learned the art of traditional baby massage from her, that things took a turn for the better. Her daughter not only began to sleep well, she also put on more weight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFar from an isolated success, Saxena’s experience is backed by a growing body of evidence on the surprising benefits of South Asian baby massage, including for premature babies. Studies have shown that these oil massages, when done properly, can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\u002Ftrack\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1186\u002F1471-2458-13-S3-S31.pdf\"\u003Eboost babies’ weight gain prevent bacterial infections\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F18310201\u002F\"\u003Ecut infant mortality by up to 50%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Parents interested in the technique should however discuss it with their healthcare provider first, to ensure it is safe and suitable for their child.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo the families who treasure this ancestral practice, the findings confirm their own observations. Saxena, a former advertising executive, originally hails from the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, known for its tradition of massaging both mother and infant soon after birth. Her extended family has been following the routine for generations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wsqlc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"When we were growing up, my mother would always tell us how she recovered far more quickly after giving birth to me, her third child, and how I thrived because she started a massage routine the day she came home after birth,\" Saxena says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe neonatal nurse showed her how to warm the oils, alternating between pure coconut and almond, and safely apply them to her daughter’s skin in daily half-hour sessions, followed by a warm bath.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We started with gentle, heart-shaped strokes over the baby’s tummy, and extended it to other parts of the body,\" she says. \"Then we gently exercised the limbs, touching the tips of the toes to the forehead to relieve any trapped gas.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMassaging infants can give them health benefits that last well into adulthood, researchers say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The skin is the largest organ of the body, but we often minimise how important skincare is to overall health,\" says Gary Darmstadt, professor of neonatal and developmental medicine at the Stanford University School of Medicine. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We saw about a 40% reduction in the risk of infection and a 25-50% reduction in the risk of mortality – Gary Darmstadt","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn his early travels through Bangladesh and India, Darmstadt observed families, particularly mothers and grandmothers, spending a lot of time massaging their newborns. \"I was intrigued when I learned that it had been done for centuries, and then began to study it,\" he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2008, in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F18310201\u002F\"\u003Ea study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 497 preterm babies who received daily massages at a hospital in Bangladesh, Darmstadt and his collaborators showed that this ancient practice can save lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We saw about a 40% reduction in the risk of infection and a 25-50% reduction in the risk of mortality, which was significant,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough separate trials, the team found that regular massages help build the baby’s microbiome – the layer of bacteria that resides on the skin and in the gut. The microbiome plays a critical role in enhancing immunity, by acting as an effective barrier that can keep infections out. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Malnourished babies who were massaged with oils developed a microbiome that was far more diverse,\" says Darmstadt. \"[The oils] improved the skin barrier function, making it harder for bacteria to penetrate through the skin, get into the bloodstream and cause life-threatening infections.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese findings were especially critical for the care of preterm babies. \"In preterm babies, the skin barrier doesn’t work as well and so you tend to have water loss through the skin. Water evaporates (from the body) very quickly, and with it goes heat. It’s easy for that baby to become hypothermic,\" he says.  When the body temperature dips too low, it can be life-threatening. \"The infant is losing a lot of energy (fighting this loss of heat). Energy that could be otherwise going into growth and other aspects of body function,\" he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wtjy5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a yet-to-be-published study by Darmstadt and his team, researchers tracked 26,000 babies, not just preterm infants, in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Half of them were massaged with sunflower oil and the other half with mustard oil. The researchers noted an improvement in growth for all babies. \"And while there wasn’t a big impact on mortality rate for normal birthweight babies, among smaller babies (with a birth weight of less than 1.5 kg), there was a massive 52% reduced risk of mortality,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther researchers have found similar benefits. One study suggests that the massages stimulate the vagus nerve, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Fscience\u002Fvagus-nerve\"\u003Ea long nerve that links the brain and the abdomen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, leading to better digestion, and absorption of nutrients. This in turn can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3133856\u002F\"\u003Ehelp babies gain weight\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The daily tummy-rubs may also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31059673\u002F\"\u003Ereduce stress and pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which can be especially important for preterm infants who spend long, lonely months in hospital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We suggest that parents start massaging their infants at birth,\" says Tiffany Field, a professor of pediatrics, psychology, and psychiatry at the University of Miami School of Medicine, who specialises in infant massage. She has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F20137814\u002F\"\u003Ereviewed studies of preterm baby massage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from different countries, and promotes the practice, while reminding parents that the right technique is crucial.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One must ‘move the skin’, by applying moderate pressure, but too gentle a stroke can make the baby feel ticklish. Most infants don’t enjoy that and it's not therapeutic,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wtk3w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDarmstadt also recommends a moderate approach: \"What we don’t want to do, particularly in a preterm infant, is rub too hard,\" he says. \"You can damage the skin barrier and that can be harmful.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe oil has to be carefully chosen and applied, and tradition is not always the best guide for this. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3894015\u002F\"\u003EA 2013 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 194 infants in South India, almost all of whom were massaged by their mothers, found that more than half of the mothers applied oil to the baby’s ears and eyes.  Researchers warn that this could cause infections. \"We need more widespread awareness campaigns in order to avoid this and to practise the right techniques,\" says Nitin Joseph, an associate professor specialising in community medicine at Kasturba Medical College near Mangalore, India, and one of the key researchers in the study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESunflower seed, coconut and sesame oil provide the most benefits, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002Fpidj\u002FFulltext\u002F2004\u002F08000\u002FTopically_Applied_Sunflower_Seed_Oil_Prevents.5.aspx\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Darmstadt and his collaborator, Peter M Elias, a professor of dermatology at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"These oils have a high content of linoleic acid, which your body can’t make,\" says Darmstadt. \"And there are receptors on the skin that bind that fatty acid specifically, so that it is metabolised. There is evidence to suggest that fatty acids in the oil can also stimulate and enhance the immune function of the skin.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wtk7s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, mustard oil, used widely in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, contains erucic acid, which can lead to inflammation and damage the skin barrier, Darmstadt says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor families, the routine can be an opportunity to strengthen generational ties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPranjali Bhonde, a writer based in the city of Pune, western India, massages her now 14-month-old baby Samar twice a day. She started at birth. For the first four months, her mother helped. It was an activity they both enjoyed. Now, as she massages alone, Bhonde likes to maintain eye contact with her baby during the massage, and sing songs and rhymes to him. \"It made our bond grow stronger,\" she says. \"And I could see how regular massage improved his sleep and his skin.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOil massages could help older family members, too. \"We’re finding that it’s beneficial in elderly people as well. Skin does become more fragile as you age,\" says Darmstadt. Dry skin is prone to small fissures, which can let in bacteria, and oil helps prevent that by keeping it supple.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Saxena, following her family’s northern Indian tradition boosted not just her daughter’s health, but also her own. A mother for the first time at the age of 40, she had developed gestational diabetes and had to deliver her daughter via a scheduled Caesarean section.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"She slept for four hours undisturbed after the massage, which had never happened before,\" she says, recalling how much her baby enjoyed the first session. \"It allowed me to rest as well. And it struck me that regular massages could be the key to a healthy childhood.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* All content within this article is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of health care professionals. The BBC encourages anyone interested in using baby massage to seek expert advice beforehand as incorrect application of these techniques could risk harm to young children and infants.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDisclaimer: The BBC is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis or actions taken by a user based on the content of this site. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own GP if you're in any way concerned about your health or the health of your child.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-06T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How a simple tummy-rub can change babies' lives","headlineShort":"The surprising benefits of baby massage","image":["p09wsqzg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Baby massage has been practised in South Asia for centuries. Now scientists are discovering its life-saving potential.","summaryShort":"Practised in South Asia for centuries, it has life-saving potential","tag":["tag\u002Fbaby","tag\u002Fhealth"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-05T23:05:54.487729Z","entity":"article","guid":"a1483494-fcc3-4b51-ae58-4001fbad0633","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-06T13:39:04.389436Z","project":"future","slug":"20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242938},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers","_id":"615e2a8045ceed3fa71dc901","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"What if dormant microbes trigger the onset of Alzheimer's? It's a theory that could have profound implications for prevention of the disease, writes David Robson.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is more than 150 years since scientists proved that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fbitesize\u002Fguides\u002Fzyscng8\u002Frevision\u002F7\"\u003Einvisible germs could cause contagious illnesses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis. The role of microbes in these diseases was soon widely accepted, but \"Germ Theory\" has continued to surprise ever since – with huge implications for many apparently unrelated areas of medicine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was only in the 1980s, after all, that two Australian scientists found that \u003Cem\u003EHelicobacter Pylori \u003C\u002Fem\u003Etriggers stomach ulcers. Before that, doctors had blamed the condition on stress, cigarettes and booze. Contemporary scientists \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jyi.org\u002F2005-february\u002F2005\u002F2\u002F9\u002Fdelayed-gratification-why-it-took-everybody-so-long-to-acknowledge-that-bacteria-cause-ulcers\"\u003Econsidered the idea to be \"preposterous\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, yet it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nobelprize.org\u002Fprizes\u002Fmedicine\u002F2005\u002Fpress-release\u002F\"\u003Eeventually earned the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2005.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe discovery that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Fscience-nature\u002Fwoman-who-revealed-missing-link-between-viruses-and-cancer-180972427\u002F\"\u003Ehuman papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer proved to be similarly controversial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fvaccines\u002Fvpd\u002Fhpv\u002Fpublic\u002Findex.html\"\u003Evaccines against the infection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are now saving thousands of lives. Scientists today estimate that around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3992243\u002F\"\u003E12% of all human cancers are caused by viruses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe may be witnessing a similar revolution in our understanding of Alzheimer's disease. Lifestyle and genetic factors certainly play a role in the development of the illness. But it looks increasingly possible that some common viruses and bacteria – the kinds that give us cold sores and gum disease – may, over the long term, trigger the death of neural tissue and a steady cognitive decline. If so, infections may be one of the leading causes of the dementia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike the germ theories of ulcers and cancers, this hypothesis was once considered a kind of heresy – yet a string of compelling findings has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplospathogens\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.ppat.1008596\"\u003Esparked renewed interest in microbes' contributions to dementia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"There's a huge amount of work being done now, compared to even five years ago,\" says Ruth Itzhaki, an emeritus professor at the University of Manchester in the UK, who has spent three decades investigating the role of infection in Alzheimer's.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe hypothesis has inspired a clinical trial of a drug that could target the infection before it decimates the brain, radically reducing the risk of senility in old age. And there may soon be many other exciting new treatments in the pipeline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171213-the-musical-side-of-my-dads-dementia\"\u003EThe part of my dad that dementia can't take\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200622-the-long-term-effects-of-covid-19-infection\"\u003EHow Covid-19 can damage the brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200512-the-ingredients-that-hold-the-secret-to-a-long-life\"\u003EThe ingredients for a longer life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA new understanding of Alzheimer's disease could not come soon enough. While there are many forms of dementia, Alzheimer's causes around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fdementia\"\u003E60-70% of cases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Globally, that amounts to around seven million people who have been newly diagnosed every year, who desperately need new treatments to slow their decline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe disease takes its name from the German doctor Alois Alzheimer. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10072-010-0454-7\"\u003EIn 1906, he noted the build-up of plaques in the brain of a 55-year-old woman\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Auguste Deter, who had been suffering from memory decline, language problems and unpredictable behaviour. We now know that these plaques are made from a protein called amyloid beta, and they are thought to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29447116\u002F\"\u003Etoxic to brain cells and impair the synaptic connections that are important for neural signalling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The accumulation of amyloid beta plaques may also cause tangles of another protein, tau, to build within cells, which can itself lead to neuronal death, and it appears to be accompanied by widespread inflammation in the brain, which adds to the damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xw66p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe \"amyloid beta hypothesis\" has inspired countless trials of drugs that aimed to break up these toxic plaques. Yet this research \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmg23331103-300-the-alzheimers-problem-why-are-we-struggling-to-find-a-cure\u002F\"\u003Ehas ended in many disappointments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, without producing the desired improvements in patients' prognosis. This has led some to wonder whether the amyloid beta hypothesis may be missing an important part of the story. \"The plaques that Alzheimer observed are the manifestation of the disease, not the cause,\" says geriatrics scientist Tamas Fulop at the University of Sherbrooke in Canada.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientists studying Alzheimer's have also struggled to explain why some people develop the disease while others don't. Genetic studies show that the presence of a gene variant – APOE4 – can vastly increase someone's chances of building the amyloid plaques and developing the disease. But the gene variant does not seal someone's fate as many people carry APOE4 but don't suffer from serious neurodegeneration. Some environmental factors must be necessary to set off the genetic time bomb, prompting the build-up of the toxic plaques and protein tangles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEarly evidence\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECould certain microbes act as a trigger? That's the central premise of the infection hypothesis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EItzhaki has led the way with her examinations into the role of the herpes simplex virus (HSV1), which is most famous for causing cold sores on the skin around the mouth. Importantly, the virus is known to lie dormant for years, until times of stress or ill health, when it can become reactivated – leading to a new outbreak of the characteristic blisters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Could certain microbes act as a trigger? That's the central premise of the infection hypothesis","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile it had long been known that the virus could infect the brain – leading to a dangerous swelling called encephalitis that required immediate treatment – this was thought to be a very rare event. In the early 1990s, however, Itzhaki's examinations of post-mortem tissue revealed that a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F1649907\u002F\"\u003Esurprising number of people showed signs of HSV1 in their neural tissue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, without having suffered from encephalitis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EImportantly, the virus didn't seem to be a risk for the people without the APOE4 gene variant, most of whom did not develop dementia. Nor did the presence of APOE4 make much difference to the risk of people without the infection. Instead, it was the combination of the two that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0140673696101495\"\u003Eproved to be important\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Overall, Itzhaki estimates that the two risk factors make it 12 times more likely that someone \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Falzheimers-disease-mounting-evidence-that-herpes-virus-is-a-cause-104943\"\u003Ewill develop Alzheimer's\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, compared to people without the gene variant or the latent infection in their brain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xw6h5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EItzhaki hypothesised that this was due to repeated reactivation of the latent virus – which, during each bout, invades \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0304394007010786\"\u003Ethe brain and somehow triggers the production of amyloid beta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, until eventually, people start to show the cognitive decline that marks the onset of dementia. \"I think there has to be repeated activation and accumulated damage to explain the long-term course of the disease.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EItzhaki says that her findings were met with a high degree of scepticism by other scientists. \"We had the most awful trouble getting it published.\" Many assumed that the experiments were somehow contaminated, she says, leading to an illusory result. Yet she had been careful to avoid this possibility, and the apparent link between HSV1 infection and Alzheimer's disease \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3002652\u002F\"\u003Ehas now been replicated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in many different populations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne paper, published earlier this year, examined cohorts from Bordeaux, Dijon, Montpellier and rural France. By tracking certain antibodies, they were able to detect who had been infected with the herpes simplex virus.  The researchers found that the infection \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41398-021-01532-2\"\u003Eroughly tripled the risk of developing Alzheimer's in APOE4 carriers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over a seven-year follow-up period – but had no effect in people who were not carrying the gene. \"The herpes virus was only able to have a deleterious effect if there was APOE4,\" says Catherine Helmer at the University of Bordeaux in France, who conducted the research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo date, the most compelling evidence for the infection hypothesis comes from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007%2Fs13311-018-0611-x\"\u003Ea large study in Taiwan, published in 2018, which looked at the progress of 8,362 people carrying a herpes simplex virus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Crucially, some of the participants were given antiviral drugs to treat the infection. As the infection hypothesis predicted, this reduced the risk of dementia. Overall, those taking a long course of medication were around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fjmv.25481\"\u003E90% less likely to develop dementia over the 10-year study period\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than the participants who had not received any treatment for their infection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xw6j8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's a result that is so striking, it's hard to believe,\" says Anthony Komaroff, a professor at Harvard Medical School and a senior physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, who recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F32511670\u002F\"\u003Ereviewed the current state of the research into the infection hypothesis for the Journal of the American Medical Association\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Although he remains cautious about lending too much confidence to any single study, he is now convinced that the idea demands more attention. \"It's such a dramatic result that it must be taken seriously,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKomaroff knows of no theoretical objections to the theory. \"I haven't heard anyone, even world-class Alzheimer's experts who are dubious about the infection hypothesis, give a good reason why it has to be bunkum,\" he adds. We simply need more studies providing direct evidence for the link, he says, to be able to convince the sceptics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's a result that is so striking, it's hard to believe","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs interest in the infection hypothesis has grown, scientists have started to investigate whether any other pathogens may trigger a similar response – with some intriguing conclusions. A 2017 study suggested that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychiatrist.com\u002Fjcp\u002Fneurologic\u002Fdementia\u002Fherpes-zoster-and-dementia\u002F\"\u003Evirus behind shingles and chickenpox\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can moderately increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease. There is also evidence that \u003Cem\u003EPorphyromonas gingivalis, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe bacterium behind gum disease, can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.aau3333\"\u003Etrigger the accumulation of amyloid beta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which may explain why \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fbdjteam201662\"\u003Epoor dental health predicts people's cognitive decline in old age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Certain \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontent.iospress.com\u002Farticles\u002Fjournal-of-alzheimers-disease\u002Fjad132681\"\u003Efungi may even penetrate the brain and trigger neurodegeneration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If the causal role of these microbes is confirmed, then each finding could inspire new treatments for the disease.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientists studying the infection hypothesis have also started making some headway in explaining the physiological mechanisms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETheir explanation centres on the surprising discovery that amyloid beta can act as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0896627318305269\"\u003Ea kind of microbicide that fights pathogens in the brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Studies by Fulop and others, for instance, show that the protein \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10522-014-9538-8\"\u003Ecan bind to the surface of the herpes simplex virus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This seems to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29504537\u002F\"\u003Eentrap the pathogen with a web of tiny fibres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and prevents it from attaching to cells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the short term, this could be highly advantageous, preventing the infection from spiralling out of control so that it poses an immediate danger to someone's life. But if the pathogen is repeatedly reactivated during times of stress, the amyloid beta could accumulate in the toxic plaques, harming the cells it is meant to be protecting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xw6l1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow the APOE4 gene variant fits into this process remains to be discovered. Perhaps it changes our cells' susceptibility to an infection. Or perhaps it impairs the clean-up and repair of the neural damage after the pathogen has been deactivated. Either way, the consequence would be increased neural degeneration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may seem strange that humans would have evolved a defence system that could backfire in this way. But the risk of developing Alzheimer's later in life – after we've already had a chance to reproduce – would have been far less important for the survival of our species than the immediate risk of a full-blown brain infection during our youth. \"If amyloid beta is evolutionarily conserved, it probably has some function that's good for the preservation of the species – and protecting against infections in the brain would certainly qualify as such a function,\" says Komaroff. We may now be living with the consequences of a trade-off between the immediate, short-term protection and the long-term risk of chronic illness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDouble threat\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring the current pandemic, some scientists have started to worry that the coronavirus could increase the risk of dementia. As scientists from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontent.iospress.com\u002Farticles\u002Fjournal-of-alzheimers-disease\u002Fjad200537\"\u003Ewarned in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last year: \"It is possible that there may be an existing population who have become unknowingly predisposed to neurodegeneration through silent viral entry into the brain.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo far there are some signs that Covid infections can bring about neural damage. Researchers at a recent meeting of the Alzheimer's Association, for example, presented an analysis of blood samples taken from otherwise healthy patients recovering from Covid. They found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.alz.org\u002Faaic\u002Freleases_2021\u002Fcovid-19-cognitive-impact.asp\"\u003Eelevated levels of signature chemicals that often accompany the onset of Alzheimer's disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Eventually, doctors may be able to screen people according to the many different microbes they may be carrying in their brains","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis could just be another consequence of the overall assault on the body, including the increased inflammation that comes with the disease. But some animal studies and analyses of human autopsies suggest \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frupress.org\u002Fjem\u002Farticle\u002F218\u002F3\u002Fe20202135\u002F211674\u002FNeuroinvasion-of-SARS-CoV-2-in-human-and-mouse\"\u003Ethat the coronavirus can invade the brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And laboratory experiments suggest that this infection may, in turn, trigger neural damage. In one striking study, Jay Gopalakrishnan at Heinrich-Heine-University in Dusseldorf and colleagues created \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.embopress.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.15252\u002Fembj.2020106230\"\u003Ea series of \"cerebral organoids\" – miniature, lab-grown brain tissue – and then exposed them to the virus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They saw some marked changes in the tau proteins that are associated with Alzheimer's, and increased neural death, after infection from the virus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch findings ring alarm bells for Fulop. \"Sars-Cov-2 may act exactly as HSV-1,\" he proposes. Others – including Gopalakrishnan – are more cautious, however. \"We have demonstrated that the virus can infect human neurons, and it can cause some sort of neuronal stress,\" he says. \"And this may have some unexpected effects.\" Much more research will be necessary to assess any long-term risks for neurological disease.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xw6pk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThree decades after her initial investigations, Itzhaki hopes we will now see the development of more clinical trials testing new treatments, in a bid to replicate the observations of the HSV1 patients receiving antiviral medication in Taiwan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne study in New York is already investigating \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F32034019\u002F\"\u003Ethe use of the anti-herpetic medication valacyclovir on patients with mild Alzheimer's disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The participants are set to undergo a series of cognitive tests after 52 and 78 weeks. If those receiving the drug experience a slower decline in performance than those receiving a placebo, it will provide some compelling evidence for the efficacy of the treatment – and the infection hypothesis more generally. \"It's the first trial of its kind,\" says Itzhaki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf antiviral drugs do prove to be effective, they could offer protection to an enormous number of people. Itzhaki calculates that around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6202583\u002F\"\u003E18% of people aged 30-40 have the APOE4 gene variant, and also carry a latent HSV1 infection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, putting them at the much-heightened risk of Alzheimer's in the decades ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe success of anti-herpetic drugs could also spur efforts to treat the many other kinds of infections that may also contribute to Alzheimer's risk in certain patients. Eventually, doctors may be able to screen people according to the many different microbes they may be carrying in their brains – and control the infections before they have time to cause serious damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring our conversation, Itzhaki repeatedly expresses her frustration that progress hasn't come sooner. If these treatments help a fraction of the seven million people developing Alzheimer's disease every year, they would have an enormous impact on world health. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"After these 30 years of difficulties getting funding and getting published, it strikes me very often how many people might have benefited if these treatments had been tested earlier,\" she says. \"I feel so strongly about that.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E*David Robson is a science writer and author based in London, UK. His next book, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidrobson.me\u002Fthe-expectation-effect\u002F\"\u003EThe Expectation Effect: How Your Mindset Can Transform Your Life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E will be published by Canongate and Henry Holt in early 2022. He is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-07T00:00:08Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Alzheimer's: The heretical and hopeful role of infection","headlineShort":"A 'heretical' theory about Alzheimer's","image":["p09xw68w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"What if dormant microbes trigger the onset of Alzheimer's? It's a theory that could have profound implications for prevention of the disease, writes David Robson.","summaryShort":"There's growing evidence that microbes play a role - what if it's true?","tag":["tag\u002Fbiology","tag\u002Fbrain"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-06T23:00:12.79182Z","entity":"article","guid":"51461822-b8ff-4067-86a9-d29262702675","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-07T09:13:21.751067Z","project":"future","slug":"20211006-what-if-dormant-microbes-trigger-alzheimers","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242938},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights","_id":"615a373045ceed053f40b888","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Ffiona-amery"],"bodyIntro":"Some people have claimed the aurora borealis makes discernible crackling, whooshing or whizzing sounds. Are they highly perceptive, or are the sounds a trick of the mind?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's a question that has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2021.0031\"\u003Epuzzled observers for centuries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: do the fantastic green and crimson light displays of the aurora borealis produce any discernible sound?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConjured by the interaction of solar particles with gas molecules in Earth's atmosphere, the aurora generally occurs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-beauty-and-mystery-auroras\"\u003Enear Earth's poles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where the magnetic field is strongest. Reports of the aurora making a noise, however, are rare – and were historically dismissed by scientists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FUnto-Laine\u002Fpublication\u002F304252270_Auroral_Acoustics_project_-_a_progress_report_with_a_new_hypothesis\u002Flinks\u002F576aba0208aefcf135bd4c60\u002FAuroral-Acoustics-project-a-progress-report-with-a-new-hypothesis.pdf\"\u003EFinnish study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from 2016 claimed to have finally confirmed that the Northern Lights really do produce sound audible to the human ear. One of the researchers involved in the study \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=NRZfKqhs6rM&ab_channel=AaltoUniversity\"\u003Ecaptured a sound, possibly made by the captivating lights,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that was estimated to have originated 70m (230ft) above ground level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, the mechanism behind the sound remains somewhat mysterious, as are the conditions that must be met for the sound to be heard. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2021.0031\"\u003EMy recent research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E takes a look over historic reports of auroral sound to understand the methods of investigating this elusive phenomenon and the process of establishing whether reported sounds were objective, illusory or imaginary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xhhk4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAuroral noise was the subject of particularly lively debate in the first decades of the 20th Century, when accounts from settlements across northern latitudes reported that sound sometimes accompanied the mesmerising light displays in their skies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWitnesses told of a quiet, almost imperceptible crackling, whooshing or whizzing noise during particularly violent Northern Lights displays. In the early 1930s, for instance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2021.0031\"\u003Epersonal testimonies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E started flooding into The Shetland News, the weekly newspaper of the subarctic Shetland Islands, likening the sound of the Northern Lights to \"rustling silk\" or \"two planks meeting flat ways\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese tales were corroborated by similar testimony from northern Canada and Norway. Yet the scientific community was less than convinced, especially considering very few western explorers claimed to have heard the elusive noises themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe credibility of auroral noise reports from this time was intimately tied to altitude measurements of the Northern Lights. It was considered that only those displays that descended low into the Earth’s atmosphere would be able to transmit sound which could be heard by the human ear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem here was that results recorded during the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1029\u002FTR015i001p00166-2\"\u003ESecond International Polar Year of 1932-33\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found aurorae most commonly took place 100km (62 miles) above Earth, and very rarely below 80km (50 miles). This suggested it would be impossible for discernible sound from the lights to be transmitted to the Earth's surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xhhm5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGiven these findings, eminent physicists and meteorologists remained sceptical, dismissing accounts of auroral sound and very low aurorae as folkloric stories or auditory illusions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESir Oliver Lodge, the British physicist involved in the development of radio technology, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2021.0031\"\u003Ecommented that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E auroral sound might be a psychological phenomenon due to the vividness of the aurora's appearance – just as meteors sometimes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F023529e0\"\u003Econjure a whooshing sound\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the brain. Similarly, the meteorologist George Clark Simpson argued that the appearance of low aurorae was likely an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F127663a0\"\u003Eoptical illusion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E caused by the interference of low clouds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, 20th-Century \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F119045b0\"\u003Eaccounts written by two astronomer's assistants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E claimed to have heard the aurora, adding some legitimacy to the large volume of personal reports.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne wrote they had heard a \"very curious faint whistling sound, distinctly undulatory, which seemed to follow exactly the vibrations of the aurora\", while another experienced a sound like \"burning grass or spray\". As convincing as these two last testimonies may have been, they still didn't propose a mechanism by which auroral sound could operate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This electrification produces a crackling sound, much like the sound of static, which could take place on the observer's clothes or spectacles","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe answer to this enduring mystery which has subsequently garnered the most support was first tentatively suggested in 1923 by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fadsabs.harvard.edu\u002Fpdf\u002F1923JRASC..17..273C\"\u003EClarence Chant\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a well-known Canadian astronomer. He argued that the motion of the Northern Lights alters Earth's magnetic field, inducing changes in the electrification of the atmosphere, even at a significant distance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis electrification produces a crackling sound much closer to Earth's surface when it meets objects on the ground, much like the sound of static. This could take place on the observer's clothes or spectacles, or possibly in surrounding objects including fir trees or the cladding of buildings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChant's theory correlates well with many accounts of auroral sound, and is also supported by occasional reports of the smell of ozone – which reportedly carries a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fstorm-scents-smell-rain\u002F\"\u003Emetallic odour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E similar to an electrical spark – during Northern Lights displays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet Chant's paper went largely unnoticed in the 1920s, only receiving recognition in the 1970s when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0065268708603520?casa_token=A_jSDHN45qoAAAAA:2Cb-cn5RsGRYmBvvOAdcMO5jY5PL5KLK1vvhn_xB-iCzdABUFIUG9CtpPcoR2ho-lVtLdxM1m-o\"\u003Etwo auroral physicists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E revisited the historical evidence. Chant's theory is largely accepted by scientists today, although there's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearch.aalto.fi\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Flocalization-of-sound-sources-in-temperature-inversion-layer-duri\u002Ffingerprints\u002F?sortBy=alphabetically\"\u003Estill debate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as to how exactly the mechanism for producing the sound operates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat is clear is that the aurora does, on rare occasions, make sounds audible to the human ear. The eerie reports of crackling, whizzing and buzzing noises accompanying the lights describe an objective audible experience – not something illusory or imagined.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09xhhnq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you want to hear the Northern Lights for yourself, you may have to spend a considerable amount of time in the polar regions, considering the aural phenomenon only presents itself in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fadsabs.harvard.edu\u002Fpdf\u002F1933JRASC..27..184B\"\u003E5% of violent auroral displays\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It's also most commonly heard on the top of mountains, surrounded by only a few buildings – so it's not an especially accessible experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years, the sound of the aurora has nonetheless been explored for its aesthetic value, inspiring musical compositions and laying the foundation for novel ways of interacting with its electromagnetic signals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Latvian composer \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\u002F60412911\u002FDUE_NORTH__ERIKS_ESENVALDS_AND_AURORA_BOREALIS_AS_A_CLAIMED_ARTISTIC_SPACE-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1631459602&Signature=B-TmBsJ4tS5TRtn4FXi-qnTLs64dLuUR9EqiE7Jcqv9vPUf8FQqvjDAp9eeMyNg-guwTUOVVYxskN41O6jUyRCzdq1Z1NnusC%7E%7EWt5RNzxEdFsh7iEs%7EexnZvm14xwn-SmBp6gi30tVW3wxoV1qqL0Rprl4ZMWmmAUtGU8g6YB%7EpBxq9udl-XEfAOyOoOonKRkFZYpg8ybvAia7bZu9vaAlBYLP7ZJu0jvTjN4sA830Mz9051KuFcArUVccA51pmdc4Y72%7ExdbwxhBft7g6frPVO1QlfbS2OMgWisCdcx4dUtP0IVWvI6Dv9PceF86EW6x7CmSsnkUnsSuJuKYzxVA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA\"\u003EĒriks E&scaron;envalds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has used journal extracts from the American explorer Charles Hall and the Norwegian statesman Fridjtof Nansen, both of whom claimed to have heard the Northern Lights, in his music. His composition, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=jh09QDoJMMg\"\u003ENorthern Lights\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, interweaves these reports with the only known Latvian folk song recounting the auroral sound phenomenon, sung by a tenor solo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOr you can also listen to the radio signals of the Northern Lights at home. In 2020, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fm000qhj3\"\u003EBBC Radio 3 programme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E remapped very low frequency radio recordings of the aurora onto the audible spectrum. Although not the same as perceiving audible noises produced by the Northern Lights in person on a snowy mountaintop, these sounds give an awesome sense of the aurora's transitory, fleeting and dynamic nature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-04T12:49:49Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The people who claim to hear the Northern Lights","headlineShort":"Can you hear the Northern Lights?","image":["p09xhhs2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fthe-conversation"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fspace"],"summaryLong":"Some people have claimed the aurora borealis makes discernible crackling, whooshing or whizzing sounds. Are they highly perceptive, or are the sounds a trick of the mind?","summaryShort":"Some people claim to have heard the sound of the aurora borealis","tag":["tag\u002Fspace"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-03T23:05:11.142389Z","entity":"article","guid":"772d09e5-9801-4a11-8753-c09c3e67d6a5","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-03T23:05:58.428337Z","project":"future","slug":"20211001-the-people-who-claim-to-hear-the-northern-lights","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242938},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-can-reintroducing-a-long-lost-turtle-aid-britains-wetlands":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-can-reintroducing-a-long-lost-turtle-aid-britains-wetlands","_id":"615361b645ceed1d7a1a9df2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p09qyh1b"],"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsarah-griffiths"],"bodyIntro":"Around the world, amphibian and reptile species are under threat, but two teenagers are reviving rare frogs, turtles and snakes to help diversify wetlands.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey are shy and secretive creatures, often going unnoticed in the dense undergrowth, damp crevasses, or dark pools they like to inhabit. But amphibians and reptiles are also among the most endangered in the world too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlobally, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fresources\u002Fsummary-statistics\"\u003E41% of amphibian species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucn.org\u002Fcontent\u002Falmost-one-five-reptiles-struggling-survive\"\u003E19% of reptile species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are now threatened with dying out. The combined pressures of disease, pollution, habitat destruction and climate change have pushed many species to the brink of extinction, while in some areas, previously common species have disappeared entirely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut one pair of childhood friends are trying to find ways of bringing back some of the most threatened species and reintroducing them to areas where they have vanished. Harvey Tweats and Tom Whitehurst, both 17, have set up a conservation centre in their parents' back gardens in Staffordshire in an attempt to restore wildlife that once thrived in nearby wetlands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong the species they are trying to bring back from the brink is the European pond turtle. Once common in the UK, they vanished due to changes in the climate and are now mainly found elsewhere in Europe. The pair now have one of the largest captive groups of European pond turtles in the UK, and they hope that it could help to make British habitats better able to cope with future changes to the climate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The European pond turtle is a lost native species to the UK,\" Tweats explains. \"It went extinct about 4,000 years ago, but with climate change, it's going to get warm enough so these [turtles] could be brought back again to Britain.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the UK, almost \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.arc-trust.org\u002FHandlers\u002FDownload.ashx?IDMF=c8d67d80-1670-4d0a-a504-a3ed0bcf4725\"\u003Eone third\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the amphibian and reptile species are threatened with risk of extinction. \"If we're going to be restoring wetlands on the scale that's been pledged by many different projects, why don't we bring them back?\" asks Tweats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pair also nurture species that are often taken for granted, such as the common toad. This work is important as the population of common toads has declined in the UK by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.froglife.org\u002F2018\u002F03\u002F23\u002Famphibian-and-reptile-declines-uk-perspective\u002F\"\u003E68% over the past 30 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"These projects take a while … but it's definitely something we have time for because we're still young,\" says Tom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBright Sparks Sustainability\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of BBC Future's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fpreview\u002Farticle\u002Ffuture\u002Fbright-sparks-sustainability\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBright Sparks: Sustainability\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E series, which sets out to find the young minds who are finding new and innovative ways of tackling environmental problems. They are the next generation of engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs who are taking control of their own future by seeking solutions to climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss and over-consumption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-can-reintroducing-a-long-lost-turtle-aid-britains-wetlands-0"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fbright-sparks-sustainability"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-24T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Can a long-lost turtle help to restore Britain's wetlands?","headlineShort":"How to bring back a long-lost turtle","image":["p09wsfx5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Around the world, amphibian and reptile species are under threat, but two teenagers are reviving rare frogs, turtles and snakes to help diversify wetlands.","summaryShort":"How reintroducing lost reptiles and amphibians could rewild parts of the UK","tag":["tag\u002Fwildlife","tag\u002Fconservation"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-24T00:00:12.601063Z","entity":"article","guid":"3b1ab23b-4411-4cf3-b4a8-e2c95fc8de7d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-can-reintroducing-a-long-lost-turtle-aid-britains-wetlands","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-24T00:00:12.601063Z","project":"future","slug":"20210923-can-reintroducing-a-long-lost-turtle-aid-britains-wetlands","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242938},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons","_id":"61564fa945ceed01c4702992","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fanne-mccarthy"],"bodyIntro":"Ahead of the London marathon this weekend, Anne McCarthy explores what motivates people to take up endurance running.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt the 1896 Olympics in Athens, the first organised marathon involved only 17 athletes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMarathoning has come a long way since. The winner ran a time of 2:58:50 – nowadays this would be a respectable time for an amateur, but it's almost an hour slower than the fastest runners today. We also now understand a great deal more about the science of long-distance running, from its health impacts to the psychological motivations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, what are the benefits of running a marathon, and why are the races so popular?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210804-how-to-train-like-an-ancient-greek-olympian\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to train like an ancient Greek Olympian\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210723-what-if-olympic-athletes-went-back-to-competing-naked\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat if Olympic athletes went back to competing naked?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160819-whats-the-easiest-sport-to-win-a-gold-in\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat's the easiest sport to win gold in?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith no hopes of winning a gold medal or getting one's name etched in sport history books, some may wonder why people run marathons at all. The training requires a major commitment of time, energy and sweat, and the races can be gruelling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet despite that, marathon participation in the US has risen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscholarworks.umass.edu\u002Fcgi\u002Fviewcontent.cgi?article=1809&context=ttra\"\u003E255% since\u003C\u002Fa\u003E 1980, and applications for the London Marathon have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Finvesting\u002Fbusiness-of-sport\u002Fmarathon-running\u002F\"\u003Egrown every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since the first race in 1981, which had 7,747 runners. London now gets applications from nearly a quarter of a million runners for one of its 50,000 places. In 2018, the number of worldwide marathon finishers was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frunrepeat.com\u002Fresearch-marathon-performance-across-nations\"\u003Eestimated to be 1,298,725.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe most obvious reasons why people run them are the positive health and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-45785074\"\u003Emental wellbeing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E effects. While some people worry about the harms you can do to your body if unprepared, the overall health benefits tend to significantly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-43211447\"\u003Eoutweigh any risks with proper training.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E The benefits for weight loss and cardiovascular health are well known, but research is continually unveiling new upsides. Running marathons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-51006325\"\u003Ecuts years off your \"artery age\",\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for example, and a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002Facsm-msse\u002FCitation\u002F2021\u002F10000\u002FEffects_of_Marathon_Running_on_Cognition_and.20.aspx\"\u003Erecent study led by Astrid Roeh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of Augsburg showed a possible relationship between improved cognitive function – and greater eye health – as a result of marathoning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09x8q1r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut what about the psychological motivations? Each runner will give you different answers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMatt Huff, a New Yorker and author of Marathoner: What to Expect When Training for and Running a Marathon who completed his ninth marathon this year in Berlin, says his passion for racing \"stems directly from my being a delayed-gratification junkie\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's the feeling of accomplishment I get crossing the finish line that keeps me coming back,\" he says. \"There is a surge to it you don't get from other sports, because the sheer amount of time and effort that goes into a single marathon dwarfs that of an individual soccer game or tennis match. Can you push yourself through enough hell to finish is the only question.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor other runners, rising above physical limitations is part of the appeal. Tom Eller is a deaf-born marathoner who lives in Essen, Germany, and has run 11 marathons. He ran a 2:47:11 in the 2019 Berlin Marathon, making him the fastest deaf German marathon runner. Eller, who teaches deaf and blind students, says, \"I challenge my life, which has communications barriers, by running marathons around the world to show people that even disabled people can achieve great things. For my deaf kids and teenagers at school, I am a role model.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd for Kailey Bennet, a faculty assistant at Harvard University, marathons help her transcend her epilepsy.\"There have been a few periods in my life where I was too sick to do any sort of physical activity – therefore, each time I cross the finish line I am so grateful for that accomplishment.\" But mainly she runs because it is a way to experience other cultures. \"It's how I explore the world,” she explains. \"I firmly believe one of the best ways to experience a new city is on their marathon day.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EStudies suggest that women are better at pacing during marathons, and tend to be more precise in maintaining a consistent speed. Copenhagen Business School statistician and runner, Jens Andersen, collected data from 131 marathons and examined each gender's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frunrepeat.com\u002Fresearch-women-are-better-runners-than-men\"\u003E\"slow-down\" rate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Men showed a sharper decrease in speed than women during these slowing periods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd while men's race-times tend to be faster at marathon length, over very long distances like ultra-marathons \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-49284389\"\u003Ewomen may have an advantage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: they have a greater distribution of slow-twitch muscle fibres, which are more resistant to fatigue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"The female advantage","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, while every runner has different personal reasons, there are some general trends that researchers have observed underpinning people's attraction to racing over long distances. A study from researchers at the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Poland found that \"proving the ability to run a marathon race constituted an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2019.01671\u002Ffull\"\u003Eimportant life event for a person\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" and that it could impact their beliefs about the successful execution of potential future achievements.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECarys Egan-Wyger at Sweden's Lund University found that aspects of daily life are tanigibly and measurably mirrored in marathon running, such as the tracking of progress, along with the necessity of productivity and efficiency. Across her interview subjects, runners tended to cite three primary motivators: freedom, achievement and competition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut less obviously, Egan-Wyger also suggests \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Frunning-not-so-much-a-liberating-hobby-as-a-cult-127765\"\u003Eendurance running can also be a way of gaining social status.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Showing you are capable of a long-distance race projects qualities of health, productivity and efficiency to others, she argues, akin to cultivating a personal brand. This effect is only supercharged through social fitness apps that allow runners to share their achievements.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis may dovetail with research by Jenna Gilchrist at the University of Toronto and colleagues about the role of pride during training and races. Those who experienced \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29400607\u002F\"\u003Egreater pride about\u003C\u002Fa\u003E their running tended to put greater effort and time into their training.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09x8p8w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is, however, also some evidence that motivations differ between the sexes. In one study of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2019.01671\u002Ffull\"\u003Erunners in Poland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, researchers concluded that \"female marathon finishers were more motivated than men by weight concern, affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning, and self-esteem, but less motivated by the competition.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIntriguingly, studies also suggest there are also differences in pacing and performance between the sexes over long distances – see \"The female advantage\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERunning high\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA final commonly cited motivation for running long-distance is the feeling that follows – the so-called \"runner's high\". So, what exactly is going on in the brain for marathon runners?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's commonly thought that hormones called endorphins play a role, but the calm, relaxed feeling that some people report may instead be due to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hopkinsmedicine.org\u002Fhealth\u002Fwellness-and-prevention\u002Fthe-truth-behind-runners-high-and-other-mental-benefits-of-running\"\u003Ea rise in endocannabinoids in the bloodstream\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Unlike endorphins, these can pass into the brain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring long-distance running, the brain may also dilute the memory of pain. In 2019, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F31203917\"\u003EDominika Farley of Jagiellonian University in Poland and colleagues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E drew parallels between the pain from giving birth and from marathon running. Both tend to be underestimated when later recalled, which may be explained by the release of oxytocin in the brain which influences how the memory is encoded, say the researchers. The way pain is remembered is also viewed through the context: if a marathon medal or a baby is on the other end of the pain endured, one may regard the extent of the pain differently.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis may help to explain why \"repeat marathoners\" are common. An 18-time marathoner and teacher, Erin McBride, ran her first marathon in 2005 when she turned 18. \"I was convinced I'd be a one-and-done runner. Tick it off the bucket list and never look back. But that November day in 2005 changed my life forever. And since then I've committed to running at least one marathon a year, and many have been with a family member by my side.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut few people exemplify this willingness to repeat the challenge than 58-year-old Liverpool runner Andy Glen who has completed 176 marathons in 42 different countries. His current target is to run 200 marathons in 50 different countries. He isn't immune to struggle, though. \"I am often asked whether running a marathon after all this time becomes easier,\" he says. \"The simple answer is no. The last six miles are just as challenging as they were when I ran my first.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-01T00:23:28Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why do people run marathons?","headlineShort":"Why do people run marathons?","image":["p09x8r3l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Ahead of the London marathon this weekend, Anne McCarthy explores what motivates people to take up endurance running.","summaryShort":"The real reasons for embracing long-distance races","tag":["tag\u002Fsports"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-01T00:00:33.208109Z","entity":"article","guid":"d3ebd0b0-0d78-40b5-8710-194edade12df","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-01T00:00:33.208109Z","project":"future","slug":"20210929-why-do-people-run-marathons","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242939},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","_id":"61535fab45ceed12501eb42a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From ancient Egypt to the Persian Empire, an ingenious method of catching the breeze kept people cool for millennia. In the search for emissions-free cooling, the \"wind catcher\" could once again come to our aid.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe city of Yazd in the desert of central Iran has long been a focal point for creative ingenuity. Yazd is home to a system of ancient engineering marvels that include an underground refrigeration structure called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheculturetrip.com\u002Fmiddle-east\u002Farticles\u002Fthis-ancient-technique-to-make-ice-in-the-desert-is-mind-boggling\u002F\"\u003Ey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheculturetrip.com\u002Fmiddle-east\u002Farticles\u002Fthis-ancient-technique-to-make-ice-in-the-desert-is-mind-boggling\u002F\"\u003Eakhchāl\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, an underground irrigation system called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180619-irans-ancient-engineering-marvel\"\u003Eqanats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and even a network of couriers called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-iran-the-surprising-origins-of-the-postal-service\"\u003Epirradazi&scaron;\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E that predate postal services in the US by more than 2,000 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong Yazd's ancient technologies is the wind catcher, or \u003Cem\u003Ebâdgir\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Persian. These remarkable structures are a common sight soaring above the rooftops of Yazd. They are often rectangular towers, but they also appear in circular, square, octagonal and other ornate shapes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYazd is said to have the most wind catchers in the world, though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind\"\u003Ethey may have originated in ancient Egypt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Yazd, the wind catcher soon proved indispensable, making this part of the hot and arid Iranian Plateau livable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough many of the city's wind catchers have fallen out of use, the structures are now drawing academics, architects and engineers back to the desert city to see what role they could play in keeping us cool in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-57751918\"\u003Erapidly heating world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a wind catcher requires no electricity to power it, it is both a cost-efficient and green form of cooling. With conventional mechanical air conditioning already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fthe-future-of-cooling\"\u003Eaccounting for a fifth of total electricity consumption globally\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ancient alternatives like the wind catcher are becoming an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning\"\u003Eincreasingly appealing option\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are two main forces that drive the air through and down into the structures: the incoming wind and the change in buoyancy of air depending on temperature – with warmer air tending to rise above cooler, denser air. First, as air is caught by the opening of a wind catcher, it is funneled down to the dwelling below, depositing any sand or debris at the foot of the tower. Then the air flows throughout the interior of the building, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1364032114008351\"\u003Esometimes over subterranean pools of water for further cooling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Eventually, warmed air will rise and leave the building through another tower or opening, aided by the pressure within the building.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe shape of the tower, alongside factors like the layout of the house, the direction the tower is facing, how many openings it has, its configuration of fixed internal blades, canals and height are all finely tuned to improve the tower's ability to draw wind down into the dwellings below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some of the earliest wind-catching technology comes from Egypt 3,300 years ago","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUsing the wind to cool buildings has a history stretching back almost as long as people have lived in hot desert environments. Some of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fascelibrary.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1061\u002F9780784413517.161\"\u003Eearliest wind-catching technology comes from Egypt 3,300 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to researchers Chris Soelberg and Julie Rich of Weber State University in Utah. Here, buildings had thick walls, few windows facing the Sun, openings to take in air on the side of prevailing winds and an exit vent on the other side – known in Arabic as \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Forbi.uliege.be\u002Fbitstream\u002F2268\u002F167581\u002F1\u002FAttia_Designing%20the%20Malqaf%20for%20summer%20cooling%20in%20low-rise%20housing,%20an%20experimental%20study.pdf\"\u003Emalq\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Forbi.uliege.be\u002Fbitstream\u002F2268\u002F167581\u002F1\u002FAttia_Designing%20the%20Malqaf%20for%20summer%20cooling%20in%20low-rise%20housing,%20an%20experimental%20study.pdf\"\u003Eaf architecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Though some argue that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind\"\u003Ethe birthplace of the wind catcher was Iran itself\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWherever it was first invented, wind catchers have since become widespread across the Middle East and North Africa. Variations of Iran's wind catchers can be found in the \u003Cem\u003Ebarjeels\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Qatar and Bahrain, the \u003Cem\u003Emalqaf\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Egypt, the \u003Cem\u003Emungh\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Pakistan, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003Emany other\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003E places\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003E, notes \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003EFatemeh Jomehzadeh of the University of Technology Malaysia and colleagues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Persian civilisation is widely considered to have added structural variations to allow for better cooling – such as combining it with its existing irrigation system to help to cool the air down before releasing it throughout the home. In Yazd's hot, dry climate, these structures proved remarkably popular, until the city became a hotspot of soaring ornate towers seeking the desert wind. The historical city of Yazd was recognised as a Unesco World Heritage site in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwhc.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Flist\u002F1544\u002F\"\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E, in part for its proliferation of wind catchers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as performing the functional purpose of cooling homes, the towers also had a strong cultural significance. In Yazd, the wind catchers are as much a part of the skyline as the Zoroastrian Fire Temple and Tower of Silence. Among them is the wind catcher at the Dowlatabad Abad Gardens, said to be the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Ffigure\u002FThe-eight-sided-wind-catcher-of-Dowlat-Abad-Gardens-edifice-in-Yazd-is-the-tallest-in_fig2_308532117\"\u003Etallest in the world at 33m\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (108ft) and one of the few wind catchers still in operation. Housed in an octagonal building, it overlooks a fountain stretching past rows of pine trees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Inconveniences like pests entering the chutes and the gathering of dust and desert debris have meant many have turned away from traditional wind catchers","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions-free cooling efficacy of such wind catchers make some researchers argue that they are due a revival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EParham Kheirkhah Sangdeh has extensively studied the scientific application and surrounding culture of wind catchers in contemporary architecture at Ilam University in Iran. He says inconveniences like pests entering the chutes and the gathering of dust and desert debris have meant many have turned away from traditional wind catchers. In their place are mechanical cooling systems, such as conventional air-conditioning units. Often, those options are powered by fossil fuels and use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201204-climate-change-how-chemicals-in-your-fridge-warm-the-planet\"\u003Erefrigerants that act as powerful greenhouse gases if released into the atmosphere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe advent of modern cooling technologies has long been blamed for the deterioration of traditional methods in Iran, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F4300566\"\u003Ethe historian of Iranian architecture Elizabeth Beazley wrote in 1977\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Without constant maintenance, the harsh climate of the Iranian Plateau has worn away many structures from wind catchers to ice houses. Kheirkhah Sangdeh also sees the shift away from wind catchers as in part down to a tendency among the public to engage with technologies from the West.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There needs to be some changes in cultural perspectives to use these technologies. People need to keep an eye on the past and understand why energy conservation is important,\" Kheirkhah Sangdeh says. \"It starts with recognising cultural history and the importance of energy conservation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKheirkhah Sangdeh hopes to see Iran's wind catchers updated to add energy-efficient cooling to existing buildings. But he has met many barriers to his work in the form of ongoing international tensions, the coronavirus pandemic and ongoing\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-middle-east-57948717\"\u003E water shortage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Things are so bad in Iran that [people] take it day by day,\" says Kheirkhah Sangdeh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFossil-fuel-free methods of cooling like the wind catcher might well be due a revival, but to a surprising extent they are already present – albeit in a less magnificent form than those in Iran – in many Western countries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the UK, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FEvaluation-of-pressure-coefficients-and-estimation-Karakatsanis-Bahadori\u002F6cfc2eb6ccf3b79c2197db02df62c31ee14e0b99\"\u003Esome 7,000 variations of wind catchers were installed in public buildings between 1979 and 1994\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They can be seen from buildings such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.monodraught.com\u002Fprojects\u002Froyal-chelsea-hospital\"\u003Ethe Royal Chelsea Hospital in London\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1364032116310358?via%3Dihub\"\u003Esupermarkets in Manchester\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese modernised wind catchers bear little resemblance to Iran's towering structures. On one three-storey building on a busy road in north London, small hot pink ventilation towers allow passive ventilation. Atop a shopping centre in Dartford, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.visionventilation.co.uk\u002Farchitectural-inspired-designs\u002F\"\u003Econical ventilation towers rotate to catch the breeze with the help of a rear wing that keeps the tower facing the prevailing wind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe US too has adopted wind-catcher-inspired designs with enthusiasm. One such example is the visitor center at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsipb.sggw.pl\u002FCRC2014\u002Fdata\u002Fpapers\u002F9780784413517.161.pdf\"\u003EZion National Park\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in southern Utah. The park sits in a high desert plateau, comparable to Yazd in climate and topography, and the use of passive cooling technologies including the wind catcher nearly eliminated the need for mechanical air-conditioning. Scientists have recorded a temperature difference of 16C (29F) between the outside and inside of the visitor centre, despite the many bodies regularly passing through.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is further scope for the spread of the wind catcher, as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theccc.org.uk\u002F2017\u002F08\u002F08\u002Fhidden-problem-overheating\u002F\"\u003Ethe search for sustainable solutions to overheating continues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Palermo, Sicily, researchers have found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F14733315.2016.1214397\"\u003Ethe climate and prevailing wind conditions make it a ripe location for a version of the Iranian wind catcher\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This October, meanwhile, the wind catcher is set to have a high-profile position at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-56682427\"\u003Ethe World Expo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E fair in Dubai, as part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.querkraft.at\u002Fen\u002Fprojects\u002Fexpo-pavilion\"\u003Ea network of conical buildings in the Austrian pavilion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where the Austrian architecture firm Querkraft has taken inspiration from the Arabic \u003Cem\u003Ebarjeel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E version of the wind tower.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile researchers such as Kheirkhah Sangdeh argue that the wind catcher has much more to give in cooling homes without fossil fuels, this ingenious technology has already migrated further around the world than you might think. Next time you see a tall vented tower on top of a supermarket, high-rise or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Furl?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjH7rK7kKTyAhWiwOYKHStlCpgQFnoECA4QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com%2Fmonodraught%2Fdownloads%2Fprojects%2Faddey-and-stanhope-shool-windcatcher-case-study.pdf%3Fv%3D2&usg=AOvVaw2b0GfphSTbK_2wygJxCHG9\"\u003Eschool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, look carefully – you might just be looking at the legacy of the magnificent wind catchers of Iran.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-11T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The ancient Persian way to keep cool","headlineShort":"The ancient Persian way to keep cool","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From ancient Egypt to the Persian Empire, an ingenious method of catching the breeze kept people cool for millennia. Now, it could come to our aid once again.","summaryShort":"The majestic towers of Yazd, Iran, may hold a crucial lesson for keeping cool","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-10T23:05:00.453609Z","entity":"article","guid":"d59b701d-3b7e-40ea-bee5-534335e779ff","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:45:54.312092Z","project":"future","slug":"20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242939},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","_id":"615361be45ceed2b675a3b95","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"An invasive water weed has decimated the wildlife and economy of one of Cameroon's most significant lakes. But a tiny, ravenous weevil could reverse the region's fortunes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA flock of water birds scavenges for insects on the dense, leafy weed that covers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ammco.org\u002Findex.php?rub=17&id=7&lang=en\"\u003Emuch of Lake Ossa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of Cameroon's largest lakes. The water weed is so closely packed that it looks like wide, flat green pasture, and the sure-footed birds pick their way freely across it as if they were walking on land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFive years ago, Lake Ossa was teeming with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalnature.org\u002Fen\u002Fliving-lakes\u002Fafrica\u002Flake-ossa\"\u003Efreshwater turtles, crocodiles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and more than 18 families of fish. It was also a bastion of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fspecies\u002F22104\u002F97168578\"\u003Ethe African manatee, a species listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But today, the lake is eerily quiet and almost empty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe thick layer of vegetation is \u003Cem\u003ESalvinia molesta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a species known locally as kariba weed or simply Salvinia, and it is the cause of this dearth of life in the lake. The invasion has been declared a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.saveourspecies.org\u002Fprojects\u002Fmarine-aquatic-mammals\u002Fsaving-african-manatees-habitat-and-lake-ossas-biodiversity\"\u003E\"conservation emergency\" by the IUCN\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESalvinia, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplants.ifas.ufl.edu\u002Fplant-directory\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\u002F\"\u003Efree-floating, green-brown freshwater fern\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has already invaded more than 40% of the lake's 4,000-hectare (15.4-sq-mile) surface, according to the African Marine Mammal Conservation Organisation (AMMCO), a Cameroonian non-governmental environmental organisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not far from the lake's shore, an army of weevils is now being mass-reared as a defence against Salvinia","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDecimating the lake's wildlife, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwp.org\u002Fen\u002Flearn\u002FKNOWLEDGE_RESOURCES\u002FCase_Studies\u002FAfrica\u002FCameroon-Local-initiative-to-protect-Lake-Ossa-363\u002F\"\u003Ecompromising the main source of income for the local population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Salvinia takeover has been rapid and seemingly unstoppable. Lake Ossa is only one in a long line of freshwater bodies to be engulfed by Salvinia. As this invasive weed has spread around the world, from Brazil and Argentina to Australia, the efforts to control it have struggled to keep pace with the plant's prolific growth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is hope for Lake Ossa, and it comes in the shape of a small, innocuous-looking but remarkably powerful water-dwelling beetle. Not far from the lake's shore, an army of weevils is now being mass-reared as a defence against Salvinia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELake Ossa is today littered with weed-laden fishing nets – abandoned by the local fisherfolk out of frustration. Wooden fishing boats have been hauled onto the lake's shorelines – some have been there so long they are starting to rot. Those local fishermen who are still actively fishing in the lake, and the women who sell the fish caught, say they have lost about 80% of their income.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Lake Ossa used to be home to scores of African manatees, one of the most sparsely studied manatee species. Their population in the lake now appears to be declining","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the sweltering late morning heat, I meet Dina Marie-Louise, a fish retailer and resident of the lakeside town of Dizangue, as she disembarks from a wooden fishing boat. In the local business for 22 years, Dina has been visiting fishermen in the lake to buy their catch. Today, she frowns at the few fish in her basket. \"Salvinia is killing us,\" she says. \"Seven of my 12 children have dropped out of school because of financial difficulties caused by Salvinia.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERoland Ngolle, who has been fishing in the lake for 12 years, paints a similar picture. \"We are running out of space to fish in this lake. If nothing is done, Salvinia will engulf all of Lake Ossa,\" Ngolle says. \"More than 100 fishermen used to visit this lake in a single morning. Today less than five come to fish. Everybody is discouraged.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as fish, Lake Ossa used to be home to scores of\u003Cspan\u003E African manatees\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, one of the most sparsely studied manatee species. Their population in the lake now appears to be declining. Many of the manatees are thought to be leaving the lake for its surrounding rivers, where they have better access to food, says \u003Cspan\u003EAristide Takoukam Kamla,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E founder of AMMCO.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESalvinia is native to southern Brazil and northern Argentina, but it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cabi.org\u002Fisc\u002Fdatasheet\u002F48447\"\u003Ecan spread between water bodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by wind, water currents, floods, animals and people. \"[The] human factor is partly to blame for the presence of the invasive plant in the Cameroon lake,\" says Kamla.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as physically moving the plant from one place to another, for example when it hitches a ride on boats, human activity is also thought to be responsible for allowing Salvinia to thrive in the lake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We noticed a heavy concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous in Lake Ossa in 2016 – doubling from the historical value of 1985,\" says Kamla. \"This was a signal that something was happening in the lake called eutrophication, which is simply the enrichment of the lake in terms of nutrients.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat made conditions perfect for Salvinia to proliferate. \"The carpet formed by the plant at the surface prevents light from penetrating the water column and therefore reduces photosynthesis of phytoplankton on which most fish species feed,\" says Kamla. \"This results in a drastic depletion of fish production.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith a \u003Ca title=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tsusinvasives.org\u002Fhome\u002Fdatabase\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tsusinvasives.org\u002Fhome\u002Fdatabase\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\"\u003Efast-growing plant that can double in size every 10 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the plant's growth is almost unstoppable. \"The absence of [Salvinia's] natural enemies in a foreign environment facilitates its fast growth rate,\" says Lum Fontem, an independent plant scientist based in Cameroon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt every strategic corner of the bumpy earth roads around Dizangue, billboards carry messages alerting villagers and visitors to the Salvinia problem. Messages such as \"Youths, Let's Save Lake Ossa\"; \"Let's Save Our Lake From Salvinia Invasion\" appear on countless signs around the town. This may be Cameroon's first experience of a Salvinia invasion, but there has already been an intensive response to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are three main ways that the weed can be removed. The first, and most physically demanding, is removing it manually. \"This includes hand-pulling, mostly for low infestation, and the use of specialised equipment, for high infestation,\" says Fontem. \"This method is labour-intensive, tedious and time-consuming.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince 2019, AMMCO has been mobilising locals to remove the plant manually to reduce the scope of spread. But it has not been without challenges. \"This method is very demanding given that the invasive plant multiplies very quickly,\" says Kamla. \"We removed over 200 tonnes of Salvinia from the lake in 2019 and 2020. Yet, no impact was felt.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is because manual removal of Salvinia alone is not enough to control the weed, Lum says. Any plant left in the water will rapidly grow to replenish what has been stripped away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second option is chemical control, which involves the application of herbicides to kill the weed. But this comes with its own ecological drawbacks, as the herbicides pose a risk to other plants and could harm the lake's other organisms. So far, the chemical approach has not been tried at Lake Ossa, and scientists including Fontem caution against trying it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is one final option that could relieve Lake Ossa of Salvinia and restore its ecosystem: a small, brown-black water beetle native to Brazil known as the Salvinia weevil, which feeds almost exclusively on the weed. Measuring just 2-3.5mm long in its adult form, this tiny insect is equipped with a long, sturdy snout. But it is the weevil larvae that are devastating to the Salvinia by burrowing into the plant's rootstalks and causing fatal damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Salvinia weevil was discovered by Wendy Forno, a scientist at Australia's government research agency CSIRO, while carrying out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lfwseq.org.au\u002Fsalvinia-weevil-unesco-winning-discover\u002F\"\u003Esurveys in South America between 1978 and 1982\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The first releases of the weevil as a biological agent to destroy Salvinia were at Lake Moondarra, Mount Isa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dpi.nsw.gov.au\u002F__data\u002Fassets\u002Fpdf_file\u002F0004\u002F89554\u002Fsalvinia-control-manual.pdf\"\u003EAustralia in 1980\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with remarkable success.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Lake Moondarra is mostly clear of Salvinia today. Fifty thousand tonnes of Salvinia on the lake was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublications.csiro.au\u002Frpr\u002Fdownload?pid=csiro:EP103582&dsid=DS3\"\u003Ekilled by weevils over a 400-hectare (1.5-sq-mile) infestation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fmatthew-purcell-2361a219\"\u003EMatthew Purcell\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, director of the Australian Biological Control Laboratory, a facility run by the United States Department of Agriculture and CSIRO.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The weevil – both adults and larvae – only feeds on this fern and not on other aquatic plants,\" says Purcell. \"As the plants increase seasonally, so do the weevils. The weevils [and] Salvinia constantly increase and decrease through the seasons in balance.\" The weevils never fully eradicate the weed, but help to \"return the system to a balance\", says Purcell.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe weevil was also deployed in the Senegal River in the early 2000s, where it had similar success, says Arnold Pieterse, formerly a senior staff member of the Netherlands' Royal Tropical Institute, now retired. He, too, underlines that the weevils' strong preference for Salvinia as a food crop makes it an appealing choice for Salvinia control. \"It has irrefutably been proven that the insects do not form any danger to the environment or crops,\" says Pieterse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESouth Africa, too, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS104996441830450X\"\u003Ehas successfully brought Salvinia molesta under control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E thanks to the release of the weevil into its fresh water systems since 1985. \"South Africa had a number of systems infested with the weed throughout the country, mainly smaller impoundments and rivers,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ru.ac.za\u002Fbotany\u002Fstaff\u002Fjuliecoetzee\u002F\"\u003EJulie Coetzee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, deputy director and manager of the Aquatic Weed Biocontrol Programme at Rhodes University, South Africa. These waters took between one to three years to clear, depending on the nutrients in the water, and the climate. \"We still do have some infestations appearing,\" Coetzee says, but \"once weevils have been released, we typically get clearing with a season\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough the Salvinia has no defence against the weevil, the weevils themselves have weaknesses. \"No drawbacks were experienced initially but nowadays, we have noticed that there are sites where infestations have persisted, particularly in shaded sites,\" says Coetzee. \"We have also discovered a parasitic alga infecting [the weevil] population.\" This alga, called Helicosporidium, reduces the weevil's ability to reproduce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, Coetzee is optimistic that weevils could clear Cameroon's Lake Ossa of Salvinia. \"Implementing a biological control programme in Cameroon is the most ecologically friendly, economically sustainable option for control of Salvinia,\" she says. \"Given the size of the infestation on the lake, it is going to take a while for the control agent populations to build up to sizes that will damage the plants, and cause them to sink. This is not a fast process. Patience is key.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPurcell, too, is hopeful that the weevils could rejuvenate Lake Ossa. \"The weevils should work in Cameroon. Most control is achieved within three years,\" he says. \"The control lasts indefinitely, much better than spraying which must be reapplied every year and every season, with negative consequences to the aquatic environment.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may not be much longer before Lake Ossa becomes the next Salvinia-ridden water body to welcome weevils. A task force involving several of Cameroon's government ministries has been set up to oversee the eradication of Salvinia in the lake through the release of the weevils.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe local people of Lake Ossa, though, are frustrated at the pace of action. \"Fishing is our only source of income. We are running out of patience,\" says Jean Pierre Nga, a fisherman. Dora Sih, a fish seller in the business for 25 years, agrees: \"Things are not moving.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in AMMCO and their partners' facilities in Dizangue, the stock of weevils is steadily growing. \"They will be released into the lake as soon as we receive the authorisation permit from the government,\" Kamla says. \"And we hope that after two or three years, we will overcome this invasive plant.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 41kg CO2, travelling by bus and motorbike. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-03-30T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The invasive weed that travelled the world","headlineShort":"The wild weed that travelled the world","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"An invasive water weed has decimated the wildlife and economy of one of Cameroon's most significant lakes. But a tiny, ravenous weevil could reverse the region's fortunes.","summaryShort":"The future of Cameroon's Lake Ossa could hinge on the appetite of a tiny bug","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-03-29T23:05:16.285038Z","entity":"article","guid":"0e29ab49-1dc6-4219-bf27-9124361426f3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-16T14:51:19.417552Z","project":"future","slug":"20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242939},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","_id":"6153620b45ceed3b8c675ffe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A quarter of the UK's homes sit above abandoned coal mines, long since flooded with water. Now, the mines are being put to a new, zero-carbon use.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECoal mines were the beating heart of Britain's industrial revolution. Their sooty, energy-dense output gave life to new-fangled factories and shipyards, fuelling the nation's march towards modernity. They helped shape a carbon-intensive economy, one that took little notice of the natural world around it. The mines paved the way for a global dependence on fossil fuels, and in doing so, fired the starting pistol on the climate crisis that today confronts us all.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what if, in a serendipitous circle of history, our extractive past could be repurposed for a greener, cleaner future? What if the vast maze of coal mines beneath our feet, now filled with naturally warm water, could help decarbonise the UK's – and the world's – herculean heating needs? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's the question Adam Black, a renewable energy enthusiast employed by one of Britain's largest bottling firms, asked himself a decade ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I had about 400,000 sq ft [37,000 sq m] of warehouse that needed heating,\" says the director of energy projects at Durham-based Lanchester Wines. \"And it was right over four layers of mine workings, which had naturally flooded over time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the help of a few geothermal experts from Iceland, Black sunk a borehole into the murky depths of the old High Main coal seam in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. Warmed by natural geological processes, the water they pumped to the surface was a pleasant 15C (59F).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith a little help from an electrical heat pump – \"a bit like a fridge in reverse\" – it was perfect for keeping the company's warehouse, and the millions of wine bottles within, at the right temperature. \u003Cem\u003E(Watch: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Freel\u002Fplaylist\u002Ffuture-planet?vpid=p09hlqr3\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ehow geothermal heat has been harnessed for centuries\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Nowadays we're \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gateshead.gov.uk\u002Farticle\u002F14170\u002FLanchester-Wines\"\u003Eheating a couple of warehouses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a distribution depot, a local bakery, and soon a nearby car showroom too,\" says Black.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe's not the only one excited by the energy potential of mine water. The UK Coal Authority, which is responsible for the country's disused pits, has big plans for the coming decade. Its geologists believe one-quarter of British homes currently sit on a coalfield, stretching across Wales, central Scotland, northern England, and the Midlands. An estimated 2 billion cubic metres (2 trillion litres\u002F4.4 billion gallons) of warm water occupy the old mine shafts – equivalent to more than a quarter of the volume of Loch Ness in Scotland. Researchers suggest that this makes mine water one of the UK's largest underused clean energy sources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Mining shaped our urban landscape, creating the towns and cities that we live in today,\" says Charlotte Adams, the Coal Authority's principle manager for mine energy. \"Nine out of 10 of our largest urban centres are above areas of former coal mining activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Mine water is one of our best options to help with the decarbonisation of heating. The resource is readily available all year round at a steady temperature, and there is an abundance to be accessed.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe UK has committed itself to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, with much focus on the nation's heating needs (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Ffuels-and-technologies\u002Fheating\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewhich account for around half of total energy usage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Natural gas remains the primary source for Britain's heat – some 70%, Adams says – though the government has pledged to phase out gas boilers in new-build homes from 2025.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ofgem.gov.uk\u002Fpublications\u002Fofgems-decarbonisation-action-plan\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ealmost half of Britain's electricity supply has been decarbonised\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, swapping residential heating to electric would require a huge ramping up of renewable-energy generation, and put monumental pressure on the grid. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo help meet the country's sweeping carbon-reduction target, the Coal Authority is exploring the feasibility of some 70 mine water heating projects across the UK. It is estimated that around a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bgs.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-maps-reveal-heat-stored-in-britains-abandoned-coal-mines\u002F\"\u003Equarter of the UK's population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E live above abandoned coal mines and that flooded shafts contain around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F199210509.pdf\"\u003E2.2 million GWh of heat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352484720317078\"\u003Epotential to store more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most ambitious water heating projects being developed by the UK Coal Authority is at Seaham, a seaside town in County Durham, home to the old Dawdon colliery. An existing treatment facility pumps up millions of litres of mine water every year for ecological reasons. Mine water often contains toxic compounds, as a result of chemical reactions with the subterranean rock. At the surface, the warmth from this water is now to be used to heat buildings above ground. Once its heat has been absorbed, the water is then returned to the mine workings where it will be warmed up again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe water is hot enough to heat homes in winter, and cool enough to keep them mild when temperatures rise, with just 25% the carbon emissions of gas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It'll be cheaper than gas, too, by around 10%,\" Adams says, \"and we believe it will help bring new investment and jobs to the area.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe north-east of England has some of the country's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Femploymentandlabourmarket\u002Fpeopleinwork\u002Femploymentandemployeetypes\u002Fbulletins\u002Fregionallabourmarket\u002Fjanuary2021\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elowest levels of economic activity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a legacy of pit closures in the 1980s and 1990s that fractured coal-mining communities, leaving them with high unemployment and few opportunities.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA few hundred miles away across the North Sea, hopes of economic resurgence were central to what is seen as the world's most advanced mine water energy scheme – Heerlen in the Netherlands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELocated in the country's south-east, Heerlen was the crucible of Dutch coal mining before the mass closure of collieries a half-century ago. In 2008, geothermal experts revived the mines, striving to deliver low-impact heating and cooling for hundreds of local homes and businesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, Mijnwater BV, the scheme's operator, has connected 500 houses and commercial facilities, serving over 250,000 sq m (2.7 million sq ft) of building space to the town's district heating network. The system distributes locally generated heat to a nearby community, in a similar way to the one planned at Seaham, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS187661021400174X\"\u003Ereducing the area's carbon emissions from heating by almost two-thirds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Mijnwater is working to further decarbonise its operation, with plans for solar and wind resources to power the electrical heat pumps that supplement the minewater's temperature.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We have a closed-loop set-up,\" says Herman Eijdems, Mijnwater's director of innovation. \"This means we pipe excess and waste energy back into the underground water to act as a heat store for when demand is high.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There is a data centre that ejects around 45C, enough to supply a nearby school, and a supermarket whose cooling provides enough heat for three hundred dwellings.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis local focus offers Heerlen a high level of energy self-sufficiency – which could be useful given that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fthe-netherlands-2020\"\u003ENetherlands' is set to close its main source of domestic gas production by 2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough ahead of the game in Europe, Heerlen wasn't the first to leverage this sort of technology. In 1989, a packaging firm in Springhill, Nova Scotia, began attempts to draw heat from a network of nearby coal mines that had lain dormant for decades. The company, now owned by Mauser Packaging Solutions, has been refining the process ever since, and now boasts a circular climate control system that is 100% renewable 12 months of the year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In the wintertime, we take the hot water and use it as a heating source, and in the summertime, we have them all in air-conditioning mode,\" says plant manager David MacDonald, who was there when the first borehole went down more than 30 years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProud of their town's pioneering approach to mine water heating, dozens of small Springhill businesses have since hooked up their own geothermal power supplies, with local officials eager to entice new investment with the promise of plentiful green energy. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the mountainous Asturias region of northern Spain, there's a similar story to be told. After years of decline, the area's last remaining pit shut in 2018, cutting deep into a local community reliant on coal for generations. With the advent of mine water heating technology, there's hope for an industrial rebirth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Geothermal energy has given a second life to our coal mines,\" says María Belarmina Díaz Aguado, the Asturias's director of energy. \"We're developing an entirely new business model, one related to pumping water and all the technical expertise that involves.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to hundreds of residential properties, the region's flooded mines provide heat for a hospital, a university, a secondary school, and a number of other public and private buildings. Hunosa, the company in charge of the scheme, guarantees energy prices lower than fossil fuel alternatives, and uses only sustainably generated electricity in its pumping process. In doing so, several thousand tonnes of carbon emissions are avoided each year, Díaz Aguado says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet, while there's mounting evidence of mine water's energy potential, the idea isn't without issue. Retrofitting houses with the means to tap into a geothermal district heating network isn't cheap, and new builds aren't often sited next to derelict collieries. And then there are the technical hurdles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There are some pre-existing treatment plants pumping water up already, as is the case at Seaham,\" says Corinna Abesser, hydrogeologist and groundwater modeller at the British Geological Survey. \"But the real opportunity with mine geothermal lies in drilling new boreholes into the mines wherever the heat is needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This comes with some technical challenges, for example stability concerns around abandoned mine shafts, which were simply left to collapse.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the greatest hurdle, however, is that which motivated the opening of the mines in the first place: money. The capital costs are much higher with mine water geothermal, though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.groundstability.com\u002Fseaham\u002F\"\u003Eunder the right conditions the energy generated can be cheaper than that from conventional sources\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdam Black at Lanchester Wines hopes that the costs will fall as the technology develops and uptake increases, \"and if the energy authorities do their bit with regulation\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeyond doubt is that the resource is there and waiting: A labyrinth of warrens once laden with men and machinery, now flooded with naturally warm water, ready to be tapped.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-07-07T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How flooded coal mines could heat homes","headlineShort":"The new use for abandoned coal mines","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A quarter of the UK's homes sit above abandoned coal mines, long since flooded with water. Now, the mines are being put to a new, zero-carbon use.","summaryShort":"Old, defunct coal mines around the world are being resurrected for clean energy","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-06T23:05:19.034299Z","entity":"article","guid":"e29a3396-5a19-43b9-b2ac-aafbfe085a27","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-06T13:37:21.783201Z","project":"future","slug":"20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242939},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","_id":"6153609c45ceed2621038c56","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The majestic mangrove forests of Kenya's east coast have helped to bring levels of poaching and logging down, while taking large quantities of carbon out of the air.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo a visitor travelling south from Mombasa to savour the rich culture of the Swahili, the village of Gazi passes for a sleepy settlement in an almost forgotten stretch of the rapidly developing Kenyan coast. Inside the closely built mud-walled houses of the village, the day begins with a prayer call from the village mosque before dawn. Soon, early risers return from the shoreline with fish stocks that will supply Gazi's traders for the day. Later on in the day, women bake flatbreads on roadside hearths to sell to visiting fishermen from as far as Tanzania, while male elders play draft, a local social pastime, on shaded patios.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELife was not always so peaceful in Gazi – eight years or so ago, things looked very different. The harvesting of mangroves for firewood and construction poles had depleted the local forests. Fish stocks had declined, threatening the livelihoods of the 80% of the village who depend on the sea, says local fisherman Abdallah Mohamed. Without fish, locals turned to charcoal burning and harvesting the region's indigenous trees for firewood, which they would sell in nearby towns. In the wider region, illegal poaching of elephant, rhino and game was rife.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut today, the village has a new health centre, school and boreholes for fresh water. In the wider region illegal poaching of iconic wildlife like rhino and elephant has fallen by 90% in six years, according to the Kenya Wildlife Service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Gazi's rich coastal forests are home to all nine varieties of mangrove that grow in Kenya, as well as diverse bird life and 180 species of fish","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGazi is one of many villages along the Kenyan coast where poaching and illegal logging have fallen dramatically in recent years. In Gazi, central to the change are the village's mangrove forests, which have gone from being a declining source of firewood and construction poles to a significant player in the local economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMangrove forests are some of the most efficient \"sponges\" for carbon on the planet. A hectare of mangrove forest can sink as much carbon as four hectares of rainforest, most of it sequestered in the depths of rich, frequently waterlogged soil below the mangrove roots. Cutting down mangrove forests prevents these areas from absorbing carbon, and it also releases stored carbon from the soils. By one estimate,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fngeo1123\"\u003E mangrove deforestation generates as much as around 10% of emissions from deforestation globally, despite accounting for just 0.7% of tropical forest area\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGazi's rich coastal forests are home to all nine varieties of mangrove that grow in Kenya, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.equatorinitiative.org\u002F2017\u002F06\u002F28\u002Fmikoko-pamoja\u002F\"\u003Eas well as diverse bird life and 180 species of fish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In 2013, the Mikoko Pamoja carbon project began to conserve and protect 117 hectares (289 acres) of mangrove forest around Gazi, in a partnership between coastal Kenyan communities, the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Institute, and the Plan Vivo Foundation, a Scottish charity. It was the first project of its kind to successfully turn blue carbon, like that stored in mangroves, into an economically viable initiative that could support a community.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Joblessness is the reason the youth usually engage in poaching and illegal logging in Kenya. If carbon projects can create jobs for people in the villages, then society will start seeing forests and wildlife as their banks – Samuel Mutisya","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe premise is simple: in exchange for ensuring the health of Kenya's coastal mangroves, the project sells carbon credits, which can be bought as a form of \"offset\". While \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190409-carbon-offseting-pros-and-cons\"\u003Eoffsetting is a far from perfect solution, it can be a useful measure for currently hard-to-decarbonise industries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first steps were to reduce forest loss and degradation. The project established woodlots of Casuarina trees as an alternative source of wood for construction poles and firewood for local people, who were also encouraged to use material falling from coconut trees for fuel too. Then the village participants received training on the economic benefits of conserving mangroves for carbon credits. Finally, the community led a mangrove-planting initiative, preparing saplings for six to seven months in nurseries before planting the trees at appropriate sites.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's a strategy that has paid off – each year the project trades the equivalent of 3,000 tonnes (3,300 tons) of carbon dioxide a year from its 117 hectares of mangrove, roughly the equivalent emissions of around 650 cars on the road each year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is a small start, but the success of Gazi's blue carbon scheme has inspired a similar \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oceanographicmagazine.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmangrove-conservation-kenya\u002F\"\u003E460-hectare (1.8 sq miles) blue carbon project in Vanga\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a village located about 60km (37 miles) to the south of Gazi. Another project in Lamu to the north is also in its early stages, says Rahma Rashid, project coordinator of Mikoko Pamoja. Overall, about 660,000 hectares (2,548 sq miles) of land are under carbon trading schemes in Kenya, of which blue carbon is still a small, if powerful fraction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The success of these carbon projects is changing how people perceive climate change by assuring them there are growth opportunities,\" says Alfred Gichu, Kenya's national coordinator of REDD+, the UN-backed forest conservation scheme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe knock-on effects of the projects have included a reduction in environmental crimes such as illegal logging and poaching. \"Joblessness is the reason the youth usually engage in poaching and illegal logging in Kenya,\" says Samuel Mutisya, a reformed poacher from Kibwezi, a settlement just to the north of Tsavo National Park. \"If carbon projects can create jobs for people in the villages, then society will start seeing forests and wildlife as their banks.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the 1980s, there were only three rhinos in Tsavo National Park, which fans through south-eastern Kenya and connects the coast region to the country's hinterland. Now there are 120 rhinos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Kenya is one of the few countries in Africa that needs to be celebrated because its wildlife numbers are increasing and its conservation efforts are impressive,\" according to Kaddu Sebunya, chief executive of the Africa Wildlife Foundation, during the launch of the Benjamin Mkapa African Wildlife Photography Awards in Nairobi in early March.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the same time, the Kenya Forestry Services says the country’s forest cover has grown from below 5% to 7%, progress that the service has attributed to conservation efforts such as those taking place in Gazi. Alongside carbon credit schemes, increased law enforcement and engaging with local communities has helped bring environmental crimes down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGeorge Wara, the service's ecosystem conservator responsible for managing 34,000 hectares (131 sq miles) of forest including 8,000 hectares (31 sq miles) of mangroves in Kwale county, agrees that carbon projects have helped reduce illegal logging and poaching in the coastal region. \"If the community is benefitting from a forest, then they will have enthusiasm to protect it,\" says Wara.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChangare John, a local from Gazi village, knows the comforts of such successes. In a region that hardly receives enough rainfall for crops, John struggled to provide for her family by selling flatbreads and cooked beans at the roadside. During the low season, when there are few visitors in the village, she could hardly break even. Since she joined the Mikoko Pamoja project as a member, her fortunes have changed for the better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"My three children are in school thanks to the bursary they get from the project,\" she says. \"When they get sick, I do not have to worry about medical fees because our health centre is also supported by the project.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe local fisherman Abdallah Mohamed, who is not involved in the project, has also noticed benefits. \"The fish returned after the community stopped taking firewood from the mangroves. Our indigenous trees are also thriving because there are fewer disturbances,\" he says. \"This project is really a game changer.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith more blue carbon schemes set to roll out in Kenya, Gazi and other villages could soon see additional benefits from their conserved mangrove forests. As well as absorbing carbon, these forests are a natural buffer to some of the worst effects of climate change, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhow-mangroves-protect-people-from-increasingly-frequent-and-powerful-tropical-storms-118200\"\u003Estorm surges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-marine-122414-034025\"\u003Eto an extent, rising sea levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the world's mangroves \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wri.org\u002Finsights\u002Fsatellite-data-reveals-state-worlds-mangrove-forests\"\u003Eare steadily being lost through urban development, and the expansion of agriculture and aquaculture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, projects like Gazi's show that it is both possible and profitable to save the forests that can protect against climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"gmail-p1\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 30kg CO2, travelling by bus, ferry and train. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-04-28T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How mangrove forests helped stall environmental crime","headlineShort":"The trees that stall wildlife crime","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The majestic mangrove forests of Kenya's east coast have helped to bring levels of poaching and logging down, while taking large quantities of carbon out of the air.","summaryShort":"Mangroves have long been known to store carbon, but now they are cutting crime","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-04-27T23:05:05.075815Z","entity":"article","guid":"4ee147af-add8-4be2-a638-cccff68559b6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:40:17.688238Z","project":"future","slug":"20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242939},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","_id":"61535ff945ceed4d9f6d1fea","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\"\u003Ea mass extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an era of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\"\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing – and how they need to change further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou’ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What is Future Planet?","headlineShort":"What is Future Planet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","summaryShort":"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z","entity":"article","guid":"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:13:26.834305Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-what-is-future-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1634673242939},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"6153618f45ceed124c3ee1e8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet – a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-4"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why and how does Future Planet count carbon?","headlineShort":"Why does Future Planet count carbon?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. 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