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'\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .mapboxgl-map { font: 12px/20px Helvetica Neue,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); } .mapboxgl-canvas { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .mapboxgl-map:-webkit-full-screen { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .mapboxgl-canary { background-color: salmon; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass { cursor: -webkit-grab; cursor: grab; -moz-user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive.mapboxgl-track-pointer { cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive:active, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass:active { cursor: -webkit-grabbing; cursor: grabbing; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pan-x pan-y; touch-action: pan-x pan-y; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pinch-zoom; touch-action: pinch-zoom; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: none; touch-action: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { position: absolute; pointer-events: none; z-index: 2; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left { bottom: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right { right: 0; bottom: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl { clear: both; pointer-events: auto; -webkit-transform: translate(0); transform: translate(0); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 0 0 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 10px 0 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 0 10px 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 10px 10px 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group { border-radius: 4px; background: #fff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button { width: 29px; height: 29px; display: block; padding: 0; outline: none; border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid #ddd; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled { cursor: not-allowed; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { opacity: .25; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child { border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child { border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child { border-radius: inherit; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); } } @keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); transform: rotate(1turn); } } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { width: 88px; height: 23px; margin: 0 0 -4px -4px; display: block; background-repeat: no-repeat; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 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height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211020095835im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact { width: 23px; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211020095835im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' 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padding: 0 5px; color: #333; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .mapboxgl-popup { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; will-change: transform; pointer-events: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right { -ms-flex-direction: column-reverse; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right { -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-tip { width: 0; height: 0; border: 10px solid transparent; z-index: 1; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-top: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-bottom: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-left: none; border-right-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-right: none; border-left-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0 3px 0 0; cursor: pointer; background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-popup-content { position: relative; background: #fff; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 10px 10px 15px; pointer-events: auto; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer * { pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-marker { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; will-change: transform; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot, .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { background-color: #1da1f2; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { content: ""; position: absolute; -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after { border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; content: ""; height: 19px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 19px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } @keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale { background-color: #aaa; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after { display: none; } .mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle { background-color: rgba(29, 161, 242, 0.2); width: 1px; height: 1px; border-radius: 100%; } .mapboxgl-crosshair, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active { cursor: crosshair; } .mapboxgl-boxzoom { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; background: #fff; border: 2px dotted #202020; opacity: .5; } @media print { .mapbox-improve-map { display: none; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { color: #4a4a4a; margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video__border-line { padding: 0 10px; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 10px 0 3%; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-video__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 28px 0 18px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; margin: 0 10px; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { /* CreateSMPAudio */ display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { height: 50px; position: relative; /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising * { cursor: initial; pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button { opacity: 0.6; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video { margin-bottom: 10px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 36px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { color: #010101; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.17px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .most-popular-item__title--desktop { font-size: 16px; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--index { margin-right: 0; max-width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--index { -ms-flex-align: initial; align-items: initial; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index { color: #000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.53px; line-height: 30px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet { font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.74px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index { color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; margin-top: 4px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index { left: 0; margin-right: 40px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet { margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; padding: 30px 36px 0; top: -80px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 560px; top: -88px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 43px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet { padding: 31px 0; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 23px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable */ @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 900px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 300px; } } .related-articles { position: relative; } .related-articles__header { text-align: center; background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-articles__header--bright { margin: 20px 0 1.15ex; font-size: 13px; background-color: #d8d8d8; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 3; } .related-articles__list { list-style: none; padding: 0 0 1.5ex 0; margin: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; /* .with-numbers */ } .related-articles__list li { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; } .related-articles__list li > div { -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers { counter-reset: related-numbers; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); margin: 0 35px; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before { counter-increment: related-numbers; content: counter(related-numbers); font-weight: bold; font-size: 40px; -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; line-height: 1.85; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); -ms-flex: 0.1 0.1; flex: 0.1 0.1; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 1ex; flex-basis: 1ex; padding-right: 1ex; text-align: center; display: block; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li { margin-bottom: 10px; } .related-articles--wide-layout { background-color: initial; margin-top: 20px; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li { max-width: 100%; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li { max-width: 49.8%; } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .related-article { -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; min-height: 90px; } .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); -ms-flex: 0.3 0.3; flex: 0.3 0.3; min-width: 90px; max-width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); margin: 0; display: block; line-height: 0; -ms-flex-order: -1; order: -1; } .related-article__image img { width: 100%; border: 0; margin: 0 12px 0 0; } .related-article__text { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column nowrap; flex-flow: column nowrap; width: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: start; align-content: flex-start; position: relative; padding: 12px 6px 12px 0; line-height: 1.5; } .related-article__text a { width: 100%; padding-left: 12px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; text-decoration: none; } .related-article__text a + a { margin-top: 1ex; } .related-article__text br { display: none; } .related-article__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); letter-spacing: -0.01em; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-article__title:hover { color: #2e2e2e; } .related-article__collection { display: block; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.5px; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-article__collection span { display: none; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article { margin: 0.75ex 0; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images a:hover { color: #000; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title { padding-left: 10px; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 15px); max-width: calc(90px + 15px); margin: 0; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img { border-radius: 50%; } .related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.75ex 1.75ex; } .vertical-story-card-item { cursor: pointer; font-family: 'ReithSans'; height: 456px; margin: 20px 10px; position: relative; width: 297px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } .vertical-story-card-item img { width: 100%; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { background-color: #fff; bottom: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 111px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: absolute; right: 0; width: 275px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { width: 261px; } } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1 { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; text-transform: uppercase; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2 { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.06px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .vertical-story-group { font-family: 'ReithSans'; position: relative; } .vertical-story-group img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container { height: 370px; position: relative; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container img { height: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-mask { background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)); bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container { top: 120px; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 70%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { margin-top: 50px; } } .vertical-story-group__container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; grid-auto-rows: minmax(auto, auto); grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px)); height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; justify-items: center; margin-top: -210px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__container { margin-top: -120px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .mapContainer .mapTitle { background: transparent; color: #fff; display: block; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 1.1875em; margin-top: 2%; min-width: 25%; padding: 2%; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 0.375em; position: relative; text-align: center; z-index: 100; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapTitle { font-size: 2.4em; } } .mapContainer .styled-line { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .mapContainer button { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 60px; outline: none; padding: 2px; width: 60px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { color: #589e50; font-size: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle; } .mapContainer button:hover { background-color: #f2f2f2; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer button { height: 50px; width: 50px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { font-size: 2em; } } .mapContainer .navigationPanel { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, 0); transform: translate(-50%, 0); width: 100%; } .mapContainer .zoomControls { background-color: #fff; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; cursor: default; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 300px; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 300px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { max-width: 190px; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 190px; } } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { display: none !important; } .mapContainer .map-marker svg { -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; transition: all 0.1s ease-out; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(0.75); transform: scale(0.75); } } .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } .mapContainer__articleInfo { padding: 0 18px; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0.725em 0; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); text-decoration: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 1.7em; } } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 1.45em 0; text-decoration: none; } .location-header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .temperature-switcher { background: transparent; border: 0; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; white-space: nowrap; } .temperature-switcher:active { color: currentColor; } .temperature-switcher__active { font-weight: bold; } .temperature-switcher span { margin: 0 0.2ex; } .day { --w-day-font-size: 14px; --w-day-temp-font-size: 20px; --w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: 600; --w-day-name-font-weight: 500; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #959595; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: var(--w-day-font-size); } .day--desktop { --w-day-temp-font-size: 24px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: normal; --w-day-name-font-weight: 600; } .day:first-of-type { color: #4b4b4b; } .day__name { font-weight: var(--w-day-name-font-weight); line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase; } .day__symbol-header { display: block; height: 80px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 98px; } .day__symbol { display: block; height: 40px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 50px; } .day--desktop .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-top: 15px; width: 70px; } .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size); font-weight: var(--w-day-temp-font-weight); line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0.75em; text-transform: lowercase; } .day__temp--header { color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; } .day--mobile:first-of-type { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 3em; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-right: 10px; overflow: visible; width: 80px; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big); font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location { font-size: 120%; font-weight: 500; margin: 1em 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { color: #959595; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location, .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { text-align: center; width: 100%; } .weather { --w-height: 50px; --w-wrapper-margin: 24px; --w-days-flexbasis: 33%; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .weather--desktop { --w-height: 80px; --w-wrapper-margin: 50px; --w-days-flexbasis: initial; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days { -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; width: auto; } .weather__separator { border-right: 1px solid #dcdcdc; display: block; height: var(--w-height); } .weather__days { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-preferred-size: var(--w-days-flexbasis); flex-basis: var(--w-days-flexbasis); -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; margin-top: 2.5rem; } .weather__days--desktop { margin-top: 4rem; } .weather__header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column; flex-flow: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--w-wrapper-margin); } .weather__header button { margin-top: 1.5rem; } .weather__header--desktop { /* position the temperature switcher on desktop */ position: relative; } .weather__header--desktop button { margin: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .image-card { position: relative; } .image-card img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-card__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .image-card__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .image-card__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 90%; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } .destination-header { width: 100%; } .destination-header__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 380px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 16px; position: relative; } .destination-header__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .destination-header__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text { color: #fff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.95px; line-height: 37.4px; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text a { color: #fff; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; } .destination-header__text--desktop { font-size: 36px; } .destination-header__text-container { border-bottom: solid 1px #fff; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 17px; } .destination-header__text-container--desktop { padding-bottom: 0.75ex; } .destination-header__link-page, .destination-header__advert { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin-top: 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; } .destination-header__link-page span, .destination-header__advert span { display: block; width: 100%; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop, .destination-header__advert--desktop { margin-top: 40px; } .destination-header__link-page { left: 14px; margin: 0; position: absolute; text-transform: uppercase; top: 20px; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop { left: 25px; top: 36px; } .destination-header__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .destination-header a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .filter { display: inline-block; max-width: 160px; position: relative; } .filter__button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; padding: 16px; width: 160px; } .filter__content { background-color: #000; display: none; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 1; } .filter:focus .filter__content, .filter:hover .filter__content { display: block; } .filter__content--open { display: block; } .filter__content button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-style: italic; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; width: 100%; } .filter__content button:hover { background-color: #494848; } .callout-box-card { background-color: #eaeaea; color: #4a4a4a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } .callout-box-card img { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .callout-box-card__container { padding: 0.2rem 1.5rem; } .callout-box-card__container h3 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 1rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .callout-box-card__container h4 { font-size: 28px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; } .callout-box-card__container .body { font-size: 16px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; } .callout-box-card__container .body a { color: #4a4a4a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-video:hover { background-color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play { color: #000; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-p-tag--medium { font-size: 27px; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; } .simple-p-tag--quote { color: #575757; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; }/* stylelint-disable */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .index { display: block; margin-bottom: 16px; } @media (min-width: 600px) { .index { margin-bottom: 24px; } } .index__article-hero { margin-bottom: 27px; } .index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 60px; } .index__latest-articles { width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .index__latest-articles { margin-top: 8px; padding: 0; } } @media (min-width: 768px) { .index__latest-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 24px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__latest-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding-top: 8px; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__latest-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 976px; } } .index__load-more { display: flex; justify-content: center; padding: 0 0 24px; } .index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__storyworks-section { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__storyworks-section { max-width: 976px; } } .index__storyworks-section > div > div.bbccom_visible { background: #f1f1f1 !important; display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .index__more-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__more-articles { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__more-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 0 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__more-articles { max-width: 976px; } } .index__full-width-image-article { padding-top: 8px; } .index__stories-container { margin: 16px 16px 0; } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .index__stories-container { margin: 16px 8px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__stories-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__stories-container { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__stories-container { max-width: 976px; } } .index__section-header-unit img { width: 100vw; } @media (max-width: 420px) { .index__section-header-unit img { width: 150vw; } } .index__section-header-unit { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 8px 8px 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__section-header-unit { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__section-header-unit { max-width: 990px; padding: 16px 8px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 767px) { .index__section-header-unit { padding-bottom: 24px; } } @media (max-width: 599px) { .index__section-header-unit { padding: 8px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__section-header-unit { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__latest-articles--desktop-ad { max-width: 1280px; padding: 24px 0 0; } } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle { margin: auto 8px; } .latest-articles__editor { color: #020202; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2.92px; margin: 0 0 22px; } .latest-articles__editor--tablet { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__editor--desktop { margin-bottom: 36px; } 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href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/water"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Water</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">The 'inverted fortresses' for water</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By Feza Tabassum Azmi</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div 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media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09t3c6d.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09t3c6d.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09t3c6d.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09t3c6d.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t3c6d.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t3c6d.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09t3c6d.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09t3c6d.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="A close up of a thorny Vachellia nilotica plant (Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09t3c6d.jpg" alt="A close up of a thorny Vachellia nilotica plant (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/the-lost-index"><span>The Lost Index</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace"><span>The search for India's forgotten hedge</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Kamala Thiagarajan</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The fabric no one knows how to make" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p099wj5v.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p099wj5v.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p099wj5v.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p099wj5v.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p099wj5v.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p099wj5v.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p099wj5v.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p099wj5v.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="A model wearing a muslin stole from the 19th century (Credit: Drik/ Bengal Muslin)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p099wj5v.jpg" alt="A model wearing a muslin stole from the 19th century (Credit: Drik/ Bengal Muslin)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/the-lost-index"><span>The Lost Index</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make"><span>The fabric no one knows how to make</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Zaria Gorvett</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The fastest-growing source of food" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p091htjm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p091htjm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p091htjm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p091htjm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091htjm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091htjm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p091htjm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p091htjm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Young and old women alike make up the majority of the seaweed-cultivating workforce in Tamil Nadu and the Gulf of Mannar (Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091htjm.jpg" alt="Young and old women alike make up the majority of the seaweed-cultivating workforce in Tamil Nadu and the Gulf of Mannar (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/future-planet"><span>Future Planet</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food"><span>The fastest-growing source of food</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Meenakshi J</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index__more-articles"></div><div class="index__stories-container"><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The nuclear fuel in India's beaches" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06p05yb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06p05yb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06p05yb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06p05yb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06p05yb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06p05yb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06p05yb.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06p05yb.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="India's beautiful beaches may also hold the secret to its carbon-free future (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06p05yb.jpg" alt="India's beautiful beaches may also hold the secret to its carbon-free future (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/in-depth"><span>In Depth</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel"><span>The nuclear fuel in India's beaches</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Edd Gent</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The city running out of water" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06sk112.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06sk112.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06sk112.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06sk112.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06sk112.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06sk112.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06sk112.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06sk112.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Delhi's slums rely upon regular tankers to deliver water to the residents but shortages and disputes can interrupt the supply (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06sk112.jpg" alt="Delhi's slums rely upon regular tankers to deliver water to the residents but shortages and disputes can interrupt the supply (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/best-of-bbc-future"><span>Best of BBC Future</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis"><span>The city running out of water</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Lou Del Bello</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The unexpected benefits of Bollywood" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p05grdcc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p05grdcc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p05grdcc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p05grdcc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05grdcc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05grdcc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p05grdcc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p05grdcc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Karaoke literacy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05grdcc.jpg" alt="Karaoke literacy" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/untold-world"><span>Untold World</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy"><span>The unexpected benefits of Bollywood</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Priti Salian</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The biggest threat to India’s growth?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p052kl90.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p052kl90.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p052kl90.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p052kl90.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p052kl90.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p052kl90.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p052kl90.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p052kl90.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="India" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p052kl90.jpg" alt="India" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/future-now"><span>Future Now</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth"><span>The biggest threat to India’s growth?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Edd Gent</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Why is rabies still with us?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::5"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p032g69z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p032g69z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p032g69z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p032g69z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p032g69z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p032g69z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p032g69z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p032g69z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Rabies kills more than 20,000 people in India – many of them bitten by stray dogs (Credit: Sam Panthaky/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p032g69z.jpg" alt="Rabies kills more than 20,000 people in India – many of them bitten by stray dogs (Credit: Sam Panthaky/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/mosaicfuture"><span>Mosaic@Future</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020095835/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged"><span>Why is rabies still with us?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Mary-Rose Abraham</span></div></div></div></div></div><span></span><div class="around-the-bbc-swimlane"><div class="swimlane"><div class="swimlane-inner swimlane-inner--small"><div class="swimlane__content"><span class="swimlane__title b-reith-sans-font">Around the BBC</span><div class="swimlane__items"></div></div></div><div class="swimlane__background-image swimlane__background-image--atb" style="background-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 100%), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20211020095835im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08gp0tv.jpg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover"></div></div></div></main></div></div> <script>window.__PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__ = 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Photo)","synopsisShort":"India","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052kl9w.jpg","title":"india2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p052kl9w","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052kl9w.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p052n35l":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p052n35l","_id":"61535f6f45ceed1d3f524ca6","copyright":"Alamy Stock 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Photo)","synopsisShort":"India","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052n35l.jpg","title":"DBT3T2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p052n35l","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052n35l.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p052klcs":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p052klcs","_id":"615362a345ceed37ed3aec3f","copyright":"Alamy Stock 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Photo)","synopsisShort":"India","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052klcs.jpg","title":"india1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p052klcs","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052klcs.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p052kl90":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p052kl90","_id":"61535f3445ceed6f0f503966","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":800066,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F52\u002Fkl\u002Fp052kl90.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"India","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052kl90.jpg","title":"india3.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p052kl90","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052kl90.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p032g5tx":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p032g5tx","_id":"615361d245ceed2e3b6342b5","copyright":"Indranil Mukherjee\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":703206,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F32\u002Fg5\u002Fp032g5tx.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Indranil Mukherjee\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisMedium":"Culling dogs is not allowed in India – so authorities rely on catching, sterilising and releasing strays to stem the spread of rabies (Credit: Indranil Mukherjee\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Indranil Mukherjee\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g5tx.jpg","title":"GettyImages-138035190.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p032g5tx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g5tx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p032g6d1":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p032g6d1","_id":"61535e6845ceed1dc8614137","copyright":"Science Photo Library","fileSizeBytes":647246,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F32\u002Fg6\u002Fp032g6d1.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Science Photo Library)","synopsisMedium":"A scanning electron micrograph of rabies virus particles infecting a mammalian cell (Credit: Science Photo Library)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Science Photo Library)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g6d1.jpg","title":"M0500811-Rabies_virus,_SEM-SPL.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p032g6d1","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g6d1.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p032g69z":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p032g69z","_id":"61535e5645ceed2e113fb2ce","copyright":"Sam Panthaky\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":713495,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F32\u002Fg6\u002Fp032g69z.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Sam Panthaky\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisMedium":"Rabies kills more than 20,000 people in India – many of them bitten by stray dogs (Credit: Sam Panthaky\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Sam Panthaky\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g69z.jpg","title":"GettyImages-494158653.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p032g69z","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g69z.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p032g6ff":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p032g6ff","_id":"61535e0a45ceed2c286ae5c6","copyright":"Science Photo Library","fileSizeBytes":336815,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F32\u002Fg6\u002Fp032g6ff.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Science Photo Library)","synopsisMedium":"When someone is bitten by a rabid dog, it’s crucial to vaccinate as soon as possible (Credit: Science Photo Library)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Science Photo Library)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g6ff.jpg","title":"C0044254-Verorab_vaccine_for_rabies-SPL.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p032g6ff","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g6ff.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p032g5nr":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p032g5nr","_id":"61535d9545ceed2ce2129654","copyright":"Hulton Archive\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":827202,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F32\u002Fg5\u002Fp032g5nr.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Hulton Archive\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisMedium":"French scientist Louis Pasteur formulated the first rabies vaccine in 1885 by injecting the virus into rabbits (Credit: Hulton Archive\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Hulton Archive\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g5nr.jpg","title":"GettyImages-3315376.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p032g5nr","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g5nr.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p032g6k0":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p032g6k0","_id":"61535ef845ceed5e283614d6","copyright":"Science Photo Library","fileSizeBytes":336148,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F32\u002Fg6\u002Fp032g6k0.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Science Photo Library)","synopsisMedium":"Dogs which exhibit restless and aggressive behaviour could be infected with rabies (Credit: Science Photo Library)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Science Photo Library)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g6k0.jpg","title":"M9800225-Suspected_rabid_dog_barking-SPL.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p032g6k0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g6k0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"p032g6nc":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p032g6nc","_id":"6153610645ceed4e2500e5d5","copyright":"Sam Panthaky\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":461104,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F32\u002Fg6\u002Fp032g6nc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Sam Panthaky\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisMedium":"A recent study found India had vaccinated just 15% of its dogs (Credit: Sam Panthaky\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Sam Panthaky\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g6nc.jpg","title":"GettyImages-171098348.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p032g6nc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020095835\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp032g6nc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","_id":"6166415545ceed1399372d34","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Ffeza-tabassum-azmi"],"bodyIntro":"Huge architectural gems built deep into the Earth like inverted fortresses are scattered around India – and restoring them may be a solution to help the country's parched communities.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAn exquisitely carved maze of 3,500 steps, arranged in perfect symmetry, descends with geometrical precision to reach a well. Criss-crossed steps encircle the water on three sides, while the fourth side is adorned by a pavilion with embellished galleries and balconies. Built by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20160305075546\u002Fhttp:\u002Fasijaipurcircle.nic.in\u002FChand%20Baori.html\"\u003ERajput ruler Raja Chanda\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the 8th-9th Century, Chand Bawri in Abhaneri, Rajasthan, is India's largest and deepest stepwell. Extending down 13 floors, or 100ft (30m), into the ground, it is a captivating example of inverted architecture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlunging into the earth, stepwells like Chand Bawri were built in drought-prone regions of India to provide water all year round, ensuring communities had access to vital water storage and irrigation systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECenturies of natural decay and neglect, however, have pushed these structures into oblivion. Dating back more than 1,000 years, the stepwells (\u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, \u003Cem\u003Ebawri\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, or\u003Cem\u003E vav\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) are crumbling into obscurity. Their value has gone largely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.in\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FThe_Vanishing_Stepwells_of_India.html?id=PhQ-zQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y\"\u003Eunnoticed by town planners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as modern running water systems eclipsed their importance. Many stepwells are in shambles or have caved in. Some have disappeared completely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in recent years, many of these ancient edifices are being restored to help tackle India's acute water problem. The country is currently undergoing the worst water crisis in its history, according to a recent \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003Egovernment report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There are hopes that the ancient technology of the stepwells might offer a solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.unesco.org\u002Fnew\u002Ffileadmin\u002FMULTIMEDIA\u002FHQ\u002FSC\u002Fpdf\u002FWWDR4%20Volume%201-Managing%20Water%20under%20Uncertainty%20and%20Risk.pdf\"\u003EUNESCO\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), India is the world's largest extractor of groundwater. The groundwater level in India is estimated to have declined by \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmicensus.gov.in\u002F\"\u003E61% between 2007 and 2017.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E The depletion of this vital resource not only threatens people's access to drinking water but also food security by resulting in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.abd2849#:~:text=Specifically%2C%20groundwater%20depletion%20may%20reduce,future%20groundwater%20availability%20in%202025.\"\u003Ea reduction in food crops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by up to 68% in severely-hit regions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ygcrv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndia receives about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fslusi.dacnet.nic.in\u002Fwatershedatlas\u002Fintroduction.htm#:~:text=Water%20resource%20potential%20of%20India,m%20ha%2Dm%20ground%20water.\"\u003E400 million hectare metres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of rain annually, but nearly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.adriindia.org\u002Fadri\u002Findia_water_facts\"\u003E70% of surface water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is unfit for human consumption due to pollution.  India is ranked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpib.gov.in\u002Fnewsite\u002FPrintRelease.aspx?relid=195635\"\u003E120th out of 122 countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the water quality index. An estimated \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003E200,000 people die every year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to inadequate water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe government emphasises \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsocial.niti.gov.in\u002Fuploads\u002Fsample\u002Fwater_index_report2.pdf\"\u003Ethe need to use India's historic water management systems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for solutions to these problems. States can leverage new technologies to modify traditional water systems for local requirements. In a nation where \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Findia\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Fclean-drinking-water\"\u003E600 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – around half the population – face severe water shortages daily, traditional water-harvesting solutions are a harbinger of hope. \"With India's water table rapidly declining, stepwells can help refill ground aquifers and harvest runoffs. In three months during the rainy season, millions of litres of water can be collected,\" says Ratish Nanda, a conservation architect and projects' director at the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an organisation leading restoration efforts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2018, the government of Rajasthan, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.in.undp.org\u002Fcontent\u002Findia\u002Fen\u002Fhome\u002Fsustainable-development\u002Fsuccessstories\u002Fwater_in_the_landofextremesmarwarspeoplefindsolutionstowaterscar.html\"\u003Eone of the most water-scarce regions in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, drew up a comprehensive framework, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F179761563443651430\u002Fpdf\u002FInclusive-Revitalisation-of-Historic-Towns-and-Cities-Strategic-Framework-for-Rajasthan-State-Heritage-Programme.pdf\"\u003Etechnical assistance from the World Bank\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for restoration of the stepwells, including Chand Bawri.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The Rajasthan government, through its flagship program Mukhyamantri Jal Swavalamban Abhiyan\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehas taken initiatives to make villages self-sufficient in water by reviving the non-functional rainwater harvesting structures,\" says Mohit Dhingra, who teaches at Jindal School of Art and Architecture in Sonepat, India, and is associated with conservation projects in India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"India has a comprehensive water eco-system, but most of the traditional water bodies have become defunct. Reviving the stepwells will enable people to reclaim their traditional resources and spaces of community life. With the holding capacity that stepwells like Chand Bawri have, a great burden of water scarcity can be mitigated,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Initially constructed as crude trenches, they slowly evolved into engineering marvels between 11th-15th Century","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBansi Devi, who rears cattle for a living in Rajasthan, has already noticed a change. \"We had to walk for hours searching for water,\" she says. \"Now I can use water from the revived \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ein my village for our domestic use and also for feeding and washing the cattle.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Jodhpur city, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjdh.company\u002F\"\u003Ethe Toorji stepwell was restored\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a team spent several months pumping out stagnant water. Decades of toxic water had turned the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjdh.company\u002Fstep-well\u002F\"\u003Ered sandstone white\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with half an inch of thick crust covering much of the surface. Sand-blasting was carried out to clean the thick white crust of deposits on the wall, at a cost of about 1.5 million Indian rupees (£14,784). About 28 million litres (6.2 million gallons) of water per day is supplied to the city by other recently cleaned stepwells for irrigation and domestic purposes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGram Bharati Samiti (Society for Rural Development), a non-profit in the Jaipur district of Rajasthan, has carried out restoration work of seven stepwells in the villages of Rajasthan, providing around 25,000 people with a more reliable water source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We have restored seven stepwells where ground water has been recharged and storage capacity has increased,\" says Kusum Jain, secretary of Gram Bharati Samiti. \"Most stepwells can provide ample water for the daily needs of the villagers. It saw a unique coming-in of volunteers from different communities, exemplifying India's religious harmony.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERajkumar Sharma, a head teacher of the Government Primary School, in Shivpura, Rajasthan, is elated to see the revival. \"\u003Cem\u003EBaolis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are an integral part of our cultural life,\" he says. \"The stepwell in our village was the only source of water. With time, it had dried up and had converted into a heap of rubbish. We now have access to clean water for drinking, domestic use and for religious ceremonies. The \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E has become the grandeur of our village.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvidence of stepwells dates back to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002FIndus-civilization\"\u003EIndus Valley Civilisation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between 2500-1700 BC. Initially constructed as crude trenches, they slowly evolved into engineering marvels between 11th-15th Century. In 2016, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fstepwells.org\u002Fatlas.php?cmbm=1\"\u003EStepwell Atlas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, mapped the coordinates of around 3,000 existing stepwells in India. Delhi, the capital, alone has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.niyogibooksindia.com\u002Fbooks\u002FBaolis-stepwells\"\u003E32 stepwells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ygb4s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStepwells are multi-storied subterranean structures with significant ornamental and architectural features. They usually have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpenguin-guide-to-the-monuments-of-india-vol-i-buddhist-jain-hindu-by-george-michell-pp-518-illus-with-photographs-maps-diagrams-vol-ii-islamic-rajput-european-by-philip-davies-pp-605-illus-with-photographs-maps-diagrams-london-viking-1989-3000-each\u002F388FB16CA2462A1848D100DAFCB40556\"\u003Etwo parts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: a vertical shaft of water and the cascading galleries, chambers and a flight of orchestrated steps. \"Stepwells are a repository of India's historical tales, used for social gatherings and religious ceremonies,\" says historian Rana Safvi. \"They served as cool retreats for travellers as the temperature at the bottom was often five-six degrees lesser. Stepwells helped create bonhomie in common spaces as well as providing water for communities. They are an ingenious system for rainwater harvesting and served as water reservoirs. Revival of stepwells could be a significant step in our fight to overcome water shortage.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChicago-based author Victoria Lautman describes them as \"gates to the underworld\" in her book, The vanishing stepwells of India. \"Stepwells are unique since we generally look up at architecture, not down into it,\" she says. \"As one looks around the parade of steps, tall columns loom over, creating shifting views through a powerful play of light and shadow that is beautiful as well as mysterious.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Awareness of India's stepwells has grown exponentially recently. It's ironic that they've been ignored, considering how wonderfully efficient stepwells were at providing water for nearly 1,500 years. Now, thanks to the restoration efforts, stepwells will come full circle.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis\"\u003EThe slums fighting a water crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210816-how-water-shortages-are-brewing-wars\"\u003EHow water shortages are brewing wars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200221-how-fog-can-solve-water-shortage-from-climate-change-in-peru\"\u003EThe ethereal art of fog catching\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStepwells were built along natural slopes to collect run offs and acted as rainwater catchment areas, often connected to ponds so they could channel rainwater. Excavating and building these underground fortresses with pre-industrial tools and techniques must have been an enormous task, says Lautman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Built using masonry, rubble or brick, stepwells involved careful placement of a long staircase and side ledges around a trench that allowed access to water,\" she adds. \"During rainy seasons, the trench would transform into a huge water cistern, filling to capacity. Their close-packed design helped reduce evaporation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStepwells used for farming had drainage systems that channelled water into the fields. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fashokleyland.com\u002Fin\u002Fen\u002Fcustomers\u002Fpress-release\u002Fashok-leyland-and-hinduja-foundation-undertake-restoration-of-the-historical-moosi-rani-sagar-in-alwar-rajasthan\"\u003EMoosi Rani Sagar revival project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Rajasthan is one such multi-level plan involving wells, dams and canals from the top of the Aravalli hill to the stepwell at the foothills. Restoration work started in 2020 and required extensive cleaning and desilting, removing debris and invasive weeds and firming up  civic structures. From a cesspool, the channel has transformed into a fresh waterway, with thriving fish and turtles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yg9dg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearchers have explored the application of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FFractal-Geometry-in-Water-Conservation-Structures%3A-Parmara-Mishra\u002Fda60de827129209cf0cf2f250425fd3bb6a82ae7\"\u003Efractal geometry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in stepwells, which had both an aesthetic and functional purpose. This provided stability, buttressing walls against water pressure, owing to which many stepwells have survived and have the potential to be restored.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasi.nic.in\u002Fworld-heritage-sites\u002F\"\u003Egovernment identified 15 stepwells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Delhi for restoration. In 2019, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture partnered with the German Embassy in India to restore a stepwell in the Humayun Tomb complex in Delhi. \"It mandated re-grading the earth and rebuilding the walls,\" says Nanda. \"The efforts helped recharge aquifers through an investment of 4.15 million Indian rupees (£40,500\u002F$54,990). This catchment area will help conserve 150,000 litres (32,995 gallons) of rainwater.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 14th-century Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi was restored earlier\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Portions of the \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E had collapsed, threatening the families living nearby, who were relocated to safer places. \"It required rebuilding the collapsed portion with traditional materials, removing 700 years of accumulated debris, extensive cleaning and de-silting 80ft below the ground, and removal of the epoxy layer involving 8,000 man-days of work with the help of volunteers. The efforts helped in recharging underground aquifers,\u003Cem\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E says Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The Dargah \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is special as people consider it sacred and believe that the water has medicinal property. They carry water for drinking and healing purposes. The locals are enthused to see fresh water in the baoli,\" says Kaleemul Hafeez, a resident of Delhi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately, there is no universal way of restoring a \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Restoration needs to be done using traditional materials with skilled craftsmen, architects and structural engineers, according to Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Restoring stepwells may not solve the country's water problem completely, but can certainly provide solutions at the local level to battle water scarcity - Ratish Nanda","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Undertaking restoration is not easy. It's a complex project involving a multi-disciplinary team,\" says Nanda. \"It requires surveying surrounding structures to prevent any damage. A \u003Cem\u003Ebaoli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E needs a proper catchment area through which water can reach underground aquifers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost restoration work has been carried out through partnerships between government and non-governmental organisations, local volunteers and donors. \"The restoration projects are a lesson in how local communities can be brought closer to their heritage by offering them a sense of ownership and responsibility,\" says Safvi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut stepwells are not just a water source, they are also part of India's architectural history. They are heritage sites, surrounded by native trees and foliage, which need to be preserved. They can serve as vibrant social centres and can attract tourists. One approach to fund their upkeep has been to use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F179761563443651430\u002Fpdf\u002FInclusive-Revitalisation-of-Historic-Towns-and-Cities-Strategic-Framework-for-Rajasthan-State-Heritage-Programme.pdf\"\u003Eheritage funds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can be built through municipal revenue generation and donations for restoration and maintenance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Restoring stepwells may not solve the country's water problem completely, but can certainly provide solutions at the local level to battle water scarcity,\" says Nanda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-13T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The ancient stepwells helping to curb India's water crisis","headlineShort":"The 'inverted fortresses' for water","image":["p09yg91f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Huge architectural gems built deep into the Earth like inverted fortresses are scattered around India – and restoring them may be a solution to help the country's parched communities.","summaryShort":"An ancient water storage technology is helping the country's parched communities","tag":["tag\u002Fwater","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-13T02:15:47.299218Z","entity":"article","guid":"e2207753-fe47-4e99-9a17-7a6179852bb0","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-15T11:13:01.573413Z","project":"future","slug":"20211012-the-ancient-stepwells-helping-to-curb-indias-water-crisis","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916007},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace","_id":"615360de45ceed26127651b2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan"],"bodyIntro":"The natural living barrier was described as \"utterly impassable to man or beast\", and snaked across India from the Indus River to the Mahanadi. But why doesn't anyone remember it?","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a second-hand bookstore in London, in late 1994, author Roy Moxham made a discovery that would consume the next three years of his life. Wedged in the footnotes of a colonial-era book published in 1893 that he had just purchased, was a fascinating, long-forgotten piece of Indian history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the book \u003Cem\u003ERambles and Recollections of an Indian official\u003C\u002Fem\u003E by Major General WH Sleeman, in a chapter called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gutenberg.org\u002Ffiles\u002F15483\u002F15483-h\u002F15483-h.htm#Ch60\"\u003ETransit Duties in India – Mode of Collecting Them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, was a startling reference to a \"customs hedge\" – a natural barrier that the book described as becoming \"gradually a monstrous system to which it would be almost impossible to find a parallel in any tolerably civilised country\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe details about the hedge itself were sparse, but whatever was documented was enough to deeply puzzle Moxham, who had by then made five journeys to India without ever hearing about the hedge. The hedge was allegedly built over a customs line, which the book mentioned was established in 1869 and expanded to stretch across the length of India, covering an estimated 2,300 miles (3,701km) – the distance from London to Istanbul (then Constantinople). It was guarded by 12,000 British officers, at an annual cost of 1,620,000 rupees (£162,000 or $220,716, based on the exchange rate today).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe hedge was constructed entirely from an impenetrable thicket of thorny native shrubs, designed to prevent smugglers from sneaking in salt from coastal areas to British-controlled states, where it was taxed heavily. \"People seldom realise how critical salt is to health,\" says Moxham. \"And yet, it seems inconceivable to me how this incredibly painful part of history, the immense abuse people endured at this time, could be so utterly forgotten.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t25tb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt first, Moxham thought the reference to the hedge was a mistake – it sounded wildly improbable. He began to seek out other colonial-era books that could possibly allude to it. In April 1996, in a book called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.in\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FThe_Finances_and_Public_Works_of_India_f\u002Fbzwn9CEHgwkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover\"\u003EThe Finances and Public Works of India (1869-81)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E written by John and Richard Strachey, both brothers and administrative officers in British India, he uncovered other details confirming the hedge's existence. The hedge was divided into 110 \"beats\", each extending 10 to 30 miles (16-48km) and presided over by a patrol, watched from 1,727 guard posts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe ancient fabric that no one knows how to make\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210325-the-strange-medieval-fruit-the-world-forgot\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe forgotten medieval fruit with a vulgar name\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170907-the-mystery-of-the-lost-roman-herb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe mystery of the lost Roman herb\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoxham pieced together from records how the Customs Line needed 10 men guarding it in shifts for every mile, how these men had to \"sweep\" their section of the line when they took over duties, which they did by trailing bamboo or a large branch over the sandy floors. This was to ensure that they would be accountable for any impressions of footsteps that were discovered after they went off duty. In his book, \u003Cem\u003EThe Great Hedge of India\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, Moxham describes how the boundaries of the hedge kept shifting over the years, as the British gained greater control over India. \"It kept getting longer and more formidable,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fworldcat.org\u002Fidentities\u002Flccn-n98922907\u002F\"\u003EJames Grant Duff\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of the famous \"administrator-historians\" of India during this period, compared the Great Hedge to the Great Wall of China. There was vigilance night and day. The motive behind it was clear: to drive profits by allowing the British to effectively tax salt. The hedge isolated British controlled states from salt-producing coastal areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t22f0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELaunched on a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flibrary.oapen.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.12657\u002F45669\u002F625263.pdf?sequence=1\"\u003Ecold New Year's Eve, in 1600\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, The East India Company has often been described as one of the world's first multi-national corporations. And salt was one of the longest lasting sources of revenue that supported it and the British Imperialism that followed, not just in India, but across Asia. The necessity of salt meant that it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fhistorical-journal\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fsalt-and-sovereignty-in-colonial-burma\u002FAEE6FC4EE94DCBCF4A42B200DEF62565\"\u003Ecould be reliably taxed to raise state finances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMuch of the development of the hedge has been credited to one man. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.conservationindia.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Ffiles_mf\u002FCollar-Prys-Jones-2012-Allan-Octavian-Hume.pdf\"\u003E1867, when the British Civil Servant and botanist Allen Octavian Hume was appointed Commissioner of Customs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he took control over the Customs Line, pouring considerable resources and his own horticultural know-how into making the hedge an effective barrier against smuggling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 1869, the great hedge stretched from the foothills of the Himalayas to Odisha, and then cut mid-way across the country as it inched towards the Bay of Bengal. Its purpose was to cut off the salt producing coastal regions in Gujarat and Odisha from the rest of the princely states governed by the British Raj. This ensured that salt remained a precious commodity. It was taxed so heavily that most Indians couldn't afford it. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Ftopics\u002Findia\u002Fsalt-march\"\u003EThe India Salt Act of 1882\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ensured that the British had a complete monopoly over salt and explicitly prohibited Indians from collecting or selling it, a law which Mahatma Gandhi would soon defy in a series of marches that sparked the Indian independence movement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut despite it being a formidable barrier, with an average height of 8ft (2.4m), the smuggling of salt went on unabated. Armed gangs broke through the hedge, driving camels laden with sacks of salt right through it. Smugglers tossed salt over it in unguarded areas. Violent skirmishes broke out often. \"The Customs officials harassed the population and exhorted bribes,\" Moxham noted in his book. \"The barrier was a continual reminder of what Indians saw as unjust – British taxes. Nevertheless, it continued to be strengthened.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t27ny"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESheila Ghelani, a London-based artist who recently wrote about the hedge in a book she co-authored with fellow artist Sue Palmer (Common Salt, based on a live performance on the same subject), explains that the humble hedge can serve as a formidable natural barrier. \"But it's also kind of invisible. It's not something you notice right away,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Moxham's book, he describes the hedge as being built from \"almost every description of locally indigenous thorny shrubs.\" In some dry areas, the entire top layer of rocky soil had to be dug out and replaced for the hedge to thrive. It was built with prickly pear (\u003Cem\u003EOpuntia ficus-indica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), clusters of thorny acacias (\u003Cem\u003EVachellia nilotica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) and the thorny Indian plum tree \u003Cem\u003EZiziphus mauritiana\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut of all of these, the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.civilsdaily.com\u002Fnews\u002Fspecies-in-news-carissa-carandas-the-great-hedge-of-india\u002F\"\u003ECarissa carandas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, called \u003Cem\u003Ekaronda\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Hindi, is the most intriguing from a horticultural point of view, says Reema Gupta. Gupta is a former investment banker-turned organic farmer after setting up the Sustainable, Local, Organic, Wholesome (Slow) farm in the outskirts of Bengaluru, in the state of Karnataka in South India in 2014. \"In Northern India, karonda was a condiment,\" she says. Her grandmother would pickle the bright red berry, while she uses it to make jam. The raw berry can be eaten on its own and has a sour, tangy taste, like lemon. Gupta is keenly aware of how this indigenous knowledge of plants and herbs is fading fast. Even among organic farmers across India, so few people know of this indigenous shrub and its role in the history of the hedge, she explains. \"It is a hardy bush. It grows fast, spreads rapidly, needs constant pruning and has vicious thorns. I can easily imagine it being a critical part of the Great Hedge,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut why did it disappear?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Moxham, the hedge was eventually abandoned when the British took complete control of all salt production in India, by seizing one of the largest territories – the Sambhar Salt Lake in Rajasthan. The salt tax could then be added at the point of manufacture, and this would effectively stop smugglers. There was no longer any need for a Customs Line nor an expensive hedge. On 1 April 1879, it became obsolete. However, people continued to pay steep salt taxes in the years that followed, right up to March 1947. India received its independence in August of the same year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t291t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps this fading knowledge of these indigenous plants was an indirect cause for the Great Hedge's demise in modern India. Hoping to find someone who remembered the hedge or some physical evidence of its existence, Moxham made three trips to India in the mid-1990s, seeking it out. He pored over old maps and satellite imagery, travelled to small towns and spoke to villagers and locals in areas where the hedge was mentioned in historical records.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many places, Moxham found that the Hedge had just melted away. Many of the trees had a lifespan of sixty years, so they would have died by then anyway. Others had been cleared for the construction of roads. People had also widened their agricultural fields to encroach along the areas where the Great Hedge once ran.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA pivotal moment came in 1998, when Moxham finally found traces of the Great Hedge – in a section of prickly shrubs that grew along a 40ft-wide embankment in Etawah, a district in India's most populous state of Uttar Pradesh. Some of the hedgerow in this area was now 20ft (6m) high and it was impossible to tell if they were part of the original hedge or had sprouted from successive seeding, he says.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe location was exactly on the same latitude (the longitude, however, was one mile further east) as indicated in the map of India in 1876, when the Great Hedge was first documented. When Moxham had first started his search, he wrote that he was looking for \"a harmless piece of English eccentricity\" but he had ended up finding instead \"a terrible instrument of British oppression.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t244k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAisling O'Carroll, a lecturer teaching landscape architecture and a PhD candidate at The Bartlett School of Architecture at University College, London, has also been looking for the hedge. O'Carroll's research started with an interest to investigate The Great Hedge as a border and see what traces of that could be found remaining in the landscape – whether remnants of the hedge itself, or structural, spatial, infrastructural, or cultural traces of it – and if so, what its impact had been.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\"I wanted to understand more about how a live hedge could be maintained as a border at such a massive scale, and the contradiction between the typical function of the hedgerow – to protect and increase [the] productivity and resilience of the landscape on either side, often to mitigate erosion – and the violent intention of this hedge, to physically separate and exert control over the people of each province,\" says O'Carroll.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThe research was primarily carried out between 2017 and 2018 in Uttar Pradesh and funded by the Danish Arts Council. \"I found it particularly interesting that the line of the hedge, which used to be a barrier, has transformed into a corridor of connection in many parts — where the embankment of the hedge now serves as the road corridor,\" says O'Carroll.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoxham was recently invited to a conference on Nuclear Energy in Verdun, France to speak about the Great Hedge. \"They were intrigued by how such a big project could have disappeared from memory in such a short time,\" says Moxham. The delegates saw it as proof enough that the world could forget anything – including the cost of nuclear warfare or the grave dangers posed by improperly disposing of radioactive waste – all of which could have severe consequences if ever erased from public memory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, the fact that the hedge remains largely unknown is seen by Ghelani and Palmer as another example the uncritical teaching of British Imperialism, which they argue often downplays the pain and suffering of colonialism and the human cost of these endeavors. \"This history [of India's Great Hedge] was missing from our [British] history books too,\" says Palmer. \"We could find no reference to it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrying to keep this public memory alive is a constant challenge – but one that Palmer and Ghelani take on. Ironically, they recently performed at the South London Botanical Institute, which was set up by one of the key commissioners of the Hedge, AO Hume. \"He had this very British obsession with making the hedge perfect and impenetrable,\" says Palmer. \"When we performed… his portrait was on the wall. It was like we were trying to say, so many years later, that we needed to acknowledge that this happened. We need to hear this,\" she said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThis article was updated on 25 August 2021.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fthe-lost-index"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-25T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The mysterious disappearance of the world's longest shrubbery","headlineShort":"The search for India's forgotten hedge","image":["p09t3c6d"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The natural living barrier was described as \"utterly impassable to man or beast\", and snaked across India from the Indus River to the Mahanadi. But why doesn't anyone remember it?","summaryShort":"The natural living barrier was described as 'utterly impassable to man or beast'","tag":["tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-25T00:00:19.701553Z","entity":"article","guid":"b3faf7b4-df55-4d11-99c3-d7dc6f7eed2d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:34.213517Z","project":"future","slug":"20210824-how-the-worlds-longest-shrubbery-vanished-without-trace","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916007},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make","_id":"6153613d45ceed5cab5e9ac5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"Nearly 200 years ago, Dhaka muslin was the most valuable fabric on the planet. Then it was lost altogether. How did this happen? And can we bring it back?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn late 18th-Century Europe, a new fashion led to an international scandal. In fact, an entire social class was accused of appearing in public naked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe culprit was \u003Cem\u003EDhaka muslin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a precious fabric imported from the city of the same name in what is now Bangladesh, then in Bengal. It was not like the muslin of today. Made via an elaborate, 16-step process with a rare cotton that only grew along the banks of the holy Meghna river, the cloth was considered one of the great treasures of the age. It had a truly global patronage, stretching back thousands of years – deemed worthy of clothing statues of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fillumination-curated\u002Fa-historical-journey-of-muslin-pride-485070bfe53b\"\u003Egoddesses in ancient Greece\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, countless emperors from distant lands, and generations of local Mughal royalty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere were many different types, but the finest were honoured with evocative names conjured up by imperial poets, such as \"\u003Cem\u003Ebaft-hawa\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\", literally \"woven air\". These high-end muslins were said to be as light and soft as the wind. According to one traveller, they were so fluid you could pull a bolt – a length of 300ft, or 91m – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aramcoworld.com\u002FArticles\u002FMay-2016\u002FOur-Story-of-Dhaka-Muslin\"\u003Ethrough the centre of a ring\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Another wrote that you could fit a piece of 60ft, or 18m, into a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1057\u002F9781137403940_8\"\u003Epocket snuff box\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDhaka muslin was also more than a little transparent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile traditionally, these premium fabrics were used to make \u003Cem\u003Esaris\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ejamas – \u003C\u002Fem\u003Etunic-like garments worn by men – in the UK they transformed the style of the aristocracy, extinguishing the highly structured dresses of the Georgian era. Five-foot horizontal waistlines that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thevintagenews.com\u002F2018\u002F02\u002F13\u002Fpannier-18th-century-undergarment\u002F\"\u003Ecould barely fit through doorways\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were out, and delicate, straight-up-and-down \"chemise gowns\" were in. Not only were these endowed with a racy gauzy quality, they were in the style of what was previously considered underwear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn one popular satirical print by Isaac Cruikshank, a clique of women appear together in long, brightly coloured muslin dresses, through which you can clearly see their bottoms, nipples and pubic hair. Underneath reads the description, \"Parisian Ladies in their Winter Dress for 1800\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile in an equally misogynistic \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjaneaustensworld.wordpress.com\u002F2011\u002F06\u002F26\u002Fparisian-milliners-advice-to-a-visiting-lady-in-1801\u002F\"\u003Ecomedic excerpt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from an English women's monthly magazine, a tailor helps a female client to achieve the latest fashion. \"Madame, ’tis done in a moment,\" he assures her, then instructs her to remove her petticoat, then her pockets, then her corset and finally her sleeves… \"‘Tis an easy matter, you see,\" he explains. \"To be \u003Cem\u003Edressed\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in the fashion, you have only to \u003Cem\u003Eundress\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, Dhaka muslin was a hit – with those who could afford it. It was the most expensive fabric of the era, with a retinue of dedicated fans that included the French queen Marie Antoinette, the French empress Joséphine Bonaparte and Jane Austen. But as quickly as this wonder-cloth struck Enlightenment Europe, it vanished.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p099wpx7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A satirical print from the 19th century mocking muslin dresses (Credit: Alamy)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBy the early 20th Century, Dhaka muslin had disappeared from every corner of the globe, with the only surviving examples stashed safely in valuable private collections and museums. The convoluted technique for making it was forgotten, and the only type of cotton that could be used, \u003Cem\u003EGossypium arboreum var. neglecta – \u003C\u002Fem\u003Elocally known as \u003Cem\u003EPhuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E – abruptly went extinct. How did this happen? And could it be reversed?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA fickle fibre  \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDhaka muslin began with plants grown along the banks of the Meghna river, one of three which form the immense Ganges Delta – the largest in the world. Every spring, their maple-like leaves pushed up through the grey, silty soil, and made their journey towards straggly adulthood. Once fully grown, they produced a single daffodil-yellow flower twice a year, which gave way to a snowy floret of cotton fibres.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese were no ordinary fibres. Unlike the long, slender strands produced by its Central American cousin \u003Ca title=\"Gossypium hirsutum\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FGossypium_hirsutum\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGossypium hirsutum\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewhich makes up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41588-019-0371-5\"\u003E90% of the world’s cotton today\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Cem\u003EPhuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E produced threads that are stumpy and easily frayed. This might sound like a flaw, but it depends what you’re planning to do with them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, the short fibres of the vanished shrub were useless for making cheap cotton cloth using industrial machinery. They were fickle to work with, and they’d snap easily if you tried to twist them into yarn this way. Instead, the local people tamed the rogue threads with a series of ingenious techniques developed over millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe unexpected way Bollywood could help millions \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"The%20country%20disappearing%20under%20rising%20tides\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBangladesh: The country disappearing under rising tides\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201006-india-why-bangalore-is-digging-a-million-wells\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe Indian megacity digging a million wells\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe full process involved 16 steps, each of which was so specialist, it was carried out by a different village around Dhaka, which was then part of Bengal – some in what is now Bangladesh, some in what is now the Indian state of West Bengal. It was a true community effort, involving the young and old, men and women.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, the balls of cotton were cleaned with the tiny, spine-like teeth on the jawbone of the boal catfish, a cannibalistic native of lakes and rivers in the region. Next came the spinning. The short cotton fibres required high levels of humidity to stretch them, so this stage was performed on boats, by skilled groups of young women in the early morning and late afternoon – the most humid times of day. Older people generally couldn’t spin the yarn, because they simply couldn’t see the threads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p099wn7c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Joséphine Bonaparte in a muslin dress (Credit: Alamy)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"You'd get tiny, tiny little joins between the cotton fibres, where they were linked together,\" says Sonia Ashmore, a design historian who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fissuu.com\u002Fvandapublishing\u002Fdocs\u002Fmuslin\"\u003Eauthored a book about muslin in 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"It lent the surface a kind of roughness, which gives a very nice feel.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, there was the weaving. This part could take months to complete, as classic \u003Cem\u003Ejamdani\u003C\u002Fem\u003E designs – mostly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unnatisilks.com\u002Fjamdani-motifs-indian-crafts.html\"\u003Egeometric shapes depicting flowers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – were integrated directly into the cloth, using the same technique that was used to create the famous \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vam.ac.uk\u002Farticles\u002Fwhat-is-tapestry\"\u003Eroyal tapestries from medieval Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The result was a minutely detailed artwork rendered in thousands of silvery, silky strands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn Asian wonder\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe region’s Western customers found it hard to believe that Dhaka muslin could possibly have been made by human hands – there were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F43510560\u002FThe_Ground_of_Wetness_Through_the_Practice_of_Muslin_Making\"\u003Erumours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that it was woven by mermaids, fairies and even ghosts. Some said that it was done underwater. \"The lightness of it, the softness of it – it was like nothing we have today,\" says Ruby Ghaznavi, vice president of the Bangladesh National Craft Council.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe same weaving process continues in the region to this day, using lower-quality muslin from ordinary cotton threads instead of \u003Cem\u003EPhuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. In 2013, the traditional art of jamdani weaving was protected by Unesco as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fich.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002FRL\u002Ftraditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879\"\u003Eform of intangible cultural heritage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the real feat was the thread counts that could be achieved.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It was all going so well – then the British turned up","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHigher thread counts are seen as desirable because they make materials softer, and tend to wear better over time – the more strands there are to begin with, the more there will remain to hold the fabric together when some begin to fray.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESaiful Islam, who runs a photo agency and leads a project to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengalmuslin.com\u002F\"\u003Eresurrect the fabric\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says most versions made today have thread counts between 40 and 80 – meaning they contain roughly that number of criss-crossing horizontal and vertical threads per square inch of fabric. Dhaka muslin, on the other hand, had thread counts in the range of 800-1200 – an order of magnitude above any other cotton fabric that exists today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough Dhaka muslin vanished more than a century ago, there are still intact saris, tunics, scarves and dresses in museums today. Occasionally one will resurface at a high-end auction house such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.christies.com\u002Fen\u002Flot\u002Flot-5061803\"\u003EChristie’s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bonhams.com\u002Fauctions\u002F22816\u002Flot\u002F133\u002F\"\u003EBonhams\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and sell for thousands of pounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA colonial shambles \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The trade was built up and destroyed by the British East India Company,\" says Ashmore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELong before Dhaka muslin was draped over aristocratic women in Europe, it was sold across the globe. It was popular with the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdspace.bracu.ac.bd\u002Fxmlui\u002Fhandle\u002F10361\u002F537\"\u003EAncient Greeks and Romans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and muslin from \"India\" is mentioned in the book \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FThe_Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea\u002FvpoN9PDYKC4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover\"\u003EThe Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, authored by an anonymous Egyptian merchant around 2,000 years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p099wlzg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A hand beneath almost-transparent Dhaka muslin (Credit: Drik\u002F Bengal Muslin)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Roman author Petronius may have been the first person on record to raise an eyebrow over its transparency, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu\u002Fhopper\u002Ftext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0027%3Atext%3DSatyricon%3Asection%3D55\"\u003Ewriting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: \"\u003Cem\u003EThy bride might as well clothe herself with a garment of the wind as stand forth publicly naked under her clouds of muslin\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\" Over the coming centuries, the fabric is praised in the works of the renowned 14th-Century Berber-Moroccan explorer \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\u002F37674897\u002FTK___TCE_Monograph.pdf?1432012979=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTraditional_Knowledge_and_Traditional_Cu.pdf&Expires=1615763190&Signature=FbKJdA2wmiMcsiYCrRl9QxSPK-bntdDV4rJFemqISqCOD8p9kMEgJIn4GWCi5I-FjkCnqpDDTUFuftov12k~yAr3-HMXKfNccly-Et0DDMhpesGweLDZ5vOLEDtUk2DyBrDMEHVbWmP2tQ3RuUVrwkzJsRkZ1qWpoHsSfkerp14pvwCn7Nz4-uKm4LzKpriipkigvjo~Vljwx~~MqjVXpTz5huPV2lWI-vhL4WNEeZh4ci4eqGNtkCcJMYCI0ldYregBvgZCJwwGzdxonmrb1f8zURfhunmkF-KfXN5mtNVPMNyWV~SDhqS4vIlVfZrquxOqUG1F0CS~crgrznXr-w__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=218\"\u003EIbn Battuta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the prolific 15th-Century Chinese voyager \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fart-xivmahuans-account-of-the-kingdom-of-bengala-bengal\u002FCA03359AB29CC79DC56C29A62817E9FD\"\u003EMa Huan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as many others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the Mughal era was arguably the fabric’s heyday. The South Asian empire was founded in 1526 by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdepts.washington.edu\u002Fsilkroad\u002Ftexts\u002Fbabur\u002Fbabur1.html\"\u003Ea warrior chieftain from what is now Uzbekistan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and by the 18th Century it ruled across the entire Indian subcontinent. During this period, muslin was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\u002F37674897\u002FTK___TCE_Monograph.pdf?1432012979=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTraditional_Knowledge_and_Traditional_Cu.pdf&Expires=1615763190&Signature=FbKJdA2wmiMcsiYCrRl9QxSPK-bntdDV4rJFemqISqCOD8p9kMEgJIn4GWCi5I-FjkCnqpDDTUFuftov12k~yAr3-HMXKfNccly-Et0DDMhpesGweLDZ5vOLEDtUk2DyBrDMEHVbWmP2tQ3RuUVrwkzJsRkZ1qWpoHsSfkerp14pvwCn7Nz4-uKm4LzKpriipkigvjo~Vljwx~~MqjVXpTz5huPV2lWI-vhL4WNEeZh4ci4eqGNtkCcJMYCI0ldYregBvgZCJwwGzdxonmrb1f8zURfhunmkF-KfXN5mtNVPMNyWV~SDhqS4vIlVfZrquxOqUG1F0CS~crgrznXr-w__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=218\"\u003Etraded extensively with merchants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from Persia (modern-day Iran), Iraq, Turkey and the Middle East.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cloth was thoroughly endorsed by Mughal emperors and their wives, who were rarely painted wearing anything else. They went so far as to bring the best weavers under their patronage, employing them directly and banning them from selling the very finest cloth to others. According to popular legend, its transparency led to yet more trouble when the emperor Aurangzeb scolded his daughter for appearing in public naked, when she was, in fact, ensconced in seven layers of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was all going so well – then the British turned up. By 1793, the British East India Company had conquered the Mughal empire, and less than a century later the region was under the control of the British Raj.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDhaka muslin was first showcased in the UK at The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851. This spectacular event was the brainchild of Queen Victoria’s husband Prince Albert, intended to showcase the wonders of the British Empire to their subjects. Some 100,000 objects from the farthest corners of the globe were gathered together in a glittering glass hall, Crystal Palace, which was 1,851ft (564m) long and 128ft (39m) high.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the time, a yard of Dhaka muslin fetched prices ranging from £50-400, according to Islam – equivalent to roughly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.in2013dollars.com\u002Fuk\u002Finflation\u002F1851?amount=50\"\u003E£7,000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E-\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.in2013dollars.com\u002Fuk\u002Finflation\u002F1851?amount=400\"\u003E56,000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E today. Even the best silk was up to 26 times less expensive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p099wlbx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A woman spinning cotton into yarn (Credit: Drik\u002F Bengal Muslin)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut while Victorian Londoners were fawning over the fabric, those who produced it were being pushed into debt and financial ruin. As the book \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fbook\u002F10.1057\u002F9781137403940\"\u003EGoods from the East, 1600–1800\u003C\u002Fa\u003E explains, the East India Company first started meddling with the delicate process of manufacturing Dhaka muslin in the late 18th Century. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst the company replaced the region’s usual customers with those from the British Empire. \"They really put a stranglehold on its production and came to control the whole trade,\" says Ashmore. Then they came down hard on the industry, pressurising the weavers to produce higher volumes of the fabric at lower prices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You needed such a special skill to convert it [\u003Cem\u003EPhuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E] into cloth,\" says Islam. \"It's a very arduous, expensive process – and at the end of the day, after all that you'd only get about eight grammes of fine muslin for one kilogramme of cotton.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs weavers struggled to keep up with these demands, they fell into debt, explains Ashmore. They were paid upfront for the cloth, which could take up to a year to make. But if the fabric was not considered to be up to the required standard, they would have to pay it all back. \"They could never really keep up with these debt repayments,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe final blow came from competition. Colonial enterprises such as the East India Company had been engaged in documenting the industries they relied on for years, and muslin was no exception. Every step of the process of making the fabric was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002F1851cottonmanufactureofDacca\"\u003Erecorded in meticulous detail\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the European thirst for luxury fabrics increased, there was an incentive to make cheaper versions closer to home. In the county of Lancashire in northwest England, the textile baron Samuel Oldknow combined the British Empire’s insider knowledge with state-of-the-art technology, the spinning wheel, to supply Londoners with vast quantities. By 1784, he had 1,000 weavers working for him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p099wrtk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Villagers looking at old drawings of phuti karpas (Credit: Drik\u002F Bengal Muslin)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough the British-made muslin didn’t come close to Dhaka’s original – it was made with ordinary cotton, and woven at significantly lower thread counts – the combination of decades of mistreatment and a sudden decline in the need for imported textiles killed it off for good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs war, poverty, and earthquakes struck the region, some weavers switched to making lower-quality fabrics, while others became full-time farmers instead. In the end, the whole enterprise collapsed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I think it’s important to remember that it was really a family occupation – we often talk about the weavers and how fantastic they were, but behind their work was the women, doing the spinning,\" says Hameeda Hossain, a human rights activist who has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FThe_Company_Weavers_of_Bengal.html?id=X2o1AAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y\"\u003Ewritten a book\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about the muslin industry in Bengal. \"So the industry involved a lot of people.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the generations passed, the knowledge of how to make Dhaka muslin was forgotten. And with no one to spin its silky threads, the \u003Cem\u003Ephuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E plant, which had always been hard to tame – no one had been able to grow it away from the Meghna river – retreated back into wild obscurity. The legend of the loom was no more. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA second chance \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIslam was born in Bangladesh and moved to London about 20 years ago. He first became aware of Dhaka muslin in 2013, when the company he works for – Drik – was approached about adapting a British exhibition on the material for a Bangladeshi audience. They felt that it was lacking in detail, so they conducted their own research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the next year, Islam and colleagues met people from the local craft industry, explored the region where it had been produced, and looked for tangible examples of Dhaka muslin at museums in Europe. \"The V&A has a superb collection with hundreds of pieces of it,\" he says. \"And if you go to the English Heritage Trust they've got 2,000 pieces. And yet Bangladesh didn't have any.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe team eventually curated several exhibitions on the subject, commissioned a film and published a book, authored by Islam. At some point, they started to think that maybe, just maybe, it might be possible to bring the legendary fabric back. Together they founded \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbengalmuslin.com\u002F\"\u003EBengal Muslin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a collaborative enterprise aimed at doing just that. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p099wqk9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe first task was to find a suitable plant. Though there are no \u003Cem\u003Ephuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E seeds in any collection today, they found a neat booklet of its dried, preserved leaves at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from the 19th Century. From this, it was possible to sequence its DNA.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EArmed with their target’s genetic secrets, the team went back to Bangladesh. They looked at historical maps of the Meghna river and compared them to modern satellite images to see how its course had changed over the last 200 years, and find the best spots for potential candidates. Then they hired a boat and scoured its immense breadth – it’s 12km (7 miles) wide in places – for wild plants that resembled old drawings.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAny promising options were sequenced and compared to the original. Eventually they found a 70% match – a dishevelled shrub which may have had \u003Cem\u003Ephuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E ancestors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo grow it, they initially settled on a plot of land on a small island in the middle of the Meghna, in Kapasia, 30 km (19 miles) north of Dhaka. \"It was a very ideal spot. The land is fertile because it was formed through the accumulation of river sediment,\" says Islam. It was there that in 2015, they planted some test seeds. Soon there were orderly rows of \u003Cem\u003Epluti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E among the dry earth – the first to be cultivated for more than a century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe team harvested their first batch of cotton the same year. Though they didn’t yet have enough of the resurrected plants to make 100% authentic Dhaka muslin, they collaborated with Indian spinners to combine ordinary and \u003Cem\u003Ephuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E cotton into a hybrid thread. Next it was time for the weaving – and this proved to be trickier than expected.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause there are still weavers in Bangladesh making jamdani muslin, albeit coarser versions at lower thread counts, initially Islam hoped to simply upgrade their skills and teach them how to produce a higher-quality product that’s closer to the old fabric.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p099wk5v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"But none of them wanted to work on this, as a matter of fact,\" says Islam. When he told them he wanted to make 300-thread count saris, \"they all said that this is crazy\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They said: 'Thank you very much for telling us that story and heritage, but no thanks’,\" he says. Out of the 25 people he approached, one eventually agreed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost weavers in the region are poor, and work in simple huts. So Al Amin, now their master weaver, agreed to have temperature controls and humidifiers added to his workshop, to create the specific conditions needed for making this tricky fabric. Meanwhile some of the 50 or so tools required were no longer available, so the team made their own. One example is the \u003Cem\u003Eshana, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ea piece of bamboo cut to have thousands of artificial teeth that can keep the thread in place while it’s worked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESix gruelling months, many more improvisations and plenty of snapped threads later, Amin had made a 300 thread count sari – nowhere near the original Dhaka muslin standard, but significantly higher than any weaver had achieved for generations. \"He had the dogged patience that was needed to work with us,\" says Islam. \"We contributed 40% of the effort, but the rest came from him.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFast-forward to 2021 and the team have made several saris from their hybrid muslin, which have already been exhibited all over the world. Some have been sold for thousands of pounds – and Islam feels the reception they received proves the fabric has a future. \"In this day and age of mass production, it's always interesting to have something special. And the brand is still powerful,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday the team have plants growing continuously, though they were forced to abandon the old farm plot due to flooding issues. Now they’re growing the resurrected \u003Cem\u003Ephuti karpas\u003C\u002Fem\u003E on a nearby riverbank, which has the added benefit of being accessible without a boat. Islam hopes that one day they’ll be able to make a pure Dhaka muslin sari at an even higher thread count.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs it happens, so does the Bangladeshi government, who have given the project their backing. \"It’s a matter of national prestige,\" says Islam, who is also keen to upgrade the country’s image. \"It’s important that our identity is not poor, with a lot of garment industries, but also the source of the finest textile that ever existed,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWho knows, perhaps soon a new generation will be wearing this ancient fabric – and grappling with its somewhat risqué transparency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Zaria Gorvett is a senior journalist for BBC Future and tweets \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FZariaGorvett\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@ZariaGorvett\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article was updated on 17 March 2021. The original version stated that the rediscovered phuti karpas were grown on an island in the middle of the Ganges, in northerm India. In fact the land was on the Meghna river, in Bangladesh.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make-16"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fthe-lost-index"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-03-17T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The ancient fabric that no one knows how to make","headlineShort":"The fabric no one knows how to make","image":["p099wj5v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Nearly 200 years ago, Dhaka muslin was the most valuable fabric on the planet. Then it was lost altogether. How did this happen? And can we bring it back?","summaryShort":"In 1851, Dhaka muslin was the most valuable fabric on earth. Then it was lost","tag":["tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-03-17T01:00:35.962357Z","entity":"article","guid":"bc787dc6-97e9-4c38-a4f1-cb610c06128b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:38:20.868094Z","project":"future","slug":"20210316-the-legendary-fabric-that-no-one-knows-how-to-make","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916008},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food","_id":"615360c645ceed3ab94823a5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmeenakshi-j"],"bodyIntro":"The green fronds that grow along much of India's shoreline could be a substantial sustainable food source, while helping to fight climate change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEmerald-green waters and bobbing catamarans welcome one on the way to Pamban Island, also known as Rameshwaram, a sacred pilgrimage site in the state of Tamil Nadu. But just below the sea’s surface, there is a change taking place which could transform the region's ecosystem, economy and even its cuisine – these coastal villages are the home of India's seaweed boom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough seaweed has been used in Indian folk medicine for thousands of years, it has never played as large a part in Indian culture as it has in other Asian countries. However, picking seaweed for traditional remedies is an age-old practice along coastal settlements such as Pamban Island and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.unesco.org\u002Fbiosphere\u002Faspac\u002Fgulf-mannar\"\u003EGulf of Mannar, a richly biodiverse area\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHere, locals have historically collected natural wild seaweeds indigenous to the region. It is to these villages that India is turning to as a model for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2017.00100\u002Ffull\"\u003Eseaweed cultivation, which globally has become the fastest-growing sector of food production\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, increasing by 8% every year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091htkl"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearchers in India have long been proposing seaweed cultivation as a form of sustainable agriculture. Much of India's coast is ideal for seaweed cultivation with suitable tropical weather, shallow waters and a rich supply of nutrients. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.springer.com\u002Fgp\u002Fbook\u002F9789048124879\"\u003Eregions of Gujarat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and Tamil Nadu harbour the highest seaweed biodiversity in the country, with around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.degruyter.com\u002Fview\u002Fjournals\u002Fbotm\u002F62\u002F5\u002Farticle-p463.xml\"\u003E282 species being reported along Tamil Nadu's 1,000km (621 miles) coastline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E alone\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. In total, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F1424-2818\u002F12\u002F1\u002F13\u002Fhtm#B15-diversity-12-00013\"\u003Eas many as 841 species of seaweed thrive along the Indian coast, though only a few are cultivated\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe benefits could be significant. India's economy is an agrarian one, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FAG.LND.AGRI.ZS?view=map\"\u003Ewith 60% of its land used for agriculture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fi5199e\u002FI5199E.pdf\"\u003Eclose to 47% of the country's cultivable land is being lost to soil degradation. Water erosion is responsible for more than a third of this loss\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – but, through seaweed, water could also be part of the solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"[Seaweed has] an innate ability to combat malnutrition being a perfect source of iodine, vitamins, and proteins,\" says Dinabandhu Sahoo, a botanist at Delhi University who has argued for the need for a \"blue revolution\" in Indian agriculture. That revolution could be getting closer, with India's government announcing this summer some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com\u002Feconomy\u002Fagri-business\u002F637-crore-for-a-new-beginning-for-seaweed-farming\u002Farticle32124532.ece\"\u003E$87m (£65\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com\u002Feconomy\u002Fagri-business\u002F637-crore-for-a-new-beginning-for-seaweed-farming\u002Farticle32124532.ece\"\u003Em\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E) in\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com\u002Feconomy\u002Fagri-business\u002F637-crore-for-a-new-beginning-for-seaweed-farming\u002Farticle32124532.ece\"\u003E subsidies for seaweed farming initiatives over the next five years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeaweed's nutritional value is far from its only appeal as a crop. Seaweed gains its energy through photosynthesis, in a similar way to plants (though seaweeds are actually macroalgae). Seaweed absorbs carbon dioxide, converting the carbon to sugars for energy, and releases oxygen into the water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPreviously, it was believed that much of the carbon stored in seaweed would eventually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Flno.10128\"\u003Ebe released again when the algae decomposed in the ocean\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the discovery of large quantities of dead seaweed deep in ocean-floor sediments has shown that when seaweed dies, much of it is swept out to the ocean, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fecm.1366\"\u003Eeventually sinking to the seafloor where its carbon is locked-up in sediments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As a result, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2017.00100\u002Ffull\"\u003Eseaweed cultivation has been identified as a carbon sink that could help mitigate climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to research by seaweed ecologist Dorte Krause-Jensen and colleagues at Aarhus University, Denmark. And apart from storing carbon, seaweed forms one base of the marine food web, along with phytoplankton, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201119-atlantic-ocean-the-largest-seaweed-bloom-in-history\"\u003Eprovides food and a habitat for a number of marine animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091htym"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut for all its attraction, the uptake of seaweed cultivation in India got off to a slow start. Some of the first efforts were in 1987, when the species \u003Cem\u003EK\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eappaphycus alvarezii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, native to the Philippines, was acquired by the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI), a laboratory part of India's Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201119-atlantic-ocean-the-largest-seaweed-bloom-in-history\"\u003EThe seaweed bloom that covered an ocean\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-clean-shipping-the-carbon-negative-cargo-boats-made-of-wood\"\u003EThe futuristic cargo ship made of wood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-the-largest-dam-removal-project-in-american-history\"\u003EThe largest dam-removal in US history\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe intention was to meet the increasing demand for seaweed used in the industrial manufacture of agar – a jelly with many uses, including in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002Fagar-seaweed-product\"\u003Efood, cosmetics and in laboratories for growing microorganisms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. After a decade of lab and field trials at Port Okha in Gujarat, the seaweed was introduced at Mandapam, Tamil Nadu, in 1997 with just 5g of seed material, says Eswaran K, a scientist at the CSMCRI's Marine Algal Research Station, who has spent the past 27 years in Mandapam studying seaweed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis 5g of seed material propagated over the years and has resulted in the successful seaweed cultivation farms along a 100km (62-mile) coastline near Palk Bay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091hv3v"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut large-scale seaweed harvesting only began in earnest around the year 2000, when CSMCRI licensed the technology to PepsiCo, who were interested in using seaweed not as a food crop but to produce carrageenan, a compound used in food, cosmetics and industry. \"This heralded commercial seaweed cultivation in India,\" says Eswaran.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPepsiCo sold its seaweed fields in 2008, which were then eventually bought by AquAgri, one of the first Indian firms to venture into commercial seaweed cultivation. The firm now has 18 seaweed cultivation sites in Tamil Nadu, providing jobs to 650 fisherfolk, predominantly women.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMuthulakshmi Namburajan has been harvesting and cultivating seaweed for a total of 38 years. While she used to spend more time in deeper water collecting seaweed, she now avoids the rougher waves as the work is physically demanding. \"I prefer being close to the shores spending my time catering to the rafts,\" she says. From these bamboo rafts, where seaweed grows along ropes anchored by stones, Namburajan harvests, dries and cleans up to 50kg (110lb) of seaweed a day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe surge in seaweed cultivation has had a positive \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F329512041_Impact_of_Seaweed_Farming_on_Socio-Economic_Development_of_a_Fishing_Community_in_Palk_Bay_Southeast_Coast_of_India\"\u003Esocio-economic impact on the coastal communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in India, particularly among women seaweed farmers, helping them \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10811-013-0228-8\"\u003Eincrease their economic independence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091hw8b"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn total, there are 1,200 families involved in seaweed cultivation along the coasts of Tamil Nadu, Eswaran says. Each provided with 45 bamboo rafts to cultivate and harvest, one per day. Each raft typically yields 200kg (440lb), of which 50kg (110lb) is used to start cultivating the next raft.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd seaweed cultivation is set to grow further in India, with CSMCRI working with the Ministry of Fisheries to begin seaweed cultivation of both native and exotic species of seaweed along a 100km (62-mile) stretch of shoreline. The seaweed is not only destined to be a food source, but also a source of biofuels, bio-fertilisers and other products. While the CSMCRI's seaweed biofuel is still being perfected to make it economically and environmentally viable, its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F263234508_Seaweed_sap_as_an_alternative_liquid_fertilizer_for_yield_and_quality_improvement_of_wheat\"\u003Eliquid bio-fertiliser has been shown to boost crop yields\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and has been rolled out to market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet seaweed cultivation may come with its own ecological downsides. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F107\u002F21\u002F9683\"\u003EUnchecked wild growth of seaweed has been shown to damage coral reefs in the Caribbean\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fsrep18842\"\u003Esome coral-dwelling fish appear to prefer corals unfettered by seaweed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn India's Gulf of Mannar, concerns have been raised that the coral reefs around the island of Kurusadai were suffering from a seaweed invasion that had drifted in from nearby cultivations, though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.e-algae.org\u002Fjournal\u002Fview.php?doi=10.4490\u002Falgae.2010.25.4.205\"\u003Ea study by the CSMCRI suggested that only a small area of 77 sq m (828 sq ft) had been affected\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Eswaran notes that use of suction pumps to pick up any stray fronds of seaweed can help minimise the risk of cultivated seaweed establishing amid coral reefs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091hv9z"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the United Nations' \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002FCA1121EN\u002Fca1121en.pdf\"\u003EFood and Agriculture Organization's latest report on the seaweed trade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the fast-growing global seaweed market is already more than $6bn (£4.5bn) a year. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F328653943_Seaweeds_Cultivation_and_Utilisation_Prospects_in_India\"\u003EIndia's present seaweed value is estimated to be around \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F328653943_Seaweeds_Cultivation_and_Utilisation_Prospects_in_India\"\u003E$500m\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (£370m), despite a bumpy ride in recent years. \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F293376284_Socio-economic_assessment_of_seaweed_farmers_in_Tamil_Nadu_-_A_case_study_in_Ramanathapuram_District#pf3\"\u003EIn 2013, close to 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F293376284_Socio-economic_assessment_of_seaweed_farmers_in_Tamil_Nadu_-_A_case_study_in_Ramanathapuram_District#pf3\"\u003E,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F293376284_Socio-economic_assessment_of_seaweed_farmers_in_Tamil_Nadu_-_A_case_study_in_Ramanathapuram_District#pf3\"\u003E500 metric tonne\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F293376284_Socio-economic_assessment_of_seaweed_farmers_in_Tamil_Nadu_-_A_case_study_in_Ramanathapuram_District#pf3\"\u003Es\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F293376284_Socio-economic_assessment_of_seaweed_farmers_in_Tamil_Nadu_-_A_case_study_in_Ramanathapuram_District#pf3\"\u003E of seaweed was harvested\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" says Abhiram Seth, founder of AquAgri. \"But then, El Nino and global warming contributed to increasing the temperature of oceans. That's resulted in lower yield in the years to come.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is also a dearth of quality seed material after mass mortality in 2013-14 due to high sea temperatures, adds Eswaran. This damaged the reproduction capability and vigour of \u003Cem\u003EKappaphycus alvarezii\u003C\u002Fem\u003E species. \"To overcome this, we are working towards developing a heat-resistant strain and establishing a functional seed bank,\" says Eswaran, though this research is still in its early stages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a food historically much neglected in Indian cuisine, seaweed is set to have a remarkable influence on the nation's coasts. And as this algae can help lock up carbon and save agricultural land, perhaps it deserves a more prominent place on the nation's plates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-16T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The world's fastest-growing source of food","headlineShort":"The fastest-growing source of food","image":["p091htjm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The green fronds that grow along much of India's shoreline could be a substantial sustainable food source, while helping to fight climate change.","summaryShort":"It is conspicuously absent from Indian cuisine, despite growing there in plenty","tag":["tag\u002Findia","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-16T00:07:48.405003Z","entity":"article","guid":"7673ad6b-8781-48a6-849b-0095de68ee4e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-02T07:44:32.628398Z","project":"future","slug":"20201215-seaweed-the-worlds-fastest-growing-source-of-food","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916008},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel","_id":"6153619845ceed182d1ec465","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fedd-gent"],"bodyIntro":"For decades, India has planned to fuel a carbon-free future with its thorium-rich sands. Is the country any closer to reaching its goals?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe tropical beaches of India probably bring to mind sun-dappled palms, fiery fish curries and dreadlocked backpackers, but they also hold a surprising secret. Their sands are rich in thorium – often hailed as a cleaner, safer alternative to conventional nuclear fuels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe country has long been eager to exploit its estimated 300,000 to 850,000 tonnes of thorium – quite probably the world’s largest reserves – but progress has been slow.  Their effort is coming back into focus amid renewed interest in the technology. Last year Dutch scientists fired up the first new experimental thorium reactor in decades, start-ups are promoting the technology in the West and last year China pledged to spend $3.3bn to develop reactors that could eventually run on thorium.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EProponents say it promises carbon-free power with less dangerous waste, lower risk of meltdowns and a much harder route to weaponisation than conventional nuclear. But rapid advances in renewables, a costly development path and question marks over how safe and clean future plants would really be mean its journey to commercialisation looks uncertain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also enjoy reading:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-45784892\"\u003EFive things we have learned from the IPCC climate change report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180822-why-china-is-transforming-the-worlds-solar-energy\"\u003EHow China’s solar farms are transforming world energy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180808-gut-bacteria-that-could-cure-malnutrition\"\u003EHow bacteria can save children’s lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIndia’s pursuit of thorium is driven by unique historical and geographic conditions, which have given it considerable staying power. Some see a quixotic quest unlikely to live up to its promise, but the country’s nuclear scientists see a long-term strategy for carbon-free energy security in a country whose population could peak at 1.7 billion in 2060.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We are a power hungry nation,” says Srikumar Banerjee, secretary of India’s Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) until 2012. “Eventually we need to rely on indigenous raw materials for the long-term sustainability of a country which is going to support one fifth of humanity.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nzwd8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The West’s development of nuclear energy was inextricably linked to the development of atomic bombs","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EToday all commercial nuclear plants run on uranium, a fact at least partly down to geopolitics. The West’s development of nuclear energy was inextricably linked to the development of atomic bombs and uranium’s by-products are much easier to weaponise. “In a different era maybe a different choice would be made and we'd have headed down the thorium route in the 1950s instead, but we are we are where we are,” says Geoff Parks, a nuclear engineer at Cambridge University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIndia’s strategy was governed by different calculus. The country’s meagre uranium deposits convinced the founding father of its nuclear programme, Homi Bhabha, that any long-term strategy must exploit thorium, its most abundant fuel, which inspired a three-stage programme that is still the central plank of India’s nuclear energy policy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThorium doesn’t spontaneously undergo fission – when an atom’s nucleus splits and releases energy that can generate electricity. Left to its own devices it decays very slowly, giving off alpha radiation that can’t even penetrate human skin, so holidaymakers don’t need to worry about sunbathing on thorium-rich beaches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo turn it into nuclear fuel, it needs to be combined with a fissile material like plutonium, which releases neutrons as it undergoes fission. These are captured by thorium atoms, converting them into a fissile isotope of uranium called U233. An isotype is a variant of an element with a different number of neutrons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nzv77"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Thorium is like wet wood,” says Ratan Kumar Sinha, who succeeded Banerjee as DAE secretary before leaving the post in 2015. He explains that wet wood is no good at starting a fire, but once it’s placed in a furnace burning dry wood, it can catch light. The first two stages of India’s strategy are therefore aimed at converting its abundant thorium reserves into fissile material.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFirst, conventional uranium-fuelled reactors produce plutonium as a by-product. The next stage combines this with more uranium in ‘fast breeder’ reactors that generate more plutonium than they use. That’s used to build more breeder reactors, and once the fleet is large enough they switch to converting thorium into U233. The final stage combines U233 with more thorium to kick-start self-sustaining ‘thermal breeder’ reactors that can be refuelled using raw thorium.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERealising Bhabha’s vision has proved challenging though. The West’s focus on uranium means that India has been ploughing a lone furrow for some time and its nuclear weapons programme and refusal to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty saw it isolated from global trade in nuclear technology and fuel for decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe lifting of those barriers, following the 2008 India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement, should speed progress says, Sinha. But while the country developed uranium-powered Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) in the 1970s, the second stage has been a long time coming. An experimental breeder reactor that came online in 1985 has still not reached its 40MW designed capacity. The country’s 500MW Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) – the blueprint for a future fleet – is targeted to come online this year, but the first official launch date was 2010. In other words, it’s far from guaranteed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nzwvd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndia will also need to build up operational experience before any expansion, says Banerjee, and it will take time to breed the required fuel – roughly 10 years to double the plutonium to build another reactor. It’s even longer for thorium, which is why plutonium will be used to build out the network before switching to thorium conversion. Extracting U233 from the spent thorium also poses daunting challenges, because another by-product of the fuel cycle is U232, which emits highly radioactive gamma rays. Researchers at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) have demonstrated the process experimentally but doing so at scale will require facilities with heavy radiation shielding and complex robotics to isolate workers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe design of India’s first reactor that could burn thorium is complete – the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). But construction is not imminent, and Sinha, who led the design, stresses it’s not a blueprint for the third stage. It will still need fissile material top-ups and is aimed more at providing experience with the fuel cycle and demonstrating new safety features.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAn eventual third stage reactor will be a self-sustaining ‘thermal breeder’ that needs U233 and thorium to get started, but can then be refuelled with natural thorium. The specific design of that reactor is an open question, but the consensus is that reactors using a molten salt mixture as both fuel and coolant are the most promising. That’s a design pursued by proponents in the West and China and early R&D is underway in India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nzvjr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven India’s nuclear establishment admits the country is unlikely to generate substantial energy from thorium until at least the 2050s. Others are more sanguine. “Thorium has been talked about for 70 years now and it will continue to be talked about in the future tense, I think, for the conceivable future,” says M. V. Ramana, a professor at the University of British Columbia, Canada, who has written a book about India’s nuclear policy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One frequently touted benefit is safety, because thorium reactors should be less prone to meltdowns","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConventional nuclear is already economically unconvincing, he says, so adding the cost of developing thorium-friendly reactors and complex fuel reprocessing is untenable. Proponents say thorium’s advantages outweigh these costs, but he thinks the case is overstated. One frequently touted benefit is safety, because thorium reactors should be less prone to meltdowns; but Ramana says you can’t predict possible failure routes until full-scale models are running. “Chernobyl and Fukushima and so on, they were all accidents that were not supposed to happen,\" he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile the presence of U232 means thorium waste is more hazardous in the short-term, its particular mix of isotopes are less hazardous over longer periods due to the amount and type of radiation it releases. That means it's likely to be easier to handle and store in the long-term, says Cambridge’s Parks, but the benefits are marginal and possibly of limited relevance, considering we’ve still not found a convincing way to deal with existing nuclear waste. Perhaps the most compelling advantage is the difficulty of weaponising it, he adds. U233 can make atomic bombs but the complex processing makes it unattractive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENone of these potential benefits are what’s really driving India’s program though, says Ramamurti Rajaraman, a physics professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. “It's partly institutional pride,” he says. The nuclear establishment is loath to abandon a longstanding flagship program. But more importantly Bhabha’s argument for self-sufficiency has remained potent, he adds, particularly following the country’s period of nuclear isolation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nzv1c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"India is fourth in the world for installed wind capacity and fifth for solar","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndia is trying to meet booming energy demands while weaning itself off a chronic coal addiction. Renewables are undoubtedly part of the picture, says Anil Kakodkar, another former DAE secretary now on India’s Atomic Energy Commission. The country plans to reach 175GW of installed renewable energy capacity by 2022; it’s fourth in the world for installed wind capacity and fifth for solar. But sun and wind are too intermittent to power the whole country. “Nuclear is the only option for such large-scale baseload generation that is non-fossil,\" he says. \"And in the Indian case it has to be essentially from thorium.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether self-sufficiency is necessary for energy security is up for debate. When Bhabha devised India’s strategy global uranium deposits were believed to be smaller and rapid nuclear expansion was expected to put pressure on supplies. But global nuclear capacity has been in decline since the 1990s and uranium is more prevalent than first thought.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nzvyh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWilliam Nuttall, a professor at the Open University specialising in energy policy, understands how India’s historical perspective could make thorium attractive. But there’s little sign of an impending squeeze on uranium, so global markets provide a sustainable route to energy security, he says. It’s also entirely possible to decarbonise without nuclear. “Nuclear has attributes that mean it's beneficial in respect to climate change and energy security, but its case is not manifest,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIndia isn’t putting all its eggs in one basket though. Besides its continuing work on wind and solar energy, the government approved construction for 12 new heavy-water reactors to add to the 22 in operation and 9 under construction. It’s also exploring deals for foreign-designed reactors with Russia, France and the US.  But given its progress so far, Parks thinks thorium makes sense as a long-term hedge for India. “They should be commended for having had a plan and stuck to it,” he adds. “I wish the UK could be accused of the same.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven India’s nuclear scientists doubt thorium’s prospects in developed countries though.  With little headroom in energy consumption and established uranium-based technology, they’ve little incentive to risk switching tracks, says Kakodkar. The opportunity is booming energy consumption in the developing world where he sees thorium’s abundance and proliferation-resistance making it a promising carbon-free baseload provider.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“If you really want to move toward carbon-free energy for the world, I don't see how it can happen without nuclear and I don't see how nuclear can grow without thorium,” he adds. “So somebody has to take the lead.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, or follow us on \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Eor \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel-17"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fin-depth","future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-now"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-10-18T12:07:20Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Why India wants to turn its beaches into nuclear fuel","headlineShort":"The nuclear fuel in India's beaches","image":["p06p05yb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fenergy"],"summaryLong":"For decades, India has planned to fuel a carbon-free future with its thorium-rich sands. Is the country any closer to reaching its goals?","summaryShort":"Could thorium offer the country a carbon-free future?","tag":["tag\u002Fenergy","tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2018-10-17T20:28:04.366373Z","entity":"article","guid":"f6059ad8-5b06-4885-82f0-8b8c8fc1d142","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T16:47:32.385101Z","project":"future","slug":"20181016-why-india-wants-to-turn-its-beaches-into-nuclear-fuel","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916008},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis","_id":"6153626545ceed37ed3aebbc","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Flou-del-bello"],"bodyIntro":"Delhi is set to become the world's biggest city within the next decade, but it already faces crippling water shortages. How can it hope to support more inhabitants?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe tuk-tuk rocks and splashes through the mud, and my guide for the day, Jaswinder Kaur, giggles. \"I don't trust this driver,” she says. “But I trust God!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe are on our way to Jai Hind camp, home to about 1,200 families in the south of Delhi, India. Here, more than anywhere else in the Indian capital, life revolves around water. Tankers carry water to the camp seven times a day and, until recently, filling up a couple of 50-litre tanks was an ugly game, explains Kaur, who works with the Forum for Organised Resource Conservation and Enhancement (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fforce.org.in\u002F\"\u003EForce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E)\u003Cspan\u003E, a charity \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Etrying to improve sanitation and access to clean water in India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFights often broke out around the vehicles in the past, meaning only the strongest would secure enough water to last their families for a few days. This left the elderly, sick and marginalised ethnic groups with little water to drink, bathe or wash their clothes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fgallery\u002F20180510-how-a-city-that-floods-is-running-out-of-water\"\u003EHow a city that floods is running out of water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180822-this-jordan-greenhouse-uses-solar-power-to-grow-crops\"\u003EJordan's plan to turn its desert green\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180822-recycled-shells-of-louisiana-oyster-reef-protect-new-orleans\"\u003EHow to save Louisiana from drowning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn Jai Hind, things are slowly improving. The camp is classified as a 'notified slum', which means that the government acknowledges its presence on public land and commits to take care of sanitation, water drainage systems, food supply and other basic needs of the local population. Here, the public administration teamed up with another charity, WaterAid India, to build a community toilet block – reducing the problem of open defecation, improving women’s safety and water efficiency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nk376"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt the centre of the building sits a small apartment where Fatima, a willowy, resolute woman who greets us with a cup of hot chai, lives as part of her role as toilet manager. Her job is relatively well paid, and between training people on how to use the toilet and keeping the space clean she has time to run a small tea stall while she keeps an eye on the complex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"I have four kids and running a family of six requires a lot of money,” she says. “My children are growing up and I want them to have an education, and ultimately live a better life than the one I am leading\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EManaging the new community toilet is helping her achieve that, but Fatima, who only uses her first name, is not only working for the benefit of her own family. Her role is to fix some of the systemic problems affecting the diverse, multi-faith and multiethnic Jai Hind community.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe has devised a system to make sure all families in the camp have equal access to water. Each household is given a numbered slip that they present at the tanker to receive their fair share, and then they must then wait until the following week for a top up. As she proudly shows me the registry, she explains how conflicts over water have gone down since her idea was implemented.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Fairer distribution of this precious commodity has already changed thousands of lives for the better","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile a fairer distribution of this precious commodity has already changed thousands of lives for the better, as Fatima walks me through the narrow passages between makeshift homes, a small church and crammed little shops, it becomes clear that water still occupies a major space in the mind of Jai Hind's residents. They need more of it, but water can also be their enemy. During the monsoon season – from mid-July to mid-September – rainwater accumulates without adequate drainage systems, turning the ground into a patchwork of toxic puddles that harbour diseases such as malaria, dengue and chikungunya.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nk2bt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs I leave the camp in the pouring rain, Kaur points at rows of sleek buildings that tower over the shacks of the camp. In Delhi, slums and luxury complexes often sit next to each other, she explains, because local women need the housekeeping jobs offered by wealthy families, and the middle classes also increasingly need domestic help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETroubled water\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven though Jai Hind seems to be the polar opposite of the image of a bustling, progressive Delhi that its authorities prefer to project, its woes reflect the whole capital's troubled relationship with water.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA recent report by the government-sponsored think tank the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) warns that 21 Indian cities, including Delhi, Chennai, Bengaluru and Hyderabad are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fniti.gov.in\u002Fcontent\u002Fcomposite-water-management-index-june-2018-0\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Epoised to run out of groundwater by 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, affecting 100 million people. While this doesn't mean that the capital is going to run dry, as it receives water supply from neighbouring states, \"Delhi is currently pulling too much water out of the ground and we are not putting back a sufficient amount\", says Amitabh Kant, chief executive of NITI Aayog.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe study he spearheaded looks at how various Indian states fare in managing their water resources, a subject that \"cuts across many governmental departments\" and includes issues as diverse as soil management, irrigation practices, sanitation, water contamination, rural drinking water and urban water supplies. Counterintuitively, it finds states that are traditionally water scarce, such as Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh, are better at providing drinking water for urban and rural people, and employing rainwater harvesting and advanced irrigation techniques, among other measures. Conversely, north eastern states, which enjoy more abundant water resources, are scoring poorly in the composite index designed by the study. Delhi sits at the heart of this region, between Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nk2jv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"This report is about naming and shaming,\" says Kant, who believes that putting each state's performance in the public domain will compel local administrations to take action. \"These are states to which 50% of the population and agriculture basket belongs, and therefore, if they do not do well, food security is at risk for the whole of India.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As Delhi expands, its fragile water system is on the brink of collapse","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnder this scenario, Delhi could be one of the first victims. Currently the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpublications\u002F2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html\"\u003Esecond biggest city in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with 29 million inhabitants, it is projected to become the world's biggest urban centre by 2028. But as Delhi expands, its fragile water system is on the brink of collapse. The city is heavily dependent on the water it receives from upstream neighbouring states, which can lead to political tensions, particularly in the hottest, driest seasons, when supply regularly falls short.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"In the long run, be it the case of Delhi or any big city, indiscriminate pumping that exceeds the natural recharge rate will only accelerate the depletion of water stored in aquifers,\" says Priyam Das, associate professor at the University of Hawai'i and an expert on water governance. \"As climate changes, so will weather patterns and surface water flows, so regulation of groundwater to protect freshwater resources could be key to averting a water crisis.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis scenario, Das says, \"is rather apocalyptic, but, if it does play out, it could trigger serious unrest over scarce resources. Conflict over water is not new but we may even witness scarcity-induced violence at an unprecedented scale.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWater mafia\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite the looming threat, \"nobody monitors where and when wells are drilled, even if in theory you would need permissions\", says Asit Biswas, global water resources expert and visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Technology in Bhubaneswar. \"Even if there's a problem, you pay someone a few hundred rupees and the problem goes underground.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBiswas is not referring to the wells, but rather the darker side of the water industry in India. He speaks of the \"water mafia\" that plagues Delhi as an open secret. Part of the political class has no interest in changing the status quo, he says, because \"it benefits from the existing system.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nk2fs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The scarcer the water, the higher the demand for water from private providers,\" Biswas explains. \"What happens is that some politicians or officials within the Delhi Jal Board (the government agency responsible for drinking water supply in the region) use public tankers to sell water as a private enterprise.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe main victims of this alleged racket are disenfranchised communities living in 'non notified slums', informal settlements mostly populated by migrants that are not officially recognised by the government and don't receive any practical support. They have to pay for their daily water supply out of their own pockets, as well as living in constant fear of being evacuated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhat became known as the “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findianexpress.com\u002Farticle\u002Fcities\u002Fdelhi\u002Fwhat-is-the-delhi-water-tanker-scam-kapil-mishra-arvind-kejriwal-sheila-dikshit-4644753\u002F\"\u003Ewater tanker scam\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” in India throughout 2016 and 2017 allegedly involved a number of senior government officials believed to have used their public position for illicit profit. Although an official investigation was opened, various sources told BBC that Delhi is still plagued by a fraught relationship between public and private water services. When contacted by the BBC, neither the Jal Board and the Central Bureau of Investigation would comment on the issue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDelhi's water crisis is inexorably tied to its population boom, fueled by migrants moving to the city from nearby states. The majority end up in settling in the sprawling slums. According to the latest government census in 2012, more than \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.delhi.gov.in\u002Fwps\u002Fwcm\u002Fconnect\u002Fadcd1f0047a86473ab46ffbdc775c0fb\u002Fpdf+report+69th+round+slum+final.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=538772215&CACHEID=adcd1f0047a86473ab46ffbdc775c0fb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea million people were living in Delhi's slums\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the time, and the number is likely to have increased dramatically over the intervening six years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWater guardians\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETucked away in the industrial area of Kirti Nagar, in west Delhi, a small migrant community offers a glimpse of an alternative future, where water is equally distributed and reaches people's homes, even in a slum. Here, porches are decorated and old buildings are painted in blue, yellow and pink. A group of brightly dressed women show me around, and tell me how water is now delivered to their front door for a few hours each morning and in the evening through taps connected by a network of pipes that reach every corner of the complex. This is one of the first notified slums in Delhi where the government is supporting such a sophisticated water supply system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06nk25x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShy at first, Krishnavati, who also only uses her first name, agrees to show me how the taps work – demonstrating the special design meant to withstand misuse and potential damage. Each tap has two valves, so if one breaks the water doesn’t spill and the system keeps working.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBefore the water came to her house, Krishnavati says, the long journey to fetch it was always in her mind and would take up several hours a day. Now she can just open the tap and wait for her bucket to fill up while she carries on with housework. \"Water quality has also improved,” she says. “While before we used to catch diseases from time to time, this doesn't happen anymore.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"While before we used to catch diseases from time to time, this doesn’t happen anymore – Krishnavati","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKrishnavati and her friends are the guardians of the water networks. They are responsible for keeping the pipes and taps functional, notifying the authorities if something breaks or there is a potential contamination. In slums it's not uncommon for people to break the pipes and install a motor to pump more water towards their homes. It's something that authorities outside the complex will struggle to detect and fix, which gives the women a special role to play in fostering a sense of collective ownership of this precious resource.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe system is still far from perfect. Experts agree that intermittent water supply means that the pipes will deteriorate faster, more water will be wasted and ultimately the costs will be much higher than if water was continuously available through the system. But the experiment is proving a success, and not only because it prevents water shortages and reduces the risk of disease in a deprived area. It is also mobilising people to take pride in their community and fight for the common good, something that can deliver change in many other fields too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most unusual aspects of water management in Kirti Nagar is that there is no one person in charge of overseeing it all – a position that could be open to the sorts of corruption described elsewhere in the city. As I say goodbye, Kaur points to a wall that has been painted with the names of all the women working on the project. \"Our strength is working as a group\" she says. \"If everyone is a leader, the leader never dies.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=EsWCxOxipeDTD2uG1KjXrVr2aohpEtGq4--4FAWEVFTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.facebook.com%2fBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=m-PP8de121BqbUMFuNSaT_1otrPX5hz17nUvtbpdtUbb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2ftwitter.com%2fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=aKgBDVAFPnR-GgSKDwyPQlFGWWC7k4B8S6moVv9HFeTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.instagram.com%2fbbcfuture_official%2f\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E        \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis-16"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-10-12T02:10:14Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The slum residents trying to prevent a water crisis","headlineShort":"The city running out of water","image":["p06sk112"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fwater"],"summaryLong":"Delhi is set to become the world's biggest city within the next decade, but it already faces crippling water shortages. How can it hope to support more inhabitants?","summaryShort":"The people of Delhi are attempting save its fragile water system from collapse","tag":["tag\u002Fwater","tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2018-10-12T08:57:32.068082Z","entity":"article","guid":"9449c039-8b4e-4dd1-86de-5ada8dd9cc06","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T16:47:17.5625Z","project":"future","slug":"20181011-how-to-solve-delhis-water-crisis","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916009},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future","_id":"61535f9245ceed20f374bd87","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"In this new series, the BBC taps into its global network of reporters to reveal how science and technology affects the most under-reported communities in the news.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo often, technology news is the same thing over and over: headlines about Silicon Valley juggernauts, breathless updates about the latest smartphone, bleak forecasts of robots snatching away our livelihoods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut all over the world, advances in science and technology are directly affecting under-reported communities – changing how people live, work and interact with one another.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Technology triggers seismic societal shifts on a continual basis, so it’s important to know where this is happening","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat’s why we’re launching \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Funtold-world\"\u003EUntold World\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: a new section of BBC Future that will highlight the inspiring humans in every corner of the globe who are harnessing new technologies to improve their lives – or grappling with the disruption and challenges that the same technology thrusts upon them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EToday on \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Funtold-world\"\u003EUntold World\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, we’ve assembled the best of our archive stories in this vein, and in the coming months we’ll be publishing fresh, on-the-ground reporting from around the globe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor starters, we’ll be focusing on a group of all-female professional video gamers in China – overcoming sexism in the nation’s booming billion-dollar e-sports industry. Then we’ll have a dispatch from Somaliland, the semi-desert territory in eastern Africa that’s a surprising pioneer for digital payments, poised to become Earth’s first truly cash-free society. Later, we’ll examine how one Indian company is plastering karaoke-style subtitles on Bollywood TV and films to promote adult literacy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn this day and age, in which technology triggers seismic societal shifts on a continual basis, it’s important to know where this is happening – and to whom it’s happening to.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJoin us as we tap into our international team of correspondents, who will bring articles and videos taking you closer to real people whose lives are being transformed by technology. We’ll feature dispatches from far-flung locales and from your own backyard – all with the depth of trusted, global reporting that only the BBC provides.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a big world out there. We’re making sure the important stories don’t go untold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future-4"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-09-04T10:58:59.191Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Welcome to Untold World – a new section on BBC Future","headlineShort":"The hidden ways that tech shapes lives","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In this new series, the BBC taps into its global network of reporters to reveal how science and technology affects the most under-reported communities in the news.","summaryShort":"Untold stories from the planet’s most under-reported people","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2017-09-04T11:01:59.750843Z","entity":"article","guid":"ab79309f-3e2e-4b94-aac1-6bbae0fefb5e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T16:22:02.000116Z","project":"future","slug":"20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916009},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct","_id":"6153602b45ceed6c54015e97","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Somaliland, a self-declared republic in East Africa, faces high illiteracy and has an economy ravaged by a civil war. But it might just become the first cashless society on Earth.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EUntold World is a special series from BBC Future that covers tech beyond the alleys of Silicon Valley – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Funtold-world\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eclick here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for more stories about how technology is profoundly changing underreported communities the world over.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Untold World","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHalf a dozen men crowd round one of the many small colourful wooden shacks off a main street in Hargeisa, Somaliland, shouting and arguing over the quality of khat – a mild narcotic that has been likened to both coffee and cocaine – that they’ve just been hastily handed by the vendor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECustomers quickly come and go, grabbing bundles of the green leafy, legal plant that they deem good enough before punching digits into phones and disappearing as quickly as they came.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We need to do everything quickly, and paying with cash here is slow,” Omar, one of the khat sellers says as he chews on the green leafy plant himself. “It keeps people calm if they can get their khat quickly.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENo cash is transferred, and there’s not a credit card in sight. But customers haven’t got their daily khat fix for free; they’ve paid using their mobiles, transferring money on the sandy Somali street in seconds with little more than a mobile phone and a few numbers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are not many things tiny Somaliland can claim to be a world leader in, but cashless payments might be one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe self-declared country, which broke away from Somalia in 1991 but remains unrecognised by the international community, has become something of a wild frontier for cashless payments as it charts a trajectory towards creating the world’s first cashless society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether in a shack on the side of a road or a supermarket in the capital of Hargeisa, mobile payments are fast becoming the standard in the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There are not many things tiny Somaliland can claim to be a world leader in, but cashless payments might be one","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Most people are paying by mobile now,” Omar says, as he processes a payment on his mobile in one hand. “It’s so much easier.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile developed and developing countries alike have been moving toward cashless payments with phones or contactless cards, Somaliland’s motivation is unique.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis shift away from cash is in part due to the rapid devaluing of the Somaliland shilling, the breakaway self-declared republic’s own currency which now trades at around 1 USD to 9,000 shillings. A few years ago it was just half that.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESomaliland broke away from Somalia in 1991 at the start of the country’s deadly civil war – a conflict that has continued in different forms to this day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe shilling also experienced a turbulent beginning. Introduced in 1994 it was widely used to finance weapons and the region’s war against armed groups, before later being printed on demand by officials to further political aims in the breakaway republic, resulting in an almost constant devaluing of the currency year by year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith denominations of 500 and 1,000 being the most common, just paying for a few groceries can require a wad of notes, while a medium-sized transaction requires a bag stuffed with the currency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs for moneychangers who make their living exchanging US dollars and euro to shillings on the street, wheelbarrows are often used to move the piles of notes from one street to the next.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The breakaway self-declared republic’s own currency which now trades at around 1 USD to 9,000 shillings. A few years ago it was just half that.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith no internationally recognised banks, no formal banking system and ATMs somewhat an alien concept, two private companies – Zaad which was launched in 2009, and the newer e-Dahab – have filled the void creating a mobile banking economy where money is deposited through the companies and stored on phones, allowing items to be bought and sold with personalised numbers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“To buy one of these in shillings you’d need one or two million!” Ibrahim Abdulrahman, an 18-year-old shop assistant in a jewellery shop says, as he points to a row of small gold necklaces, laughing slightly at the notion of someone attempting to buy in local currency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“One person can’t carry that amount of money – it’s too much. You would need a bag to carry it,” he continues gesturing with both hands. “We never take Somaliland shillings now, just dollars and mobile.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"  Cash is being increasingly sidelined as more and more people adopt the cashless approach","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom brick and mortar shops in Hargeisa to street sellers sitting on old worn crates down dusty dirt roads in the country’s rural east, cash is being increasingly sidelined as more and more people adopt the cashless approach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn a country with high illiteracy rates, simplicity and functionality has helped the technology flourish. Paying requires little more than typing in a few numbers followed by a code unique to the vendor. Such codes are everywhere, crudely stenciled on the façade of tin shacks or market stalls, and in more expensive establishments, printed out, laminated, and neatly placed prominently on an interior wall. It requires no internet access so even the most basic of mobile phones can be used, with users moving money from their mobile banking account to another by dialing numbers and codes in a similar way to topping up a mobile phone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In a country with high illiteracy rates, simplicity and functionality has helped the technology flourish","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“This is just from today,” Eman Anis, a sprightly 50-year-old street seller in Hargeisa’s bustling gold market says, showing sales of over $2,000 (£1,513) on her mobile. Payments through mobile she says have rocketed from 5% two years ago to more than 40% now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s just easier to use mobile, the exchange rates are a problem, but now we can do everything through Zaad,” Anis says referencing the most popular mobile payments company. “Now even the beggars have Zaad.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile her words are flippant in nature, there is some truth to what she says. The payment system hasn’t just made life easier for consumers and merchants; it’s also made life possible for some of the poorest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith Somaliland hit by a deadly drought over the past year that has devastated the agro-pastoral livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of people, mobile payment technology has allowed Somalilanders in urban areas to quickly send money to their impoverished and starving rural relatives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Because of the drought we had nothing to sell and no money, but family members sent money to help,” Mahmoud Abdulsalam, a camel herder who became displaced due to the drought says from Haaro in western Somaliland. “Even in the countryside we use mobile money.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith vendors now reporting that the use of mobile payments has increased from around 10 to 20% a year ago to nearer 50% now, the technology is fast becoming the preferred way to make transactions in tiny Somaliland, a country with a minuscule economy and where camel is the largest export. In Somaliland, some employers have even began paying through mobile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"“Even in the countryside we use mobile money\" - Mahmoud Abdulsalam","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearch carried out throughout 2016 found that 88% of Somalis over the age of 16 owned at least 1 SIM card, with 81% of Somalilanders living in urban areas, and 62% of those living in rural areas using mobile money services. With the prevalence of cheap mobile phones on the continent, other African countries like Ghana, Tanzania, and Uganda have seen a similar mobile money revolution, with Kenya’s version of Zaad, M-Pesa, believed to be used by around half the population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, not everyone is happy with this rapid movement away from cash.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are murmurs of corruption and concern from some over the lack of regulation as the two private companies that have cornered the mobile banking sector continue to have unchecked influence on the already fragile economy. An economy that is exposed to corruption in government and relies heavily on the export of livestock in a region where drought is common and mass animal deaths can be just a matter of months away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile mobile payment services in other countries use local currencies, in Somaliland both companies deal strictly with US dollars, aiding an increasing reliance on the dollar in the autonomous region in east Africa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESurrounded by wads of Somaliland shillings piled and bundled together into walls of money on the roadside, moneychangers in the breakaway republic like Mustafa Hassan say not only is their business suffering but that the mobile payment system is corrupt, causing inflation, and creating a mini illegal economy of its own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We expected the government to either regulate this or stop it [mobile payments], because there are many problems with mobile money here. It’s controlled by two companies and it is like they are just printing money,” Hassan says, as other men in the exchange trade gather round him and nod in agreement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s causing inflation. Everyone who should have money in their pocket is now using mobile, even to do small things like take the bus and none of this is in local currency, it’s in dollars.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet despite this, Hassan reluctantly still uses the mobile payments system, with customers able to send him dollars direct to his phone which he then exchanges for shillings on the street.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“You know it makes things easy, someone can send me money quickly and easily,” he admits. “A cashless society here is possible – and it’s already on its way. What that means for moneychangers like me, I don’t know.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile Somalilanders continue to embrace the technology and the jolt it’s given to the economy, moneychangers like Hassan can be hopeful at least that there still remains a few stalwarts that are unconvinced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s a bank in your pocket, it could get stolen. I always use cash, for everything,” Abdullah, an elderly man says, standing out as an anomaly at the khat stand as he pays with cash rather than by mobile.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t know if I will ever change to mobile,” he shouts back as he rushes away, shooting off into a nearby busy road as vehicle horns beep frantically at people to move out of the way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“That’s like asking when I’m going to die, who knows!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct-17"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-09-13T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The surprising place where cash is going extinct","headlineShort":"The surprising place killing cash","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Somaliland, a self-declared republic in East Africa, faces high illiteracy and has an economy ravaged by a civil war. But it might just become the first cashless society on Earth.","summaryShort":"Despite economic and literacy hurdles, it leads the world in digital payments","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2017-09-13T08:42:47.860032Z","entity":"article","guid":"bdd3c76c-f673-4a84-9a07-f3e336e1ed1c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T16:22:33.754074Z","project":"future","slug":"20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916009},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170911-female-e-sports-players-in-china":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170911-female-e-sports-players-in-china","_id":"6153603045ceed64a13f5f2f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":[],"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Professional female video gamer Shan Chen used to encounter men who didn't think she could play – now she leaves those opponents in the dust. In the video above, Danny Vincent discovers what life is like for a gifted female e-sports team in China.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EE-sports – or professional, competitive video game-playing – is a booming industry worldwide. Last year, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.si.com\u002Ftech-media\u002F2017\u002F02\u002F09\u002Fesports-industry-expectations-billion-dollar\"\u003Eit produced nearly $500 million in revenue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and that number could reach billions more in just a couple years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENowhere else is the industry taking off faster than in China, which has long been a global hotspot for competitive video gaming. “E-athletes” quit jobs and drop out of school to pursue their dream of fame and fortune as famous gamers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut for China’s up-and-coming wave of professional gamers, there are some who are facing roadblocks: female players. Despite hours of training, women face sexism in the form of fewer opportunities and fewer earnings than their male counterparts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBBC video journalist Danny Vincent talked to members of an all-female team of players in Shanghai – Shan Chen and Ding Ding \u003Cem\u003E–\u003C\u002Fem\u003E capturing their emotion about the sacrifices they’ve faced, and their jubilation when they win in a tournament.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170911-the-pro-gaming-glass-ceiling-in-china\"\u003ERead more about e-sports in China, and the challenges female players have to overcome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170911-female-e-sports-players-in-china-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EUntold World is a special series from BBC Future that covers tech beyond the alleys of Silicon Valley – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Funtold-world\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eclick here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for more stories about how technology is profoundly changing underreported communities the world over.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Untold World","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170911-female-e-sports-players-in-china-1"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-09-11T03:54:16.476Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"How it feels to be a pro female e-sports player in China","headlineShort":"China's glass ceiling of pro gaming","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Professional female video gamer Shan Chen used to encounter men who didn't think she could play – now she and her team-members leave those opponents in the dust.","summaryShort":"How a group of young women in China are beating men at their own game","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2017-09-11T09:29:27.987069Z","entity":"article","guid":"ecae1883-1f50-47fa-8b94-8eefefbf9831","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170911-female-e-sports-players-in-china","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T16:22:17.61271Z","project":"future","slug":"20170911-female-e-sports-players-in-china","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916009},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy","_id":"61535fc645ceed39692af900","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fpriti-salian"],"bodyIntro":"In India, more than a quarter of the population can’t read. One possible solution? Adding karaoke-like subtitles to music on broadcast TV.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EUntold World is a special series from BBC Future that covers technology’s global impact, far beyond Silicon Valley. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Funtold-world\"\u003EDiscover more stories\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about how technology is profoundly changing underreported communities the world over.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Untold World","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYashoda Lakshman Keni, a resident in rural India, hops on the bus to a nearby village to visit relatives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThree years ago, she might not have been able to make that trip to see her family. She wouldn’t have been able to read the signs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELike a lot of women in her village, Keni never went to school. But a few years ago, the 42-year-old attended adult literacy classes held in Kalambusre, her village in the western Indian state of Maharashtra, and gained basic knowledge of the alphabet and numbers in her mother tongue, Marathi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBeyond that, she couldn’t do much more than try reading simple words in a newspaper. But now she can read bus stop instructions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo how did Keni bring her abilities to the next level? Surprisingly – by watching a lot of TV.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe used a programme that combines eye-tracking technology with karaoke-like subtitles that helps people learn the words at the same rate as they’re spoken or sung. It could be one way nations build up literacy globally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05grgh9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2011, there were 780 million literate people living in India, or \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcensusindia.gov.in\u002F2011-prov-results\u002Fdata_files\u002Fmp\u002F07Literacy.pdf\"\u003E74%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the population. But an estimate from PlanetRead, an Indian non-government organisation, shows that at least \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.planetread.org\u002Fimages\u002Fpdf\u002Fresearch\u002FSLS-Effects-on-Literacy.pdf\"\u003E400 million\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “literate” Indians – mostly rural and semi-urban – cannot actually read simple text in everyday life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the twist? There are \u003Cem\u003Ealso\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fblogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com\u002Fet-commentary\u002Fhow-indian-tv-universe-expanded\u002F\"\u003E780 million\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Indians who watch on average \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.livemint.com\u002FOpinion\u002FNa6I5rUOzUr8K56egECeAK\u002FWhy-television-matters.html\"\u003Emore than three hours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of TV every day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELike many of them, Keni spends a lot of her time relishing Marathi-language movies on Zee Talkies, a private Indian broadcast channel. She enjoys reading along with the subtitles displayed with the songs. And it’s improved her literacy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It has helped me pick up complex words,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct\"\u003EThe surprising place where cash is going extinct\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170911-the-pro-gaming-glass-ceiling-in-china\"\u003EChina’s talented female e-gamers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn Vadod, a village in India’s westernmost state Gujarat, 22-year-old Chhayaben Sondha could only speak her mother tongue, a regional language called Gujarati, before she began following Rangoli, a weekly show that features Bollywood songs from India’s popular Hindi-language film industry. And while Sondha’s reading level was higher than Keni’s, complicated texts like bank forms are all in Hindi, one of the official languages of India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In 2011, there were 780 million literate people living in India. The same number watch on average more than three hours of TV every day","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERangoli is broadcast nationally, and gave Sondha a chance to practise her rudimentary Hindi. “Reading the lyrics of songs helped me understand the usage of vowels in Hindi,” she says. Now she can fill forms to open a bank account.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor the 400 million “illiterate” citizens in one of the world’s most rapidly developing nations, TV has emerged as an educational tool. And for India, like many of the world’s developing nations, literacy is crucial to fuelling economic success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn India, some people cannot help their children with homework, read doctors’ prescriptions, understand government’s welfare schemes, or explore employment opportunities or read newspapers. And there’s little opportunity of reinforcing reading skills outside school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo to make functional readers out of the struggling ones, PlanetRead came up with a simple idea of adding “same language subtitling” (SLS) to film songs for the country’s movie-hungry population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05grgl0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe subtitling is karaoke-style: words are highlighted as lyrics scroll by. Viewers read in the same language that they hear. (Ten of India’s regional languages are available.) As most Indian film tracks have repetitive lyrics, audiences get a chance to practise reading the same words again and again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The reading engagement takes place, not because the TV viewer is consciously trying to read along the songs, but because the brain automatically registers consistent associations between sound and text,” says Brij Kothari, founder of PlanetRead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Italian researchers, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww2.units.it\u002Fdelmisfa\u002Fpapers\u002FSubtitlesProcessing2010.pdf\"\u003Esubtitling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E helps us understand both audio and visual elements better. And PlanetRead claims subtitles evoke an automatic and inescapable reading response in the viewer, based on studies it’s done on eye-tracking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd if subtitles are displayed on a TV show, people are likely to read them, according to a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.same-language-subtitling.com\u002Fpaper-sls.html\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of Nottingham. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.editlib.org\u002Fp\u002F32055\"\u003EA 2013 study on the reading comprehension skills\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of secondary school students in Kaneohe, Hawaii, showed that students exposed to SLS scored significantly higher in the tests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1996, Kothari went to villages, railway stations and slums in Gujarat with his team, carrying two screens to show people songs with and without subtitles to find out which one they preferred.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We were surprised at how many liked the subtitled songs,” Kothari says. “And so we thought, okay, the biggest hurdle is out of the way.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The reading engagement takes place because the brain automatically registers consistent associations between sound and text – Brij Kothari","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe SLS project was rolled out in 1999. In 2002, SLS was added to national television on 30-minute weekly shows featuring Bollywood songs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome of its shows were aired 10 times a week with two repeat telecasts at one point, giving the viewer an opportunity to watch movies with subtitled songs, 30 times a week. That repetition aids in education.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Among those watching the subtitled shows, newspaper reading increased from 34% to almost 70%,” says Kothari, who published a study about his findings in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F40608048?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003EInternational Review of Education\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It discovered that a weak reader exposed to half an hour of weekly SLS gains the capability of reading a newspaper within 3-5 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlus, PlanetRead’s innovation is inexpensive. Execution of subtitling on 50 weekly television shows would cost just $1m annually, if the government can be convinced – but it would cover all of India’s 22 official languages. Given the 400 million weak readers it would reach, the expenditure on one person’s learning would be less than a cent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Among a bunch of literacy projects in India, what differentiates PlanetRead’s work is that they are utilising existing television shows and experiences people are already used to,” says Michael Trucano, senior education and technology policy specialist at the World Bank.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut this literacy tool – which could be implemented elsewhere in the world – can be met with obstacles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E***\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s been hard to convince government to get on board. And no other NGO has adapted SLS, either.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBroadcasters were convinced that SLS would detract from the entertainment value of song programmes. “I agree that subtitles can take away from viewing pleasure,” Kothari says. But he thinks the idea should be considered for its educational value. India hasn’t introduced closed-captioning yet, which allows a viewer to switch on and off the subtitles at will.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut Kothari’s research showed that 90% viewers actually prefer songs with SLS than without, including the literate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPrivate broadcasters had another requirement – they wanted to be paid for permitting SLS because their medium was contributing to literacy. Plus, some thought Bollywood song lyrics offered little educational value at best and prompted sexual overtones at worst.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInfringement of copyrights is an issue that was brought up by private broadcasters, but so far PlanetRead hasn’t faced any problem. They say they can skip films or songs in case of a resistance from the owner of rights.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some thought Bollywood song lyrics offered little educational value at best and prompted sexual overtones at worst","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFinally, sceptics said that the lyrics go too fast. A weak reader will simply ignore the SLS. (Despite eye-tracking and baseline studies suggesting the opposite).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFilms that already come with translated subtitles in other languages are few and far between and will have to be left out of the SLS project, as only a single subtitled track can be added to a programme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor over 10 years Kothari had little luck at the national policy level, or with private TV networks. Without the active backing of national policymakers, PlanetRead knew it could not reach every weak reader in their preferred language.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENational literacy is squarely the mandate of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India). “All that Prasar Bharati needs to do is necessitate SLS on all songs, in all Indian languages, on all TV networks. That's it. It will instantly switch on 30 minutes of daily reading practice for 800 million viewers, for life,” Kothari notes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05grgnr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat’s next for SLS, at least in India?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlanetRead is currently layering animated children’s books with SLS for rural children. In partnership with \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tatatrusts.org\u002Farticle\u002Finside\u002Fproject-druv-tata-trusts-innovation\"\u003EProject DRUV\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which is disseminating curated web content in villages, these video books are reaching 5000 households in rural Rajasthan through their televisions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGrants and awards from the likes of USAID, World Bank and US Library of Congress have supported Kothari’s organisation to reach 200 million viewers in 10 languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA recent policy meeting led to an acceptance of PlanetRead’s idea in principle by the government. And this July, Kothari submitted a policy paper for implementation of SLS on all song-based programmes with a suggestion for the government to include it as a corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity for private broadcasters. As per the government’s Companies Act which came into effect in April 2014, every firm with a net worth of five billion rupees or more needs to expend 2% of its annual profits on CSR projects. This would take care of the expenditure of subtitling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf the idea can finally succeed in winning such support, millions of kids and adults could potentially improve their language skills… not only in a classroom, but watching TV and mouthing Bollywood lyrics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy-13"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Funtold-world"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-09-20T18:32:49.591Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The unexpected way that Bollywood could help millions","headlineShort":"The unexpected benefits of Bollywood","image":["p05grdcc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-welcome-to-untold-world-a-new-section-on-bbc-future","future\u002Farticle\u002F20170912-the-surprising-place-where-cash-is-going-extinct","future\u002Farticle\u002F20170911-female-e-sports-players-in-china"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In India, more than a quarter of the population can’t read. One possible solution? Adding karaoke-like subtitles to music on broadcast TV.","summaryShort":"In a fast-growing economy, TV singalongs could lead to language skills","tag":["tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2017-09-21T09:58:10.362122Z","entity":"article","guid":"2e18d58e-eaca-4775-9e73-528dc7a8760a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T16:22:59.36583Z","project":"future","slug":"20170920-could-india-use-bollywood-to-improve-literacy","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916009},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth","_id":"6153606445ceed0d97279713","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fedd-gent"],"bodyIntro":"Smart machines, robots, and other forms of automation could either be an economic poison or cure in a developing country like India – and this change will affect how businesses worldwide outsource work.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERavi is one of thousands of Indian IT workers who will lose their jobs this year, caught between a slump in India’s previously booming IT industry and new technology threatening to replace human workers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUntil last month he worked at Cognizant Technology Solutions – a firm headquartered in the US but with the bulk of its workforce in India. The company is under pressure to cut costs and is expected to shed between 6,000 and 10,000 'underperformers' this year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMarket volatility and rising protectionism in countries like the USA, where much of India’s IT outsourcing work comes from, saw Cognizant’s revenue grow at its slowest pace in two decades last year, and its peers in the Indian IT industry are in the same boat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Software can carry out routine IT support work and repetitive back office tasks – the very tasks global companies originally outsourced to India","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut at the same time, rapidly improving automation technology is allowing software to carry out routine IT support work and repetitive back office tasks previously performed by humans – the very tasks global companies originally outsourced to India to take advantage of cheaper labour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn February, Cognizant’s CFO said it would “aggressively” employ automation to “optimise” its services. Meanwhile, India’s third-largest IT firm, Infosys, said automation allowed it to shift 9,000 workers from low-skill jobs to more advanced projects, like machine learning and artificial intelligence, last year. Its competitor Wipro redeployed 3,200 in 2016, and predicts it will move another 4,500 this year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet this has been accompanied by a significant slowing in hiring. IT body Nasscom’s annual review predicted a 20-to-25% reduction in jobs in the industry over the next three years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Cognizant has not conducted any layoffs,” a Cognizant spokesperson said. “New machines and technologies are about helping cut costs, improve efficiencies, and increase sophistication in building and delivering services. They are not about altogether replacing the human element, but about elevating the role people play and the value they bring to their roles.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut it can be hard to pinpoint exactly whose jobs have been lost to automation. Researchers in the UK, for example, have shown that some roles in today’s global economy are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-34066941\"\u003Emore at risk than others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERavi, whose name has been changed, worked as a software tester – a role particularly vulnerable to automated takeover. \"In testing, already it has been introduced and it's coming in very fast,” he says. \"If a job requires four manual testers, automation can reduce it to one.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p052kl9w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe’s now job hunting, but says opportunities for the kind of work he was doing before are limited and he will probably have to adapt: take a course on automated software testing and then try to secure a position. He worries this may be a repeating pattern.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"Maybe after five years some new technologies are coming and we have to learn those, too,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIndia’s IT weak spot?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESince the 1990s Indian firms have carried out back office tasks, and IT services like data entry, running call centres and testing software for foreign companies at cut-price rates by throwing cheap labour at them. But as machines become adept at this repetitive, rule-based work, the low-skill jobs – where the bulk of Indian IT workers are employed – are the most at risk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s been happening for the last two or three years in an accelerated fashion,” says Gopinathan Padmanabhan, head of innovation at IT company Mphasis. “It’s a reality you can't shy away from.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis shift will go hand-in-hand with new opportunities in emerging areas – data science, artificial intelligence and big data – but these will require new skills and probably fewer employees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"They will have to find new roles and train themselves to become relevant in the new age,” says Padmanabhan. “And we're not talking about too far into the future… the next three to five years.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, losing jobs to automation is a concern across the developed world. But India’s case is unique.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"World Bank data estimates 69% of today’s jobs in India are threatened by automation","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA stable job at one of the big IT companies is a major aspiration for many Indians, which probably explains why fears of technological unemployment have featured so prominently in newspapers here in recent months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut despite contributing 9.3% of the country’s GDP, according to Nasscom, the IT industry only employs 3.7 million of the nation’s roughly half a billion working adults. So how big of a threat is it actually to the Indian workforce?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWorld Bank data estimates 69% of today’s jobs in India are threatened by automation. And India isn’t alone: China’s figure was 77% and other developing countries also scored highly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIndia is already struggling to create jobs amid rapid growth. Its working-age population increased by 300 million between 1991 and 2013, according to UN figures, but the number of people employed only rose by 140 million.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, robots replacing jobs en masse is unrealistic in the medium term in India – or anywhere else – but the effects are already being felt. Last September, Indian textiles giant Raymond said it would replace 10,000 jobs with robots over three years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnion leader Vinodh Kumar works at BMW’s factory in Chennai – India’s automotive hub. His facility isn’t in danger of automation, but he knows union leaders at Hyundai’s plant where the entire body shop and most of the paint shop was automated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“The majority of the body shop employees lost their jobs,” he said. “The permanent employees they tried to relocate, but the contract labourers and the trainees lost their jobs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOther sectors at risk include pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, logistics and security.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p052n35l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMohandas Pai, former CFO of Infosys, says it is unlikely to impact high-skill jobs like architects or high-quality coders, or even lower-end jobs in the service industry like restaurant staff and hairdressers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"The fat middle is at threat, which is rule-based work. Like work in banks, work in offices, work in factories,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Hollowing out’ the middle class\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe World Bank’s 2016 World Development Report noted a global trend towards “hollowing out” of the labour force. As technology streamlines routine tasks, middle-skill jobs like clerical workers and machine operators decline while both high-skill and low-skill ones increase.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd in developing nations like India, that can be a huge problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"Those middle-skill jobs have traditionally been the path out of poverty,” says World Bank senior economist Indhira Santos. “So that polarisation into the labour market could translate into a polarisation of society and income.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis trend isn’t down to technology alone – globalisation and urbanisation contribute. But pulling away “the ladder to the middle class”, as the report puts it, could be particularly damaging in a developing country like India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAfter all, there is a reason why companies are turning to new technologies. “Automation is an imperative to improve competitiveness, quality and efficiency,” says CEO of Siemens’ India Sunil Mathur. That helps compete against cheap imports, boost exports and increases domestic demand and therefore jobs, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESamay Kohli, co-founder of home-grown warehouse robotics company Grey Orange, agrees. India lags well behind the developed world on labour productivity, which acts as a major handbrake on growth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“You have to automate to be globally competent,” he says. “If we don't improve our infrastructure, our productivity we will not have a chance to compete globally.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The Butler robot can pick up to 600 items an hour. That eclipses the 100 items a human worker can manage","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGrey Orange builds ‘Butler’ robots that fetch and store products and ‘Sorters’ that automatically scan and sort packages in the warehouses of e-commerce and logistics giants like Flipkart, Jabong and DTDC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKohli says the Butler can pick up to 600 items an hour. That eclipses the 100 items a human worker can manage – invaluable efficiency in a country where supply chain costs are double those of Western countries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIncreasing worker productivity could stifle employment, but Kohli claims they are simply filling gaps. Annual staff turnover in warehousing is 300%, he says. Rural Indians come looking for better earnings, but onerous targets, low wages and urban living costs mean they rarely last long. But robots are harder to sway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKohli claims job numbers in their facilities have stayed level, but attrition has reduced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“This labour is just brute labour,” he says. “Even though they're doing jobs, they never get out of poverty. When they start using these kinds of collaborative robots in the mix they work better, more efficiently and are happier with their jobs.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHeads of IBM Research India Sriram Raghavan agrees that in a developing country like India, automation normally fills gaps rather than replacing people. India has 330,000 fewer doctors than the WHO’s minimum recommendation, but Raghavan says automation can help plug this kind of talent shortage. Smart machines combined with the internet could allow doctors and teachers to provide personalised services to many more people than they can today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe plight of IT workers like Ravi, though, demonstrates that automation is already encroaching on areas without gaps to be filled. Pai says India has the luxury of time compared to developed countries, as labour will remain cheaper than automation for a decade, and huge unmet demand for infrastructure and services can produce lots of jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the World Bank report highlights an ever-accelerating race between skills and technology and that countries like India need to act now to future-proof their populations’ capabilities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuture-proofing jobs from robots\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith automation taking on the routine tasks at the heart of today’s workplace, the jobs of the future will focus on skills like critical thinking, collaboration and creativity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The jobs of the future will focus on skills like critical thinking, collaboration and creativity","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndia’s education system has a reputation for learning by rote and Indian Institute of Technology Madras engineering professor Ashok Jhunjhunwala agrees most institutions aren’t adequately preparing young people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut things are changing. He leads a government-sponsored pilot where professors from leading colleges use virtual labs to teach students at struggling engineering colleges. And start-ups are introducing extra-curricular robotics classes teaching problem-solving skills vital for future jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p052klcs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost importantly, he says the country’s young population is sharp, adaptable, and future-oriented.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"If automation displaces one thing they move to another,” he says. “They are recognising the need to continually upskill.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIBM’s Raghavan says smart machines that automatically analyse students' performance and preferences can help guide them through this fast-moving terrain by combining data on their skills with job opportunities and available courses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe says: \"Then it’s less about a race, but getting people on a journey. Maybe the skill profile changes every five years rather than every 10, but at the same time technology is helping navigate that landscape.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat may sound like blue-sky thinking, but in February, Microsoft and LinkedIn announced Project Sangam – a programme providing LinkedIn training, with progress automatically added to profiles so companies can shortlist candidates, as well as personalised job recommendations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResistance is futile\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJhunjhunwala thinks India’s development challenges are so large, it needs all the help it can get. And fighting automation is futile anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"The changes going on in the world, including automation, are not something decided by us – but it's going to happen,\" he says. \"We don’t want to be passive and let automation impact us. We want to develop something with this automation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd in the race between technology and skills – as India tries to keep pace with the very technology that helped launch its economy on the world stage – he thinks the country has a secret weapon: a deeper value placed on education than in the West. After all, the pinnacle of India’s ancient caste system was the educated Brahmin priest – not the Kshatriya warrior.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\"It's part of our Indian heritage,\" says Pai. \"India is the only civilisation in the world where the educated gurus were placed on the totem pole higher than the king. In all other nations, soldiers and might ruled and knowledge bowed to the mighty. In India, knowledge is above the might of the state.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 800,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Earth, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffuture-now","future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-now"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-05-19T00:29:02Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Why automation could be a threat to India's growth","headlineShort":"The biggest threat to India’s growth?","image":["p052kl90"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fartificialintelligence"],"summaryLong":"Smart machines, robots, and other forms of automation could either be an economic poison or cure in a developing country like India.","summaryShort":"One trend could turn the IT hotspot's workforce on its head","tag":["tag\u002Findia"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2017-05-19T05:04:58.667906Z","entity":"article","guid":"5d2deed5-b841-4b9b-b225-eb627022e9cd","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T16:15:07.705382Z","project":"future","slug":"20170510-why-automation-could-be-a-threat-to-indias-growth","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140210-vultures-halting-killer-diseases":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20140210-vultures-halting-killer-diseases","_id":"6153613345ceed64c565bd65","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":[],"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Vultures are often derided for being ugly and smelly, but these incredibly efficient scavengers help humanity by eating dead animals. And India has recently found just how crucial this role is to our well-being.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey are nature’s most opportunistic scavengers, soaring effortlessly in the air on the lookout for their next meal. Mankind has often treated these birds with disgust, but recently it’s been revealed how much we owe them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EVultures feed on the carcasses of dead animals, helping lessen the chance of disease outbreaks – a fact that was starkly revealed in India over the last few decades. Widespread use of a drug to treat livestock ended up poisoning the birds. “We think we’ve lost somewhere around 40 million birds in the space of two decades, it’s probably the biggest population crash that has ever happened,” says Jemima Parry-Jones, director of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.icbp.org\u002Findex\u002F\"\u003EInternational Centre for Birds of Prey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn this film, Parry Jones, Dr Ananya Mukherjee of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.save-vultures.org\u002F\"\u003ESaving Asian Vultures from Extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Save), Dr M Sanjayan of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.org\u002F\"\u003EThe Nature Conservancy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and environmental economist Pavan Sukhdev reveal what happened next. Without the vultures, carcasses rotted, creating a breeding ground for diseases and leaving a terrible stench. Feral dogs thrived, bringing with them a rise in rabies; India now has the highest number of rabies cases in the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENow livestock are being treated with a drug that doesn’t harm vultures, in the hope that the population will recover so that they can return to their vitally important role. As Parry-Jones says: “People tend to think they’re ugly, dirty and smelly, and they’re far from it and they’re absolutely crucial to the environment. They’re the only dustmen in the world who’ve never gone on strike.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this video, or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002Fu\u002F0\u002Fb\u002F107828172298602173375\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page, or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140210-vultures-halting-killer-diseases-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2014-02-11T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Vultures: Nature’s rubbish collectors who never strike","headlineShort":"Vultures: Halting killer diseases","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Vultures are often derided for being ugly and smelly – but these incredibly efficient scavengers help humanity by eating waste and preventing disease.","summaryShort":"Keeping diseases at bay","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:12:48Z","entity":"article","guid":"a5ad71f6-0ab9-47a4-973e-ecce76acf23a","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140210-vultures-halting-killer-diseases","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T14:37:55.748604Z","project":"future","slug":"20140210-vultures-halting-killer-diseases","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916010},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life","_id":"6153607e45ceed18f4253486","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Ellie Lobel was ready to die. Then she was attacked by bees. Christie Wilcox hears how venom can be a saviour.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They were in my hair, in my head, all I heard was this crazy buzzing","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEllie Lobel was 27 when she was bitten by a tick and contracted Lyme disease. And she was not yet 45 when she decided to give up fighting for survival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECaused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called \u003Cem\u003EBorrelia burgdorferi\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which enter the body through the bite of a tick, Lyme disease is diagnosed in around 300,000 people every year in the United States. It kills almost none of these people, and is by and large curable – if caught in time. Antibiotics can wipe out the bacteria quickly before they spread through the heart, joints and nervous system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut back in the spring of 1996, Ellie didn’t know to look for the characteristic bull’s-eye rash when she was bitten – she thought it was just a weird spider bite. Then came three months with flu-like symptoms and horrible pains that moved around the body. Ellie was a fit, active woman with three kids, but her body did not know how to handle this new invader. She was incapacitated. “It was all I could do to get my head up off the pillow,” Ellie remembers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHer first doctor told her it was just a virus, and it would run its course. So did the next. As time wore on, Ellie went to doctor after doctor, each giving her a different diagnosis. Multiple sclerosis. Lupus. Rheumatoid arthritis. Fibromyalgia. None of them realised she was infected with \u003Cem\u003EBorrelia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E until more than a year after she contracted the disease – and by then, it was far too late.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I just kept doing this treatment and that treatment,” says Ellie. Her condition was constantly worsening. She describes being stuck in bed or a wheelchair, not being able to think clearly, feeling like she’d lost her short-term memory and not feeling “smart” anymore. “I would get better for a little while, and then I would just relapse right back into this horrible Lyme nightmare. And with every relapse it got worse.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter 15 years, she gave up. “Nothing was working any more, and nobody had any answers for me,” she says. “I didn’t care if I was going to see my next birthday. It’s just enough. I was ready to call it a life and be done with it.”\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003ESo she packed up everything and moved to California to die. And she almost did.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELess than a week after moving, Ellie was attacked by a swarm of Africanised bees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESwarm saviour\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEllie was in California for three days before her attack. “I wanted to get some fresh air and feel the sun on my face and hear the birds sing. I knew that I was going to die in the next three months or four months. Just laying there in bed all crumpled up… It was kind of depressing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt this point, Ellie was struggling to stand on her own. She had a caregiver on hand to help her shuffle along the rural roads by her place in Wildomar, the place where she had chosen to die.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe was just standing near a broken wall and a tree when the first bee appeared, she remembers, “just hitting me in the head”. “All of a sudden – boom! – bees everywhere.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHer caregiver ran. But Ellie couldn’t run – she couldn’t even walk. “They were in my hair, in my head, all I heard was this crazy buzzing in my ears. I thought: wow, this is it. I’m just going to die right here.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEllie, like 1–7% of the world’s population, is severely allergic to bees. When she was two, a sting put her into anaphylaxis, a severe reaction of the body’s immune system that can include swelling, nausea and narrowing of the airways. She nearly died. She stopped breathing and had to be revived by defibrillation. Her mother drilled a fear of bees into her to ensure she never ended up in the same dire situation again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStrong sting\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBees – and some other species in the order Hymenoptera, such as ants and wasps – are armed with a potent sting. This is their venom, and it’s a mixture of many compounds. Perhaps the most important is a tiny 26-amino-acid peptide called melittins, which is responsible for the feeling of burning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen we experience high temperatures, our cells release inflammatory compounds that activate a special kind of channel, TRPV1, in sensory neurons. This ultimately causes the neurons to send a signal to the brain that we’re burning. Melittin subversively makes TRPV1 channels open by activating other enzymes that act just like those inflammatory compounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I could feel the first five or 10 or 15 but after that... All you hear is this overwhelming buzzing, and you feel them hitting your head, hitting your face, hitting your neck,” says Ellie.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I just went limp. I put my hands up and covered my face because I didn’t want them stinging me in the eyes… The next thing I know, the bees are gone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen the bees finally dissipated, her caregiver tried to take her to the hospital, but Ellie refused to go. “This is God’s way of putting me out of my misery even sooner,” she told him. “I’m just going to accept this.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I locked myself in my room and told him to come collect the body tomorrow.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut Ellie didn’t die. Not that day, and not three to four months later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I just can’t believe that was three years ago, and I just can’t believe where I am now,” she tells me. “I had all my blood work done. Everything. We tested everything. I’m so healthy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe believes the bees, and their venom, saved her life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe idea that the same venom toxins that cause harm may also be used to heal is not new. Bee venom has been used as a treatment in East Asia for centuries. In Chinese traditional medicine, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20140605-how-venom-can-help-tackle-cancer\"\u003Escorpion venom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is recognised as a powerful medicine, used to treat everything from eczema to epilepsy. Mithradates VI of Pontus, a formidable enemy of Rome (and also an infamous toxinologist), was said to have been saved from a potentially fatal wound on the battlefield by using steppe viper venom to stop the bleeding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Over millions of years, these little chemical engineers have developed a diversity of molecules that target different parts of our nervous system,” says Ken Winkel, Director of the Australian Venom Research Unit at the University of Melbourne. “This idea of applying these potent nerve toxins to somehow interrupt a nervous disease has been there for a long time. But we haven’t known enough to safely and effectively do that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite the wealth of history, the practical application of venoms in modern therapeutics has been minimal. That is, until the past 10 years or so, according to Glenn King at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. In 1997, when Ellie was bouncing around from doctor to doctor, King was teasing apart the components of the venom from the Australian funnel-web, a deadly spider. He’s now at the forefront of venom drug discovery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKing’s group was the first to put funnel-web venom through a separation method called high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which can separate out different components. “I was just blown away,” he says. “This is an absolute pharmacological goldmine that nobody’s really looked at. Clearly hundreds and hundreds of different peptides.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOver the course of the 20th Century, suggested venom treatments for a range of diseases have appeared in scientific and medical literature. Venoms have been shown to fight cancer, kill bacteria, and even serve as potent painkillers – though many have only gone as far as animal tests. At the time of writing, just six had been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for medical use (one other – Baltrodibin, adapted from the venom of the Lancehead snake – is not FDA approved, but is available outside the US for treatment of bleeding during operations).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe more we learn about the venoms that cause such awful damage, the more we realise, medically speaking, how useful they can be. Like the melittin in bee venom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMolecular moves\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMelittin does not only cause pain. In the right doses, it punches holes in a cell’s protective membranes, causing cells to explode. At low doses, melittin associates with the membranes, activating lipid-cutting enzymes that mimic the inflammation caused by heat. But at higher concentrations, and under the right conditions, melittin molecules group together into rings creating large pores in membranes, weakening a cell’s protective barrier and causing the entire cell to swell and pop like a balloon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBecause of this, melittin is a potent antimicrobial, fighting off a variety of bacteria and fungi with ease. But its power doesn’t stop there. Scientists hope it could fight diseases ranging from HIV to cancer, arthritis and multiple sclerosis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor example, researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri, have found that melittin can tear open HIV’s protective membrane without harming human cells. This envelope-busting method also stops the virus from having a chance to evolve resistance. “We are attacking an inherent physical property of HIV,” Joshua L Hood, the lead author of the study, said in a press statement. “Theoretically, there isn’t any way for the virus to adapt to that. The virus has to have a protective coat.” Initially envisioned as a prophylactic vaginal gel, the hope is that melittin-loaded nanoparticles could someday be injected into the bloodstream, clearing the infection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETall tale\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut could bees really have cured Lyme disease? Ellie is the first to admit that her tale sounds a little tall. “If someone were to have come to me and say, ‘Hey, I’ll sting you with some bees, and you’ll get better’, I would have said, ‘Absolutely not! You’re crazy in your head!’” But she has no doubts now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter the attack, Ellie watched the clock, waiting for anaphylaxis to set in, but it didn’t. Instead, three hours later, her body was racked with pains. A scientist by education before Lyme took its toll, Ellie thinks that these weren’t a part of an allergic response, but instead indicated a Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction – her body was being flooded with toxins from dying bacteria. The same kind of thing can happen when a person is cured from a bad case of syphilis. A theory is that certain bacterial species go down swinging, releasing nasty compounds that cause fever, rash and other symptoms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor three days, she was in pain. Then, she wasn’t.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“I had been living in this… I call it a brown-out because it’s like you’re walking around in a half-coma all the time with the inflammation of your brain from the Lyme. My brain just came right out of that fog. I thought: I can actually think clearly for the first time in years.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith a now-clear head, Ellie started wondering what had happened. So she did what anyone else would do: Google it. Disappointingly, her searches turned up very little. But she did find one small 1997 study by scientists at the Rocky Mountain Laboratories in Montana, who’d found that melittin killed \u003Cem\u003EBorrelia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Exposing cell cultures to purified melittin, they reported that the compound completely inhibited \u003Cem\u003EBorrelia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E growth. When they looked more closely, they saw that shortly after melittin was added, the bacteria were effectively paralysed, unable to move as their outer membranes were under attack. Soon after, those membranes began to fall apart, killing the bacteria.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConvinced by her experience and the limited research she found, Ellie decided to try apitherapy, the therapeutic use of materials derived from bees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHer bees live in a “bee condo” in her apartment. She doesn’t raise them herself; instead, she mail orders, receiving a package once a week. To perform the apitherapy, she uses tweezers to grab a bee and press it gently where she wants to be stung. “Sometimes I have to tap them on the tush a little bit,” she says, “but they’re usually pretty willing to sting you.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe started on a regimen of 10 stings a day, three days a week: Monday, Wednesday, Friday. Three years and several thousand stings later, Ellie seems to have recovered. Slowly, she has reduced the number of stings and their frequency – just three stings in the past eight months, she tells me (and one of those she tried in response to swelling from a broken bone, rather than Lyme-related symptoms). She keeps the bees around just in case, but for the past year before I talked to her, she’d mostly done just fine without them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EComplex cocktails\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERare cases like Ellie’s are a reminder of the potent potential of venoms. But turning folk knowledge into pharmaceuticals can be a long and arduous process. “It could take as long as 10 years from the time you find it and patent it,” says King. “And for every one that you get through, 10 fail.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince the 1997 study, no one had looked further into bee venom as a potential cure for Lyme disease, until Ellie.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEllie has partnered with a bee farm that uses a special electrified glass plate to extract venom. As the bees walk across the plate on the way to and from their hive, harmless currents stimulate the bees to release venom from their abdomens, leaving teeny little droplets on the glass, which are later collected. Ellie says it takes 10,000 bees crossing that plate to get 1 gram of venom (other sources, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, quote 1 million stings per gram of venom), but “those bees are not harmed”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe sends some of the venom she purchases – which, due to the cost of the no-harm extraction method she uses, she says is “more expensive than gold” – to Eva Sapi, Associate Professor of Biology and Environmental Science at the University of New Haven, who studies Lyme disease.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESapi’s research into the venom’s effects on Lyme bacteria is ongoing and as yet unpublished, though she told me the results from preliminary work done by one of her students look “very promising”. \u003Cem\u003EBorellia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E bacteria can shift between different forms in the body, which is part of what makes them so hard to kill. Sapi has found that other antibiotics don’t actually kill the bacteria but just push them into another form that is more dormant. As soon as you stop the antibiotics, the \u003Cem\u003EBorellia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E bounce back. Her lab is testing different bee venoms on all forms of the bacteria, and so far, the melittin venom seems effective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe next step is to test whether melittin alone is responsible, or whether there are other important venom components. “We also want to see, using high-resolution images, what exactly happens when bee venom hits \u003Cem\u003EBorellia,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E” Sapi told me.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe stresses that much more data is needed before any clinical use can be considered. “Before jumping into the human studies, I would like to see some animal studies,” she says. “It's still a venom.” And they still don’t really know why the venom works for Ellie, not least because the exact cause of post-treatment Lyme disease symptoms remains unknown. “Is it effective for her because it’s killing \u003Cem\u003EBorellia\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, or is it effective because it stimulates the immune system?” asks Sapi. It’s still a mystery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe bigger picture, however, is that venomous animals could prove be excellent drug resources for devastating neurological diseases, as so many of their venoms target our nervous system. “We really don’t have great drugs in this area,” says Ken Winkel, “and we have these little factories that have a plethora of compounds…”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENo one knows exactly how many venomous species there are on this planet. There are venomous jellyfish, venomous snails, venomous insects, even venomous primates. “When people ask me what’s the best way to convince people to preserve nature, your weakest argument is to talk about how beautiful and wonderful it is,” says Bryan Fry. Instead, he says, we need to emphasise the untapped potential that these species represent. “It’s a resource, it’s money. So conservation through commercialisation is really the only sane approach.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEllie couldn’t agree more. “We need to do a lot more research on these venoms,” she tells me emphatically, “and really take a look at what’s in nature that’s going to help us.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis is an edited version of an article originally published by Mosaic, and is reproduced under a Creative Commons licence. For more about the issues around this story,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mosaicscience.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Evisit Mosaic’s website here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShare this story on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life-23"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-03-27T15:54:54Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"‘How a bee sting saved my life’","headlineShort":"‘How a bee sting saved my life’","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Ellie Lobel was ready to die. Then she was attacked by bees. Christie Wilcox hears how venom can be a saviour.","summaryShort":"A freak event, a miracle medical recovery","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2015-03-27T15:54:54Z","entity":"article","guid":"6cbef874-6ac4-4741-8873-8cef01f77a42","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T15:17:08.318569Z","project":"future","slug":"20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916011},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer","_id":"61535f8145ceed14367f9699","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A few patients have made rare and unexpected recoveries leaving doctors scratching their heads, says David Robson. Can these cases provide vital clues for tackling cancer?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt was a case that baffled everyone involved. The 74-year-old woman had initially been troubled by a rash that wouldn’t go away. By the time she arrived at the hospital, her lower right leg was covered in waxy lumps, eruptions of angry red and livid purple. Tests confirmed the worst suspicions: it was carcinoma, a form of skin cancer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe future looked bleak. Given the spread of the tumours, radiotherapy would not have been effective; nor could the doctors dig the tumours from the skin. Amputation was perhaps the best option, says Alan Irvine, the patient’s doctor at St James’ Hospital, Dublin – but at her age, she was unlikely to adapt well to a prosthetic limb. After a long and frank discussion, they decided to wait as they weighed up the options. “We had a lot of agonising for what to do,” says Irvine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThen the “miracle” started. Despite receiving no treatment at all, the tumours were shrinking and shrivelling before their eyes. “We watched for a period of a few months and the tumours just disappeared,” says Irvine. After 20 weeks, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fqjmed.oxfordjournals.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fqjmed\u002Fearly\u002F2013\u002F07\u002F30\u002Fqjmed.hct162.full.pdf\"\u003Ethe patient was cancer-free\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “There had been no doubt about her diagnosis,” he says. “But now there was nothing in the biopsies, or the scans.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESomehow, she had healed herself of arguably our most feared disease. “Everyone was thrilled, and a bit puzzled,” Irvine says, with some understatement. “It shows that it is possible for the body to clear cancer – even if it is incredibly rare.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe question is, how? Irvine’s patient believed it was the hand of God; she had kissed a religious relic just before the healing set in. But scientists are instead looking to the underlying biology of so-called “spontaneous regression” to hunt for clues that could make these rare cases of self-healing more common. “If you can train the body to do this on a broader scale, you could have something that’s very widely applicable,” says Irvine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn theory, our immune system should hunt out and destroy mutated cells before they ever develop into cancer. Occasionally, however, these cells manage to sneak under the radar, reproducing until they grow into a full-blown tumour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy the time the cancer has reached the attention of doctors, unaided recovery is highly unlikely: overall, just one in 100,000 cancer patients are thought to shed the disease without treatment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDisappearing act\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWithin those scant reports, though, there are some truly incredible stories. A hospital in the UK, for instance, recently reported the case of a woman who had experienced long-lasting fertility problems. She then discovered that she had a tumour between her rectum and her uterus, but before doctors could operate, she finally conceived. All went well and a healthy baby was delivered – only for the doctors to find that the cancer had mysteriously vanished during the pregnancy. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.hindawi.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fcrie\u002F2014\u002F481823\u002F\"\u003ENine years later, she shows no sign of relapse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly spectacular recoveries have now been recorded in many different kinds of cancer, including extremely aggressive forms like acute myeloid leukaemia, which involves the abnormal growth of white blood cells. “If you leave the patient untreated, they usually die within weeks, if not days,” says Armin Rashidi at Washington University in St Louis. Yet he has found \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Finformahealthcare.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.3109\u002F10428194.2014.970545\"\u003E46 cases in which acute myeloid leukaemia \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eregressed of its own accord, although only eight avoided a relapse in the long term. “If you find a random oncologist and ask if this can this happen, 99% would say no – it makes no sense,” says Rashidi, who worked with colleague Stephen Fisher on the paper.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAgonising wait\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E In contrast, dramatic recoveries from a childhood cancer called neuroblastoma are surprisingly frequent – offering some of the best clues about what might trigger spontaneous remission. This cancer arises from tumours in the nervous system and hormonal glands. If it then spreads, or metastasises, it can lead to nodules on the skin and growths in the liver, with swelling in the abdomen that makes it difficult for the infant to breathe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENeuroblastoma is very distressing, yet it can sometimes disappear as quickly as it came, even without medical intervention. In fact, for infants less than one year old, regression is so common that doctors \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fnrclinonc\u002Fjournal\u002Fv11\u002Fn12\u002Ffull\u002Fnrclinonc.2014.168.html\"\u003Etend to avoid starting chemotherapy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E immediately, in the hope that the tumour will shrink by itself. “I can remember three cases with rather impressive skin metastases and an enlarged liver, but we literally just observed them – and they did well,” says Garrett Brodeur at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe decision to sit and observe can be difficult, though: although the chance to avoid harrowing treatment comes as a relief to some parents, others find inaction and helplessness difficult to stomach. The agony of that period is one of the reasons that Brodeur wants to understand the mechanisms behind the cancer’s vanishing act. “We want to develop very specific agents that might initiate regression – so we don’t need to wait for nature to run its course or for ‘god’ to decide,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVital clues\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo far, Brodeur has some strong leads. For instance, unlike other nerve cells, the cells in neuroblastoma tumours seem to have developed the ability to survive without “nerve growth factor” (NGF) – allowing them to flourish in the wrong parts of the body where NGF is absent. Spontaneous remission may be triggered by a natural change in the neuroblastoma tumour cells, perhaps involving the cell receptors that NGF binds to. Whatever the change is, it might mean that the cells can no longer survive without the essential nutrient. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf so, a drug that targets those receptors could kick-start recovery in other patients. Brodeur says that two drug companies already have some candidates, and he hopes trials will begin soon. “It would selectively kill tumour cells that are sensitive to this pathway, so it could spare patients from chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery,” he says. “It wouldn’t make them sick or their hair fall out, or cause their blood cell count to fall.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFriendly fire\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EUnfortunately, unexpected recoveries from other kinds of cancer have been less well studied, perhaps because of their rarity. But there are some clues, and they could come from the pioneering work of a little-known American doctor more than 100 years ago.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E It was the late 19th Century, and William Bradley Coley was struggling to save a patient with a large tumour in his neck. Five operations had failed to eradicate the cancer. Then the patient caught a nasty skin infection with a scorching fever. By the time he’d recovered, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmg17623675.700-dr-coleys-famous-fever.html#.VPSR-hDtsmA\"\u003Ethe tumour was gone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Testing the principle on a small number of other patients, Coley found that deliberately infecting them with bacteria, or treating them with toxins harvested from microbes, destroyed otherwise inoperable tumours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECould infection be the key to stimulating spontaneous remission more generally? Analyses of the recent evidence certainly make a compelling case for exploring the idea. Rashidi and Fisher’s study found that 90% of the patients recovering from leukaemia had suffered another illness such as pneumonia shortly before the cancer disappeared. Other papers have noted tumours vanishing after \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1010518214001498\"\u003Ediphtheria, gonorrhoea, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, measles, smallpox and syphilis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. What doesn’t kill you really can make you stronger in these strange circumstances.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not the microbes, per se, that bring about the healing; rather, the infection is thought to trigger an immune response that is inhospitable to the tumour. The heat of the fever, for instance, may itself render the tumour cells more vulnerable, and trigger cell suicide. Or perhaps it’s significant that when we are fighting bacteria or viruses, our blood is awash with inflammatory molecules that are a call to arms for the body’s macrophages, turning these immune cells into warriors that kill and engulf microbes – and potentially the cancer too. “I think the infection changes the innate immune cells from helping the tumours to killing them,” says Henrik Schmidt at Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark. That, in turn, may also stimulate other parts of the immune system – such as our dendritic cells and T-cells – to learn to recognise the tumorous cells, so that they can attack the cancer again should it return.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESchmidt thinks that understanding the process of spontaneous remission is vital, since it could help refine the emerging class of “immunotherapies” that hijack our natural defences to combat cancer. In one treatment, for instance, doctors inject some cancer patients with inflammatory “cytokines” in order to kick the immune system into action. The side effects – such as high fever and flu-like symptoms – are typically treated with drugs like paracetamol, to improve the patient’s comfort.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut given that the fever itself may trigger remission, Schmidt suspected that the paracetamol might sap the treatment’s potency. Sure enough, he has found that more than twice as many patients – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00262-014-1637-5\u002Ffulltext.html\"\u003E25% versus 10%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – survive past the two-year follow-up, if they were instead left to weather the fever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere could be many other simple but powerful steps to improve cancer treatment inspired by these insights. One man experienced \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3671034\u002F\"\u003Espontaneous remission after a tetanus and diphtheria vaccination\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for instance – perhaps because vaccines also act as a call to arms for the immune system. Along these lines, Rashidi points out that a receiving standard vaccine booster – such as the BCG jab against tuberculosis – seems to reduce the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0140673674900701\"\u003Echance of melanoma relapse after chemotherapy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECatching a cure\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EOthers are considering a far more radical line of attack. For instance, one approach aims to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.translational-medicine.com\u002Fcontent\u002F13\u002F1\u002F3\"\u003Edeliberately infect cancer patients with a tropical disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe technique, developed by American start-up PrimeVax, involves a two-pronged approach. It would begin by taking a sample of the tumour, and collecting dendritic cells from the patient’s blood. These cells help coordinate the immune system’s response to a threat, and by exposing them to the tumour in the lab, it is possible to programme them to recognise the cancerous cells. Meanwhile, the patient is given a dose of dengue fever, a disease normally carried by mosquitoes, before they are injected with the newly trained dendritic cells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnder the supervision of doctors in a hospital, the patient would begin to develop a 40.5C fever, combined with the widespread release of inflammatory molecules – putting the rest of the immune system on red alert. Where the tumour was once able to lurk under the radar, it should now become a prime target for an intense attack from the immune cells, led by the programmed dendritic cells. “Dengue fever crashes and regroups the immune system, so that it is reset to kill tumour cells,” says Bruce Lyday at PrimeVax.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInfecting vulnerable patients with a tropical illness may sound foolhardy, but dengue fever is less likely to kill the average adult than the common cold – making it the safest choice of infection. Importantly, once the fever has subsided, the programmed immune cells will remain on the lookout for the tumour, should it reappear. “Cancer is a moving target. Most therapies attack from just one side – but we’re trying to put it in a lose-lose situation, now and in the future,” says Lyday.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENo one could fault the ambition behind this kind of therapy. “Our mission is to replicate spontaneous remission in as standardised way as possible,” says Lyday’s colleague Tony Chen. Even so, they are keen to emphasise that their idea is still at a very early stage of development – and they cannot know how it will play out until they begin a clinical trial. The first tests, they hope, will begin with advanced melanoma patients, perhaps by the end of the year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EClearly, caution is necessary. As Irvine points out: “Spontaneous remission is a little clue in a big complicated jigsaw.” But if – and that is a massive if – they succeed, the implications would be staggering. A rapid, relatively painless recovery from cancer is now considered a miracle. The dream is that it might just become the norm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EShare this story on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Just one in 100,000 cancer patients shed the disease – but why?","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer-17"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-03-06T10:05:20Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Cancer: The mysterious miracle cases inspiring doctors","headlineShort":"Mystery of the vanishing cancer","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A few rare and unexpected recoveries have made doctors scratch their heads, says David Robson. Can we learn from the times the body rids itself of cancer?","summaryShort":"Lessons from baffling hospital 'miracles'","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2015-03-06T10:05:20Z","entity":"article","guid":"5ba834fe-65ee-49da-881b-b17a199f90e3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T15:15:45.698566Z","project":"future","slug":"20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916011},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches","_id":"6153613f45ceed5cab5e9ac7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Why are we so revolted by roaches? Rachel Nuwer visits her own personal insect hell to find out, and discovers a disturbing truth about our future with these creatures.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat’s your earliest memory? For me, the answer is not pleasant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI’m about four years old, and I’m sitting in the green-carpeted hallway of our family’s first home in Biloxi, Mississippi. The bathroom door stands open in front of me, and my mother is emerging from the shower. As she pulls a towel from the rack, I notice a dark stain marring that clean, fluffy pink material. It’s a cockroach. I see it before she does. As she wraps the towel around her body, however, it quickly makes itself known. She shrieks, flailing and stomping, suddenly naked and vulnerable and afraid. I begin to cry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI recently asked my mother about this event, and she had no idea what I was talking about. Perhaps I dreamed it, or my early memory is flawed. Or perhaps it was just business-as-usual in our Southern US home, where – no matter what chemical barriers were erected – cockroaches inevitably found their way inside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EReal or imaginary, this incident triggered an intense dislike of cockroaches that would only intensify as years passed and encounters with those creatures multiplied. For me, a roach is not just an insect. It is a psychological gateway into a lengthy laundry list of traumatic experiences: digging through a box of supplies in my outdoor playhouse when a roach zips out and scuttles up my leg, its spiky appendages pricking at my skin. Watching my first cat, Salty, as he traps a roach, dismembers it with his claws and mouth, and then eats the succulent, writhing remains. Finding a small dead cockroach tangled in my wet hair after a trip to the beach, and thereafter suffering recurring nightmares of picking roaches out of my hair.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERoaches invade our homes and make those intimate spaces their own. As physical embodiments of filth and germs, they show that for all of our fortifications against dirt and disease, those efforts are ultimately futile. “They’ve really figured out how to exploit the opportunities we create, and in doing so, developed behaviours and life histories that prevent us from controlling them,” says Jeff Lockwood, a professor of natural sciences and humanities at the University of Wyoming. “In a sense, we loathe that which we foster.” Our very existence enables them to thrive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe true nature of that relationship – and the irrational fear it so often inspires – was something I was compelled to learn more about for very personal reasons. That mission would require me to dig out the cockroach exoskeletons in my closet, explore intriguing new techniques to help us conquer insect fear, and ultimately confront the terror head-on, by journeying into the heart of six-legged darkness, at one of the premier cockroach labs in the world. Along the way, however, I would uncover an unsettling truth about the future of our relationship with roaches, and it would transform the way I see these life-long foes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDelving into cockroach lore, I quickly learned that our distaste for them goes way back. The \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2004\u002F07\u002F25\u002Fmagazine\u002F25PHENOM.html\"\u003Eancient Egyptians fashioned spells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E imploring the ram-headed god Khnum to banish cockroaches; in ancient Rome, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu\u002Fcgi-bin\u002FHistSciTech\u002FHistSciTech-idx?type=turn&id=HistSciTech.Nature18701110&entity=HistSciTech.Nature18701110.p0007&isize=text\"\u003EPliny the Elder wrote\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the “disgusting” nature of those pests; and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=OH5KAhdU2iQ\"\u003EJohn Smith of Jamestown complained\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the “ill-scented dung” of the “cacarooch”, which quickly took up residence throughout the New World. By the 19th Century, the handful of cockroach species that carved out a niche for themselves as pests had more or less achieved global domination.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet given what we know today, logically it does not make sense to fear cockroaches. Unlike mosquitoes, ticks or fleas, roaches aren’t disease vectors, and they do not feed directly on our blood, skin or fluids. We don’t go screaming when we see a mosquito, even though they are the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.gatesnotes.com\u002FHealth\u002FMost-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\"\u003Eworld’s deadliest animal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yes, cockroaches wallow in filth, but a case of food poisoning is probably about as bad as it gets if one of those pests skitters across your slice of pizza – a stroll through the park compared to malaria, yellow fever or dengue fever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStill, anecdotally, many people suffer from katsaridaphobia, or cockroach phobia. Lockwood guesses that the number reaches well into the tens of millions, and Richard Kaae, an entomologist at California State University, thinks that cockroaches are the number one insects feared by humans. Quantifying the impacts of katsaridaphobia is difficult, however. The vast majority of people incapacitated by roaches never seek help, primarily because they want to do everything possible to avoid even speaking of those creatures. I was one of them – until I decided to do something about it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThey creep up on you\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E I had been busy all afternoon in my New Orleans kitchen, preparing dinner for a guy I liked. After the meal, we headed outside to enjoy the magnolia-perfumed breeze drifting off the Mississippi. As I coyly sipped my wine \u003C\u002Fem\u003E– \u003Cem\u003ESMACK! \u003C\u002Fem\u003E– \u003Cem\u003Ea flying cockroach touched down straight on my cheek. Releasing a staccato scream, I spasmodically jerked my arms upward and sent a waterfall of red wine down my date’s face and white shirt. He stood there, stunned. That roach ruined my date.  \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E In the worst cases, roaches actively impact the victim’s life. Psychologists report patients too terrified to get out of bed at night or to go to the kitchen for fear of encountering a cockroach. Emily Driscoll, a documentary producer in New York City, once became trapped in a hotel room in India because a roach was sitting on the door handle. “I couldn’t move, I was paralysed,” she says. “I needed to keep in it my sight.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAndrew Stein, a computer programmer who grew up in New Orleans but now lives in New York, also recalls once being trapped by a roach. One night in his newly renovated Brooklyn apartment, he heard a familiar scratch-scratch-scratch coming from the bathroom. “This was not a place I was expecting to see a bunch of insects,” he says. “But I thought, ‘That sounds like it could be a cockroach.’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EInvestigating, he found a large American cockroach clinging to his bath towel. He spent the next two hours camped out in the hallway, trying to work up the courage to go back inside and kill the roach. When his roommate came home at around 2am, however, Stein saw a better way out: he paid his roommate $10 to dispose of the roach rather than face it himself. “That’s probably the most emasculating thing I’ve ever told anyone,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s hard to pinpoint what exactly it is about cockroaches that bothers people so much, simply because there are so many answers. “They’re erratic; it’s like they’re doing eight things at once; they look dirty; they move really fast; they seem to have no fear of people,” Stein rattles off. “The first thing I think about when I see one is that that thing could jump across the room and touch me if it wanted to – and there’s nothing I could do about it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs Lockwood explains, the things we find so repulsive about roaches are all a matter of those creatures’ biology. “Cockroaches tap into this sort of evolutionary aversion we have to greasy, smelly, slimy things,” he says. Their unpredictable movements and phenomenal speed – relative to their size, they’re one of the fastest terrestrial animals on Earth – evolved as escape mechanisms for evading predators. Their stench, too, is indicative of an underlying purpose. The reason why smashed cockroaches smell like a clogged truck stop toilet that’s been fermenting in 90-degree heat is because they store nitrogenous waste – uric acid, specifically – in their fat for recycling. Finally, their sickly slick feel derives from a lipid-based wax that their cuticle secretes to prevent water loss. None of these traits bode well for the human observer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Plus,” Lockwood adds, “they’re defiant little bastards.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERoaches are incredibly prolific, and hard to get rid of. If you start out with one pair of German cockroaches and allow them to reproduce in peace and with bountiful food available, then “within a couple years you could have two to three million”, Kaae says. They’ll also eat just about anything, from cork to paper to grass. In the heaviest of infestations – on Navy submarines and in children’s bedrooms alike – they will gnaw off their sleeping victims’ eyelashes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut those physical and behavioural traits do not explain why roaches are so frequently the subjects of phobias. As it turns out, the root of that fear often traces back to some traumatic experience in life, such as witnessing your mother scream at the sight of a roach. Often, that fear forms early, around the age of four or five. “Evolutionarily, we’re highly attuned to picking up on cultural clues from parents and society as to how we ought to respond to insects,” Lockwood says. “Today, most of that feedback is negative so we wind up raising anxious children.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome do manage to evade that fear, however. Philip Koehler, a veteran entomologist with a mischievous twinkle in his eye, probably spends more time (voluntarily) with cockroaches than almost anyone else in the world. At his lab at the University of Florida, he keeps around a million of those insects. Although intimately familiar with the roach antics that bother so many people, he’s nonplussed. “I didn’t overcome any fear because I never had any fear,” he says, chuckling. “I was probably a twisted individual right from start.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHis fascination with those creatures does have its limits, however. “Personally, I don’t find them to be attractive,” he admits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOn a warm spring morning I dropped by Koehler’s office with a two-fold mission: glean all I can about his pesky research subjects and, more importantly, confront them one-on-one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe clutter of Koehler’s office reflects a nearly 40-year career; the walls and shelves are crowded with gag gifts and posters professing his comical hatred, not of roaches, but of cats; faded, poster-sized prints of the horrendous cockroach infestations of the 80s; and a wall full of awards. Outside, a disturbingly realistic 6-foot tall metal cockroach sculpture, lovingly crafted by one of his former students, guards his door. Earlier, one of Koehler’s students warned me that “Dr Koehler loves to make people feel strange”, and I half expect some sort of trickery – a roach in my coffee, an insect tossed my way, but luckily we start slow. The trust is not broken. He’s here to help.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKoehler is no psychologist, but he’s familiar with treatments for cockroach phobias. Several years ago, a woman in her 50s approached him. She said her life was completely disrupted by cockroaches; everywhere she went, she couldn’t function because she was always on the lookout for a cockroach. Was there anything he could do to help? He invited her to the lab for an informal session of exposure therapy, starting small by simply talking about roaches, then progressing to photos, pinned roaches and eventually the real deal. After several visits, her hyperventilating stopped and she was even able to hold a hissing cockroach. I’ve travelled to Gainesville to see if the same treatment could work for me.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe begins by weeding out my issue with roaches. “What is it you don’t like about them?” he asks, peering inquisitively from behind wire-framed glasses. “The colour, the movement, maybe the feel of their legs?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI relay a few of my stories, trying to make him understand, and he listens patiently until I finish. “So the roaches never really hurt you?” he asks, leaning forward over the desk. He’s challenging the logic of my fear – a tried and true tactic when it comes to treating irrational phobias.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Well, no, I guess not,” I admit. “It’s just they were there… They were in my space…”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“They just startled you,” he suggests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Yeah, I guess it must be something about the surprise…”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe’s technically right, but I don’t feel fully satisfied with the conclusion we’ve reached. “Startled” doesn’t begin to articulate what roaches manage to do to me. Later, I realise how I should have conveyed the problem. When a roach slinks into my bedroom at night or flies into my face, I am forced to acknowledge that all is not under my control. Just as a leering cat-caller or subway groper might not inflict physical harm on his victims, that undesirable interaction can still inspire intense distress. Unprovoked danger – whether actual or perceived – can appear without warning. It can slink out of a dark alleyway or from beneath a closet door at any moment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo their victims, cockroaches commit a personal violation. In the words of George A. Romero, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F53490236\"\u003Ethey creep up on you\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And there’s nothing you can do to stop them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet could there be a way to conquer that aversion?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EExposure therapy\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003E“Hey, Roach!” a third-grade classmate jeered at me one day. Cleverly, he had replaced my nickname, “Rach”, with that of my nemesis. But rather than being offended, I fully embraced the new moniker, drawing cartoon roaches on folded notes passed under desks to friends, encouraging the nickname’s use. Roaches are cute, I told myself, even lovable. There’s nothing to be afraid of. But when a living roach would appear in the school bathroom or gym, these soothing thoughts were revealed for what they really were: lies told to comfort a scared little girl. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Over the years, I noticed my phobia intensifying. Viewing this as a weakness, I tried in my own ways to self medicate. In high school, I stayed up late playing “Bad Mojo,” a computer game about a criminal entomologist who is transformed into a cockroach, and encouraged slumber party karaoke of “Joe’s Apartment” cockroach \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=Ru_EiJgTodQ\"\u003Esong renditions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But digitised, anthropomorphised roaches on a two-dimensional screen and real-life roaches are not at all the same beast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA bit older and living in New Orleans, I volunteered to work at the Audubon Zoo’s hands-on Discovery Walk, and requested to work with the Madagascar hissing cockroaches and giant Brazilian cockroaches. Perhaps if I demonstrated roaches’ harmlessness to children, I thought, I could somehow undo my own distaste for them. But even though I regularly handled those exotic species, I still performed a sort of panicked Riverdance each time one of their urban cousins crossed my path in the infested Crescent City.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI find it hard to believe that anything could ever change my feelings and reaction towards roaches. But not everyone agrees with this hopeless prognosis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDefeating phobias, therapists insist, just requires becoming habituated to the cause of that fear, whether it’s cockroaches, heights or being in crowds. Expose someone to the same thing over and over again and it will eventually become boring and commonplace. Untold numbers of phobics go untreated, however, simply because few possess the unique mix of desperation and bravery needed to willingly sign up for the chance to interact with a cockroach. “The idea of touching a roach is pretty much the worst thing I can think of,” Stein says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome therapists are designing workarounds for skittish patients. A team of researchers at the James I University in Spain \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F20569788\"\u003Ethinks that augmented reality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E could be a solution for treating cockroach phobia. Augmented reality projects computerised images into the real world, allowing a more convincing encounter. To apply this for cockroach phobia treatments, a headset combined with a six degrees of freedom tracking system creates a vision of cockroaches running over the wearer’s actual hand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo test the system, the Spanish researchers recruited six participants, all of who suffered from debilitating, clinically verified cockroach phobias. One participant wanted to sell her apartment after spotting a roach, while another refused to visit her grandmother for fear of seeing a cockroach. Still others reported “complete loss of control” when seeing a cockroach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBefore undergoing augmented reality therapy, none of the women would agree to enter a room that contained a live cockroach in a plastic container. After putting on the augmented reality headset and watching fantasy roaches crawl all over their hands for one to three hours, however, the women’s anxiety levels slowly began to decline. When the treatment session concluded, they were able to approach the live cockroach and even stick a finger into its container for a few seconds. Twelve months after the original treatment, the participants maintained those improvements.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“A phobic brain has stored bad information about cockroaches: it thinks cockroaches are very, very dangerous,” says Cristina Botella, a professor of clinical psychology and leader of the study. The augmented reality system, however, changes that fear structure by demonstrating cockroaches’ harmlessness. “The brain is able to store new information that is not compatible with the old,” she says.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately, augmented reality is not yet available in a clinical setting. Until further research can be completed and the treatment gains approval for use in therapy, phobics wishing to rid themselves of their fear must go about it in the old fashioned way: through cognitive behaviour therapy paired with exposure therapy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor those who can garner the courage to try it, their efforts are often rewarded in as few as one to three sessions. “These therapies provide a way to live with those creatures rather than spend a life trying to avoid them,” Lockwood says.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBack in Gainesville, I’m hoping this kind of therapy might work for me. We leave Koehler’s office, heading to a closed door just down the hall. “And here we have our cockroach room!” he proclaims, swinging open the portal to my personal hell. I want to wait a moment to gather my resolve, but he shoos me in. Suddenly, I am surrounded by at least a million roaches of 14 different species. They are on display no more than four feet in front of me, in dozens of glass jars fitted with deceptively festive orange and blue lids. Each contains a teeming mass of insects, from bitty babies smaller than my pinky nail to giant Brazilian cockroaches larger than a mouse. My gaze, however, immediately seeks out and settles on that most reviled species of all: the American cockroach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere they sit, about a dozen of them: bloated, shining, and the colour of slick sewage, the glass of their enclosure stained with faeces and regurgitate. Their antennae waggle as they slowly mull about the confines of their glass enclosure. I can hear them; the gentle scratch, scratch, scratch of their spiny feet. As Koehler and Liz Pereira, the lab’s official “roach rearer,” parade various specimens before me – the comical Madagascar hissing roaches, pullers of toy tractors; the Suriname cockroach, which burrows into its substrate like an earthworm; a colony of German cockroaches named after the Chinese restaurant they were collected from; the Cuban cockroach, a striking chartreuse creature with delicate wings, the only lovable one of the bunch, but sadly discovered to have died sometime over the past day – my peripheral vision never leaves those American cockroaches. I can feel it in the hairs on my arms, in the racy beat of my heart and slight shortness of breath.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFinally, the moment to confront those monsters has arrived. Pereira pulls the American cockroaches off their place on the shelf and gently deposits them on the counter before me. I take an instinctive step back, putting Koehler’s body between the roaches and myself, subconsciously seeking out a protective parental presence as that timeless fear resurfaces. Pereira, meanwhile, is all giggles. “On my first day here I reacted like you,” she says, grinning. Then, she moves to remove the lid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Wait! Won’t they fly out?” I protest – but it’s already done.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe reek of their existence fills the small room, and I crinkle my nose while craning my neck toward the jar. Nestled within protective folds of cardboard, several large roaches wave back to me with their antennae.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI swallow, and then ask, “Is it possible to touch one?” Koehler grins. “Of course it is!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn one swift motion, Pereira snatches the cardboard shelter from the jar, seamlessly transferring it to another empty container and banging it against the walls. The roaches tumble forth from their hideout, scattering around the glass enclosure in startled confusion. She uses carbon dioxide to sedate them (I’m curious but not crazy). Eventually, they all grow still.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPereira reaches in and scoops one up. “Want to hold it?” she asks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EI extend a trembling hand, and she drops a fat specimen it into my open palm. My brain struggles to register this conflicting information – I am holding a cockroach, and it’s fine – and I laugh nervously, slightly hysterically even, as Koehler snaps a few photos. And then it’s over. Pereira gently takes the roach and returns it to its slumbering friends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELater, I send a photo of myself holding the roach to my boyfriend. “It doesn’t count if you’re wearing a glove!” he texts back. He clearly doesn’t understand, I think, shaking my head. Only a fellow phobic would understand. Glove or no glove, I held a cockroach, and I survived.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlus, what we’ve discovered about roaches recently suggests that, if we value our health, it’s wise to avoid physical contact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECause for alarm\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EOne early morning during my teenage years, I groggily got out of bed and reached for a box of cookie leftovers on my bedroom floor. I took a big bite, and – while chewing – casually noticed a large chunk of chocolate icing was still in the box. Except it wasn’t icing. It was a tremendous American cockroach. A roach that had, for all I know, dredged itself in raw sewage and rotting meat, not to mention toting along its own natural garden of microbial terror. I spewed out my mouthful, splattering my white and pink flower-patterned wallpaper with dark streaks of chocolate-infused spittle. Those stains never did come out.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E There was a reason I wore that glove in Koehler’s roach room. People have long suspected that cockroaches are mechanical transmitters of disease – they walk through rot and faeces and filth and then deposit those germs onto other surfaces. But it’s hard to prove that a cockroach is to blame for a case of food poisoning when it could be a chef’s dirty hands or any number of other factors that introduced the contamination. Several years ago, however, Koehler and one of his students helped prove that cockroaches could at least \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fufdc.ufl.edu\u002FUFE0006617\u002F00001\"\u003Eplausibly transmit harmful bacteria\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 – the deadly kind – can actually swim through the cockroaches’ waxy outer layers and survive there for at least two months, all the while posing a risk for being transferred to food. Bacteria can also survive a trip through a cockroach gut, so faeces scattered throughout a kitchen or home are like little land mines of potential disease. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESpreading disease, however, likely is not their biggest impact on our health. Proteins found in cockroach faeces, regurgitates, skin and body parts are potent allergens for many people, as proven when entomologists often become acutely allergic to their research subjects. One famous cockroach expert, William Bell, grew so allergic to the arthropods’ cuticles that he could no longer eat lobster by the end of his career. Likewise, some people who seem to be allergic to coffee or chocolate are actually just aversely reacting to ground up cockroach parts sprinkled into those products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut the worst problems with cockroach allergies occur in urban centres, where there’s often no escaping them. People breathe in whiffs of cockroaches on the subway and in restaurants, on the bus and in the street. For many, especially those who live in large apartment buildings with inadequate pest control, their homes are also perfumed with these invisible allergens. If a neighbour isn’t taking care of his cockroach problem, then it’s almost guaranteed that those allergens will find their way into adjacent apartments, through air vents, shared hallways and pioneering insects travelling through communal walls and plumbing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-26"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-27"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChildren are the most impacted victims of cockroach allergies, which have also been associated with asthma attacks. The distribution of asthma is not at all even across New York. In some neighbourhoods, rates soar to 20%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn Manhattan’s far north, on 168th street, Matt Perzanowski studies these allergens at his lab at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. He and his colleagues travel to homes across the city and vacuum up dust samples in kitchens and beds. In his white, sterile lab, he analyses the contents of those vials for cockroach parts. From looking, you’d never guess that the bodies and refuse of six-legged invaders taint those harmless-looking bits of fuzz and dust. “Cockroaches haven’t changed,” he says. “The critical thing that’s changed in terms of exposure is that kids just spent a lot more time inside now, which means they’re around cockroaches more.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are surely other factors, but Perzanowski has found that kids who live in neighbourhoods with higher rates of asthma are about twice as likely to be allergic to roaches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERoaches, in other words, are more than just a source of irrational fear. They may be making us unwell. The question is, what can we do about it?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe coming war\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EI douse the roach in a stream of Raid, taking perverse pleasure in its dance of death. Try as it might, the roach can no longer get a grip on the plaster wall. It topples backward, antennae flailing, wings unfolding, running in frenzied figure-of-eights as if searching for a way out. But it will find no respite from the neurotoxin. Minutes later, it has bucked itself onto its back, its abdomen curled into itself, the closest a roach could come to a foetal position. Life occasionally reasserts itself with a deceptive spasm of the legs, but I know this roach is toast. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Naively, we thought we could stop them. Back in the 1990s, we assumed the war was won when bait traps hit the market. After decades of inefficient home treatments, we had finally developed a method that seemed to completely devastate the enemy. For roaches, baits were “like crack-cocaine, the roaches loved them so much”, says Jack Brans, owners of Brans Pest Control in Harahan, Louisiana. The hoards were pushed back, the cockroach problem all but eliminated. We humans became complacent. Assuming the problem had been taken care of, fewer entomologists dedicated their studies to roaches, and funding for roach-related research and poisons shifted to other pests, like bedbugs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut that success will likely be short-lived. In the early 2000s, a darkness began to re-emerge in kitchens and bathrooms across the country. Whispers of a growing enemy proliferated at entomological conferences across the country. The roaches, experts realised, had begun to fight back. Baits were no longer as effective as they once were.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-28"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-29"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELast year, researchers discovered at least one of the problems: cockroaches have evolved a glucose aversion. The sweetener that roaches originally found irresistible now registers as bitter. With a dearth of researchers available to battle those insects and plenty of regulatory hurdles in the way of developing speedy alternatives, some believe that we’re poised on the edge of a coming invasion. “Right now, the German cockroach is making this huge comeback,” Koehler says. “A pest control operator called me just today and said that roaches are running all over the place, that they haven’t found anything that will kill them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKoehler believes that we will never defeat the roaches. As he points out, those insects were already doing well for themselves for hundreds of millions of years before we showed up. We just gave them the extra boost they needed for global domination. “They’ve been able to come up with solutions for almost everything that’s been thrown at them for more than 300 million years,” he says, a hint of awe in his voice. “There’s no way that humans could survive the changes that cockroaches have endured.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMost likely, they will outlast us, too. When our species finally bites the dust, cockroaches will be there to feast on the rotting remains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs I’ve come to realise, we need to master our phobias. If not, Koehler warns, “we’re going to be living in a roach-filled, skittish society”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs for me, I don’t plan on nurturing roach colonies in my apartment anytime soon, and I’ll continue to keep a can of Raid under my sink. But when the summer approaches and the roaches creep out of their hiding places, I’ve resolved to try to do what many other New Yorkers do: just ignore them. Otherwise, I’d be setting myself up for a very distressing future indeed. It’s time to get over my fear, and learn to live with our conquerors.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Do you have a cockroach experience you’d like to share? \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELet us know on our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002Fu\u002F0\u002Fb\u002F107828172298602173375\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page, or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches-30"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2014-09-18T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Cockroaches: The insect we're programmed to fear","headlineShort":"The bug we’re programmed to fear","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Why are we so revolted by roaches? Rachel Nuwer visits her own personal insect hell to find out, and discovers a disturbing truth about these creatures.","summaryShort":"Why are we so revolted by roaches?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:14:24Z","entity":"article","guid":"27002f06-fda3-4496-89a0-98180dac1748","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T15:00:33.086697Z","project":"future","slug":"20140918-the-reality-about-roaches","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916011},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes","_id":"615361be45ceed23d5356219","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The Ebola outbreak is stoking fears of a deadly virus spreading across the world through air travel. We talked to experts to discover the risks of catching the disease mid-flight.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAre plane cabins hotbeds of disease? Frequent flyers are often on guard against sneezing or coughing co-passengers, in fear of catching what they have. And the possibility that much more serious epidemics or pandemics could spread by air travel has been a worry for years, whether it is avian flu, Sars or tuberculosis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENow we are in the middle of one of the deadliest outbreaks of Ebola virus ever: the outbreak started in Guinea last March and soon reached Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Concern in the West has heightened after it emerged that a man had flown on \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002F2014\u002Fjul\u002F30\u002Febola-outbreak-pan-african-airline-halts-flights-liberia-sierra-leone\"\u003Einternal flights while carrying the virus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with fears growing that air travel could quickly carry the terrifying disease around the world. British Prime Minister David Cameron described Ebola as a “serious threat”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow likely is it to catch a deadly disease mid-flight, and what might stop a sick passenger carrying it between countries? To get a sense of the risks involved, BBC Future talked to infectious disease researchers to find out what we know about transmission during air travel – and what this can tell us about the risk of Ebola spreading across the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransmission problems\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe risks of catching an infection from an ill passenger are not as high as you would think, says Christine Pearson, a spokesperson for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia. “It’s not any more dangerous than any place where you are in touch with lots of people – like a shopping mall food court for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJohn Oxford, a virologist at Queen Mary University, London, agrees. He points out that the aeroplane ventilation goes from the ground to the ceiling, where the air is filtered for bacteria and viruses before it recirculates. Simulations looking at the potential spread of germs have found that they are generally confined to just a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Facer.eng.auburn.edu\u002Fpartners\u002Fconf_papers\u002Fmazumdar_roomvent_2007_impact_moving_bodies_airflow_contaminant.pdf\"\u003Ecouple of rows either side of the carrier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even then, the chances appear to be small, according to a study published in the British Medical Journal. The paper looked at a flight involving nine school children who were later found to be carrying the swine flu virus. Just two other passengers, of more than 100 questioned, later developed the illness – and they were both sitting within two rows of the ill school kids. As a result, the researchers concluded that there was \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F340\u002Fbmj.c2424\"\u003Ejust a 3.5% risk of catching the illness if you were sitting in those seats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A handful of other studies, looking at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjid.oxfordjournals.org\u002Fcontent\u002F189\u002FSupplement_1\u002FS81.short\"\u003Emeasles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1477893913001683\"\u003ETB\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, also suggest that in-flight transmission rates are similarly low. From studies such as these, Oxford says that “the biggest risk is not on the plane, but in the taxi on the way to the airport”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever, John Edmunds, professor of infectious disease modelling at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, points out that it is difficult to come to any firm conclusions, even for the more prevalent diseases. The number of studies is small, he says, meaning you can’t find absolute figures for the risk and compare that to the risk of infection in a school, say. So it is even harder to assess the risk of in-flight transmission of rare and unstudied diseases like Ebola.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMode of transmission is clearly a factor. There are a few documented cases of norovirus spreading among passengers – probably due to people sharing the same toilet. But we know that Ebola is relatively difficult to catch: unlike respiratory diseases like colds and flu, it can only be transmitted through contact with bodily fluids like saliva, vomit, or blood, which begins to secrete out of every orifice. Although it is unlikely that someone suffering the full-blown attack would attempt to fly, it is not impossible. Patrick Sawyer, a US citizen who died from the virus last week, showed some of these symptoms on a flight from Liberia to Nigeria, raising fears for the other passengers. Airline staff and public health officials should be more aware of the dangers now, however, and should place anyone suspected of having the disease in quarantine. “Everyone is on the lookout,” says Oxford.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere is always the chance that a passenger could board a flight before they have developed the full-blown symptoms. But so far, the evidence suggests you are unlikely to catch it from someone in the early stages of the disease, before they have started vomiting and bleeding. “I wouldn’t want to be a passenger next to a guy with Ebola,” admits Edmunds. “But if they are just sitting there with a fever, I can’t imagine the situation being high risk.” Oxford points out that basic hygiene measures should further reduce the chance of infection – even if it can’t eliminate the danger completely. “The Ebola virus is very easily killed; you can kill it with hot water and soap,” he says. “Alcohol rubs get rid of it in a microsecond.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E“Small risk”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIf an apparently healthy person carrying the virus lands in a country, there is still room for a second stage of contagion. This is perhaps the greater risk for a global epidemic – undetected carriers are the way that swine flu and Sars spread across the world. “The history of the spread of infectious diseases is infinitely entwined with improvements in travel,” says Edmunds. He points out that in the past, the spread of diseases was limited by the length of travel; measles develops quickly, so all the cases would have burnt out by the end of a long voyage. Since Ebola has an incubation period of up to 21 days, carriers could arrive in a country weeks before symptoms develop – potentially transmitting it to the people they know. “It is an issue,” admits Oxford, but he is optimistic that the infection could still be contained. Anyone showing the symptoms would have a rapid diagnosis before being quarantined, and health authorities would also check anyone who had been in contact with them – such as air crews, passport officials and their families. “All of that can stop it spreading – and it will be stopped.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA spokesperson for the World Health Organization, Gregory Härtl, says its official stance currently is that a global epidemic is a “small risk”, although it is currently working with the International Air Transport Association to review their recommendations. Currently, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fith\u002Fupdates\u002F20140421\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003Eit does not recommend screening passengers at airports\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – since the thermal scanners used to detect a fever are unlikely to find people incubating the first stages of the disease – and there are no recommended travel restrictions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever; the situation is evolving fast and the recommendations may change in the coming days. At the moment, no one can yet predict whether other air travellers have been infected with the disease, but the hope is that heightened vigilance will help to minimise any potential risk. However, even if it is successfully contained and the outbreak peters out, Ebola shows, yet again, the fact that no disaster or epidemic is too distant in the highly-connected modern world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this, or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002Fu\u002F0\u002Fb\u002F107828172298602173375\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page, or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDisclaimer\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAll content within this column is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of your own doctor or any other health care professional. The BBC is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made by a user based on the content of this site. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own GP if you're in any way concerned about your health.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes-6"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2014-07-31T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Ebola: How easily do germs spread on planes?","headlineShort":"Can Ebola spread on planes?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"BBC Future talked to experts to find out what are the risks that the deadly virus could spread to other countries through air travel.","summaryShort":"Experts offer their advice","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2014-11-18T09:14:24Z","entity":"article","guid":"e8a3381e-1156-4154-908d-668266981757","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T14:55:46.314427Z","project":"future","slug":"20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes","cacheLastUpdated":1634723916011},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged","_id":"615361d845ceed28fe188dfb","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmary-rose-abraham"],"bodyIntro":"The WHO wants to eliminate rabies in Asia by 2020. But how, when India accounts for more than one third of the world’s total rabies deaths? Mary-Rose Abraham reports.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA pile of puppies cower under a parked car. The men grab one, but two escape down the street, forcing them to give chase. Five scrappy adult shorthairs – of an indiscriminate breed commonly known as an ‘Indian dog’ – appear from nowhere. Pointed ears pricked with curiosity, they howl as if sounding an alarm throughout the neighbourhood: the ‘catchers’ are here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe catchers’ van travels the tree-lined, mostly residential streets to the next area. On the way, a couple of dogs seem to recognise the vehicle, either by sight or by smell. They bark and take chase. Each time the team catches a dog in one of its giant butterfly nets, the mutt twists and turns and howls, trying to escape.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis ritual repeats several times through the day across 50 square kilometres of the south Indian city of Bangalore. The men, a team from the NGO Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA), are on a mission: to catch stray dogs, sterilise them and vaccinate them against rabies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey catch ten dogs on this particular day. The dogs are taken to CUPA’s Animal Birth Control centre, where they will be sterilised and have their ears clipped so they can be identified as having undergone the surgery. They will be vaccinated, then returned to their home on the streets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p032g5tx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“What people need to understand,” says Vijay Kumar, manager of the CUPA centre, “is that the Animal Birth Control programme is as much about human welfare as it is for dogs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"India alone accounts for 20,847 deaths, more than one-third of the world’s total","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is part of an ongoing – and some say uphill – battle to eliminate rabies from India. Around 59,000 people die from rabies every year, according to a 2015 study published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. The overwhelming majority are in Asia and Africa: India alone accounts for 20,847 deaths, more than one-third of the world’s total, giving it the highest incidence of rabies globally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERabies is a vicious killer, a virus transmitted through saliva. Any warm-blooded mammal is susceptible. Dogs can become infected through a bite by a rabid wild animal or fellow canine; in turn, a bite from an infected dog is the most common method of human infection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe rabies virus attacks the nervous system and causes humans who are infected to hallucinate, become aggressive and even fear water. When someone is bitten, it’s crucial to wash the wound immediately and vaccinate them as soon as possible. But this rarely happens in India. Instead, many people end up being improperly treated – for example, not receiving a full course of vaccinations after exposure. Others turn to herbs, spices or local remedies that have no effect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p032g6d1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe World Health Organization (WHO) wants to eliminate rabies from the South-East Asia region by the year 2020. It is a goal that India is unlikely to meet, public health experts say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith rabies, the country doesn’t even know the extent of the disease. There is no requirement for doctors to report human infections, and no information on how widespread it might be among animals. In 2014, India’s government said it would set up a national rabies control programme, but at the time of writing it has only launched a pilot project in the northern state of Haryana to advise on managing the problem nationwide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, the government leaves it to the local city authorities to carry out programmes for vaccinating stray dogs on the street. Most deal with the problem by hiring NGOs like CUPA. That leaves rural areas, where rabies strikes hardest, all but ignored.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"With rabies, the country doesn’t even know the extent of the disease","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Rabies will always be in India,” says Dr S N Madhusudana, a professor at Bangalore’s National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences who has studied the disease for three decades. “It will never go away.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFour-year-old Bhuvan sits quietly in his mother’s lap at the clinic. Nearly all of the right side of his neck is an open wound, where a street dog grabbed hold of him and dragged him for four feet before his great-aunt Veena came out of the house screaming.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“That’s when the dog grabbed onto my face,” says Veena, her own right cheek imprinted with the faint outline of canine teeth. She later lost consciousness as she and Bhuvan were being driven to their local, rural hospital. A doctor there gave them each a dose of a therapeutic anti-rabies vaccine that will help stimulate their immune systems. It will take up to two weeks for their bodies to produce antibodies, but they also need to attack the virus immediately. That requires another, stronger form of medication only available 150 km further away at an anti-rabies clinic in the nearest city, Bangalore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p032g69z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EVeena and Bhuvan travelled immediately, arriving at midnight at Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences. Despite appearances, their wounds aren’t severe. “These dog bites are milder,” says Dr D H Ashwath Narayana, the head of the hospital’s Department of Community Medicine, surveying the torn flesh on Bhuvan’s neck. “I’ve seen far more severe bites.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat morning, Narayana spends hours calling suppliers for two doses of the crucial treatment: rabies immunoglobulin, a concentrated solution of rabies antibodies. Two vials arrive just after noon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBhuvan is placed on a clinic bed, where an attendant holds him down as he writhes and tries to move away. A medical student begins a series of injections directly into the raw wounds on his neck. The immunoglobulin must penetrate the exact place where the dog bit into the flesh in order to neutralise the virus. As the boy screams in pain for his parents to help, his mother leaves the room, unable to bear her child’s cries. Next, a moaning Veena is injected seven times in the cheek and upper lip.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe disease develops when the rabies virus enters a person’s nervous system, but after the bite there is a window of opportunity to prevent that from happening. The rabies immunoglobulin binds to the rabies virus lodged in Veena and Bhuvan’s wounds, preventing it from entering their nerve endings. Meanwhile, the initial anti-rabies vaccine they were given at the local hospital continues its work, prompting their bodies to produce their own antibodies. Four more doses over a month help in that regard. With a full course of treatment, they have a chance that rabies will not develop. “The deeper the wound, the more danger that the virus goes into the nerves,” Narayana says. “In rabies, it is better to overtreat than undertreat.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Rabies immunoglobulin is undergoing a critical shortage worldwide","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to WHO, rabies immunoglobulin is undergoing a critical shortage worldwide. It is also prohibitively expensive for many victims in a country where 60% of the population lives on under $2 a day: Veena and Bhuvan paid close to 450 Indian rupees, about $7, for each vial. In India, only three companies produce it, with relatively high manufacturing costs.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETwo years away from retirement, Dr Madhusudana is still haunted by the death of a 21-year-old student who was once in his care. Like Bhuvan and Veena, the woman lived in a rural village, hours from Bangalore, in the southern state of Karnataka. She had been washing dishes behind her home in May 2013 when she was bitten twice by a street dog. The woman was injected with the rabies vaccine, but her treatment ended there. She never received any immunoglobulin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p032g6ff"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWithout proper treatment, it can take anywhere from a few days to more than a year for rabies to develop. But when symptoms appear, the disease is invariably fatal. Two months after she was bitten, the student developed a fever for which her local doctor gave her sedatives. She lapsed into a coma and was brought to Bangalore, where she was finally diagnosed with rabies and died 17 days later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERabies manifests in two ways: dumb rabies (also known as paralytic rabies) and furious rabies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe two forms differ in the path the virus takes to reach the brain. In dumb rabies, the virus travels via motor nerves, damaging them in the process and leading to a slow progression from muscle paralysis to coma. This type accounts for 30% of rabies cases with at least 12 people worldwide known to have survived it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Within three or four days, the victim is dead. It’s a pathetic, horrible death – Dr S N Madhusudana","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E‘Furious’ rabies – so called because of victims’ hyperactivity and agitation – is far more common. Its symptoms appear sooner than those of dumb rabies, as the virus travels from the nerve endings, along the spinal cord and to the brain. Beginning with fever, headache and a tingling feeling at the wound site, victims can become aggressive, start hallucinating and develop a marked fear of water, even shrinking from the sight of a glass filled with it. This is because rabies causes painful muscle spasms in the throat and larynx, and water can trigger the spasms. Death results from blocked airways, seizures or widespread paralysis. “Within three or four days, the victim is dead,” says Madhusudana. “It’s a pathetic, horrible death.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETheoretically, no human should die from rabies in the 21st Century. Rabies is one of the oldest diseases known to man – the earliest records of it stretch back to Ancient Egypt around 2300 BCE – and since the late 19th Century we’ve had painful but effective treatments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFrench scientist Louis Pasteur formulated the first vaccine in 1885 by injecting the rabies virus into rabbits, killing them, then drying the nerve tissues to weaken the virus. When he injected this into a nine-year-old boy bitten by a rabid dog, the child did not develop the disease.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p032g5nr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is another, infamously painful, vaccine developed in 1911 that was synonymous with rabies treatment for years. Called the Semple treatment, the dried and churned brain tissue of live sheep and goats were injected 14 times into the lower abdomen of people exposed to rabies – once for each of the lymph nodes associated with antibody production. Despite severe side-effects such as paralysis, the Semple treatment was used for most of the 20th Century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EToday’s rabies vaccines are grown in a lab, using cell cultures (in a process that’s very different to producing immunoglobulin in humans or horses). The virus is inactivated, purified, then administered by injection into the skin or deeper into muscles of the arm. Side-effects are far fewer, but this production is more expensive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning it developed in animals and jumped to humans. In places like India – with its estimated 30 million stray dogs – dogs account for more than 95% of human transmissions in areas where they live in close contact with people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYoung children are particularly vulnerable. About one in 143 Indians are bitten by a dog at some point in their lives, according to the 2015 PLOS study (693 per 100,000 of the population), and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control says around half of the world’s rabies victims are children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"About one in 143 Indians are bitten by a dog at some point in their lives","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe WHO recommends pre-exposure vaccinations for everyone in rabies-endemic countries. India's own Academy of Paediatrics also recommends children are vaccinated, but relatively few are ever immunised. People may not realise the extent of the danger – and the benefit of vaccination – or else cannot afford it. A three-dose anti-rabies vaccine course costs about 100 rupees ($1.57), which is most of a day’s living allowance for many.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo truly eliminate rabies from India, animal health is key, yet the extent of rabies infection in the country’s animals remains a mystery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p032g6k0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndia has only one laboratory for diagnosing rabies in animals, located in Bangalore at the Veterinary College of the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University. Dr Shrikrishna Isloor runs the lab, one of four who have access to the core testing site, where animal tissues containing the live virus are handled.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey are able to determine whether a specimen is infected with rabies within two hours of receiving a brain sample. It allows them to give crucial information to health professionals about whether treatment is needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIsloor wants to see more testing centres set up across India, and he has started talking with scientists in other states. According to him, India won’t be able to control the disease without monitoring rabies rates in animals as well as humans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn India, culling dogs is not allowed on humanitarian grounds. A 2001 Indian law details how dogs should be humanely caught, housed, sterilised and released back onto the street. Experts say culling isn’t very effective anyway, considering at least half of the patients with rabies were bitten by pet dogs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo the authorities turn to vaccinating not just the human population, but the dogs as well. If 70% of the dog population were vaccinated, that would be enough to contain the spread of the virus. According to the 2015 PLOS study, by 2010 India had vaccinated just 15% of its dogs. And vaccinations are not enough. The dogs must also be sterilised to make sure new animals – potential reservoirs for the virus – aren’t introduced into the community. At the time of writing, India has no national or state-wide plans in effect to make this happen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p032g6nc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInstead, says Dr Abdul Rahman, a Bangalore-based veterinarian who heads the 55-nation Commonwealth Veterinary Association, India is limping along with a “knee-jerk programme of ad hoc projects”. Sterilisation efforts have “not made a dent in controlling rabies”, he says, although he does note that a few cities have been successful, including Jaipur, Chennai and Tirupati. In Bangalore, the city municipal body confirms that there have been no reported rabies cases in dogs for the past four years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut, says Rahman, unless the Animal Birth Control programme is undertaken on a serious note, as has been done in polio control, it won’t change rabies control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo the dog catchers of Bangalore keep at it. They roll out once again, this time aiming to catch dogs they’ve already sterilised and vaccinated once in order to give them the booster shot they need one year later. Once a dog is caught, the vaccine is quickly injected and a worker dabs bright blue paint onto the dog’s forehead, which helps them avoid re-injecting the same dogs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe team from CUPA arrives in a poor neighbourhood, densely crowded with livestock and littered with dead rats and stagnant puddles. Barefoot children chase behind them, giggling ecstatically at the sight of grown men chasing dogs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe 2015 PLOS study was part-funded by the Wellcome Trust, which publishes Mosaic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis is an edited version of an article originally published by Mosaic, and is reproduced under a Creative Commons licence. For more about the issues around this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mosaicscience.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Evisit Mosaic’s website here.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFollow us\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eon\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F107828172298602173375\u002Fposts\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EGoogle+\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fbbc-com\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELinkedIn\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finstagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20150915-indias-rabid-dog-problem-is-running-the-country-ragged-24"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmosaicfuture"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2015-09-15T03:12:21.623Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"India’s rabid dog problem is running the country ragged","headlineShort":"Why is rabies still with us?","image":["p032g69z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fmosaic"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20140210-vultures-halting-killer-diseases","future\u002Farticle\u002F20150327-how-a-bee-sting-saved-my-life","future\u002Farticle\u002F20150306-the-mystery-of-vanishing-cancer","future\u002Farticle\u002F20140918-the-reality-about-roaches","future\u002Farticle\u002F20140731-can-ebola-spread-on-planes"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The WHO wants to eliminate rabies in Asia by 2020. But how, when India accounts for more than one third of the world’s total rabies deaths? 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