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content: '\e125'; } .gelicon--apple::before { content: '\e126'; } .gelicon--interactive::before { content: '\e900'; } /* Social Icons */ .gelicon--share, .gelicon--recommend, .gelicon--comments, .gelicon--blog, .gelicon--smiley, .gelicon--love, .gelicon--twitter, .gelicon--facebook, .gelicon--google-plus, .gelicon--google, .gelicon--spotify, .gelicon--pinterest, .gelicon--tumblr, .gelicon--stumbleupon, .gelicon--linkedin, .gelicon--reddit, .gelicon--digg, .gelicon--instagram, .gelicon--whatsapp { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } /* GEL */ .gelicon--share::before { content: '\e200'; } .gelicon--recommend::before { content: '\e201'; } .gelicon--comments::before { content: '\e202'; } .gelicon--blog::before { content: '\e203'; } .gelicon--smiley::before { content: '\e204'; } .gelicon--love::before { content: '\e205'; } /* THIRD PARTY */ .gelicon--twitter::before { content: '\e300'; } .gelicon--facebook::before { content: '\e301'; } .gelicon--google-plus::before { content: '\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .mapboxgl-map { font: 12px/20px Helvetica Neue,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); } .mapboxgl-canvas { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .mapboxgl-map:-webkit-full-screen { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .mapboxgl-canary { background-color: salmon; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass { cursor: -webkit-grab; cursor: grab; -moz-user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive.mapboxgl-track-pointer { cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive:active, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass:active { cursor: -webkit-grabbing; cursor: grabbing; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pan-x pan-y; touch-action: pan-x pan-y; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pinch-zoom; touch-action: pinch-zoom; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: none; touch-action: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { position: absolute; pointer-events: none; z-index: 2; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left { bottom: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right { right: 0; bottom: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl { clear: both; pointer-events: auto; -webkit-transform: translate(0); transform: translate(0); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 0 0 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 10px 0 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 0 10px 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 10px 10px 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group { border-radius: 4px; background: #fff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button { width: 29px; height: 29px; display: block; padding: 0; outline: none; border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid #ddd; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled { cursor: not-allowed; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { opacity: .25; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child { border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child { border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child { border-radius: inherit; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); } } @keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); transform: rotate(1turn); } } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { width: 88px; height: 23px; margin: 0 0 -4px -4px; display: block; background-repeat: no-repeat; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 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height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211020013502im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact { width: 23px; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20211020013502im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' 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padding: 0 5px; color: #333; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .mapboxgl-popup { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; will-change: transform; pointer-events: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right { -ms-flex-direction: column-reverse; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right { -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-tip { width: 0; height: 0; border: 10px solid transparent; z-index: 1; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-top: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-bottom: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-left: none; border-right-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-right: none; border-left-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0 3px 0 0; cursor: pointer; background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-popup-content { position: relative; background: #fff; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 10px 10px 15px; pointer-events: auto; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer * { pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-marker { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; will-change: transform; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot, .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { background-color: #1da1f2; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { content: ""; position: absolute; -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after { border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; content: ""; height: 19px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 19px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } @keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale { background-color: #aaa; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after { display: none; } .mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle { background-color: rgba(29, 161, 242, 0.2); width: 1px; height: 1px; border-radius: 100%; } .mapboxgl-crosshair, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active { cursor: crosshair; } .mapboxgl-boxzoom { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; background: #fff; border: 2px dotted #202020; opacity: .5; } @media print { .mapbox-improve-map { display: none; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { color: #4a4a4a; margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video__border-line { padding: 0 10px; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 10px 0 3%; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-video__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 28px 0 18px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; margin: 0 10px; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { /* CreateSMPAudio */ display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { height: 50px; position: relative; /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising * { cursor: initial; pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button { opacity: 0.6; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video { margin-bottom: 10px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 36px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { color: #010101; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.17px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .most-popular-item__title--desktop { font-size: 16px; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--index { margin-right: 0; max-width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--index { -ms-flex-align: initial; align-items: initial; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index { color: #000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.53px; line-height: 30px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet { font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.74px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index { color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; margin-top: 4px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index { left: 0; margin-right: 40px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet { margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; padding: 30px 36px 0; top: -80px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 560px; top: -88px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 43px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet { padding: 31px 0; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 23px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable */ @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 900px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 300px; } } .related-articles { position: relative; } .related-articles__header { text-align: center; background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-articles__header--bright { margin: 20px 0 1.15ex; font-size: 13px; background-color: #d8d8d8; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 3; } .related-articles__list { list-style: none; padding: 0 0 1.5ex 0; margin: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; /* .with-numbers */ } .related-articles__list li { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; } .related-articles__list li > div { -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers { counter-reset: related-numbers; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); margin: 0 35px; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before { counter-increment: related-numbers; content: counter(related-numbers); font-weight: bold; font-size: 40px; -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; line-height: 1.85; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); -ms-flex: 0.1 0.1; flex: 0.1 0.1; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 1ex; flex-basis: 1ex; padding-right: 1ex; text-align: center; display: block; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li { margin-bottom: 10px; } .related-articles--wide-layout { background-color: initial; margin-top: 20px; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li { max-width: 100%; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li { max-width: 49.8%; } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .related-article { -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; min-height: 90px; } .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); -ms-flex: 0.3 0.3; flex: 0.3 0.3; min-width: 90px; max-width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); margin: 0; display: block; line-height: 0; -ms-flex-order: -1; order: -1; } .related-article__image img { width: 100%; border: 0; margin: 0 12px 0 0; } .related-article__text { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column nowrap; flex-flow: column nowrap; width: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: start; align-content: flex-start; position: relative; padding: 12px 6px 12px 0; line-height: 1.5; } .related-article__text a { width: 100%; padding-left: 12px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; text-decoration: none; } .related-article__text a + a { margin-top: 1ex; } .related-article__text br { display: none; } .related-article__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); letter-spacing: -0.01em; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-article__title:hover { color: #2e2e2e; } .related-article__collection { display: block; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.5px; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-article__collection span { display: none; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article { margin: 0.75ex 0; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images a:hover { color: #000; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title { padding-left: 10px; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 15px); max-width: calc(90px + 15px); margin: 0; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img { border-radius: 50%; } .related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.75ex 1.75ex; } .vertical-story-card-item { cursor: pointer; font-family: 'ReithSans'; height: 456px; margin: 20px 10px; position: relative; width: 297px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } .vertical-story-card-item img { width: 100%; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { background-color: #fff; bottom: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 111px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: absolute; right: 0; width: 275px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { width: 261px; } } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1 { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; text-transform: uppercase; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2 { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.06px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .vertical-story-group { font-family: 'ReithSans'; position: relative; } .vertical-story-group img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container { height: 370px; position: relative; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container img { height: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-mask { background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)); bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container { top: 120px; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 70%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { margin-top: 50px; } } .vertical-story-group__container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; grid-auto-rows: minmax(auto, auto); grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px)); height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; justify-items: center; margin-top: -210px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__container { margin-top: -120px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .mapContainer .mapTitle { background: transparent; color: #fff; display: block; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 1.1875em; margin-top: 2%; min-width: 25%; padding: 2%; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 0.375em; position: relative; text-align: center; z-index: 100; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapTitle { font-size: 2.4em; } } .mapContainer .styled-line { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .mapContainer button { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 60px; outline: none; padding: 2px; width: 60px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { color: #589e50; font-size: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle; } .mapContainer button:hover { background-color: #f2f2f2; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer button { height: 50px; width: 50px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { font-size: 2em; } } .mapContainer .navigationPanel { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, 0); transform: translate(-50%, 0); width: 100%; } .mapContainer .zoomControls { background-color: #fff; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; cursor: default; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 300px; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 300px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { max-width: 190px; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 190px; } } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { display: none !important; } .mapContainer .map-marker svg { -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; transition: all 0.1s ease-out; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(0.75); transform: scale(0.75); } } .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } .mapContainer__articleInfo { padding: 0 18px; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0.725em 0; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); text-decoration: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 1.7em; } } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 1.45em 0; text-decoration: none; } .location-header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .temperature-switcher { background: transparent; border: 0; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; white-space: nowrap; } .temperature-switcher:active { color: currentColor; } .temperature-switcher__active { font-weight: bold; } .temperature-switcher span { margin: 0 0.2ex; } .day { --w-day-font-size: 14px; --w-day-temp-font-size: 20px; --w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: 600; --w-day-name-font-weight: 500; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #959595; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: var(--w-day-font-size); } .day--desktop { --w-day-temp-font-size: 24px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: normal; --w-day-name-font-weight: 600; } .day:first-of-type { color: #4b4b4b; } .day__name { font-weight: var(--w-day-name-font-weight); line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase; } .day__symbol-header { display: block; height: 80px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 98px; } .day__symbol { display: block; height: 40px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 50px; } .day--desktop .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-top: 15px; width: 70px; } .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size); font-weight: var(--w-day-temp-font-weight); line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0.75em; text-transform: lowercase; } .day__temp--header { color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; } .day--mobile:first-of-type { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 3em; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-right: 10px; overflow: visible; width: 80px; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big); font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location { font-size: 120%; font-weight: 500; margin: 1em 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { color: #959595; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location, .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { text-align: center; width: 100%; } .weather { --w-height: 50px; --w-wrapper-margin: 24px; --w-days-flexbasis: 33%; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .weather--desktop { --w-height: 80px; --w-wrapper-margin: 50px; --w-days-flexbasis: initial; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days { -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; width: auto; } .weather__separator { border-right: 1px solid #dcdcdc; display: block; height: var(--w-height); } .weather__days { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-preferred-size: var(--w-days-flexbasis); flex-basis: var(--w-days-flexbasis); -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; margin-top: 2.5rem; } .weather__days--desktop { margin-top: 4rem; } .weather__header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column; flex-flow: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--w-wrapper-margin); } .weather__header button { margin-top: 1.5rem; } .weather__header--desktop { /* position the temperature switcher on desktop */ position: relative; } .weather__header--desktop button { margin: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .image-card { position: relative; } .image-card img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-card__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .image-card__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .image-card__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 90%; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } .destination-header { width: 100%; } .destination-header__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 380px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 16px; position: relative; } .destination-header__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .destination-header__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text { color: #fff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.95px; line-height: 37.4px; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text a { color: #fff; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; } .destination-header__text--desktop { font-size: 36px; } .destination-header__text-container { border-bottom: solid 1px #fff; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 17px; } .destination-header__text-container--desktop { padding-bottom: 0.75ex; } .destination-header__link-page, .destination-header__advert { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin-top: 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; } .destination-header__link-page span, .destination-header__advert span { display: block; width: 100%; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop, .destination-header__advert--desktop { margin-top: 40px; } .destination-header__link-page { left: 14px; margin: 0; position: absolute; text-transform: uppercase; top: 20px; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop { left: 25px; top: 36px; } .destination-header__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .destination-header a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .filter { display: inline-block; max-width: 160px; position: relative; } .filter__button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; padding: 16px; width: 160px; } .filter__content { background-color: #000; display: none; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 1; } .filter:focus .filter__content, .filter:hover .filter__content { display: block; } .filter__content--open { display: block; } .filter__content button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-style: italic; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; width: 100%; } .filter__content button:hover { background-color: #494848; } .callout-box-card { background-color: #eaeaea; color: #4a4a4a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } .callout-box-card img { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .callout-box-card__container { padding: 0.2rem 1.5rem; } .callout-box-card__container h3 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 1rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .callout-box-card__container h4 { font-size: 28px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; } .callout-box-card__container .body { font-size: 16px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; } .callout-box-card__container .body a { color: #4a4a4a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-video:hover { background-color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play { color: #000; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-p-tag--medium { font-size: 27px; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; } .simple-p-tag--quote { color: #575757; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; }/* stylelint-disable */ html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .article-headline__text:focus { outline: none; } .article__main { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 768px) { .article__main { width: 80%; } } .article__subcontainer { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; position: relative; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } @media (max-width: 1667px) and (min-width: 1194px) { .article__subcontainer { width: 97%; } } @media (min-width: 1680px) { .article__subcontainer { justify-content: center; width: 80% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1900px) { .article__subcontainer { margin: auto; width: 71% !important; } } .article__side-mpu { min-height: 810px; } .article__side-mpu > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; padding: 0 8px 8px; } .bbccom_standard_slot { background: transparent !important; } .article__body { background-color: #fff; flex: 1 1 auto; margin-top: -56px; max-width: 700px; width: 100%; /* stylelint-disable-next-line order/order */ } .article__body-content { overflow-wrap: break-word; } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .article__body { margin: 0 auto; position: relative; top: -56px; width: 82%; z-index: 100; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article__body { margin-top: 0; } } @media (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1180px) { .article__body { margin-left: 3%; width: 97%; } } @media (max-width: 1007px) { .article__body { margin-top: 0; } } .article__mpu { flex-basis: 333px; flex-grow: 0; height: auto; } .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 10px; margin-bottom: 0; } @media (min-width: 650px) { .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 18px; } } @media (min-width: 1023px) { .article__body-content, .article__body .article__partner, .article__author-unit { padding: 0 6% 0 18px; } } .article__container { display: flex; justify-content: center; width: 100%; } .article__container + .related-articles { margin-top: 30px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .article__intro { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 14px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 650px) { .article__intro { font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -1.63px; line-height: 37px; } } .article__end { clear: both; padding-top: 36px; } .article__fade-story { background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, #fff 100%); bottom: 0; height: 210px; position: absolute; width: 100%; z-index: 1501; } .article__fade-story--show { display: block !important; } .article__body--short { height: 700px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .article__body--short { height: 800px; } } .article__load-more { bottom: 24px; display: block !important; -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-column-span: 1; grid-column: 1 / span 1; left: 50%; position: absolute; transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 1502; } .article--hidden { display: none !important; } .article__similar-articles { flex: 1 0 333px; max-width: 333px; } .article__similar-articles--hidden { display: none; } .article__similar-articles--show { display: block; } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .hero-video__video { max-height: 534px; width: 73.5% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .hero-video__video { left: 5.5%; max-height: 534px; max-width: 949px; width: 70% !important; } } @media (min-width: 1668px) { .hero-video__video { left: 14%; } } @media (min-width: 1900px) { .hero-video__video { left: 18.5%; } } .inline-audio { display: block; padding-top: 8px; } .article__audio-ad { display: flex; position: relative; margin: 17px 0 14px; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .article__audio-ad { margin: 2px 0 6px; } } .article__audio-ad .bbccom_slot { 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b-font-weight-300"> | </span></a><a class="article-labels__text b-reith-sans-font" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20211020013502/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/climatechange">Climate change</a></div></div><div class="article-headline__text b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300" tabindex="-1">How trading CO2 could save the climate</div><div class="article-share-tools"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/mailto:/?subject=Shared from BBC:How%20trading%20CO2%20could%20save%20the%20climate&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market%3Focid%3Dww.social.link.email" class="email-icon gelicon--mail" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id=""><span class="screen-reader-only">Share using Email</span><div id="EmailIcon"></div></a><a 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potential to significantly lower the world's carbon emissions, proponents say (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z2f6g.jpg" alt="A global carbon market would have potential to significantly lower the world's carbon emissions, proponents say (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture></div></div><div class="article__container"><div class="article__main"><div class="article__subcontainer"><article class="article__body"><div class="article__author-unit"><div class="author-unit author-unit--smal-mobile"><div class="author-unit__container author-unit__container--desktop"><a class="author-unit__text b-font-family-serif" target="" rel="" id="">By Isabelle Gerretsen</a><span class="b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">19th October 2021</span></div><div class="author-unit__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--large"></div></div></div></div><div class="article__body-content"><div class="article__intro b-font-family-serif">For its proponents, a global carbon market could significantly reduce the world's carbon emissions. But its critics say that giving polluters the option to pay for their emissions is not the answer to climate change.</div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="drop-capped b-reith-sans-font" style="border-color:#2f8735">I</div><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--drop-capped body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>In July, wildfires scorched vast swathes of North America. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57890935">In Oregon, the Bootleg fire</a> destroyed more than 400,000 acres of forest. As the trees went up in smoke, so did a large number of carbon offsets, including ones that had been bought by firms such as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://app.leg.wa.gov/ReportsToTheLegislature/Home/GetPDF?fileName=DNR%20Carbon%20Sequestration%20Report_8f19b00b-5acf-4c97-83b4-16cecb559803.pdf">BP</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.greendiamond.com/news/pdf/21.02%20MS%20Carbon.pdf">Microsoft</a>.</p> <p>The Bootleg fire highlighted one of the flaws of the carbon offsetting market: how can we ensure the carbon removal projects we invest in will still be there in 10 years, let alone 100 years? As climate change leads to more intense wildfires and prolonged droughts over the next few decades, the question is whether these offsets are effective tools that can help us drastically reduce carbon emissions.</p> <p>The largest market for carbon offsetting to date will be under discussion in November at the 26th United Nations' Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26), in Glasgow. Governments say carbon credits, and a global carbon market where these credits can be bought and sold, can help them achieve <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/establishing-the-principles-necessary-for-transparent-functioning-voluntary-carbon-markets">ambitious emissions reduction targets</a>. But campaigners warn that such a system provides rich countries with a license to keep polluting.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300" style="border-left:3px solid #2f8735"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-p-tag--medium simple-p-tag--quote">The aim is that for every tonne of CO2 that is emitted somewhere, another tonne is captured elsewhere</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Ahead of the conference, Future Planet analyses what an effective carbon market would look like, and how much it could make a dent in the world's emissions.</p> <p><strong>A global marketplace </strong></p> <p>Economists <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/37397/1/Climate_change_and_carbon_markets_a_panoramic_history%28author%29.pdf">devised carbon markets</a> as a way to increase climate ambition and lower carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere by creating a financial incentive to curb emissions.</p> <p>The idea is, if one country pays for emissions to be cut or captured in a second country, for example by planting a forest or installing renewable energy facilities, it can count those reductions towards its own climate goals. The aim is that for every tonne of CO2 that is emitted somewhere, another tonne is captured elsewhere.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-p09z121l"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z121l.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z121l.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z121l.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z121l.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z121l.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z121l.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z121l.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z121l.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The Bootleg fire in Oregon burned many trees that had been designated as part of carbon offset schemes, releasing their stored carbon to the atmosphere (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z121l.jpg" alt="The Bootleg fire in Oregon burned many trees that had been designated as part of carbon offset schemes, releasing their stored carbon to the atmosphere (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">The Bootleg fire in Oregon burned many trees that had been designated as part of carbon offset schemes, releasing their stored carbon to the atmosphere (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Countries can trade credits, which each represent one tonne of CO2, with each other in a global marketplace. Theoretically, this exchange should balance out and prevent an overall increase in emissions – provided all emissions from human activity are covered by the scheme.</p> <p>Establishing a global carbon market, however, has proven to be an enormous challenge. For almost 30 years, countries have tried, and largely failed, to draw up robust rules.</p> <p>The first global scheme dates back to the UN's Kyoto Protocol on climate change, which was adopted in 1997. Known as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), this carbon market came into operation in 2006. Under the CDM, richer countries could reduce their emissions by paying for the development of carbon-lowering projects in poorer nations, and counting these reductions as part of their own targets.</p> <p>The Kyoto Protocol also established "cap and trade" schemes, which set a limit on the overall amount of emissions that are permitted from carbon-intensive sources, such as shipping and the energy industry, at regional, national and international levels. The European Union created the world's first emissions trading system, which is based on the cap and trade principle, in 2005. According to a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7183178/">2020 study</a>, the system reduced carbon emissions by more than one billion tonnes between 2008 and 2016.</p> <p>The CDM, on the other hand, effectively collapsed due to widespread concerns over <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15989873">environmental efficacy</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7669215.stm">corruption</a> and human rights violations. Eighty-five percent of offset projects used by the European Union under the CDM failed to reduce emissions, a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/ets/docs/clean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf">2017 study</a> by the European Commission found.</p> <p>In 2015, 190 countries signed up to the Paris Agreement and set emissions reduction targets. Under Article 6 of the climate pact, they agreed to establish a voluntary global carbon market, intending to avoid the pitfalls that led to the collapse of the CDM.</p> <p>Six years on, countries are still hammering out the rules and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop25-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-madrid">are some way from consensus</a>. Ministers are hoping to make progress on the issue at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow in November, but deep divisions remain on the design of the carbon market.</p> <p>Some say the contentious issue could make or break the Paris Agreement. "This was what countries promised each other," says Cynthia Lennon, associate on the global climate programme at the World Resources Institute. "If they cannot fulfill this commitment, the Paris Agreement doesn't have the same weight."</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-p09z10s7"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z10s7.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z10s7.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z10s7.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z10s7.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z10s7.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z10s7.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z10s7.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z10s7.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Critics argue that carbon offsets effectively issue a license for polluters to keep on polluting (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z10s7.jpg" alt="Critics argue that carbon offsets effectively issue a license for polluters to keep on polluting (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">Critics argue that carbon offsets effectively issue a license for polluters to keep on polluting (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>If done right, this trading mechanism could almost double the reduction in global emissions and make it substantially cheaper for countries to meet their Paris Agreement climate goals, according to the advocacy group <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.edf.org/climate/how-carbon-markets-can-increase-climate-ambition">Environmental Defense Fund</a>. Offset projects could channel much needed funds to poorer countries and yield enormous benefits for climate adaptation, providing them with financial incentives to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging">restore their forests and other biodiversity hotspots</a>, says Lennon.</p> <p>But if countries are unable to close loopholes or guarantee that the carbon market will lead to real emissions reductions, campaigners say it could <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.edf.org/blog/2021/09/29/3-things-you-need-know-about-soaring-voluntary-carbon-market">do more harm than good</a>.</p> <p><strong>The pitfalls</strong></p> <p>A major problem with current carbon market mechanisms is their "very broad approach to crediting", says Lambert Schneider, a carbon market expert at the Öko-Institut in Freiburg, Germany. Many offset projects are approved without having to provide very high assurances that they will reduce emissions, he says.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300" style="border-left:3px solid #2f8735"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-p-tag--medium simple-p-tag--quote">The math has to be perfect, but there are instances where it doesn't all add up – Grayson Badgley</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>In reality, the conditions an offset project needs to meet to actually capture a given amount of carbon are very stringent, says Grayson Badgley, a fellow in forest ecology at Columbia University in the US.</p> <p>"The math has to be perfect, [but] there are instances where it doesn't all add up, " says Badgley.</p> <p>California's offsetting programme, for example, has generated between 20 million and 39 million carbon credits that have not achieved real carbon savings, according to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://carbonplan.org/research/forest-offsets-explainer">analysis by CarbonPlan</a>, a non-profit in San Francisco that analyses the scientific integrity of carbon offsetting schemes.</p> <p>This can lead to questions when <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://carbonplan.org/research/forest-offsets-explainer">organisations whose mission it is to protect forests and wildlife accept credits</a> that allow companies to continue polluting. Many US conservation organisations, including The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/upper-st--john-forest-preserve/">Nature Conservancy</a> (TNC) and the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://newildernesstrust.org/projects/howland/">Northeast Wilderness Trust</a>, have participated in the carbon offsetting market, Badgley notes. "What would have happened if there wasn't the exchange of money for the carbon offset?" he says. "Was the forest really under threat?"</p> <p>The current system "allows landowners who were already managing their land well to receive credits for what they were doing anyway", says Barbara Haya, director of the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project at the University of California.</p> <p>However, TNC points out there are situations in which forest conservation can use carbon credits fairly, such as when the funds are used to improve forest management that results in greater carbon sequestration. At the St John River Forest in Maine, the organisation bought 75,000 hectares (290 sq miles) from the pulp and paper manufacturer International Paper. For 20 years, timber harvesting at the site was the primary source of income it generated for TNC. Reducing timber harvesting in exchange for carbon credits allowed the organisation to move away from tree felling, says a spokesperson from TNC.</p> <p>"Since 1998, timber harvesting has been The Nature Conservancy's primary source of funds for taxes and stewardship of the Upper St John River Forest. By enrolling it in the forest carbon project, TNC made a long-term commitment to change its active harvesting practices and maintain a higher level of carbon on the property," the TNC spokesperson says.</p> <p>The Northeast Wilderness Trust also underlines the difference between a forest offset scheme where there was a real risk of logging, and one where there is not. The trust's Wild Carbon programme "is dedicated to carbon offsets generated exclusively from forever-wild landscapes that were unprotected and open to logging prior to our purchase", says the trust's executive director, Jon Leibowitz.</p> <p>"It is inaccurately broad to state that conservation organisations shouldn't engage in carbon markets," Leibowitz argues. "Science demonstrates that allowing existing forests to grow old and continue storing and sequestering carbon is among the most efficient and cost-effective carbon capture and storage mechanisms available to us.</p> <p>"For this reason, conservation organisations should have access to carbon revenue, so long as their carbon projects are both new conservation and permanent conservation," Leibowitz says. "Done right, carbon revenue, especially when derived from forever-wild conservation, is a useful tool to help keep the carbon in our forests locked up, and enables the forests to grow and continue to sequester and store even more carbon for centuries to come."</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-p09z1112"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z1112.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z1112.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z1112.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z1112.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z1112.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z1112.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z1112.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z1112.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The carbon flow within some ecosystems is very difficult to measure, making robust carbon offsetting schemes hard to execute (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z1112.jpg" alt="The carbon flow within some ecosystems is very difficult to measure, making robust carbon offsetting schemes hard to execute (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">The carbon flow within some ecosystems is very difficult to measure, making robust carbon offsetting schemes hard to execute (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>Taking carbon sequestration a step further, some of the most rigorous schemes avoid issuing offset credits at all, says Gilles Dufrasne, policy officer at the international non-profit Carbon Market Watch. But when they do, they aim to find projects that could not reduce emissions without the funding coming from offsets. In other words, it is all about making sure the offset schemes don't sell reductions that were going to happen anyway.</p> <p>Even if a project genuinely does capture carbon that wouldn't otherwise have been captured, offset schemes can falter for other reasons. As the Bootleg fire showed, they can fail to provide the permanent carbon sequestration they are often assumed to offer. A large majority of offsets in the US fall under the Improved Forest Management protocol, which does not take into account varying fire risks in different parts of the country and how these will worsen because of climate change, according to Badgley.</p> <p>"We know that the risk of fires is going to go up. California's system doesn't incorporate those risks," he says.</p> <p>There are ways to try to make sure that offset schemes have longevity, but being certain of their permanence is practically impossible. "What will the deforestation rate be in Brazil in five or 10 years? Nobody knows. Over the years it has changed tremendously," says Schneider. "The baseline used is always an assumption about the future, which comes with great uncertainty."</p> <p><strong>New rules </strong></p> <p>As countries prepare to renegotiate carbon market rules at COP26 in November, campaigners say it is critical that all forms of cheating and corruption are eliminated. Two issues remain particularly contentious: double counting and whether surplus credits from the old CDM system should be carried forward into a new carbon market.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__pull-quote"><blockquote class="inline-quote b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300" style="border-left:3px solid #2f8735"><h2 class="simple-header b-reith-sans-font b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300 simple-header--serif-light-italic simple-p-tag--medium simple-p-tag--quote">You can negotiate ambition, but you don't negotiate about cheating – Gilles Dufrasne</h2></blockquote></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>First, the double counting issue. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50588128">Brazil wants to claim credit for offsets that it sells</a> to another country, meaning that the reductions achieved would be counted twice. If the UK invests in a scheme protecting the Amazon rainforest, for example, Brazil wants to count the emissions' reduction towards both its own target, as well as the UK's goal.</p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/10/11/brazil-fights-attempt-cancel-old-carbon-credits/">Brazil, along with China and India</a>, also wants to trade old credits from the Kyoto era on the new market, to protect the value of previous investments. "As these emissions reductions already occurred in the past, using these credits will not change anything in the atmosphere and undermine countries' climate targets," argues Schneider.</p> <p>For Dufrasne, it is better to not have a deal at all than accept exemptions on double counting and carrying over old credits. "You can negotiate ambition, but you don't negotiate about cheating," he says.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="article-body__image-text article-body__image-text--landscape"><div id="future/article/20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-p09z10wf"><div><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z10wf.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p09z10wf.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z10wf.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p09z10wf.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z10wf.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z10wf.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z10wf.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p09z10wf.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="In a world where land becomes more prone to wildfires due to climate change, how safe are forest offsets? (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p09z10wf.jpg" alt="In a world where land becomes more prone to wildfires due to climate change, how safe are forest offsets? (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><div class="inline-image__description b-reith-sans-font"><div class="text-summary"><p class="text-summary__text text-summary__text--grey text-summary__text--left">In a world where land becomes more prone to wildfires due to climate change, how safe are forest offsets? (Credit: Getty Images)</p></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="body-text-card b-reith-sans-font"><div class="body-text-card__text body-text-card__text--future body-text-card__text--flush-text"><div><p>The poor human rights and environmental records of past markets such as the CDM are also still a looming concern. Many carbon offsetting projects to date "have not been clean for the environment and have violated human rights," says Erika Lennon, senior attorney at the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://twitter.com/ciel_tweets">Center for International Environmental Law</a>, noting that in many cases project developers failed to consult with and gain consent from local communities.</p> <p>One such project is the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/FactSheet_AltoMaipo_Chile.pdf">Alto Maipo hydropower scheme</a> in Santiago, Chile, which was verified under the CDM, despite <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Rights-Carbon-Caution.pdf">serious environmental concerns and opposition from local communities</a> who said the project, which involved rerouting water from the River Maipo for 100km (62 miles) to generate electricity, threatened their rights to water, food and life.</p> <p>"It shouldn't be that hard to respect human rights in the context of climate action," says Lennon.</p> <p>Unless the loopholes are straightened out and the rules become much more stringent, there isn't much point having a global carbon market flooded with cheap, ineffective offsets, says Haya.</p> <p>"You can't do effective climate mitigation based on fiction. You need to make sure the credits are real, otherwise the market is based on a lie," says Haya, suggesting that setting up an incentive fund for mitigation efforts, which companies and countries pay into, would be more effective at reducing overall emissions.</p> <p>Even with robust rules, countries cannot rely on carbon offsetting alone to help them achieve their ambitious climate goals.</p> <p>"We're in a very different situation than when the Paris Agreement was adopted," says Elliott. "Many countries have come forward with net zero targets, which bring the whole [reason] for markets into question and tell us we need to do something far more transformational."</p> <p>Having a global compensation scheme is "not the crucial element of global climate action," says Dufrasne, noting that countries should prioritise adopting domestic and regional policies aimed at slashing emissions. This will lead to the cuts needed to set the world on a path to net zero by 2050. "Governments should not just bank on buying credits from other countries, but focus on domestic reductions."</p> <p><em>--</em></p> <p><em>The emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon"><em>Find out more about how we calculated this figure here</em></a><em>.</em></p> <p><em>--</em></p> <p><em>Join one million Future fans by liking us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.facebook.com/BBCFuture/"><em>Facebook</em></a><em>, or follow us on </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://twitter.com/BBC_Future"><em>Twitter</em></a><em> or </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/https://www.instagram.com/bbcfuture_official/"><em>Instagram</em></a><em>. </em></p> <p><em>If you liked this story, </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020013502/http://pages.emails.bbc.com/subscribe/?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup"><em>sign up for the weekly bbc.com features 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plant in a field bakes under the sun (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09t4yfj.jpg","title":"A soy plant in a field bakes under the sun","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09t4yfj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09t4yfj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703091},"p09t4slp":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09t4slp","_id":"6153604045ceed6ea62b4829","copyright":"Getty 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(Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A lone tree stands in a previously forested area of the Amazon (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09t4slp.jpg","title":"Tree by road GettyImages-583655970.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09t4slp","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09t4slp.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703091},"p09sgj8l":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09sgj8l","_id":"6153622f45ceed1870361b8b","copyright":"Getty 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floor","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09sgj8l","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09sgj8l.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703091},"p09sgjdw":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09sgjdw","_id":"61535f0545ceed409f317152","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1095835,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2025,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9s\u002Fgj\u002Fp09sgjdw.jpg","sourceWidth":3600,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Animals that feed on carrion, including vultures, rely on the dead bodies of animals remaining available to them (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A vulture comes in to land (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09sgjdw.jpg","title":"A vulture comes in to land","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09sgjdw","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09sgjdw.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703091},"p09sgjm0":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09sgjm0","_id":"61535f2045ceed5e26064174","copyright":"Getty 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field","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09sgjm0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09sgjm0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703091},"p09sgjw3":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09sgjw3","_id":"6153621745ceed1870361a90","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":664533,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2079,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9s\u002Fgj\u002Fp09sgjw3.jpg","sourceWidth":3697,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A study in Norway found that animals' bodies became an important source of food to a range of animals (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"A wolverine prowls through the snow (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09sgjw3.jpg","title":"A wolverine prowls through the snow","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09sgjw3","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09sgjw3.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703091},"p09sghx7":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09sghx7","_id":"61535fa745ceed207b12c931","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1275854,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3633,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9s\u002Fgh\u002Fp09sghx7.jpg","sourceWidth":6458,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The removal of the dead bodies of large animals from the landscape leaves less food for species that rely on carrion (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A carrion bird sits high on the bare branches of a tree in winter (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09sghx7.jpg","title":"A carrion bird sits high on the bare branches of a tree in winter","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09sghx7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20211020013502\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09sghx7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703091}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","_id":"61535fab45ceed12501eb42a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From ancient Egypt to the Persian Empire, an ingenious method of catching the breeze kept people cool for millennia. In the search for emissions-free cooling, the \"wind catcher\" could once again come to our aid.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe city of Yazd in the desert of central Iran has long been a focal point for creative ingenuity. Yazd is home to a system of ancient engineering marvels that include an underground refrigeration structure called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheculturetrip.com\u002Fmiddle-east\u002Farticles\u002Fthis-ancient-technique-to-make-ice-in-the-desert-is-mind-boggling\u002F\"\u003Ey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheculturetrip.com\u002Fmiddle-east\u002Farticles\u002Fthis-ancient-technique-to-make-ice-in-the-desert-is-mind-boggling\u002F\"\u003Eakhchāl\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, an underground irrigation system called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180619-irans-ancient-engineering-marvel\"\u003Eqanats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and even a network of couriers called \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-iran-the-surprising-origins-of-the-postal-service\"\u003Epirradazi&scaron;\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E that predate postal services in the US by more than 2,000 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmong Yazd's ancient technologies is the wind catcher, or \u003Cem\u003Ebâdgir\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in Persian. These remarkable structures are a common sight soaring above the rooftops of Yazd. They are often rectangular towers, but they also appear in circular, square, octagonal and other ornate shapes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYazd is said to have the most wind catchers in the world, though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind\"\u003Ethey may have originated in ancient Egypt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Yazd, the wind catcher soon proved indispensable, making this part of the hot and arid Iranian Plateau livable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough many of the city's wind catchers have fallen out of use, the structures are now drawing academics, architects and engineers back to the desert city to see what role they could play in keeping us cool in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-57751918\"\u003Erapidly heating world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a wind catcher requires no electricity to power it, it is both a cost-efficient and green form of cooling. With conventional mechanical air conditioning already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fthe-future-of-cooling\"\u003Eaccounting for a fifth of total electricity consumption globally\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ancient alternatives like the wind catcher are becoming an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190822-are-there-alternatives-to-air-conditioning\"\u003Eincreasingly appealing option\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are two main forces that drive the air through and down into the structures: the incoming wind and the change in buoyancy of air depending on temperature – with warmer air tending to rise above cooler, denser air. First, as air is caught by the opening of a wind catcher, it is funneled down to the dwelling below, depositing any sand or debris at the foot of the tower. Then the air flows throughout the interior of the building, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1364032114008351\"\u003Esometimes over subterranean pools of water for further cooling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Eventually, warmed air will rise and leave the building through another tower or opening, aided by the pressure within the building.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe shape of the tower, alongside factors like the layout of the house, the direction the tower is facing, how many openings it has, its configuration of fixed internal blades, canals and height are all finely tuned to improve the tower's ability to draw wind down into the dwellings below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some of the earliest wind-catching technology comes from Egypt 3,300 years ago","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUsing the wind to cool buildings has a history stretching back almost as long as people have lived in hot desert environments. Some of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fascelibrary.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1061\u002F9780784413517.161\"\u003Eearliest wind-catching technology comes from Egypt 3,300 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to researchers Chris Soelberg and Julie Rich of Weber State University in Utah. Here, buildings had thick walls, few windows facing the Sun, openings to take in air on the side of prevailing winds and an exit vent on the other side – known in Arabic as \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Forbi.uliege.be\u002Fbitstream\u002F2268\u002F167581\u002F1\u002FAttia_Designing%20the%20Malqaf%20for%20summer%20cooling%20in%20low-rise%20housing,%20an%20experimental%20study.pdf\"\u003Emalq\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Forbi.uliege.be\u002Fbitstream\u002F2268\u002F167581\u002F1\u002FAttia_Designing%20the%20Malqaf%20for%20summer%20cooling%20in%20low-rise%20housing,%20an%20experimental%20study.pdf\"\u003Eaf architecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Though some argue that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Farticle\u002F20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind\"\u003Ethe birthplace of the wind catcher was Iran itself\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWherever it was first invented, wind catchers have since become widespread across the Middle East and North Africa. Variations of Iran's wind catchers can be found in the \u003Cem\u003Ebarjeels\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Qatar and Bahrain, the \u003Cem\u003Emalqaf\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Egypt, the \u003Cem\u003Emungh\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of Pakistan, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003Emany other\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003E places\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003E, notes \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk\u002F112557\u002F3\u002FA%252520review%252520on%252520windcatcher%252520for%252520passive%252520cooling%252520and%252520natural%252520ventilation%252520in%252520buildings%20%281%29.pdf\"\u003EFatemeh Jomehzadeh of the University of Technology Malaysia and colleagues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Persian civilisation is widely considered to have added structural variations to allow for better cooling – such as combining it with its existing irrigation system to help to cool the air down before releasing it throughout the home. In Yazd's hot, dry climate, these structures proved remarkably popular, until the city became a hotspot of soaring ornate towers seeking the desert wind. The historical city of Yazd was recognised as a Unesco World Heritage site in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwhc.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Flist\u002F1544\u002F\"\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E, in part for its proliferation of wind catchers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as performing the functional purpose of cooling homes, the towers also had a strong cultural significance. In Yazd, the wind catchers are as much a part of the skyline as the Zoroastrian Fire Temple and Tower of Silence. Among them is the wind catcher at the Dowlatabad Abad Gardens, said to be the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Ffigure\u002FThe-eight-sided-wind-catcher-of-Dowlat-Abad-Gardens-edifice-in-Yazd-is-the-tallest-in_fig2_308532117\"\u003Etallest in the world at 33m\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (108ft) and one of the few wind catchers still in operation. Housed in an octagonal building, it overlooks a fountain stretching past rows of pine trees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Inconveniences like pests entering the chutes and the gathering of dust and desert debris have meant many have turned away from traditional wind catchers","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe emissions-free cooling efficacy of such wind catchers make some researchers argue that they are due a revival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EParham Kheirkhah Sangdeh has extensively studied the scientific application and surrounding culture of wind catchers in contemporary architecture at Ilam University in Iran. He says inconveniences like pests entering the chutes and the gathering of dust and desert debris have meant many have turned away from traditional wind catchers. In their place are mechanical cooling systems, such as conventional air-conditioning units. Often, those options are powered by fossil fuels and use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201204-climate-change-how-chemicals-in-your-fridge-warm-the-planet\"\u003Erefrigerants that act as powerful greenhouse gases if released into the atmosphere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe advent of modern cooling technologies has long been blamed for the deterioration of traditional methods in Iran, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F4300566\"\u003Ethe historian of Iranian architecture Elizabeth Beazley wrote in 1977\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Without constant maintenance, the harsh climate of the Iranian Plateau has worn away many structures from wind catchers to ice houses. Kheirkhah Sangdeh also sees the shift away from wind catchers as in part down to a tendency among the public to engage with technologies from the West.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There needs to be some changes in cultural perspectives to use these technologies. People need to keep an eye on the past and understand why energy conservation is important,\" Kheirkhah Sangdeh says. \"It starts with recognising cultural history and the importance of energy conservation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKheirkhah Sangdeh hopes to see Iran's wind catchers updated to add energy-efficient cooling to existing buildings. But he has met many barriers to his work in the form of ongoing international tensions, the coronavirus pandemic and ongoing\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-middle-east-57948717\"\u003E water shortage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Things are so bad in Iran that [people] take it day by day,\" says Kheirkhah Sangdeh.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFossil-fuel-free methods of cooling like the wind catcher might well be due a revival, but to a surprising extent they are already present – albeit in a less magnificent form than those in Iran – in many Western countries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the UK, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FEvaluation-of-pressure-coefficients-and-estimation-Karakatsanis-Bahadori\u002F6cfc2eb6ccf3b79c2197db02df62c31ee14e0b99\"\u003Esome 7,000 variations of wind catchers were installed in public buildings between 1979 and 1994\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They can be seen from buildings such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.monodraught.com\u002Fprojects\u002Froyal-chelsea-hospital\"\u003Ethe Royal Chelsea Hospital in London\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1364032116310358?via%3Dihub\"\u003Esupermarkets in Manchester\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese modernised wind catchers bear little resemblance to Iran's towering structures. On one three-storey building on a busy road in north London, small hot pink ventilation towers allow passive ventilation. Atop a shopping centre in Dartford, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.visionventilation.co.uk\u002Farchitectural-inspired-designs\u002F\"\u003Econical ventilation towers rotate to catch the breeze with the help of a rear wing that keeps the tower facing the prevailing wind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe US too has adopted wind-catcher-inspired designs with enthusiasm. One such example is the visitor center at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fsipb.sggw.pl\u002FCRC2014\u002Fdata\u002Fpapers\u002F9780784413517.161.pdf\"\u003EZion National Park\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in southern Utah. The park sits in a high desert plateau, comparable to Yazd in climate and topography, and the use of passive cooling technologies including the wind catcher nearly eliminated the need for mechanical air-conditioning. Scientists have recorded a temperature difference of 16C (29F) between the outside and inside of the visitor centre, despite the many bodies regularly passing through.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is further scope for the spread of the wind catcher, as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theccc.org.uk\u002F2017\u002F08\u002F08\u002Fhidden-problem-overheating\u002F\"\u003Ethe search for sustainable solutions to overheating continues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Palermo, Sicily, researchers have found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F14733315.2016.1214397\"\u003Ethe climate and prevailing wind conditions make it a ripe location for a version of the Iranian wind catcher\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This October, meanwhile, the wind catcher is set to have a high-profile position at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-56682427\"\u003Ethe World Expo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E fair in Dubai, as part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.querkraft.at\u002Fen\u002Fprojects\u002Fexpo-pavilion\"\u003Ea network of conical buildings in the Austrian pavilion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where the Austrian architecture firm Querkraft has taken inspiration from the Arabic \u003Cem\u003Ebarjeel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E version of the wind tower.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile researchers such as Kheirkhah Sangdeh argue that the wind catcher has much more to give in cooling homes without fossil fuels, this ingenious technology has already migrated further around the world than you might think. Next time you see a tall vented tower on top of a supermarket, high-rise or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Furl?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjH7rK7kKTyAhWiwOYKHStlCpgQFnoECA4QAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com%2Fmonodraught%2Fdownloads%2Fprojects%2Faddey-and-stanhope-shool-windcatcher-case-study.pdf%3Fv%3D2&usg=AOvVaw2b0GfphSTbK_2wygJxCHG9\"\u003Eschool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, look carefully – you might just be looking at the legacy of the magnificent wind catchers of Iran.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-11T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The ancient Persian way to keep cool","headlineShort":"The ancient Persian way to keep cool","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From ancient Egypt to the Persian Empire, an ingenious method of catching the breeze kept people cool for millennia. Now, it could come to our aid once again.","summaryShort":"The majestic towers of Yazd, Iran, may hold a crucial lesson for keeping cool","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-10T23:05:00.453609Z","entity":"article","guid":"d59b701d-3b7e-40ea-bee5-534335e779ff","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:45:54.312092Z","project":"future","slug":"20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703028},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","_id":"615361be45ceed2b675a3b95","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"An invasive water weed has decimated the wildlife and economy of one of Cameroon's most significant lakes. But a tiny, ravenous weevil could reverse the region's fortunes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA flock of water birds scavenges for insects on the dense, leafy weed that covers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ammco.org\u002Findex.php?rub=17&id=7&lang=en\"\u003Emuch of Lake Ossa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of Cameroon's largest lakes. The water weed is so closely packed that it looks like wide, flat green pasture, and the sure-footed birds pick their way freely across it as if they were walking on land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFive years ago, Lake Ossa was teeming with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalnature.org\u002Fen\u002Fliving-lakes\u002Fafrica\u002Flake-ossa\"\u003Efreshwater turtles, crocodiles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and more than 18 families of fish. It was also a bastion of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fspecies\u002F22104\u002F97168578\"\u003Ethe African manatee, a species listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But today, the lake is eerily quiet and almost empty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe thick layer of vegetation is \u003Cem\u003ESalvinia molesta\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a species known locally as kariba weed or simply Salvinia, and it is the cause of this dearth of life in the lake. The invasion has been declared a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.saveourspecies.org\u002Fprojects\u002Fmarine-aquatic-mammals\u002Fsaving-african-manatees-habitat-and-lake-ossas-biodiversity\"\u003E\"conservation emergency\" by the IUCN\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESalvinia, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplants.ifas.ufl.edu\u002Fplant-directory\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\u002F\"\u003Efree-floating, green-brown freshwater fern\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has already invaded more than 40% of the lake's 4,000-hectare (15.4-sq-mile) surface, according to the African Marine Mammal Conservation Organisation (AMMCO), a Cameroonian non-governmental environmental organisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Not far from the lake's shore, an army of weevils is now being mass-reared as a defence against Salvinia","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDecimating the lake's wildlife, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwp.org\u002Fen\u002Flearn\u002FKNOWLEDGE_RESOURCES\u002FCase_Studies\u002FAfrica\u002FCameroon-Local-initiative-to-protect-Lake-Ossa-363\u002F\"\u003Ecompromising the main source of income for the local population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the Salvinia takeover has been rapid and seemingly unstoppable. Lake Ossa is only one in a long line of freshwater bodies to be engulfed by Salvinia. As this invasive weed has spread around the world, from Brazil and Argentina to Australia, the efforts to control it have struggled to keep pace with the plant's prolific growth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is hope for Lake Ossa, and it comes in the shape of a small, innocuous-looking but remarkably powerful water-dwelling beetle. Not far from the lake's shore, an army of weevils is now being mass-reared as a defence against Salvinia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELake Ossa is today littered with weed-laden fishing nets – abandoned by the local fisherfolk out of frustration. Wooden fishing boats have been hauled onto the lake's shorelines – some have been there so long they are starting to rot. Those local fishermen who are still actively fishing in the lake, and the women who sell the fish caught, say they have lost about 80% of their income.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Lake Ossa used to be home to scores of African manatees, one of the most sparsely studied manatee species. Their population in the lake now appears to be declining","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the sweltering late morning heat, I meet Dina Marie-Louise, a fish retailer and resident of the lakeside town of Dizangue, as she disembarks from a wooden fishing boat. In the local business for 22 years, Dina has been visiting fishermen in the lake to buy their catch. Today, she frowns at the few fish in her basket. \"Salvinia is killing us,\" she says. \"Seven of my 12 children have dropped out of school because of financial difficulties caused by Salvinia.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERoland Ngolle, who has been fishing in the lake for 12 years, paints a similar picture. \"We are running out of space to fish in this lake. If nothing is done, Salvinia will engulf all of Lake Ossa,\" Ngolle says. \"More than 100 fishermen used to visit this lake in a single morning. Today less than five come to fish. Everybody is discouraged.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as fish, Lake Ossa used to be home to scores of\u003Cspan\u003E African manatees\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, one of the most sparsely studied manatee species. Their population in the lake now appears to be declining. Many of the manatees are thought to be leaving the lake for its surrounding rivers, where they have better access to food, says \u003Cspan\u003EAristide Takoukam Kamla,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E founder of AMMCO.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESalvinia is native to southern Brazil and northern Argentina, but it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cabi.org\u002Fisc\u002Fdatasheet\u002F48447\"\u003Ecan spread between water bodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by wind, water currents, floods, animals and people. \"[The] human factor is partly to blame for the presence of the invasive plant in the Cameroon lake,\" says Kamla.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as physically moving the plant from one place to another, for example when it hitches a ride on boats, human activity is also thought to be responsible for allowing Salvinia to thrive in the lake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We noticed a heavy concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous in Lake Ossa in 2016 – doubling from the historical value of 1985,\" says Kamla. \"This was a signal that something was happening in the lake called eutrophication, which is simply the enrichment of the lake in terms of nutrients.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat made conditions perfect for Salvinia to proliferate. \"The carpet formed by the plant at the surface prevents light from penetrating the water column and therefore reduces photosynthesis of phytoplankton on which most fish species feed,\" says Kamla. \"This results in a drastic depletion of fish production.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith a \u003Ca title=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tsusinvasives.org\u002Fhome\u002Fdatabase\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tsusinvasives.org\u002Fhome\u002Fdatabase\u002Fsalvinia-molesta\"\u003Efast-growing plant that can double in size every 10 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the plant's growth is almost unstoppable. \"The absence of [Salvinia's] natural enemies in a foreign environment facilitates its fast growth rate,\" says Lum Fontem, an independent plant scientist based in Cameroon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt every strategic corner of the bumpy earth roads around Dizangue, billboards carry messages alerting villagers and visitors to the Salvinia problem. Messages such as \"Youths, Let's Save Lake Ossa\"; \"Let's Save Our Lake From Salvinia Invasion\" appear on countless signs around the town. This may be Cameroon's first experience of a Salvinia invasion, but there has already been an intensive response to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are three main ways that the weed can be removed. The first, and most physically demanding, is removing it manually. \"This includes hand-pulling, mostly for low infestation, and the use of specialised equipment, for high infestation,\" says Fontem. \"This method is labour-intensive, tedious and time-consuming.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince 2019, AMMCO has been mobilising locals to remove the plant manually to reduce the scope of spread. But it has not been without challenges. \"This method is very demanding given that the invasive plant multiplies very quickly,\" says Kamla. \"We removed over 200 tonnes of Salvinia from the lake in 2019 and 2020. Yet, no impact was felt.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is because manual removal of Salvinia alone is not enough to control the weed, Lum says. Any plant left in the water will rapidly grow to replenish what has been stripped away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second option is chemical control, which involves the application of herbicides to kill the weed. But this comes with its own ecological drawbacks, as the herbicides pose a risk to other plants and could harm the lake's other organisms. So far, the chemical approach has not been tried at Lake Ossa, and scientists including Fontem caution against trying it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is one final option that could relieve Lake Ossa of Salvinia and restore its ecosystem: a small, brown-black water beetle native to Brazil known as the Salvinia weevil, which feeds almost exclusively on the weed. Measuring just 2-3.5mm long in its adult form, this tiny insect is equipped with a long, sturdy snout. But it is the weevil larvae that are devastating to the Salvinia by burrowing into the plant's rootstalks and causing fatal damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Salvinia weevil was discovered by Wendy Forno, a scientist at Australia's government research agency CSIRO, while carrying out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lfwseq.org.au\u002Fsalvinia-weevil-unesco-winning-discover\u002F\"\u003Esurveys in South America between 1978 and 1982\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The first releases of the weevil as a biological agent to destroy Salvinia were at Lake Moondarra, Mount Isa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dpi.nsw.gov.au\u002F__data\u002Fassets\u002Fpdf_file\u002F0004\u002F89554\u002Fsalvinia-control-manual.pdf\"\u003EAustralia in 1980\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with remarkable success.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Lake Moondarra is mostly clear of Salvinia today. Fifty thousand tonnes of Salvinia on the lake was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublications.csiro.au\u002Frpr\u002Fdownload?pid=csiro:EP103582&dsid=DS3\"\u003Ekilled by weevils over a 400-hectare (1.5-sq-mile) infestation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Fmatthew-purcell-2361a219\"\u003EMatthew Purcell\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, director of the Australian Biological Control Laboratory, a facility run by the United States Department of Agriculture and CSIRO.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The weevil – both adults and larvae – only feeds on this fern and not on other aquatic plants,\" says Purcell. \"As the plants increase seasonally, so do the weevils. The weevils [and] Salvinia constantly increase and decrease through the seasons in balance.\" The weevils never fully eradicate the weed, but help to \"return the system to a balance\", says Purcell.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe weevil was also deployed in the Senegal River in the early 2000s, where it had similar success, says Arnold Pieterse, formerly a senior staff member of the Netherlands' Royal Tropical Institute, now retired. He, too, underlines that the weevils' strong preference for Salvinia as a food crop makes it an appealing choice for Salvinia control. \"It has irrefutably been proven that the insects do not form any danger to the environment or crops,\" says Pieterse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESouth Africa, too, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS104996441830450X\"\u003Ehas successfully brought Salvinia molesta under control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E thanks to the release of the weevil into its fresh water systems since 1985. \"South Africa had a number of systems infested with the weed throughout the country, mainly smaller impoundments and rivers,\" says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ru.ac.za\u002Fbotany\u002Fstaff\u002Fjuliecoetzee\u002F\"\u003EJulie Coetzee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, deputy director and manager of the Aquatic Weed Biocontrol Programme at Rhodes University, South Africa. These waters took between one to three years to clear, depending on the nutrients in the water, and the climate. \"We still do have some infestations appearing,\" Coetzee says, but \"once weevils have been released, we typically get clearing with a season\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough the Salvinia has no defence against the weevil, the weevils themselves have weaknesses. \"No drawbacks were experienced initially but nowadays, we have noticed that there are sites where infestations have persisted, particularly in shaded sites,\" says Coetzee. \"We have also discovered a parasitic alga infecting [the weevil] population.\" This alga, called Helicosporidium, reduces the weevil's ability to reproduce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, Coetzee is optimistic that weevils could clear Cameroon's Lake Ossa of Salvinia. \"Implementing a biological control programme in Cameroon is the most ecologically friendly, economically sustainable option for control of Salvinia,\" she says. \"Given the size of the infestation on the lake, it is going to take a while for the control agent populations to build up to sizes that will damage the plants, and cause them to sink. This is not a fast process. Patience is key.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPurcell, too, is hopeful that the weevils could rejuvenate Lake Ossa. \"The weevils should work in Cameroon. Most control is achieved within three years,\" he says. \"The control lasts indefinitely, much better than spraying which must be reapplied every year and every season, with negative consequences to the aquatic environment.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may not be much longer before Lake Ossa becomes the next Salvinia-ridden water body to welcome weevils. A task force involving several of Cameroon's government ministries has been set up to oversee the eradication of Salvinia in the lake through the release of the weevils.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe local people of Lake Ossa, though, are frustrated at the pace of action. \"Fishing is our only source of income. We are running out of patience,\" says Jean Pierre Nga, a fisherman. Dora Sih, a fish seller in the business for 25 years, agrees: \"Things are not moving.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in AMMCO and their partners' facilities in Dizangue, the stock of weevils is steadily growing. \"They will be released into the lake as soon as we receive the authorisation permit from the government,\" Kamla says. \"And we hope that after two or three years, we will overcome this invasive plant.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 41kg CO2, travelling by bus and motorbike. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-03-30T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The invasive weed that travelled the world","headlineShort":"The wild weed that travelled the world","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"An invasive water weed has decimated the wildlife and economy of one of Cameroon's most significant lakes. But a tiny, ravenous weevil could reverse the region's fortunes.","summaryShort":"The future of Cameroon's Lake Ossa could hinge on the appetite of a tiny bug","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-03-29T23:05:16.285038Z","entity":"article","guid":"0e29ab49-1dc6-4219-bf27-9124361426f3","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-16T14:51:19.417552Z","project":"future","slug":"20210329-the-humble-beetle-that-could-rescue-a-town","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703028},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","_id":"6153620b45ceed3b8c675ffe","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A quarter of the UK's homes sit above abandoned coal mines, long since flooded with water. Now, the mines are being put to a new, zero-carbon use.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECoal mines were the beating heart of Britain's industrial revolution. Their sooty, energy-dense output gave life to new-fangled factories and shipyards, fuelling the nation's march towards modernity. They helped shape a carbon-intensive economy, one that took little notice of the natural world around it. The mines paved the way for a global dependence on fossil fuels, and in doing so, fired the starting pistol on the climate crisis that today confronts us all.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what if, in a serendipitous circle of history, our extractive past could be repurposed for a greener, cleaner future? What if the vast maze of coal mines beneath our feet, now filled with naturally warm water, could help decarbonise the UK's – and the world's – herculean heating needs? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's the question Adam Black, a renewable energy enthusiast employed by one of Britain's largest bottling firms, asked himself a decade ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I had about 400,000 sq ft [37,000 sq m] of warehouse that needed heating,\" says the director of energy projects at Durham-based Lanchester Wines. \"And it was right over four layers of mine workings, which had naturally flooded over time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith the help of a few geothermal experts from Iceland, Black sunk a borehole into the murky depths of the old High Main coal seam in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. Warmed by natural geological processes, the water they pumped to the surface was a pleasant 15C (59F).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith a little help from an electrical heat pump – \"a bit like a fridge in reverse\" – it was perfect for keeping the company's warehouse, and the millions of wine bottles within, at the right temperature. \u003Cem\u003E(Watch: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Freel\u002Fplaylist\u002Ffuture-planet?vpid=p09hlqr3\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ehow geothermal heat has been harnessed for centuries\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Nowadays we're \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gateshead.gov.uk\u002Farticle\u002F14170\u002FLanchester-Wines\"\u003Eheating a couple of warehouses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a distribution depot, a local bakery, and soon a nearby car showroom too,\" says Black.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe's not the only one excited by the energy potential of mine water. The UK Coal Authority, which is responsible for the country's disused pits, has big plans for the coming decade. Its geologists believe one-quarter of British homes currently sit on a coalfield, stretching across Wales, central Scotland, northern England, and the Midlands. An estimated 2 billion cubic metres (2 trillion litres\u002F4.4 billion gallons) of warm water occupy the old mine shafts – equivalent to more than a quarter of the volume of Loch Ness in Scotland. Researchers suggest that this makes mine water one of the UK's largest underused clean energy sources.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Mining shaped our urban landscape, creating the towns and cities that we live in today,\" says Charlotte Adams, the Coal Authority's principle manager for mine energy. \"Nine out of 10 of our largest urban centres are above areas of former coal mining activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Mine water is one of our best options to help with the decarbonisation of heating. The resource is readily available all year round at a steady temperature, and there is an abundance to be accessed.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe UK has committed itself to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, with much focus on the nation's heating needs (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Ffuels-and-technologies\u002Fheating\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewhich account for around half of total energy usage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Natural gas remains the primary source for Britain's heat – some 70%, Adams says – though the government has pledged to phase out gas boilers in new-build homes from 2025.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ofgem.gov.uk\u002Fpublications\u002Fofgems-decarbonisation-action-plan\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ealmost half of Britain's electricity supply has been decarbonised\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, swapping residential heating to electric would require a huge ramping up of renewable-energy generation, and put monumental pressure on the grid. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo help meet the country's sweeping carbon-reduction target, the Coal Authority is exploring the feasibility of some 70 mine water heating projects across the UK. It is estimated that around a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bgs.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-maps-reveal-heat-stored-in-britains-abandoned-coal-mines\u002F\"\u003Equarter of the UK's population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E live above abandoned coal mines and that flooded shafts contain around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F199210509.pdf\"\u003E2.2 million GWh of heat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2352484720317078\"\u003Epotential to store more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most ambitious water heating projects being developed by the UK Coal Authority is at Seaham, a seaside town in County Durham, home to the old Dawdon colliery. An existing treatment facility pumps up millions of litres of mine water every year for ecological reasons. Mine water often contains toxic compounds, as a result of chemical reactions with the subterranean rock. At the surface, the warmth from this water is now to be used to heat buildings above ground. Once its heat has been absorbed, the water is then returned to the mine workings where it will be warmed up again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe water is hot enough to heat homes in winter, and cool enough to keep them mild when temperatures rise, with just 25% the carbon emissions of gas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It'll be cheaper than gas, too, by around 10%,\" Adams says, \"and we believe it will help bring new investment and jobs to the area.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe north-east of England has some of the country's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Femploymentandlabourmarket\u002Fpeopleinwork\u002Femploymentandemployeetypes\u002Fbulletins\u002Fregionallabourmarket\u002Fjanuary2021\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elowest levels of economic activity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a legacy of pit closures in the 1980s and 1990s that fractured coal-mining communities, leaving them with high unemployment and few opportunities.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA few hundred miles away across the North Sea, hopes of economic resurgence were central to what is seen as the world's most advanced mine water energy scheme – Heerlen in the Netherlands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELocated in the country's south-east, Heerlen was the crucible of Dutch coal mining before the mass closure of collieries a half-century ago. In 2008, geothermal experts revived the mines, striving to deliver low-impact heating and cooling for hundreds of local homes and businesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, Mijnwater BV, the scheme's operator, has connected 500 houses and commercial facilities, serving over 250,000 sq m (2.7 million sq ft) of building space to the town's district heating network. The system distributes locally generated heat to a nearby community, in a similar way to the one planned at Seaham, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS187661021400174X\"\u003Ereducing the area's carbon emissions from heating by almost two-thirds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Mijnwater is working to further decarbonise its operation, with plans for solar and wind resources to power the electrical heat pumps that supplement the minewater's temperature.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We have a closed-loop set-up,\" says Herman Eijdems, Mijnwater's director of innovation. \"This means we pipe excess and waste energy back into the underground water to act as a heat store for when demand is high.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There is a data centre that ejects around 45C, enough to supply a nearby school, and a supermarket whose cooling provides enough heat for three hundred dwellings.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis local focus offers Heerlen a high level of energy self-sufficiency – which could be useful given that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fthe-netherlands-2020\"\u003ENetherlands' is set to close its main source of domestic gas production by 2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough ahead of the game in Europe, Heerlen wasn't the first to leverage this sort of technology. In 1989, a packaging firm in Springhill, Nova Scotia, began attempts to draw heat from a network of nearby coal mines that had lain dormant for decades. The company, now owned by Mauser Packaging Solutions, has been refining the process ever since, and now boasts a circular climate control system that is 100% renewable 12 months of the year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"In the wintertime, we take the hot water and use it as a heating source, and in the summertime, we have them all in air-conditioning mode,\" says plant manager David MacDonald, who was there when the first borehole went down more than 30 years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProud of their town's pioneering approach to mine water heating, dozens of small Springhill businesses have since hooked up their own geothermal power supplies, with local officials eager to entice new investment with the promise of plentiful green energy. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the mountainous Asturias region of northern Spain, there's a similar story to be told. After years of decline, the area's last remaining pit shut in 2018, cutting deep into a local community reliant on coal for generations. With the advent of mine water heating technology, there's hope for an industrial rebirth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Geothermal energy has given a second life to our coal mines,\" says María Belarmina Díaz Aguado, the Asturias's director of energy. \"We're developing an entirely new business model, one related to pumping water and all the technical expertise that involves.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to hundreds of residential properties, the region's flooded mines provide heat for a hospital, a university, a secondary school, and a number of other public and private buildings. Hunosa, the company in charge of the scheme, guarantees energy prices lower than fossil fuel alternatives, and uses only sustainably generated electricity in its pumping process. In doing so, several thousand tonnes of carbon emissions are avoided each year, Díaz Aguado says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet, while there's mounting evidence of mine water's energy potential, the idea isn't without issue. Retrofitting houses with the means to tap into a geothermal district heating network isn't cheap, and new builds aren't often sited next to derelict collieries. And then there are the technical hurdles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There are some pre-existing treatment plants pumping water up already, as is the case at Seaham,\" says Corinna Abesser, hydrogeologist and groundwater modeller at the British Geological Survey. \"But the real opportunity with mine geothermal lies in drilling new boreholes into the mines wherever the heat is needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This comes with some technical challenges, for example stability concerns around abandoned mine shafts, which were simply left to collapse.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the greatest hurdle, however, is that which motivated the opening of the mines in the first place: money. The capital costs are much higher with mine water geothermal, though \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.groundstability.com\u002Fseaham\u002F\"\u003Eunder the right conditions the energy generated can be cheaper than that from conventional sources\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdam Black at Lanchester Wines hopes that the costs will fall as the technology develops and uptake increases, \"and if the energy authorities do their bit with regulation\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeyond doubt is that the resource is there and waiting: A labyrinth of warrens once laden with men and machinery, now flooded with naturally warm water, ready to be tapped.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-07-07T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How flooded coal mines could heat homes","headlineShort":"The new use for abandoned coal mines","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A quarter of the UK's homes sit above abandoned coal mines, long since flooded with water. Now, the mines are being put to a new, zero-carbon use.","summaryShort":"Old, defunct coal mines around the world are being resurrected for clean energy","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-07-06T23:05:19.034299Z","entity":"article","guid":"e29a3396-5a19-43b9-b2ac-aafbfe085a27","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-06T13:37:21.783201Z","project":"future","slug":"20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703028},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","_id":"6153609c45ceed2621038c56","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The majestic mangrove forests of Kenya's east coast have helped to bring levels of poaching and logging down, while taking large quantities of carbon out of the air.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo a visitor travelling south from Mombasa to savour the rich culture of the Swahili, the village of Gazi passes for a sleepy settlement in an almost forgotten stretch of the rapidly developing Kenyan coast. Inside the closely built mud-walled houses of the village, the day begins with a prayer call from the village mosque before dawn. Soon, early risers return from the shoreline with fish stocks that will supply Gazi's traders for the day. Later on in the day, women bake flatbreads on roadside hearths to sell to visiting fishermen from as far as Tanzania, while male elders play draft, a local social pastime, on shaded patios.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELife was not always so peaceful in Gazi – eight years or so ago, things looked very different. The harvesting of mangroves for firewood and construction poles had depleted the local forests. Fish stocks had declined, threatening the livelihoods of the 80% of the village who depend on the sea, says local fisherman Abdallah Mohamed. Without fish, locals turned to charcoal burning and harvesting the region's indigenous trees for firewood, which they would sell in nearby towns. In the wider region, illegal poaching of elephant, rhino and game was rife.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut today, the village has a new health centre, school and boreholes for fresh water. In the wider region illegal poaching of iconic wildlife like rhino and elephant has fallen by 90% in six years, according to the Kenya Wildlife Service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Gazi's rich coastal forests are home to all nine varieties of mangrove that grow in Kenya, as well as diverse bird life and 180 species of fish","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGazi is one of many villages along the Kenyan coast where poaching and illegal logging have fallen dramatically in recent years. In Gazi, central to the change are the village's mangrove forests, which have gone from being a declining source of firewood and construction poles to a significant player in the local economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMangrove forests are some of the most efficient \"sponges\" for carbon on the planet. A hectare of mangrove forest can sink as much carbon as four hectares of rainforest, most of it sequestered in the depths of rich, frequently waterlogged soil below the mangrove roots. Cutting down mangrove forests prevents these areas from absorbing carbon, and it also releases stored carbon from the soils. By one estimate,\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fngeo1123\"\u003E mangrove deforestation generates as much as around 10% of emissions from deforestation globally, despite accounting for just 0.7% of tropical forest area\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGazi's rich coastal forests are home to all nine varieties of mangrove that grow in Kenya, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.equatorinitiative.org\u002F2017\u002F06\u002F28\u002Fmikoko-pamoja\u002F\"\u003Eas well as diverse bird life and 180 species of fish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In 2013, the Mikoko Pamoja carbon project began to conserve and protect 117 hectares (289 acres) of mangrove forest around Gazi, in a partnership between coastal Kenyan communities, the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Institute, and the Plan Vivo Foundation, a Scottish charity. It was the first project of its kind to successfully turn blue carbon, like that stored in mangroves, into an economically viable initiative that could support a community.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Joblessness is the reason the youth usually engage in poaching and illegal logging in Kenya. If carbon projects can create jobs for people in the villages, then society will start seeing forests and wildlife as their banks – Samuel Mutisya","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe premise is simple: in exchange for ensuring the health of Kenya's coastal mangroves, the project sells carbon credits, which can be bought as a form of \"offset\". While \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190409-carbon-offseting-pros-and-cons\"\u003Eoffsetting is a far from perfect solution, it can be a useful measure for currently hard-to-decarbonise industries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first steps were to reduce forest loss and degradation. The project established woodlots of Casuarina trees as an alternative source of wood for construction poles and firewood for local people, who were also encouraged to use material falling from coconut trees for fuel too. Then the village participants received training on the economic benefits of conserving mangroves for carbon credits. Finally, the community led a mangrove-planting initiative, preparing saplings for six to seven months in nurseries before planting the trees at appropriate sites.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's a strategy that has paid off – each year the project trades the equivalent of 3,000 tonnes (3,300 tons) of carbon dioxide a year from its 117 hectares of mangrove, roughly the equivalent emissions of around 650 cars on the road each year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is a small start, but the success of Gazi's blue carbon scheme has inspired a similar \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oceanographicmagazine.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmangrove-conservation-kenya\u002F\"\u003E460-hectare (1.8 sq miles) blue carbon project in Vanga\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a village located about 60km (37 miles) to the south of Gazi. Another project in Lamu to the north is also in its early stages, says Rahma Rashid, project coordinator of Mikoko Pamoja. Overall, about 660,000 hectares (2,548 sq miles) of land are under carbon trading schemes in Kenya, of which blue carbon is still a small, if powerful fraction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The success of these carbon projects is changing how people perceive climate change by assuring them there are growth opportunities,\" says Alfred Gichu, Kenya's national coordinator of REDD+, the UN-backed forest conservation scheme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe knock-on effects of the projects have included a reduction in environmental crimes such as illegal logging and poaching. \"Joblessness is the reason the youth usually engage in poaching and illegal logging in Kenya,\" says Samuel Mutisya, a reformed poacher from Kibwezi, a settlement just to the north of Tsavo National Park. \"If carbon projects can create jobs for people in the villages, then society will start seeing forests and wildlife as their banks.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the 1980s, there were only three rhinos in Tsavo National Park, which fans through south-eastern Kenya and connects the coast region to the country's hinterland. Now there are 120 rhinos.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Kenya is one of the few countries in Africa that needs to be celebrated because its wildlife numbers are increasing and its conservation efforts are impressive,\" according to Kaddu Sebunya, chief executive of the Africa Wildlife Foundation, during the launch of the Benjamin Mkapa African Wildlife Photography Awards in Nairobi in early March.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the same time, the Kenya Forestry Services says the country’s forest cover has grown from below 5% to 7%, progress that the service has attributed to conservation efforts such as those taking place in Gazi. Alongside carbon credit schemes, increased law enforcement and engaging with local communities has helped bring environmental crimes down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGeorge Wara, the service's ecosystem conservator responsible for managing 34,000 hectares (131 sq miles) of forest including 8,000 hectares (31 sq miles) of mangroves in Kwale county, agrees that carbon projects have helped reduce illegal logging and poaching in the coastal region. \"If the community is benefitting from a forest, then they will have enthusiasm to protect it,\" says Wara.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChangare John, a local from Gazi village, knows the comforts of such successes. In a region that hardly receives enough rainfall for crops, John struggled to provide for her family by selling flatbreads and cooked beans at the roadside. During the low season, when there are few visitors in the village, she could hardly break even. Since she joined the Mikoko Pamoja project as a member, her fortunes have changed for the better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"My three children are in school thanks to the bursary they get from the project,\" she says. \"When they get sick, I do not have to worry about medical fees because our health centre is also supported by the project.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe local fisherman Abdallah Mohamed, who is not involved in the project, has also noticed benefits. \"The fish returned after the community stopped taking firewood from the mangroves. Our indigenous trees are also thriving because there are fewer disturbances,\" he says. \"This project is really a game changer.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith more blue carbon schemes set to roll out in Kenya, Gazi and other villages could soon see additional benefits from their conserved mangrove forests. As well as absorbing carbon, these forests are a natural buffer to some of the worst effects of climate change, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhow-mangroves-protect-people-from-increasingly-frequent-and-powerful-tropical-storms-118200\"\u003Estorm surges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-marine-122414-034025\"\u003Eto an extent, rising sea levels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the world's mangroves \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wri.org\u002Finsights\u002Fsatellite-data-reveals-state-worlds-mangrove-forests\"\u003Eare steadily being lost through urban development, and the expansion of agriculture and aquaculture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, projects like Gazi's show that it is both possible and profitable to save the forests that can protect against climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"gmail-p1\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 30kg CO2, travelling by bus, ferry and train. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-04-28T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How mangrove forests helped stall environmental crime","headlineShort":"The trees that stall wildlife crime","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The majestic mangrove forests of Kenya's east coast have helped to bring levels of poaching and logging down, while taking large quantities of carbon out of the air.","summaryShort":"Mangroves have long been known to store carbon, but now they are cutting crime","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-04-27T23:05:05.075815Z","entity":"article","guid":"4ee147af-add8-4be2-a638-cccff68559b6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:40:17.688238Z","project":"future","slug":"20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703029},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","_id":"61535ff945ceed4d9f6d1fea","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe know that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\"\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\"\u003Ea mass extinction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an era of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\"\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing – and how they need to change further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECarbon footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou’ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What is Future Planet?","headlineShort":"What is Future Planet?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.","summaryShort":"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z","entity":"article","guid":"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:13:26.834305Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-what-is-future-planet","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703029},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","_id":"6153618f45ceed124c3ee1e8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\u002F\"\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\"\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\"\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\"\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do we get these figures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETransport emissions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet – a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\"\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDigital footprint\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2078-1547\u002F6\u002F1\u002F117#abstract\"\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELimitations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \u003Cem\u003Eexactly \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELooking ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffutureplanet\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture Planet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-4"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why and how does Future Planet count carbon?","headlineShort":"Why does Future Planet count carbon?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?","summaryShort":"Future Planet brings you global environment stories with a low carbon footprint","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-02-03T01:01:10.368421Z","entity":"article","guid":"61546195-4ce9-4fad-b9dc-067354747490","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:13:30.363554Z","project":"future","slug":"20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703029},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market","_id":"616dfdd045ceed500b25b4a1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fisabelle-gerretsen"],"bodyIntro":"For its proponents, a global carbon market could significantly reduce the world's carbon emissions. But its critics say that giving polluters the option to pay for their emissions is not the answer to climate change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn July, wildfires scorched vast swathes of North America. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-57890935\"\u003EIn Oregon, the Bootleg fire\u003C\u002Fa\u003E destroyed more than 400,000 acres of forest. As the trees went up in smoke, so did a large number of carbon offsets, including ones that had been bought by firms such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapp.leg.wa.gov\u002FReportsToTheLegislature\u002FHome\u002FGetPDF?fileName=DNR%20Carbon%20Sequestration%20Report_8f19b00b-5acf-4c97-83b4-16cecb559803.pdf\"\u003EBP\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.greendiamond.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpdf\u002F21.02%20MS%20Carbon.pdf\"\u003EMicrosoft\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Bootleg fire highlighted one of the flaws of the carbon offsetting market: how can we ensure the carbon removal projects we invest in will still be there in 10 years, let alone 100 years? As climate change leads to more intense wildfires and prolonged droughts over the next few decades, the question is whether these offsets are effective tools that can help us drastically reduce carbon emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe largest market for carbon offsetting to date will be under discussion in November at the 26th United Nations' Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26), in Glasgow. Governments say carbon credits, and a global carbon market where these credits can be bought and sold, can help them achieve \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fspeeches\u002Festablishing-the-principles-necessary-for-transparent-functioning-voluntary-carbon-markets\"\u003Eambitious emissions reduction targets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But campaigners warn that such a system provides rich countries with a license to keep polluting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The aim is that for every tonne of CO2 that is emitted somewhere, another tonne is captured elsewhere","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAhead of the conference, Future Planet analyses what an effective carbon market would look like, and how much it could make a dent in the world's emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA global marketplace \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEconomists \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feprints.lse.ac.uk\u002F37397\u002F1\u002FClimate_change_and_carbon_markets_a_panoramic_history%28author%29.pdf\"\u003Edevised carbon markets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as a way to increase climate ambition and lower carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere by creating a financial incentive to curb emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea is, if one country pays for emissions to be cut or captured in a second country, for example by planting a forest or installing renewable energy facilities, it can count those reductions towards its own climate goals. The aim is that for every tonne of CO2 that is emitted somewhere, another tonne is captured elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z121l"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECountries can trade credits, which each represent one tonne of CO2, with each other in a global marketplace. Theoretically, this exchange should balance out and prevent an overall increase in emissions – provided all emissions from human activity are covered by the scheme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEstablishing a global carbon market, however, has proven to be an enormous challenge. For almost 30 years, countries have tried, and largely failed, to draw up robust rules.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first global scheme dates back to the UN's Kyoto Protocol on climate change, which was adopted in 1997. Known as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), this carbon market came into operation in 2006. Under the CDM, richer countries could reduce their emissions by paying for the development of carbon-lowering projects in poorer nations, and counting these reductions as part of their own targets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Kyoto Protocol also established \"cap and trade\" schemes, which set a limit on the overall amount of emissions that are permitted from carbon-intensive sources, such as shipping and the energy industry, at regional, national and international levels. The European Union created the world's first emissions trading system, which is based on the cap and trade principle, in 2005. According to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7183178\u002F\"\u003E2020 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the system reduced carbon emissions by more than one billion tonnes between 2008 and 2016.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe CDM, on the other hand, effectively collapsed due to widespread concerns over \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-15989873\"\u003Eenvironmental efficacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnews.bbc.co.uk\u002F2\u002Fhi\u002Fscience\u002Fnature\u002F7669215.stm\"\u003Ecorruption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and human rights violations. Eighty-five percent of offset projects used by the European Union under the CDM failed to reduce emissions, a \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Fclima\u002Fsites\u002Fclima\u002Ffiles\u002Fets\u002Fdocs\u002Fclean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\"\u003E2017 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E by the European Commission found.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2015, 190 countries signed up to the Paris Agreement and set emissions reduction targets. Under Article 6 of the climate pact, they agreed to establish a voluntary global carbon market, intending to avoid the pitfalls that led to the collapse of the CDM.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESix years on, countries are still hammering out the rules and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fcop25-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-madrid\"\u003Eare some way from consensus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Ministers are hoping to make progress on the issue at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow in November, but deep divisions remain on the design of the carbon market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome say the contentious issue could make or break the Paris Agreement. \"This was what countries promised each other,\" says Cynthia Lennon, associate on the global climate programme at the World Resources Institute. \"If they cannot fulfill this commitment, the Paris Agreement doesn't have the same weight.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z10s7"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf done right, this trading mechanism could almost double the reduction in global emissions and make it substantially cheaper for countries to meet their Paris Agreement climate goals, according to the advocacy group \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edf.org\u002Fclimate\u002Fhow-carbon-markets-can-increase-climate-ambition\"\u003EEnvironmental Defense Fund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Offset projects could channel much needed funds to poorer countries and yield enormous benefits for climate adaptation, providing them with financial incentives to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210423-kenyas-unusual-solution-to-illegal-poaching-and-logging\"\u003Erestore their forests and other biodiversity hotspots\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, says Lennon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut if countries are unable to close loopholes or guarantee that the carbon market will lead to real emissions reductions, campaigners say it could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.edf.org\u002Fblog\u002F2021\u002F09\u002F29\u002F3-things-you-need-know-about-soaring-voluntary-carbon-market\"\u003Edo more harm than good\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe pitfalls\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA major problem with current carbon market mechanisms is their \"very broad approach to crediting\", says Lambert Schneider, a carbon market expert at the Öko-Institut in Freiburg, Germany. Many offset projects are approved without having to provide very high assurances that they will reduce emissions, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The math has to be perfect, but there are instances where it doesn't all add up – Grayson Badgley","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn reality, the conditions an offset project needs to meet to actually capture a given amount of carbon are very stringent, says Grayson Badgley, a fellow in forest ecology at Columbia University in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The math has to be perfect, [but] there are instances where it doesn't all add up, \" says Badgley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECalifornia's offsetting programme, for example, has generated between 20 million and 39 million carbon credits that have not achieved real carbon savings, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarbonplan.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fforest-offsets-explainer\"\u003Eanalysis by CarbonPlan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a non-profit in San Francisco that analyses the scientific integrity of carbon offsetting schemes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis can lead to questions when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcarbonplan.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fforest-offsets-explainer\"\u003Eorganisations whose mission it is to protect forests and wildlife accept credits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that allow companies to continue polluting. Many US conservation organisations, including The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.org\u002Fen-us\u002Fget-involved\u002Fhow-to-help\u002Fplaces-we-protect\u002Fupper-st--john-forest-preserve\u002F\"\u003ENature Conservancy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (TNC) and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewildernesstrust.org\u002Fprojects\u002Fhowland\u002F\"\u003ENortheast Wilderness Trust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have participated in the carbon offsetting market, Badgley notes. \"What would have happened if there wasn't the exchange of money for the carbon offset?\" he says. \"Was the forest really under threat?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe current system \"allows landowners who were already managing their land well to receive credits for what they were doing anyway\", says Barbara Haya, director of the Berkeley Carbon Trading Project at the University of California.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, TNC points out there are situations in which forest conservation can use carbon credits fairly, such as when the funds are used to improve forest management that results in greater carbon sequestration. At the St John River Forest in Maine, the organisation bought 75,000 hectares (290 sq miles) from the pulp and paper manufacturer International Paper. For 20 years, timber harvesting at the site was the primary source of income it generated for TNC. Reducing timber harvesting in exchange for carbon credits allowed the organisation to move away from tree felling, says a spokesperson from TNC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Since 1998, timber harvesting has been The Nature Conservancy's primary source of funds for taxes and stewardship of the Upper St John River Forest. By enrolling it in the forest carbon project, TNC made a long-term commitment to change its active harvesting practices and maintain a higher level of carbon on the property,\" the TNC spokesperson says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Northeast Wilderness Trust also underlines the difference between a forest offset scheme where there was a real risk of logging, and one where there is not. The trust's Wild Carbon programme \"is dedicated to carbon offsets generated exclusively from forever-wild landscapes that were unprotected and open to logging prior to our purchase\", says the trust's executive director, Jon Leibowitz.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It is inaccurately broad to state that conservation organisations shouldn't engage in carbon markets,\" Leibowitz argues. \"Science demonstrates that allowing existing forests to grow old and continue storing and sequestering carbon is among the most efficient and cost-effective carbon capture and storage mechanisms available to us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"For this reason, conservation organisations should have access to carbon revenue, so long as their carbon projects are both new conservation and permanent conservation,\" Leibowitz says. \"Done right, carbon revenue, especially when derived from forever-wild conservation, is a useful tool to help keep the carbon in our forests locked up, and enables the forests to grow and continue to sequester and store even more carbon for centuries to come.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z1112"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETaking carbon sequestration a step further, some of the most rigorous schemes avoid issuing offset credits at all, says Gilles Dufrasne, policy officer at the international non-profit Carbon Market Watch. But when they do, they aim to find projects that could not reduce emissions without the funding coming from offsets. In other words, it is all about making sure the offset schemes don't sell reductions that were going to happen anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if a project genuinely does capture carbon that wouldn't otherwise have been captured, offset schemes can falter for other reasons. As the Bootleg fire showed, they can fail to provide the permanent carbon sequestration they are often assumed to offer. A large majority of offsets in the US fall under the Improved Forest Management protocol, which does not take into account varying fire risks in different parts of the country and how these will worsen because of climate change, according to Badgley.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We know that the risk of fires is going to go up. California's system doesn't incorporate those risks,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are ways to try to make sure that offset schemes have longevity, but being certain of their permanence is practically impossible. \"What will the deforestation rate be in Brazil in five or 10 years? Nobody knows. Over the years it has changed tremendously,\" says Schneider. \"The baseline used is always an assumption about the future, which comes with great uncertainty.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew rules \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs countries prepare to renegotiate carbon market rules at COP26 in November, campaigners say it is critical that all forms of cheating and corruption are eliminated. Two issues remain particularly contentious: double counting and whether surplus credits from the old CDM system should be carried forward into a new carbon market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You can negotiate ambition, but you don't negotiate about cheating – Gilles Dufrasne","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFirst, the double counting issue. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-50588128\"\u003EBrazil wants to claim credit for offsets that it sells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to another country, meaning that the reductions achieved would be counted twice. If the UK invests in a scheme protecting the Amazon rainforest, for example, Brazil wants to count the emissions' reduction towards both its own target, as well as the UK's goal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatechangenews.com\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F11\u002Fbrazil-fights-attempt-cancel-old-carbon-credits\u002F\"\u003EBrazil, along with China and India\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, also wants to trade old credits from the Kyoto era on the new market, to protect the value of previous investments. \"As these emissions reductions already occurred in the past, using these credits will not change anything in the atmosphere and undermine countries' climate targets,\" argues Schneider.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Dufrasne, it is better to not have a deal at all than accept exemptions on double counting and carrying over old credits. \"You can negotiate ambition, but you don't negotiate about cheating,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09z10wf"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe poor human rights and environmental records of past markets such as the CDM are also still a looming concern. Many carbon offsetting projects to date \"have not been clean for the environment and have violated human rights,\" says Erika Lennon, senior attorney at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fciel_tweets\"\u003ECenter for International Environmental Law\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, noting that in many cases project developers failed to consult with and gain consent from local communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne such project is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ciel.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F02\u002FFactSheet_AltoMaipo_Chile.pdf\"\u003EAlto Maipo hydropower scheme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Ein Santiago, Chile, which was verified under the CDM, despite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ciel.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F02\u002FRights-Carbon-Caution.pdf\"\u003Eserious environmental concerns and opposition from local communities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who said the project, which involved rerouting water from the River Maipo for 100km (62 miles) to generate electricity, threatened their rights to water, food and life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It shouldn't be that hard to respect human rights in the context of climate action,\" says Lennon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnless the loopholes are straightened out and the rules become much more stringent, there isn't much point having a global carbon market flooded with cheap, ineffective offsets, says Haya.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You can't do effective climate mitigation based on fiction. You need to make sure the credits are real, otherwise the market is based on a lie,\" says Haya, suggesting that setting up an incentive fund for mitigation efforts, which companies and countries pay into, would be more effective at reducing overall emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven with robust rules, countries cannot rely on carbon offsetting alone to help them achieve their ambitious climate goals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're in a very different situation than when the Paris Agreement was adopted,\" says Elliott. \"Many countries have come forward with net zero targets, which bring the whole [reason] for markets into question and tell us we need to do something far more transformational.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHaving a global compensation scheme is \"not the crucial element of global climate action,\" says Dufrasne, noting that countries should prioritise adopting domestic and regional policies aimed at slashing emissions. This will lead to the cuts needed to set the world on a path to net zero by 2050. \"Governments should not just bank on buying credits from other countries, but focus on domestic reductions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-19T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How trading CO2 could save the climate","headlineShort":"How trading CO2 could save the climate","image":["p09z2f6g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A global carbon market could significantly reduce the world's carbon emissions. But its critics say that giving polluters the option to pay for their emissions is not the answer.","summaryShort":"Should polluters pay for their emissions?","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-18T23:05:35.018783Z","entity":"article","guid":"1faf51ca-716c-40a7-b11a-a4b04e77f0c8","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-19T13:20:44.849732Z","project":"future","slug":"20211018-climate-change-what-is-the-global-carbon-market","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703087},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies","_id":"61681f9d45ceed1399372d45","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fben-wyatt"],"bodyIntro":"From a breeding laboratory putting species on \"life support\" to the world's first fully electric smart tractor, California's scientists and farmers are working to halt the rapid decline of the state's butterflies.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPatience and a steady hand. Hand-rearing butterfly larvae is much like raising children in that respect, explains Esther Chang, the senior wildlife care specialist at San Diego Zoo's Wildlife Alliance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"They get kind of territorial,\" Chang says. \"If one caterpillar goes too close to the shelter of another, they stick their little heads down and headbutt each other.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBug-on-bug violence is an everyday concern at the Wildlife Alliance's multi-million-dollar invertebrate conservation facility. Or caterpillar crèche, as some prefer it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We ended up having to separate them into smaller groups,\" says Chang. \"The number of container cups just kept increasing and increasing. And they started eating more and more, so it took a lot of patience!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EChang is one of the small team of specialists headed by Paige Howorth, curator of invertebrates at the facility, whose sole job it is to hold back the death-march of extinction for these creatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The butterflies are the canary in the coal mine – Scott Black","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPopulation declines of butterflies have been so dramatic in California recently that for some species, this fertility clinic is the only reason they still exist at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe Laguna Mountains skipper, for example – a one-inch-wide butterfly with dark brown and cream mottled wings – is found only in a small area of the Cleveland National Forest, around 30 miles away from the zoo. Or it used to be. A skipper hasn't been seen on the mountain of its name for over 20 years. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAnd it's just one of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnrm.dfg.ca.gov\u002FFileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=109405&inline\"\u003E18 critically endangered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Californian butterfly and moth species that risk being lost forever thanks to a combination of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.abe5585\"\u003Eglobal warming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frsos.170760\"\u003Eloss of habitat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffevo.2020.00162\u002Ffull\"\u003Epesticide poisoning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, wildfires and drought.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09yjw8b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EHoworth's team has been forced to collect adult female skippers from the neighbouring Palomar mountain in the hope of breeding them in the lab, where they can be protected. Once these founder adults are secured they're fed flowers and nectar-water by hand until they lay eggs. Either that or Gatorade.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We tried different solutions and the adults do seem to like Gatorade. For the larvae, they feed on the host plant where the adults lay their eggs,\" Howorth says, of the Cleveland's Horkelia leaves, a flowering perennial herb the team line in each of the larvae incubation cups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOn the underside of the plant's paw-like leaves, seen with the help of a suspended magnifying glass, are tiny light-green dots: butterfly eggs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"We take a lot of care feeding them making sure they get sun exposure, you know, for egg development. We have a system where we move the adults to dishes that have plastic sponge filters to deliver the nectar solution. For adult butterflies… we give them a little spritz that kind of falls on them [like morning dew]. We usually only bring in 20 adults. So it's an ongoing effort, every egg counts,\" Howorth says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe rearing of these insects is a labour-intensive process. If the eggs take well, tiny caterpillars soon emerge and grow for seven weeks before nestling in small, hand-tied rolls of cardboard to form a chrysalis. The resulting pupae are then either hatched in the lab or taken to pre-designated areas of natural habitat where, with luck, they will begin a life in the wild.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThat's a lot of effort for the delivery of what is usually just over 250 animals, especially given the two-week lifespan of most of the butterflies. But when the species is part of a collapsing population of pollinators in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdfa.ca.gov\u002FStatistics\u002F\"\u003Estate that accounts for\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over a third of America's vegetable production and two-thirds of the country's fruits and nuts, the urgency makes more sense.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymx0k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"square","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAccording to a US Fish and Wildlife Service \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecos.fws.gov\u002Fdocs\u002Frecovery_plan\u002FLMS%2520RP_Signed.pdf\"\u003Ereport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, it could cost more than $3m (£2.2m) and take until 2045 for the skipper to recover to the point where it's no longer considered endangered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut at least it's a non-migratory butterfly whose local habitats are to monitor and whose populations are easier to sustain. The same can't be said for California's iconic monarch butterfly, which is unique in the way it journeys vast distances according to the seasons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMonarchs breed in Mexico, and many travel around 3,000 miles (4,800km) to overwinter along the Californian coast and in some areas of the Rocky Mountains. Today the migrations still continue, but the monarchs' population has seen a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.westernmonarchcount.org\u002Fwestern-monarch-population-closer-to-extinction-still-no-federal-or-state-protection-in-sight\u002F\"\u003E99.9% crash in numbers since the 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, falling from around four million individuals to just 2,000 as of 2020.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"The butterflies are the canary in the coal mine, you know,\" says Scott Black, executive director of the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. \"We're going to see other butterflies and bees, and other important insects, and then our birds; and then our mammals head that same way if we don't take action soon.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBlack equates the vibrancy of insects and plants to the health of the planet's fabric. Rip up this fabric and the planet struggles to sustain bird, fish and animal life. And that of humans too. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Over 94% of songbirds need insects to feed their young,\" says Black. \"If you want to have fish in your rivers and streams then they need invertebrates to feed on. If you want to have pollination of your food crops, then think insects. I think that people really do need to wake up: the ramifications are clear and will affect humans on an everyday level in the next 20, 30 years. And that's my kids, that's everybody's kids around the world.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymxjr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBlack points to projects like those run by Howorth as key for sustaining species on \"life support\". But Xerces also supports projects working to stave off the need for such hands-on rescue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOne such project is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.themonarchchallenge.org\"\u003EMonarch Challenge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, brainchild of Carlo Mondavi – grandson of the renowned winemaker Robert Mondavi – whose mission has been to reduce the harmful impact of vineyards and agriculture on butterfly biodiversity in California's northern Napa Valley and Sonoma areas. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMondavi has created a system of wine making that shows it's possible to farm sustainably and with minimal carbon footprint while adding only 18 cents (13p) to the price of each bottle produced, a model that he says could be adopted by other vineyards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"I don't know any of my farmer friends that wakes up in the morning and says, 'I want to go spray chemicals.' Not one of them. They're terrible for the soil microbiome and the farm algae. And no-one likes working the land in hazmat suits. They all hate it,\" Mondavi says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ENo herbicides are used at his Raen winery, instead Mondavi relies on \"good bugs and good weeds taking care of the bad ones\", to encourage biodiversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOn top of committing 100% of profits of their pinot noir rosé to growing conservation awareness, the winery also provides packets of milkweed seeds – the natural host-plant habitat for monarch butterflies – with every bottle sold, in the hope this will help repopulate butterfly overwintering sites across America.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut Mondavi's most exciting product, inspired by the quest to save butterflies, according to the entrepreneurial vintner, is the all-electric\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.monarchtractor.com\u002Fabout.html\"\u003E Monarch Tractor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E he's helped develop with co-founder and chief executive, Praveen Penmetsa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Farming is the most important job on our planet. And that means the most important tool right now on the planet is a tractor,\" says Penmetsa, of the vehicle they claim is the world's first fully electric smart tractor. \"It's used in 80% of farm operations yet tractor technology is fundamentally the same as it was a century ago.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPrimarily, that has meant big diesel engines, with corresponding emissions of carbon and air pollutants. While the electric tractor lowers emissions on the farm, Penmetsa hopes the information it provides can help improve sustainability much further. \"The data from our tractor platform and AI means a farmer can provide some traceability, data that starts a behaviour change, as well as not using fossil fuels.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe tractor sells for $58,000 (£43,000), which the makers suggest will be earned back in savings in a matter of years. As well as delivering haulage, the Monarch Tractor has digital cameras as well as temperature, wind speed and weight sensors, all feeding data into a computer that uses machine learning to help the farmer track the productivity of their land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"It's unreasonable for us to expect our farmers to solve the problem [of environmental damage], without giving them the tools to do so and a way to make it profitable,\" Penmetsa adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFor Mondavi, the lightbulb moment came with the widespread fires that hit the Napa Valley region in the last few years. \"When the wildfires surrounded my family's farm in 2017, and burned a lot of my very good friends' homes and communities I realised: 'Holy smokes, unless we address climate change, what are we fighting for?' And so the really incredible thing about the tractor is it's a bridge away from our dependence on fossil fuel.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09ymyvn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMondavi argues the amount of carbon prevented from entering the atmosphere from farms each year can be measured in tonnes, and the use of an electric tractor adds significant numbers to the savings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"If you plug into the grid [rather than use diesel], your average farmer saves 53 tonnes of carbon per tractor per year. It's another 25 metric tonnes when you're going solar or completely renewable for your farm's power supply, and those are based on our recent, modest calculations.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EPenmetsa says he has been receiving enquiries about the tractor from around the world. \"We've had farmers from New Zealand, all the way up to Norway, and from Japan, you know, to our neighbouring states here in America reach out to us. Against the cost they all see the value of both the [sustainability], automation and data collection capabilities.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFor Black, a man who first became intrigued with insects when hunting fireflies in his Omaha backyard as a child, there are other ways in which technology is helping the plight of butterflies on the west coast.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe US Fish and Wildlife Service has a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fusfws.medium.com\u002Fhelp-butterflies-and-moths-by-becoming-a-citizen-scientist-d669e9618e23\"\u003Ecitizen scientist scheme\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which they hope will raise awareness. Xerces itself runs and hosts the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.monarchmilkweedmapper.org\"\u003EMonarch Milkweed Mapper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a platform that uses crowd sourcing to help with their conservation efforts. Members can report butterfly sightings, breeding areas and the presence of milkweed habitats to a platform that helps to capture the insect health of a vast area of the United States in real time. As well as engaging local communities in the conservation effort, the platform also helps build a database of images and metadata on hard-to-track populations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EXerces is also campaigning for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fxerces.org\u002Fmph-act\"\u003Elegislators to pass a bill \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat would allow millions of dollars to be allocated to conservation projects across the west of America.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut for Black, the largest impact could be made by the general public of the state he calls home. He advises three simple things that residents not just in California but around the world could do to help in the fight to save the butterflies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Whether you have a tiny yard, or you manage a giant national forest, butterflies all need the same things: food to eat. They need flowers that they can [access for] nectar, and they need their host plants to lay their eggs. So look to plant and grow native flowers,\" Black says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"Number two, they need refuge from pesticides. And pesticides are used more per acre in urban areas than in rural areas. So be mindful about the chemicals you're using for your pristine lawn or to kill mosquitoes in the back yard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"And the third thing would be to return to a little bit of messiness. Humans seem to love the idea of 'golf course landscapes'. Even farms are so regimented and structured, one crop over vast areas. But nature is kind of messy, and butterflies, when they pupate, find some secluded place maybe under brambles, or under a pile of sticks or in an old rock wall. So, messiness can provide refuge and would go a long way to help these insects survive.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-14T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The race to save California's rarest butterflies","headlineShort":"California's last-chance butterfly lab","image":["p09yjvrd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From a breeding laboratory putting species on \"life support\" to the world's first fully electric smart tractor, scientists are working to halt the decline of California's butterflies.","summaryShort":"The endangered butterflies have a taste for Gatorade","tag":["tag\u002Fconservation","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-14T11:38:11.36241Z","entity":"article","guid":"9682f9a1-3aed-49be-b99f-69c66e386dc6","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-14T12:16:26.524551Z","project":"future","slug":"20211013-the-race-to-save-californias-endangered-butterflies","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703088},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans","_id":"615f7d3f45ceed1b7c5e4b03","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fallison-hirschlag"],"bodyIntro":"Worldwide, shark populations are on the decline. Boosting their numbers could have a cascade effect to help sink carbon and make the oceans more resilient to climate change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the westernmost tip of Australia in the aptly named Shark Bay, at least 28 species of shark swim through the clear waters and undulating seagrass meadows – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sharkbay.org\u002Fnature\u002Fplants\u002Fseagrass\u002F\"\u003Elargest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the world. Tiger sharks in particular are common frequenters of the jagged inlets of Shark Bay. These mammoth predatory fish brush their 15-ft-long (4.5m) bodies through the seagrass, occasionally snatching a majestic grazing sea cow for a meal. While the presence of tiger sharks is a threat to their prey, these predators are crucial to the health of the marine ecosystem that supports both species.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, despite sharks' notorious reputation among humans, they could also be a powerful ally in curbing climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt all comes back to the wispy strands of seagrass that sway with the waves in the shallows of Shark Bay. This seagrass is food for the sea cows, or dugongs, who each graze on roughly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dugongconservation.org\u002Fmedia\u002F2016\u002F08\u002FDugong-and-their-seagrass-habitat-small.pdf\"\u003E40kg\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (88lb) of seagrass a day – as well as for manatees and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Focean.si.edu\u002Focean-life\u002Fplants-algae\u002Fseagrass-and-seagrass-beds\"\u003Egreen sea turtles.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Off Australia's north-east coast of Queensland, tiger sharks are estimated to have fallen by at least 71%","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDugongs, which can weigh as much as 500kg (1,100lb), are a rich source of food for tiger sharks. By keeping the sea cow population in check, tiger sharks in Shark Bay help the seagrass meadows thrive. A flourishing seagrass meadow \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-climate-change-seagrass\u002Fshrinking-sea-meadows-store-more-carbon-than-forests-scientists-are-racing-to-track-whats-left-idUSKBN2BV0MV\"\u003Estores twice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as much CO2 per square mile as forests typically do on land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y0d15"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut globally, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fspecies\u002F39378\u002F2913541#population\"\u003Etiger shark numbers are declining, including some populations in Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Off Australia's north-east coast of Queensland, tiger sharks are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0006320719306020\"\u003Eestimated to have fallen by at least 71%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, largely due to overfishing and bycatch. A reduction in tiger sharks means more seagrass grazing by herbivores, which means less carbon is sequestered in sea vegetation. In the Caribbean and Indonesia where shark populations have dwindled, overgrazing by herbivores like sea turtles is already a profound \u003Cspan\u003Ethreat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E to seagrass habitats, and has led to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnclimate2763\"\u003E90 to 100%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E loss of seagrass.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as meaning less carbon is absorbed, the loss of seagrass also makes the habitat less able to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbesjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1111\u002F1365-2656.13424\"\u003Erecover from extreme, climate change-driven weather events,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as heatwaves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is clear evidence that shark populations are declining the world over, and humans are largely to blame. A recent reassessment by the IUCN Red List found that 37.5% of all shark and ray species are now threatened with extinction. Catherine Macdonald, marine conservation biologist and a lecturer at the University of Miami, points out that oceanic sharks and rays have declined in abundance by 71% since 1970.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EOverfishing is their biggest threat, but loss of coastal habitats, prey loss and declines in water quality are also contributing factors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Shrinking shark numbers","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of Western Australia's worst heatwaves hit in 2011, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fsrep01277\"\u003Ewith ocean temperatures rising by 5C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for two months. The heatwave was catastrophic for the bay's dominant species of seagrass, \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which forms rich, dense meadows that hold sediments and provide food for grazers. More than 90% of the \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ewas lost, the largest loss known across the bay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis loss of seagrass was, perversely, a treat for the bay's sea cows, who love a smaller and harder-to-find type of tropical seagrass that was ordinarily shielded from access by the tall, dense \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. When tropical seagrass is more accessible, sea cows in their enthusiasm are known to forage for it in a destructive way known as \"excavation foraging\", \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0003347207002606\"\u003Edigging up the rhizomes of their preferred seagrass\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and making it harder for dense \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E beds to reform.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Shark Bay, the tiger sharks were somewhat able to restore the balance by keeping sea cow numbers down, and not all the bay's seagrass was lost. But it begged the question: What if sharks were absent from the bay – would the \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E dominated ecosystem survive?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo find out, researchers led by Rob Nowicki of Florida International University, spent time in Eastern Australia, where shark numbers were lower and sea cows grazed largely undisturbed. There, divers went down and plucked the seagrass, simulating the sea cows' grazing when there are no predators to stop them – the enthusiastic, destructive excavation foraging. Sure enough, they observed a rapid loss in seagrass coverage, particularly of \u003Cem\u003EAmphibolis antarctica\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and the ecosystem began to shift to a more tropical picture dominated by tropical seagrass.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We learned that when unchecked, dugong grazing can rapidly destroy wide areas of seagrass when they perform excavation foraging,\" says Nowicki. These changes can be long-lasting. “When the seagrass recovers, the seagrass community looks different, with different species dominating than before.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose findings underlined the role that sharks were playing in Shark Bay. \"Without tiger sharks keeping the dugongs in check, the bay would likely convert to mostly tropical seagrasses,\" says Nowicki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y0dnn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf shark populations continue to decline at the rate they are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewtrusts.org\u002Fen\u002Fresearch-and-analysis\u002Farticles\u002F2021\u002F03\u002F09\u002Falarming-decline-in-shark-populations-points-to-need-for-stricter-conservation-measures#:~:text=Despite%20years%20of%20calls%20to,because%20of%20increased%20fishing%20pressure.\"\u003Earound the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003E(see Shrinking Shark Numbers)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, the resilience of carbon-rich ocean ecosystems to extreme climate events like heatwaves will likely be compromised, Nowicki's team concluded.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat said, Becca Selden, an assistant professor of biological sciences at Wellesley College, says the consequences for Shark Bay may be more profound than most, due to its unique ecosystem. \"The strong effect may have been enhanced by its comparatively simple food web in the seagrass ecosystem where predators limit grazing by a megaherbivore,\" Seldon explains. In other words, other coastal habitats may not fare quite so badly as Shark Bay when under similar pressure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as keeping sea cow numbers down and making seagrass ecosystems more resilient, tiger sharks also play another crucial role in maintaining the health of the habitat. They act as potent fertilisers when they poo, and when they perish in the meadows.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Long-lived vertebrates can act as carbon sinks when carbon consumed at the ocean surface is transferred to the deep ocean by faeces and\u002For dead carcasses falling to the ocean floor,\" says Selden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fadvances.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F6\u002F44\u002Feabb4848\"\u003EThis phenomenon, known as carbon sinking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is most well-established in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F20554546\u002F\"\u003Ewhales\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but there is research showing the same benefits exist for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.news.ucsb.edu\u002F2018\u002F018820\u002Fnatural-fertilizer\"\u003Esharks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Cem\u003E(\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-why-saving-whales-can-help-fight-climate-change\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERead more about how whale death and poo can help sink carbon at sea.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1098\u002Frspb.2017.2456\"\u003EOne study led by Jessica Williams at Imperial College London\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that grey reef sharks, which are commonly found in shallow reef ecosystems, transfer nutrients such as nitrogen to their habitats via faecal matter. They estimated that the population of over 8,000 grey sharks in Palmyra Atoll provided around 94.5kg (210lb) of nitrogen a day. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the tiger sharks in Shark Bay spend ample time hunting in and moving through the seagrass beds, it’s likely they provide similar fertilising benefits to those plants. \"Large pelagic sharks may be the most important contributors to this effect, including blue sharks, makos and hammerheads,\" says Selden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09y0fmc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to boosting shark numbers, conservationists are up against a formidable opponent: The fishing industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Nowicki and Selden, there has been a movement towards more sustainable fishing, but a large percentage of the industry have not modified their methods, which is a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2021\u002F01\u002F27\u002Fclimate\u002Fsharks-population-study.html#:~:text=Oceanic%20sharks%20and%20rays%20have%20declined%20by%2071,1970%2C%20mainly%20because%20of%20overfishing.&text=More%20than%20three%20quarters%20of,of%20people%20in%20many%20nations.\"\u003Eprime reason\u003C\u002Fa\u003E why many marine apex predators continue to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs42003-018-0233-1\"\u003Edecline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The varying stringency of animal protection laws between different nations also plays a part.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Since many predatory fish are also wide-ranging, they can cover many nations' jurisdictions, some of which may not protect them or practice sustainable fishing practices,\" says Nowicki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReducing illegal and unsustainable fishing has been an uphill battle, though consumers are becoming \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-55630144\"\u003Emore environmentally conscious\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Focean.si.edu\u002Fconservation\u002Ffishing\u002Fsustainable-fishing\"\u003Echoosing sustainable fisheries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over unsustainable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Sustainable, coordinated, ecosystem-based fisheries management is a major tool to conserve these predators and their ecological role. Everyday citizens can do this by getting informed, reading up on the science, demanding that fisheries become or remain sustainable, and making sustainable seafood purchases,\" says Nowicki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you’re unsure which seafood is truly sustainable, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) assesses fisheries internationally, so if a distributor is certified sustainable, there will be a blue MSC seal on the package.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd aside from supporting sustainable fishing, Nowicki says the only way to truly protect marine life is to reduce our global greenhouse gas emissions. \"Ultimately, if we are going to conserve our ecosystems in the centuries to come, we are going to need to solve climate change while undertaking species conservation at the same time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if shark populations are restored to more abundant numbers, their contribution to carbon sinking and mitigation will be just one small part in the effort to curb climate change. But sharks' abundance has an undeniable ripple effect on the many marine ecosystems that rely on healthy, plentiful seagrass in one way or another. By leveling the ecological playing field, sharks are fortifying these ecosystems against the threat of climate change, so they can live to sink carbon another day.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-10-08T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The far-reaching benefits of tiger sharks for climate","headlineShort":"The unexpected benefits of tiger sharks","image":["p09y09s7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Worldwide, shark populations are on the decline. Boosting their numbers could have a cascade effect to help sink carbon and make the oceans more resilient to climate change.","summaryShort":"Without sharks, ecosystems struggle to bounce back after extreme climate events","tag":["tag\u002Foceans","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-10-07T23:05:33.062499Z","entity":"article","guid":"646af4a0-a22b-4511-b838-766ced03c41d","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans","modifiedDateTime":"2021-10-11T15:42:45.153155Z","project":"future","slug":"20211007-why-sharks-help-fight-climate-change-in-the-oceans","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703088},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety","_id":"61539fc445ceed1870361fb2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Freena-shah"],"bodyIntro":"Thanks to a grassroots scheme, you can now reach a large number of remote tourist spots around the Costa Rican town of Monteverde in an electric vehicle.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn the road to Monteverde, Costa Rica, a mountain town nestled in an otherworldly cloud forest, the restaurant El Sol sits on a cliff's edge, the last stop before a steep, uphill drive of misty vistas and hairpin turns. It looks like a traditional \u003Cem\u003Esoda\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a roadside restaurant serving \u003Cem\u003Ecasados\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (rice next to beans), mashed plantains, and fresh juices. Except it also has a silver cylinder with green lettering in the parking lot, the area's first electric vehicle (EV) charging station.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's like smart phones,\" says Minor Oliverio, El Sol's owner. \"Eventually everyone will have electric chargers and vehicles. But someone has to be first.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe station is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcorclima.org\u002Fruta-electrica-monteverde\u002F#:~:text=La%20Ruta%20El%C3%A9ctrica%20Monteverde%20es,disfrutar%20mientras%20cargan%20su%20veh%C3%ADculo.\"\u003EMonteverde's Ruta Eléctrica,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Latin America's only grassroots charging network created to head off \"range anxiety\" – the worry that a vehicle won't have enough charge to reach its destination – and develop electric-vehicle-friendly communities outside of cities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPre-pandemic, Monteverde received over 200,000 visitors annually; most of them in large SUVs, often clogging its small commercial center with fumes. To compensate, climate activists and business owners decided to create a charging network to promote electric vehicle tourism, installing its first plug points in 2019.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09x5dx9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA lack of infrastructure is one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F334362267_Electric_Vehicles_in_Latin_America_Slowly_but_Surely_Toward_a_Clean_Transport\"\u003Eprimary challenges to electrifying Latin America's transport sector.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Most charging networks in the region are established through state-sponsored systems or large charging companies that are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmovelatam.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F09\u002FReport-of-Electric-Mobility-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean-2019-LQ.pdf\"\u003Egenerally conglomerated in cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In contrast, Ruta Eléctrica is jumpstarting this process in remote towns through deceptively low-tech solutions: reserved parking spots, clear signage, online maps, and accessible, well-maintained plug points.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool\"\u003EThe ancient Persian way to keep cool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes\"\u003EThe new use for old coal mines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210615-the-force-that-could-redraw-the-peninsula-of-india\"\u003EThe force redrawing India's coast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're not waiting for the government to install chargers,\" says Katy Van Dusen, a longtime Monteverde resident and founder of the Monteverde Commission for Resilience to Climate Change (Corclima), a resiliency organisation of which Ruta Eléctrica is one initiative. \"Businesses can offer charging infrastructure anywhere there's electricity. It's a matter of making it available to electric vehicles.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA sustainable solution\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECosta Rica has installed close to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.plugshare.com\u002F\"\u003E200 semi-rapid and rapid charging stations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but the majority of them are in and around San Jose. Another roughly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Fmaps\u002Fd\u002Fu\u002F0\u002Fviewer?mid=1Gk76fC5uhtl7d3NkipLRcerY7E7U0RAG&ll=10.301106636600263%2C-84.80133273629518&z=10&fbclid=IwAR20W5ZmywwuhPmqFNyu4lBDzPaj9-34GbrNMqGyjmhT9qizPh0fJ8UGQk8\"\u003E85 charging points\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, most of them simple 120v plug points, called L1 stations, have grown out of Ruta Eléctrica.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile installing fast charging stations is prohibitively expensive for most rural businesses, Van Dusen and her team engage hotel and restaurant owners, coffee shops, tour operators and nature reserves to offer free charging for clients. While waiting for their vehicles to charge, visitors can eat, sleep, shop or hike. Van Dusen calls this \"charging with a purpose\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09x5fmk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the pandemic upended tourism, businesses saw an opportunity to attract new clients and double down on sustainability through Ruta Eléctrica. At Hotel Belmar, offering free charging has attracted electric vehicle drivers. \"In rural areas like Monteverde, people are actually more environmentally conscious,\" says Richard Garro, the hotel's sustainability manager. \"It's part of why people come here.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConverting all 120v plugs to 240v or L2 stations would cut charging time by more than 50% for most cars and is a major goal for the network. But even the fastest chargers – high voltage L3 stations that only electric utilities have the resources and knowledge to install – can take 30 minutes to an hour to fully charge a vehicle. Community leaders see that time as an opportunity to support local businesses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We want businesses to spend as little as possible [on charging up people's vehicles],\" says Daniel Castillo, a technical advisor for Ruta Eléctrica and founder of Energías Limpias de Costa Rica (Elco) a Costa Rican charging company. Castillo is now focused on selling portable chargers to car dealers to include with electric vehicle sales. \"All a local business has to do is install plug points.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince most of Ruta Eléctrica's network is to support travellers, pushing rental car companies to offer electric vehicles is critical. Only a handful of companies currently include electric cars as part of their fleet. While uncertainty around the resale of used electric vehicles is one barrier, lack of charging infrastructure in tourist destinations outside of cities is another.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMilena Ramirez, the current coordinator of Ruta Eléctrica Monteverde and the town's tourism board director, recently borrowed Van Dusen's electric car to visit all of Monteverde's charging points to ensure functionality. \"It was my first time driving a long distance in an electric vehicle, and I was nervous about range,\" she says. \"You need more communities to build [charging] corridors. It's not about one business offering this service. We all benefit when many businesses are involved.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA pioneering project\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many sectors, Costa Rica is already punching above its weight in the global climate crisis fight. In addition to its ambitious \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Funfccc.int\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fresource\u002FNationalDecarbonizationPlan.pdf\"\u003Edecarbonisation plan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, nearly 100% of its electricity is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fticotimes.net\u002F2020\u002F12\u002F18\u002Fcosta-ricas-electric-grid-powered-by-98-renewable-energy-for-6th-straight-year\"\u003Egenerated from renewable sources,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002F8\u002F3\u002F034017\"\u003Edeforestation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was banned in 1996 and a moratorium on oil and gas production \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Fworld\u002Famericas\u002Fcosta-rica-eyes-permanent-ban-fossil-fuel-exploration-extraction-2021-08-04\u002F\"\u003Ecould become law later this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09x5dnc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWithin this context, Monteverde plays a leading role in sustainability in the country. A blended community of Quakers and Costa Rican farmers, the town established the country's largest private reserve, The Children's Eternal Rainforest, which includes 230 sq km (89 sq miles) of protected land. The forest acts as a critical watershed for surrounding communities, farms and hydroelectric projects that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facmcr.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fabout-us\u002F\"\u003Eproduce over a third of Costa Rica's electricity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Monteverde is a trailblazer. Sustainability tourism models for the country came from the work people were doing there,\" says Monica Araya, an electric mobility advocate and cofounder of Asomove, Latin America's first electric vehicle association. Araya witnessed the idea for Ruta Eléctrica develop during a talk she gave in Monteverde in 2017 about the community's natural role as an electric mobility pioneer. \"I've never seen people get organised so fast. By Monday, Corclima got started on a plan.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the town may be an outlier, Araya says the country's sustainability ethos runs deep. \"Our commitment to the natural world is part of our identity,\" says Araya. \"Instead of bashing ourselves for not being green in certain areas, we need to build on what we've done so far.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the transport sector is still a major sustainability challenge for Costa Rica, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww4.unfccc.int\u002Fsites\u002FSubmissionsStaging\u002FNationalReports\u002FDocuments\u002F7160385_Costa%20Rica-BUR2-1-IBA-2019.pdf\"\u003Eaccounting for over half of the country's carbon emissions.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Like in many countries, cars are aspirational in Costa Rica, a symbol of progress. Car ownership is on the rise, and the traffic-logged central valley has the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.larepublica.net\u002Fnoticia\u002Fcosta-rica-es-el-tercer-pais-con-mayor-densidad-vehicular-de-latinoamerica\"\u003Ethird highest vehicle density\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Latin America, filled with used cars that left the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.export.gov\u002Fapex\u002Farticle2?id=Costa-Rica-Automotive-Parts-Accessories-and-Service-Equipment\"\u003Eassembly line an average of 16 years ago\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInvestment in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-costa-rica-the-worlds-most-sustainable-country\"\u003Epublic transportation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is a cornerstone of the country's infrastructure plan, with a focus on an electric train network and high-speed buses. But First Lady Claudia Dobles says that a cultural shift will not happen through policy alone. She's eager to see initiatives like Ruta Eléctrica grow, saying they pave the way for change. \"Our work around sustainability comes from the community and rises up. Without citizen participation, there is no decarbonisation plan.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA growing network\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECorclima is now scaling the model into a national network, Rutas Electricas Costa Rica. It has already expanded to La Fortuna, an ecotourism hub to the north, and will launch in Nosara, a beach community on the Pacific. By the end of 2022, it hopes to reach 14 towns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA major impact of the effort has been educational. \"The barrier to electric mobility in this country isn't just the cost,\" says Maria Jose Ventura, an electric mobility technical consultant. While the initial cash outlay is high, electric vehicles achieve price parity with combustible engine cars within 5-6 years and are cheaper over a 10-year period due to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwheelscr.com\u002Felectric-vehicles-in-costa-rica\u002Felectric-transportation-promotion-and-development-law-9518\u002F\"\u003Egovernment incentives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, fewer maintenance requirements and the low price of electricity relative to gas. \"The bigger barrier, I think, is education,\" says Ventura. \"That's where programs like Ruta Eléctrica are critical.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09x5fv3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a small town outside of Tamarindo, Douglas Anderson recently decided to join the network. As an electrician, he had been trying to convince local businesses to offer charging options. \"When people see there are other communities behind this, they realise it's not just me with futuristic ideas.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInformation sharing is a key benefit of Rutas Eléctricas. What's been learned in Monteverde – the importance of installing 240 plug points, what kinds of adaptors are best, how to keep bugs out of plugs – is being shared with other communities. Corclima is developing a comprehensive member handbook as well as a registry for businesses to track usage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Most business owners came on board as an opportunity to attract new customers,\" says Luis Perez, the first Ruta Eléctrica coordinator in Monteverde who now works with an adventure tourism company. \"They aren't necessarily interested in networking and connecting. But the other 20% have become advocates and they are spreading the idea.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Fortuna, businesses are showing renewed interest in joining the network as tourism returns. \"What's really changing is that everyone, from the security guard to the receptionist, now knows about electric vehicles. They see the signs and chargers, and they're starting to see EV cars,\" says Adriana Comacho, the Ruta Eléctrica Fortuna coordinator and an environmental manager at Tabacón, a hot springs spa and hotel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile electric vehicles are a small fraction of the 1.4 million cars on Costa Rican roads, numbers are\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.trade.gov\u002Fmarket-intelligence\u002Fcosta-rica-electric-vehicles\"\u003E projected to increase exponentially by 2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This may lead to challenges ahead, such as how businesses can recoup the cost of electricity. Since electricity is nationalised, only government utilities are authorised to sell it. Corclima has designed a tool that calculates how much specific cars cost to charge hoping it will help small businesses track electricity expenditures as electric vehicles scale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut for now, most business owners aren't worried about electricity costs. Johnny Calderon, the owner of Flow Trips, a tour company in La Fortuna, had his first visit from an electric vehicle user this month. He and his wife began clapping and taking photos. Though the driver didn't buy a tour, Calderon's whole family gathered around the car to watch it charge. \"I don't care if it takes time to get EV clients. I want to be part of the change. Maybe some day it will have an economic benefit but that's not why I'm doing it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo report this story BBC Future travelled 60 miles (97km) by electric vehicle, for which we have no precise CO2 emission estimates. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-29T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Costa Rica's answer to range anxiety","headlineShort":"Costa Rica's answer to 'range anxiety'","image":["p09x5c8z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Thanks to a grassroots scheme, you can now reach a large number of remote tourist spots around the Costa Rican town of Monteverde in an electric vehicle.","summaryShort":"A community in rural Costa Rica has taken clean transport into their own hands","tag":["tag\u002Ftransport","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-28T23:05:33.058856Z","entity":"article","guid":"18c7df86-88df-477c-8cb8-0fdbbdf82718","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-29T00:10:33.18108Z","project":"future","slug":"20210928-costa-ricas-answer-to-range-anxiety","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703088},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration","_id":"615361af45ceed148176f4ad","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkira-walker"],"bodyIntro":"A resurgence in pastoralism, one of the world's more sustainable food systems, could help Spain adapt to climate change and revitalise depopulated rural areas.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs late May approached, the animals were growing restless. In little more than a day, the heat from the southerly desert winds had turned the grass dry, leaving Jesús Garzón's herd of 1,100 sheep and goats little to eat. Garzón knew – and the animals, nervous and bleating, knew as well – it was time to head north, where cool weather and fresh pastures awaited them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAhead lay an over 400km (250-mile) journey by foot across the Iberian Peninsula through heat, cold, wind and rain. Out of the winter lowlands west of Madrid, past crops of barley and wheat, through holm oak meadows speckled with juniper and rosemary, to forests of scots pines, where imperial eagles nest and black vultures breed. Continuing north through villages and cities into the territory of roe deer, wild boar and wolves, ascending plateaus and descending river valleys until, a month later, they would arrive at their summer destination: the mountain pastures in the Picos de Europa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvery spring and autumn, Garzón and his herd make this seasonal migration, called transhumance – from the Latin \u003Cem\u003Etrans \u003C\u002Fem\u003Efor \"across\" and \u003Cem\u003Ehumus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E for \"earth\" – a form of pastoralism where animals typically move to and from summer highlands and winter lowlands to take advantage of seasonal peaks in pastures and avoid extreme temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter being abandoned for half a century, the recovery of transhumance in Spain demonstrates how pastoralism, a livelihood suited to coping with uncertainty and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsustainabledevelopment.un.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fdocuments\u002F3777unep.pdf\"\u003Esustainable food system\u003C\u002Fa\u003Es, can help preserve biodiversity, while breathing life into depopulated rural areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPracticed by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwedocs.unep.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.11822\u002F13723\u002Fsustainable_pastoralism_and_post_2015_2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y\"\u003E200 to 500 million people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across the world's rangelands – grasslands, savannahs, mountain pastures, tundra and steppe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fpress-release\u002Fnew-atlas-reveals-rangelands-cover-half-worlds-land-surface-yet\"\u003Ecovering half the earth's land surface\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – pastoralism is significant socially, environmentally and economically. Yet \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucn.org\u002Ftheme\u002Fecosystem-management\u002Four-work\u002Fglobal-drylands-initiative\u002Fiucns-work-drylands\u002Fworld-initiative-sustainable-pastoralism-wisp\u002Fwhy-global-initiative-pastoralism\"\u003Emisconceptions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an underappreciation of its benefits means it has been largely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearchportal.helsinki.fi\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Ftoward-a-holistic-understanding-of-pastoralism\"\u003Eoverlooked\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in international sustainability discussions and agendas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a herder who has also been at the forefront of efforts to revive this ancient practice and raise awareness of its importance, Garzón understands its potential, and its challenges, well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wrc7c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter thriving for hundreds of years, in the 20th Century modernity caught up with transhumance in Spain. Rail and eventually truck transport took its place, while many herders \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffigshare.com\u002Farticles\u002Fjournal_contribution\u002FPast_present_and_future_of_Trashumancia_in_Spain_nomadism_in_a_developed_country\u002F12253130\"\u003Eintensified production and settled\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Long-distance transhumance up to 700km (435 miles) ceased to exist and the network of drove roads fell into disuse. For decades, only short journeys – transterminance – continued.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe end of transhumance in Spain had \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedconsortium.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F01\u002F10000Years_MediterraneanConsortiumForNatureAndCulture.pdf\"\u003Esevere ecological impacts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Abandoned mountain pastures experienced biodiversity loss and heightened wildfire risk; lowlands suffered overgrazing and trees stopped regenerating. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedconsortium.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F01\u002F10000Years_MediterraneanConsortiumForNatureAndCulture.pdf\"\u003Elack of new trees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that brought Garzón, who previously worked in conservation, to transhumance. It was a turning point for him. At the time, he recalls, re-establishing transhumance was considered \"totally impossible\", but he persevered and in 1993 assisted Spain's first transhumance in more than half a century. Shortly after, Garzón founded the Association for Transhumance and Nature (TyN), which supports transhumant herders who face legal or logistical obstacles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom the start, Garzón's objective was to recover Spain's drove roads, etched over centuries into the land, measuring 125,000km (78,000 miles) in length. Although pastoralism is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fpt-br\u002Fnode\u002F284\"\u003Epractised in 75% of countries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Spain is the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedconsortium.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F01\u002F10000Years_MediterraneanConsortiumForNatureAndCulture.pdf\"\u003Eonly country\u003C\u002Fa\u003E worldwide with a network of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrashumanciaynaturaleza.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F04\u002Flegislacion-ingles-Ley-31995-de-23-de-marzo-de-VIAS-PECUARIAS-trashumancia-y-naturaleza.pdf.pdf\"\u003Elegally protected\u003C\u002Fa\u003E drove roads for the movement of herds. But Garzón's vision for transhumance extends well beyond the country's borders. \"We're trying to transfer the Spanish example of a network of livestock trails, that herders can use freely, to the rest of the world,\" says Garzón.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wrcks"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELeaving the lowland pastures west of Madrid behind, the high-rises of the city came into sight. But the state of the drove road Garzón travelled by deteriorated as it approached the city. In the years since herds had used it, cars and motorcycles had degraded the grassland and eroded the soil. With little pasture and water for the animals, it was not a place Garzón would normally linger in. The herd was here, however, with a specific mission: to help restore drove roads in the vicinity of Spain's capital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile camping equipment, portable electric fences to corral animals overnight and vehicles to ferry supplies have made transhumance somewhat more comfortable, the journey remains difficult. Highways, crops and private land frequently encroach the roads. Finding places to overnight is tricky, and what shelters exist are often in disrepair, lacking water and sanitation facilities. Water sources for animals are few and far between, or broken; and herding hundreds or thousands of animals across highways requires coordination from authorities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe poor state of the drove roads is a major obstacle challenging the viability of transhumance and preventing further revival. \"If you don't have a way to get from point A to point B, no matter how much you want to do it, you're not going to be able to do it,\" says Maria Fernandez-Gimenez, professor of rangeland ecology and management at Colorado State University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERecognising this, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lifecanadas.es\u002Fen\u002Facerca-de\u002F\"\u003ELife Cañadas project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was launched to recover the ecological role of drove roads in Madrid and the region of Castile-La Mancha, improve connectivity between landscapes and help herders with problems they face. With the collaboration of herders like Garzón, herds are being reintroduced to facilitate restoration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDrove roads function as ecological corridors and provide a refuge for plants and animals, says Francisco Azcárate, project coordinator and professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid. As herds migrate, mimicking the role of natural grazers, they disperse seeds, connecting habitats and preserving biodiversity. In Spain, each sheep \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrashumanciaynaturaleza.org\u002Fes\u002Ftrashumancia-y-naturaleza\"\u003Etransports 5,000 seeds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and fertilises the land with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrashumanciaynaturaleza.org\u002Fes\u002Ftrashumancia-y-naturaleza\"\u003E3kg of manure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E daily. \"In Europe, nature needs herbivores that don't exist nowadays [and] a way of grazing the landscape that is very similar to what transhumance does,\" Azcárate says. \"You need to work with livestock, move the animals and plan on a seasonal basis the management of territory.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe project will also repair water points and shelters. \"We have hope that if we can solve some of these main problems, people will continue to do the transhumance, or other[s] can join in the future,\" says Azcárate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo monitor changes, the team will measure soil properties, conduct biodiversity surveys of flora and fauna and sample grassland communities in experimental and control plots. To Azcárate's knowledge, this is the first project in Spain to attempt to physically restore drove roads.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wrd1q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThrough grazing, pastoralism provides further benefits to the ecosystem. So long as a threshold of overgrazing is not crossed – which seasonal migration helps avoid – grazing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.6084\u002Fm9.figshare.12253130\"\u003Estimulates plant growth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F232716140_Ecosystem_services_and_social-ecological_resilience_in_transhumance_cultural_landscapes_Learning_from_the_past_looking_for_a_future\"\u003Eincreases productivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwedocs.unep.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.11822\u002F9289\u002F-Pastoralism_and_the_Green_Economy_–_a_natural_nexus-2015Final_English_version_-_Study_.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y\"\u003Ereduces soil erosion and facilitates water retention\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGrazing also helps reduce wildfire risk and lessen the intensity of fires that do break out, says Elisa Oteros-Rozas, a researcher at the Open University of Catalonia. \"When pastoralism disappears, biomass accumulates,\" she says. \"And that makes ecosystems more vulnerable to large-scale wildfires.\" In areas prone to wildfires, like the Mediterranean, grazing could be a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frangelands.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2014\u002F03\u002Fchapter_12_targeted_grazing.pdf\"\u003Ecost-effective prevention method\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – especially as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210513-the-most-intense-firestorms-in-the-world\"\u003Emore and bigger wildfires are predicted due to climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore recently, grazing is being touted as a solution to climate change. However, the extent to which grazing contributes to climate mitigation is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tabledebates.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2020-10\u002Ffcrn_gnc_report.pdf\"\u003Ethe subject of much debate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some researchers argue grazing has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Ffileadmin\u002Fuser_upload\u002Frome2007\u002Fdocs\u002FDrylands_pastoral_systems_and_climate%20change.pdf\"\u003Esignificant potential to increase long-term carbon storage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Estimates of how much sequestration is possible vary widely. One study by the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation suggests improved grazing management of the world's grasslands could sequester \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fi3437e\u002Fi3437e.pdf\"\u003E409 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – equating to 1.1% of annual anthropogenic carbon emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther research argues ambitious climate mitigation claims about grazing are wrong. A 2017 report by the Food Climate Research Network writes that while better grazing management is worthwhile for reasons like soil health, biodiversity and erosion control, overall, it is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tabledebates.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2020-10\u002Ffcrn_gnc_report.pdf\"\u003Enot a significant solution for climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The report suggests grazing management offsets between 20-60% of annual average emissions from the grazing sector, which accounts for only a small fraction of all livestock, making an insignificant dent on total livestock emissions. The same report also suggests that the carbon benefits of grazing management will diminish over time, as the soil becomes less efficient at sequestering carbon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike industrial farming, which relies on fossil fuels, chemical inputs and fodder, pastoralism only relies on seasonally available pastures. \"Grazing animals make use of the resources that are not good for cropping and for agriculture, and turn them into food we as humans can digest and can eat,\" says Oteros-Rozas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPasture-fed animal products have \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedconsortium.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F12\u002FMobilePastoralismMotherDocument_December2017_ForWeb.pdf#page=26\"\u003Ebetter nutritional profiles, too\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Feeding on natural biodiverse pastures produces meat, milk and cheeses that contain \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffsufs.2020.555426\u002Ffull\"\u003Emore nutrients\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmedconsortium.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F12\u002FMobilePastoralismMotherDocument_December2017_ForWeb.pdf#page=26\"\u003Ehealthy fats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The combination of minimal external inputs and high-quality food make pastoralism one of the most sustainable food production systems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile many benefits of pastoralism are enjoyed by wider society, it has particular potential to bring vitality to rural areas that have long suffered from neglect. \"Pastoralism helps to create employment in rural areas and fights against rural depopulation, and maintains culture and a valuable gastronomy,\" says Celsa Peiteado Morales, agricultural policy and rural development coordinator at WWF Spain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wrcx3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA lack of official data makes it difficult to know the state of transhumance in Spain. By the end of the 20th Century, the number of transhumant sheep was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F17028429\u002FEnvisioning_the_future_of_transhumant_pastoralism_through_participatory_scenario_planning_a_case_study_in_Spain\"\u003Eestimated at 1.3 million\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The last survey, from 2011, recorded \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F17028429\u002FEnvisioning_the_future_of_transhumant_pastoralism_through_participatory_scenario_planning_a_case_study_in_Spain\"\u003E270,000 transhumant sheep\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, only 10% of which moved between pastures by foot. Garzón estimates there are currently 600,000 transhumant livestock – sheep, cows and some goats – and 6,000 transhumant families, 20% of whom move by foot.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Garzón, transhumance is undoubtedly gaining momentum as climate change creates more challenging conditions – droughts, rising fodder prices – for sedentary livestock in southern Spain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch suggests a revival has occurred in some corners of Spain. In the Aragonese Pyrenees, for example, Fernandez-Gimenez found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyolda.org.tr\u002Fcontent\u002FReport_Co-creating-Knowledge-for-Action-with-Transhumant-Herders-in-Spain.pdf\"\u003Eseveral families have resumed transhumance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the past decade after abandoning it due to difficult living and working conditions. For herders, the increased availability of low-cost winter grazing lands made transhumance \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpastoralismjournal.springeropen.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13570-020-00163-4\"\u003Emore profitable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than sedentary livestock, but access to inexpensive, high-quality summer pastures, as well as technology, which helps families cope with time apart, were crucial, too. \"There are many ecological, animal health and lifestyle benefits to being a transhumant. But bottom line, it's more profitable and that's why people are going back,\" says Fernandez-Gimenez. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople without experience in transhumance who are looking for a new way of life are also helping revive it. Since the 2000s, shepherd schools have popped up across Spain, teaching new generations the ins and outs of herding and helping to reverse low rates of younger generations taking up transhumance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09wrd55"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EElsewhere in Spain, restoring drove roads could help more herders resume transhumance by foot – particularly in Castile and León, a major transhumance waypoint and destination. According to Garzón, the region has not complied with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrashumanciaynaturaleza.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F04\u002Flegislacion-ingles-Ley-31995-de-23-de-marzo-de-VIAS-PECUARIAS-trashumancia-y-naturaleza.pdf.pdf\"\u003E1995 Livestock Trail Act\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that protects, preserves and promotes the drove roads. Because of their condition, herders are hesitant to use them. \"I'm concerned that…in almost 30 years of the law, practically nothing has been done – no signaling, no demarcation, no improvement of the livestock trails,\" he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDifferentiating extensive grazing – when livestock are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fipbes.net\u002Fglossary\u002Fextensive-grazing\"\u003Eraised on natural pastures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – from industrial farming is also key, says Peiteado. Without this distinction, \"policies cannot be properly oriented in support of pastoralism,\" she says. \"This characterisation and differentiation…is the first step that has to be taken to guarantee the future of pastoralism in Spain.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn one hand, says Peiteado, this would allow tools such as public funds from the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy to ensure the socioeconomic viability of extensive grazing. On the other hand, differentiation would allow consumers to support pastoralism. \"The problem we have in Spain…is that when we go to buy a product in the market, as consumers we can't differentiate,\" says Peiteado. \"There should be clear labeling that allows us to see what comes from extensive livestock farming and what comes from industrial livestock farming, so that knowing the impacts of one model and the benefits of the other, we can choose.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOteros-Rozas agrees that acknowledging the true value of the product is critical. \"Shepherds say they want the product to be valued, and priced according to the value…the main point is to stop subsidising industrial farming and imports of meat and dairy products from other countries…that compete in an unfair way with our local pastoral systems,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdvocates of pastoralism are hopeful it will continue carving out a place for itself in a world that has changed profoundly since the first transhumant herders began their journey.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Pastoralism is this way of life attuned to making efficient use of the available resources and adapting to what's there in a way that doesn't harm the system and often enhances it,\" says Fernandez-Gimenez. \"Rather than trying to get rid of it, we need to learn from it, because those lessons are going to be ever more important under a changing climate and changing environment.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the mountain pastures of the Picos de Europa, Garzón and the herd pass the summer in ease, waking to crisp mornings and occasional showers while the rest of the country swelters through record-breaking heat. There they will remain until the first snowfall, signalling the time to retrace their steps south has arrived.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The planet is facing a situation of real social and economic catastrophe,\" says Garzón. \"But pastoralism is going to survive.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-24T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The revival of a historic journey across Spain","headlineShort":"The ancient tradition reviving in Spain","image":["p09wrdx6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A resurgence in pastoralism, one of the world's more sustainable food systems, could help Spain adapt to climate change and revitalise depopulated rural areas.","summaryShort":"Spain's herders are returning to an old pilgrammage from lowlands to mountains","tag":["tag\u002Fsustainability","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-23T23:05:54.470592Z","entity":"article","guid":"89a3a086-25b8-4fff-85ab-38f8a29df47e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-24T14:03:52.771152Z","project":"future","slug":"20210923-the-revival-of-spains-epic-pastoral-migration","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703089},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change","_id":"615360fc45ceed40ca1646c4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fula-chrobak"],"bodyIntro":"Sea otters were hunted to the brink in the 19th Century fur trade, but their numbers have been slowly recovering since. The return of these playful creatures doesn't just transform their ecosystems, it can turn them into a powerful carbon sink.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESea otters are creatures steeped in superlatives. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EEnhydra lutris \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eis the furriest animal on Earth, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.4098%2Fj.at.0001-7051.014.2009\"\u003Eup to 140,000 hairs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on every square centimeter of its body – meaning its hairs are 700 times as dense as those on a human head. Unlike many other marine mammals, they lack blubber, so they keep themselves warm by eating a quarter of their body weight in food a day. Sea otters also play a singular role in supporting kelp forests ecosystems in the North Pacific.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFew other animals eat as much relative to their weight or play such a pivotal role in maintaining their environment, says Brent Hughes, a marine ecologist studying coastal habitats at Sonoma State University in California.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, scientists are studying how these marine \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.britannica.com\u002Ftopic\u002Flist-of-mustelids-2058294\"\u003Emustelids\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may also be climate superheroes. Sea otters help ecosystems capture carbon from the atmosphere and store it as biomass and deep-sea detritus, preventing it from being converted back to carbon dioxide and contributing to climate change. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESea otters were once widespread across coastal waters in the Northern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California to Alaska, all the way to rocky reefs in Russia and Japan. However, in the 1700s and 1800s, fur traders hunted their population down to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpeerj.com\u002Farticles\u002F8100\u002F\"\u003Eabout 2,000 animals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Since then, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200818-the-canadian-sea-otter-rescue-plan-that-worked-too-well\"\u003Econservation efforts have allowed the otters to rebound\u003C\u002Fa\u003E somewhat, but some 2,500 miles (4,000km) of coastline in their historic range is still devoid of the furry mammals. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis loss of otters demonstrated their indispensable role in kelp forests. While diving in Alaska's Aleutian Islands in the 1970s, James Estes, a marine ecologist with the University of California, Santa Cruz, documented that kelp forests without sea otters essentially become underwater deserts. In contrast, in areas with otters, the kelp flourished – along with the diverse aquatic community that feeds and shelters among the seaweed. \"Just in my own soul, it was an important thing,\" he says of his early observations of that stark difference. \"I felt like I had learned something that was fairly remarkable.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"These perpetually hungry mammals don't only protect kelp ecosystems. Sea otters can also benefit seagrass","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe key to that difference has to do with sea otters' voracious appetites. In order to maintain their high metabolic rates, the mammals must eat constantly. Among their favorite foods are sea urchins, which are easy to catch and dense in calories. When present, sea otters eat so many urchins that the invertebrate's population stays low. \"They have a disproportionately large impact on the ecosystem relative to their abundance,\" says Heidi Pearson, a marine biologist at the University of Alaska Southeast. This is what makes them a \"keystone\" species – without their presence, the stability of the entire ecosystem can be lost.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09vy8q6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen sea otters are lost from an ecosystem, sea urchin numbers spike. The herbivorous urchins then basically clear cut the kelp, chewing through the holdfasts at their base and sending the rest of the giant algae to wash away. Along with it goes the habitat for numerous species, including fish, invertebrates and other mammals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESea urchins even stick around after slashing through kelp beds. They enter a dormant state, biding their time under new kelp sprouts, and then revving back into action to eat the young seaweed. These invertebrates have become known as \"zombie urchins\" for this ability. If sea otters return, however, their feasting can put the herbivores in check and allow the kelp to flourish once again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Even before the sea otter effect was studied, kelp has been thought of as a possible climate solution. That's because it can grow really fast – up to 60cm (24 inches) a day","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut these perpetually hungry mammals don't only protect kelp ecosystems. Sea otters can also benefit seagrass. In these zones, otters mostly feed on crabs. When the mustelids bring down the numbers of crabs, grazing organisms that the crabs eat rebound. These slugs and snails often don't eat the seagrass; instead they scrape away the algae that grows on the grass, which allows the seagrass to absorb more sunlight and grow more efficiently. \"They miraculously don't eat the seagrass,\" says Hughes. \"They have this little radula that gently scrapes [the seagrass] and takes off all the epiphytes growing on it. And so it essentially protects the seagrass.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn California's Elkhorn Slough estuary, eelgrass had nearly disappeared by the early 1980s due to declining water quality – nutrient pollution from farms increased algal growth, smothering the seagrass. But since the return of the otters, the eelgrass has expanded by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpeerj.com\u002Farticles\u002F8100\u002F\"\u003Emore than sixfold\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd in both these ecosystems, otters might have the added benefit of storing carbon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2012, a team of ecologists including Estes published a study on the potential for sea otter carbon sequestration in the North Pacific between the Aleutian archipelago and Vancouver Island. Using data on the rate of kelp growth and its density at sites with and without otters, they found that the presence of sea otters across rocky reef habitat in the study area, covering 51,551 square kilometers (19,900 square miles – an area about the same size as Costa Rica), is capable of storing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1890\u002F110176\"\u003E4.4 to 8.7 million tonnes of carbon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to if an otter-free condition. That's more carbon than that emitted from a million passenger cars for a year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09vy90p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven before the sea otter effect was studied, kelp has been thought of as a possible climate solution. That's because it can grow really fast – up to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fglba\u002Flearn\u002Fnature\u002Fkelp-forest.htm\"\u003E60cm (24 inches) \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ea day. That means it's pulling carbon from the atmosphere faster than a slower growing plant (though kelp is technically an alga). When kelp dies and washes ashore, carbon returns to the atmosphere during decomposition. But when dead kelp sinks to the sea floor, it might not surface (and therefore decompose and produce carbon dioxide) for thousands of years. \"A kelp frond that drifts to the seafloor and decomposes, that carbon might be trapped in the sediments for millennia, even millions of years,\" says Pearson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECarbon that is thus sequestered – prevented from entering the atmosphere for 100 or more years – can be key to addressing the climate crisis. But how much carbon from kelp is sequestered is still unknown. Part of the trouble is the gas-filled sacks along their stalks. When kelp dies, it tends to stay buoyant until those little floats break down. \"When those kelps get dislodged they can travel and circulate on the surface for a 1,000km [620 miles],\" says Hughes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to kelp forests, otters' effect on seagrasses may also benefit the climate. Like kelp, seagrass absorbs carbon as it grows, and stores much of that carbon in its roots. And when older roots die, the carbon becomes locked in the sediments, where it can take hundreds of years or more to convert back to its gaseous form. \"When I think about marine plants that can sequester carbon really well, it's typically the rooted ones,\" says Hughes. \"So I'm talking sea grasses, marshes and mangroves – those are going to be the big three carbon sequestration habitats, in my opinion.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven at a lower estimate, sea otter carbon sequestration can add up. If only 1% of kelp between the Aleutians and Vancouver Island is stowed away in the deep sea, that's still enough to offset the emissions of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclimate.gov\u002Fnews-features\u002Ffeatured-images\u002Fcaring-sea-otters-offers-climate-bonus\"\u003E100,000 combustion-powered automobiles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And if otters continue to rebound across their historic range, that would increase this carbon store – and all the ecosystem benefits of otters. \"When we help restore missing keystone predators, we make things right in a lot of ways before we even recognise what some of those ways are,\" Lilian Carswell, the southern sea otter recovery coordinator for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, wrote in an email to the BBC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut reintroducing otters is not a win for everyone. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200818-the-canadian-sea-otter-rescue-plan-that-worked-too-well\"\u003ETheir massive appetites can diminish fishing opportunities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for commercial operations and subsistence-based Indigenous communities. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EQuantifying the effect of otters might help ease some of the impacts to fisheries. Based on the December 2012 price on the European Carbon Exchange ($47 [£36] per tonne of carbon), Estes' paper that year estimated that sea otter presence in their North Pacific study area was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1890\u002F110176\"\u003Eworth up to $408m (£296m)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E. Carbon prices have climbed since then, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2021-09-06\u002Fgerman-power-prices-rise-to-record-on-soaring-fuel-costs\"\u003Erecently exceeding €60 (£51\u002F$71) a tonne\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which would bring that estimate even higher in today's market\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. And a 2020 study found that the monetary benefit of sea otters – due their restoration of kelp habitat and associated increase in fish stocks, carbon sequestration, and ecotourism value – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F368\u002F6496\u002F1243\"\u003Eoutweighs the losses to shellfish fisheries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps win-win strategies for bringing back this keystone species exist. One idea researchers have floated is to use money from otter-generated carbon offsets to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1890\u002F110176\"\u003Ecompensate fishers for losses in their catch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If the value of otter carbon banking is recognised by our human banks, maybe the mustelids will soon swim across more reefs and estuaries – fighting climate change while they're at it. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E -- \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis story was produced with additional reporting by Katarina Zimmer.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E and \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-15T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How sea otters can fight climate change","headlineShort":"How sea otters can fight climate change","image":["p09vy83m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Recovering populations of sea otters don't just transform their ecosystems, they can turn them into a powerful carbon sink.","summaryShort":"These playful creatures manipulate their ecosystems to draw down carbon","tag":["tag\u002Fanimal","tag\u002Fclimate","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-14T23:05:11.299019Z","entity":"article","guid":"561ee5a3-a11f-477f-96fb-94a6e966b099","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-20T13:31:22.574101Z","project":"future","slug":"20210914-how-sea-otters-help-fight-climate-change","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703089},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees","_id":"6153611e45ceed40ca1646f1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatherine-latham"],"bodyIntro":"Inside some of our most magnificent trees, miniature worlds are at risk of extinction. The race is on to accelerate trees' ageing process, so these intricate communities aren't lost forever.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt around 1,100 years old, and almost 11m (36ft) in girth, the Big Belly Oak is the oldest tree in Savernake Forest in south-west England. A tiny sapling at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, Big Belly Oak has lived through the War of the Roses, the Black Death, the English Civil War, the Industrial Revolution and two world wars. Now gnarled and knobbly, Big Belly Oak’s trunk is strapped up with a metal girdle to keep it from falling apart.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile an ancient tree like this is impressive at a distance, take a look inside and you will see something even more intriguing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOak polypore fungi and stag beetle larvae feast on the dead heartwood, adult stag beetles sup the sugary liquid from the \"sap runs\", the living layers of wood which transport water and minerals throughout the tree. Hover flies lay eggs in water-filled rot holes, rat-tailed maggots devour leaf litter and violet click beetles eat up wood mould that is rich with faeces and other remains, accumulating over a century. Knothole moss and pox lichen cling to the bark in rainwater channels. Barbastelle bats hibernate in crevices and under loose bark. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancienttreeforum.org.uk\u002Fancient-trees\u002Fancient-tree-ecology-wildlife\u002Fbirds\u002F\"\u003EWoodpeckers and nuthatch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E enlarge holes for nesting, while owls, kestrels, marsh tit and tree-creeper move in to ready-made cavities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThese rich pockets of life are a secret world, a diverse habitat teeming with insects, fungi, lichen, birds and bats. The ancients of our forests provide essential food and shelter for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancienttreeforum.org.uk\u002Fancient-trees\u002Fancient-tree-ecology-wildlife\u002Finvertebrates\u002F\"\u003Emore than 2,000 of the UK's invertebrates species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancienttreeforum.org.uk\u002Fancient-trees\u002Fancient-tree-ecology-wildlife\u002F\"\u003EIn Savernake Forest alone, these trees are home to\u003C\u002Fa\u003E nearly 120 species of lichen, more than 500 species of fungi, and other important wildlife such as the elusive \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbutterfly-conservation.org\u002Fbutterflies\u002Fwhite-letter-hairstreak\"\u003Ewhite-letter hairstreak\u003C\u002Fa\u003E butterflies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWe face losing these micro-worlds as, one by one, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10531-020-02033-2\"\u003Ethe ancient trees of today are dying and there are not enough ready to replace them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe ancients of Savernake Forest are something of an anomaly in the wider landscape. A thousand years ago, Savernake was wood-pasture grazed with livestock. Then from the 12th Century it was a royal hunting forest with woodland, coppice, common land and small farms. In the 20th Century, that picture changed dramatically. Worldwide \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F368\u002F6494\u002Feaaz9463\"\u003Eover a third of primary forests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – ones that have been undisturbed by humans for over 140 years – were cut down between 1900 and 2015. The loss is attributed to land-use change like the creation of farms or housing developments, and tree harvesting for wood. In Britain, although the canopy cover grew throughout the 20th Century, most of this new growth was down to planting new saplings – the country has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk\u002Ffeatures\u002Fancient-woodland\"\u003Elost almost half\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of its ancient woodland since the 1930s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09vcrqt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe way we manage forests has changed, explains Paul Rutter, woodland advisor for Plantlife and project officer at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnaturebftb.co.uk\u002Fthe-projects\u002Fancients-of-the-future\u002F\"\u003EAncients of the Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a collaboration between conservation charities \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.buglife.org.uk\"\u003EBuglife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.plantlife.org.uk\u002Fuk\"\u003EPlantlife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bats.org.uk\"\u003EBat Conservation Trust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The intensification of agriculture has meant the removal of many hedgerows and trees that grow within them, as fields have been made larger. Traditional forest management practices have largely been replaced by plantation forestry and whole-tree extraction. Ancient trees are becoming smothered by overcrowded canopies, saplings, shrubs and brambles. Many have been felled for timber or urban development. Add to that an increase in tree diseases and the challenges of climate change. The result is that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Fprotecting-trees-and-woods\u002Fthreats-to-woods-and-trees\u002F\"\u003Efewer trees are surviving – or being allowed to grow – into their old age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhich means that the race to old age is on. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnaturebftb.co.uk\u002Fthe-projects\u002Fancients-of-the-future\u002F\"\u003EAncients of the Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has an unusual aim: to speed up the ageing process for some trees to ensure these habitats don't disappear for good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETree time\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"In the tree world everything happens slowly,\" says Rutter. \"We call it tree time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10531-020-02033-2\"\u003ETrees reach their ancient (or senescent) phase of life at different ages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For beech this is from 225 years old, oaks from 400 years and yew 900 years. During this phase the trunk hollows, holes and cavities appear and deadwood reaches above the living canopy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt can take up to 300 years before heart-rot, the decay at the centre of an ageing tree, is established enough that insects can start moving in and laying their larvae, says Rutter. \"It becomes a complex ecosystem. The ancient trees that we have today, ones that are 300-900 years old – perhaps older – support an incredibly wide range of species.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09vcrg3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ETake oaks, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fati.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Fwhat-we-record-and-why\u002Fwhat-we-record\u002Foldest-trees-in-uk\"\u003Ecan live for more than 1,000 years and grow to more than 10m (32ft) in girth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forestresearch.gov.uk\u002Fresearch\u002Fecological-implications-of-oak-decline-in-great-britain\u002F\"\u003Erecent study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that oaks native to Great Britain support 2,300 other species, of which 326 are completely dependent on them. The flower and leaf buds are eaten by caterpillars of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Ftrees-woods-and-wildlife\u002Fanimals\u002Fbutterflies\u002Fpurple-hairstreak\u002F\"\u003Epurple hairstreak butterflies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and holes provide nesting spots for the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Ftrees-woods-and-wildlife\u002Fanimals\u002Fbirds\u002Fpied-flycatcher\u002F\"\u003Epied flycatcher\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Ftrees-woods-and-wildlife\u002Fanimals\u002Fbirds\u002Fredstart\u002F\"\u003Eredstart\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wildlifetrusts.org\u002Fwildlife-explorer\u002Fbirds\u002Ftits-crests-and-warblers\u002Fmarsh-tit\"\u003Emarsh tit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn autumn, mammals like squirrels, badgers and deer feed on the acorns. The leaves fall to the ground and form a rich leaf mould where invertebrates including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Ftrees-woods-and-wildlife\u002Fanimals\u002Fbeetles\u002Fstag-beetle\u002F\"\u003Estag beetles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and fungi such as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Ftrees-woods-and-wildlife\u002Ffungi-and-lichens\u002Foakbug-milkcap\u002F\"\u003Eoakbug milkcap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E thrive. The resident insects, in turn, are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Ftrees-woods-and-wildlife\u002Fbritish-trees\u002Fa-z-of-british-trees\u002Fenglish-oak\u002F\"\u003Ea vital food source for many birds and bats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAlice Parfitt, conservation officer at Buglife and Ancients of the Future project officer, says: \"Invertebrates that rely on these habitats provide all sorts of services such as pollination or processing the decay of materials. The really rare invertebrates that we’re looking at in this project – we don’t know what they do. We don’t know enough about them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EStephanie Skipp, a PhD student at University of East London, is investigating beetles that live in decaying wood. \"Beetles perform an overwhelming number of services throughout different ecosystems,\" she says, \"and the presence of deadwood beetles is vital for maintaining woodland health.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMany deadwood beetle species recycle the nutrients of woodlands. Working alongside fungi, bacteria and other invertebrates, they break down dead wood and return the nutrients back to the soil. Some deadwood beetles are predators or parasitoids (insects whose larvae live as parasites) to other insect species and restrict population growth of potential pests. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancienttreeforum.org.uk\u002Fread-steven-falks-report-for-the-woodland-trust\u002F\"\u003EOthers have recently been found to be pollinators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09vcs2j"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"With current trends towards general invertebrate decline, we need to support as many pollinators as possible,\" says Skipp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFast forward\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"For centuries, trees have been pollarded – cut and allowed to regrow. This encourages new growth and was used to produce fodder for livestock and timber,\" says Rutter. \"The trees grew hollow inside and we’ve now found that they are rich habitats for some very demanding species of beetle and other insects. Veteranisation is based on this idea.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F346624447_Endophytes_dominate_fungal_communities_in_six-year-old_veteranisation_wounds_in_living_oak_trunks\"\u003EVeteranisation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is the practice of damaging younger trees in order to initiate decay sooner than it would occur naturally. The hope is that habitats usually seen in older trees will begin to develop much earlier. Veteranisation is not new, explains Rutter, but it is not well documented. Only recently has research been initiated to monitor the success of veteranisation techniques.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAn \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.pro-natura.net\u002Fpublikat-filer\u002FVeteranisation%252520of%252520oak_paper_Bengtsson%252520et%252520al_Sheffield.pdf\"\u003Einternational trial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, started in 2012 and set over 20 sites in Sweden, England and Norway, is in the process of evaluating the veteranisation of almost 1,000 oak trees. The methods applied include \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F351344867_The_effects_of_veteranisation_of_Quercus_robur_after_eight_years\"\u003Ecreating woodpecker-like holes, breaking or ringbarking lower branches or the trunk to mimic damage from animals such as deer or horses, and creating nest boxes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for birds and bats. The project is planned to take 25 years, until 2037, so the results have yet to be fully analysed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"The signs are very promising,\" said Rutter. \"Most of the trees are responding well, healing and continuing to grow. Birds, bats and insects have all been found living in the artificially created niches.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09vcrtp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBack in the UK, Ancients of the Future has been trialling these same methods on beech and oak trees. Rutter says, after two years, cavities are starting to appear. \"Normally, you’d have to wait for a lightning strike or a limb falling off for the decaying process to start. That can take hundreds of years. These are vigorous, young trees and niches are already beginning to develop.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fptes.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F03\u002FBuglife-Wood-pasture-mosaic.pdf\"\u003Eviolet click beetle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, present at just three sites in the UK, is the main target of Skipp’s study. They require wet wood mould at the base of beech trees. Skipp has been installing beetle boxes for them – wooden structures designed to mimic hollows that form at the base of ancient trees. The boxes have an entrance at ground level and are filled with decaying wood, similar to the nutrient-rich wood mould that you might find naturally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"This beetle requires high-quality habitats,\" she says. \"So by protecting it, you are conserving important features that benefit a whole suite of other species too.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBeyond their usefulness, says Skipp, deadwood beetles exhibit some fascinating diversity. Some have evolved flat bodies, allowing them to live in the ultra-thin cracks behind tree bark. Others are perfectly cylindrical, so they can create and pass through complex tunnels in the wood \"like a tube train trundling through the London Underground\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EParfitt adds: \"Invertebrates need deadwood in different tree species and in different forms. So, it’s important to veteranise the trees in different ways.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ETo that end, scientists have been exploring another method. It is thought that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Fmedia\u002F47652\u002Fwood-wise-autumn-2019-life-in-deadwood.pdf\"\u003Einoculating young trees with fungi could accelerate the ageing process\u003C\u002Fa\u003E even more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMysterious fungi \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EI bat a mosquito away as it homes in on my flesh. \"Mosquitos love me,\" I say. Lynne Boddy, professor of fungal ecology at Cardiff University who is guiding me through the ancient woods of the Wye Valley, tells me it is because I give off the same scent as fungi, which do it to attract insects. Perhaps we have more in common with fungi than we realise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ENeither plant nor animal, fungi are in a class of their own. They are found in all parts of the world and  but, still, we know relatively little about them. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kew.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2020-10\u002FState%252520of%252520the%252520Worlds%252520Plants%252520and%252520Fungi%2525202020.pdf\"\u003EAs of today, 148,000 species have been identified but scientists believe that more than 90% of species remain unknown.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":["p09vcs7y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWe do know, however, that they play a vital role in our ecosystems. Fungi decompose dead material into the building blocks of new soil. Fungi can also break down living material too – including trees. Fungi are the main drivers of wood decay, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancienttreeforum.org.uk\u002Fancient-trees\u002Fancient-tree-ecology-wildlife\u002Finvertebrates\u002F\"\u003Ea crucial resource for many invertebrates is a living tree with columns of fungal decay in the heartwood.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EHeart-rot fungi only move in when trees are mature, feeding on the dead wood at the centre of an ancient tree. When holes begin to form, the wood softens then insects and other species such as woodpeckers are able to excavate it further. Over time, a hollow forms and the cavity floor is lined with wood mould, a rich soil-like mulch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Heart-rot species are key,\" says Rutter. \"These fungi are able to break down the lignin, the very hard part of the wood which is normally incredibly indigestible. Many heart-rot fungi happily eat the central dead wood without harming the living tissue on the outside – and can co-exist with a tree for 600 or 700 years. We want a tree to live a long time so the habitats can continue for as long as possible.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ETo try and mimic this process in younger trees, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnaturebftb.co.uk\u002F\"\u003EAncients of the Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is growing heart-rot fungi on blocks of wood in the lab, inserting the blocks into holes cut in young trees and recovering them with bark. They are left that way for a few years, then the blocks are removed to see if the fungi have taken hold inside the tree.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe project is not the first to try this technique – fungi inoculation has been trialled before in North America where researchers found that fungal inoculation could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.for.gov.bc.ca\u002Fhfd\u002Fpubs\u002Fdocs\u002Fen\u002FEN112.pdf\"\u003Ereduce decay time from 100 years to just three\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when used in combination with traditional methods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBoddy explains why this new method of veteranisation may work better than previous methods: \"We’re putting the fungi we want where we want it, rather than just hoping it turns up.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EShe explains that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancienttreeforum.org.uk\u002Fancient-trees\u002Fancient-tree-ecology-wildlife\u002Ffungi\u002F\"\u003Ehollowing of ancient trees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by fungal decay, previously seen as detrimental, is a natural part of the ageing process and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancienttreeforum.co.uk\u002Fancient-trees\u002Fancient-tree-ecology-wildlife\u002Ffungi\u002F\"\u003Ecan even prolong the lives of trees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, feeding them nutrients from the inside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBoddy's team has been using a new, minimally damaging \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffund4trees.org.uk\u002F2015\u002F09\u002F10\u002Fgrant-awarded-to-heart-rot-project-at-cardiff-university\u002F\"\u003EDNA sampling technique\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to analyse the inoculated wood. It means the researchers are able to take a much smaller sample from the tree and get much more detailed information.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"Fungi are all around us,\" says Boddy. \"Inside every tree trunk, every leaf, every stem, every bit of plant that’s decaying on the floor, in the soil beneath our feet. But we can’t see them which makes studying them very difficult. Now that we can extract DNA we can see exactly what’s there.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09vcsgt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBoddy is optimistic that fungal inoculation could help speed up the ageing process, and that it's possible to bridge the gap between the ancient trees of today and those of the future. But it’s still \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnaturebftb.co.uk\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F13\u002Fcavities-in-chaos-bridging-the-gap-of-a-microhabitat-in-decline\u002F\"\u003Etoo soon to tell\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Variables such as tree and fungus species, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Fmedia\u002F1834\u002Fancient-trees-and-climate-change.pdf\"\u003Eclimate change will have an impact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffund4trees.org.uk\u002F2015\u002F09\u002F10\u002Fgrant-awarded-to-heart-rot-project-at-cardiff-university\u002F\"\u003Ewe still know very little about heart-rot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – how fungi get inside a tree in the first place, how their communities change over time or how that affects decay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThese efforts are also a temporary fix. So, what can we do differently to ensure we never see a generational gap like this again? The \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ancienttreeforum.co.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F11\u002FGuidance-on-managing-ancient-and-other-veteran-trees.pdf\"\u003EAncient Tree Forum\u003C\u002Fa\u003E offers land owners advice on how to care for their ancient trees – putting up barriers to protect them from livestock, clearing nearby vegetation that is competing for light, creating a root protection zone and propping up heavy limbs or bracing ageing trunks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk\u002Fmedia\u002F49731\u002Fstate-of-the-uks-woods-and-trees-2021-the-woodland-trust.pdf\"\u003EWoodland Trust\u003C\u002Fa\u003E calls for full legal protection for all ancient trees to prevent further loss, and enforcement of government urban development policies that prevent encroachment on ancient woodlands. Such woodlands could be identified through inventories and more research done into the buffers necessary to protect ancient woodlands from nearby development sites.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn the context of the global biodiversity crisis, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-54357899\"\u003Ewith many species in sharp decline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the intricate worlds inside ancient trees might seem like a small piece of the puzzle. But without the unique habitats provided by ancient trees, the health of the wider forest ecosystem – from fungi to butterflies – could be compromised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E\"We need to think beyond our own lifetimes and look after the trees we’ve got now, to give them a chance to grow into ancients,\" says Rutter. \"Trees are fragile, complex chemical factories and major hubs for biodiversity. Without them, many species won’t survive.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 4.8kg CO2, travelling by car. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, Travel and Reel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-09T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The lost generation of ancient trees","headlineShort":"The missing generation of ancient trees","image":["p09vcqxp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Inside some of our most magnificent trees, miniature worlds are at risk of extinction. The race is on to accelerate trees' ageing process, to save these intricate communities.","summaryShort":"When today's veteran trees die they may take entire miniature worlds with them","tag":["tag\u002Fextinction","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-09-08T23:05:33.237507Z","entity":"article","guid":"14525c08-8bf4-41db-a0a4-6eb3e867da05","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-09T09:58:36.107959Z","project":"future","slug":"20210908-the-lost-generation-of-ancient-trees","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703090},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh","_id":"61535fec45ceed4d480c488f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Faysha-imtiaz"],"bodyIntro":"The humble oyster has proven remarkably effective in protecting one of Bangladesh's most vulnerable islands from fast-rising seas.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENothing could have prepared Mohammed Shah Nawaz Chowdhury for the sobering reality of Kutubdia Island. The island, off the coast of southern Bangladesh, was rapidly eroding into the sea, causing both land and life to retreat. Many packed up and moved. Those who couldn't, stayed – inching back, as the island they had called home for generations changed around them. \"These were families I had gotten to know, trust and respect,\" he says. \"It regularly moved me to tears.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChowdhury was witnessing Bangladesh's climate migration, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unhcr.org\u002Fnews\u002Flatest\u002F2015\u002F12\u002F566ff51f6\u002Fsea-levels-rise-bangladeshis-seek-higher-ground.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecaused by sea level rise linked to climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. By 2050, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fhandle\u002F10986\u002F29461\"\u003Eup to 13.3 million Bangladeshis may become displaced due to climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet, just off Kutubdia Island's shore, a glimmer of hope is visible amid the waves. Jutting out of the water, oyster-encrusted reefs glisten in the sun. These reefs are vibrant homes for marine life, a potential source of income for local people and, Chowdhury hopes, they could become a formidable force to defend Kutubdia Island from sea level rise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Kutubdia Island, with its fast receding shoreline, is a microcosm of these challenges at their fiercest","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of Kutubdia Island's oyster reefs was born in 2012, when Chowdhury was a research associate at the Institute of Marine Sciences, at the University of Chittagong, in Bangladesh. The premise was simple: oyster reefs could serve as a defence mechanism against coastal erosion by calming waves before they reached the shore. The idea had worked before in the Netherlands, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180822-recycled-shells-of-louisiana-oyster-reef-protect-new-orleans\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehad also had success in Louisiana in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Now, researchers at Wageningen University would work together with Chowdhury and his colleagues to see if they could improve the situation at Kutubdia Island.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe catch, of course, was that Bangladesh and the Netherlands, and indeed Louisiana, are thousands of miles apart and have wildly different environmental contexts. \"We were facing a lot of challenges like natural sedimentation due to river run-off, storm surges and other monsoonal effects that make our coast so dynamic,\" says Chowdhury, \"I wasn't sceptical, but we had to plan. A lot.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was a tantalising prospect. Could ecological engineering through oysters save the dynamic coastline of Chowdhury's homeland? He spent the next six years, including more than 600 days with 27 students living on Kutubdia Island, finding out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcb60"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERegularly pelted by storms, cyclones and sea level rise, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190829-bangladesh-the-country-disappearing-under-rising-tides\"\u003EBangladesh's coast is susceptible to many climate stresses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Kutubdia Island, with its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.banglajol.info\u002Findex.php\u002FBJSR\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F26228\"\u003Efast receding shoreline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is a microcosm of these challenges at their fiercest. \"Potentially, it has been estimated that by 2050, one in every seven Bangladeshis will be displaced by climate change,\" says Chowdhury. \"We're getting more ferocious waves due to global warming and heating waters.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETraditional structural interventions, such as concrete embankments or dykes, have been a common response to protect the shoreline. According to Rezaul Karim Chowdhury, executive director of the Bangladeshi NGO Coast, 60% of the country's coast is protected by embankments. But some argue that building a living defence, rather than one made of concrete, could be more effective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOyster breakwaters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0925857412001310\"\u003EEcological engineering\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or eco-engineering, involves designing sustainable ecosystems with both natural and human value. Oysters engineer their environment by clustering on hard, submerged surfaces and fusing together to create reef structures. Their role in filtering and retaining nutrients in water, providing spawning and shelter for fish, and so boosting biodiversity is well-documented. Oyster reefs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2020.00656\u002Ffull\"\u003Eprovide a habitat for other animals, improve water quality and enhance seagrass growth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Mohammed Shah Nawaz Chowdhury and his colleagues in the Netherlands were particularly interested in their role as natural breakwaters. Oyster reefs can provide relief to a coast constantly buffeted by strong waves. That is not their only benefit, though. \"What you want is the sedimentation behind the reef structure that the oysters naturally form. The reefs give you a more extensive foreshore and [consequently] calmer waters,\" says Petra Dankers, senior consultant for morphology and eco-engineering at Royal HaskoningDHV, which partnered with Wageningen University, in the Netherlands, on the Kutubdia Island project.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch fluidity is the hallmark of the building with nature approach. And rather than being seen as a setback, it becomes part of the plan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's a dynamic process – not hard concrete. And that's the new understanding of using natural forces to achieve our goals,\" says Aad Smaal, emeritus professor of sustainable shellfish culture at Wageningen University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcb93"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe natural forces shaping Kutubdia were especially important to understand because, unlike many oyster reef projects across the world (for example, in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0964569113003049\"\u003EGulf of Mexico\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), this was not a restoration of a declining reef. It was an introduction of new reefs as engineering structures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, the region presented many of the ideal conditions necessary for the reef, Chowdhury found in his initial survey. There was the appropriate water temperature, water flow velocity, pH levels, salinity and dissolved oxygen. The marks of life already existing in the water, such as phytoplankton, also indicated that this could be a place where oysters would thrive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENext, they needed to check if oyster larvae were already present in the Bay of Bengal waters. \"It's not just a case of putting something in the water and expecting it to work,\" says Smaal. One of the best substrates (surfaces on which organisms like molluscs grow), he says, is existing oyster shells. \"It's also about successful recruitment, meaning the passively drifting larvae will settle and not move anymore,\" he adds. \"Even in an open system with strong currents.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, Kutubdia Island showed large clusters of oysters growing naturally on concrete pillars, especially near a jetty. And as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbioone.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-shellfish-research\u002Fvolume-39\u002Fissue-1\u002F035.039.0101\u002FAlternative-Substrates-Used-for-Oyster-Reef-Restoration-A-Review\u002F10.2983\u002F035.039.0101.full\"\u003Estudies suggest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, concrete is one of the most successful alternative substrates after natural oyster shells – with reefs on concrete equalling or in some cases surpassing the size, biomass and density of oysters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcbfn"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo, to start the new reef, Chowdhury and his team chose more concrete. \"We wanted to use what was locally available and sustainably priced,\" he says. The structure of choice? Circular rings that the local residents stack and top with a commode to create latrines. These would not only be readily available, but could withstand the rough weather during the monsoon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInsider knowledge\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while oysters might grow abundantly on concrete in some situations, they are highly particular about other features of their habitat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The oyster... it has a specific preference for growing conditions,\" says Chowdhury. \"They can't be exposed to air or sun for over 20% of the time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe best people to help find the right spot for the artificial reef were the indigenous coastal community, Chowdhury says, who were already attuned with the rhythms of the rise and fall of the tide across seasons. The local islanders' knowledge of the \u003Cem\u003Ekostura \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(the local word among islanders for oysters) proved invaluable for him and his research associates before the first 300kg (661lbs) rings went into the water at a test site in 2014. Local people also helped select the best sites for the concrete rings to be placed two years later when they were moved to their final destination in 2016. \"I always respect indigenous knowledge,\" says Chowdhury.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce in the right place with the right conditions, the reef would be able to grow upwards and keep pace with sea-level rise. Minor damage to the reef, especially by natural causes, would be self-repaired – the new population grows again to fill the space and account for any oysters lost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers hoped that the oysters could also become a nutritious source of food and rich harvesting opportunities for the local community. Though this went somewhat against the grain of local tastes. \"Though oysters are technically halal [lawful in Islam], there isn't much of a consumption habit in Bangladesh so far,\" says Smaal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Not all of our people are interested in oysters,\" Chowdhury agrees, noting that they aren't widely eaten in Bangladesh. \"Some don't even know what the oyster is.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcbkz"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut while they didn't consume the oysters directly, the experienced Kutubdia fishermen were well aware of the fertile habitat and plentiful fishing grounds that oyster reefs provide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We started finding mud crabs in the rings, drawn by the reef,\" says Chowdhury. \"Mud crabs have immense export value. 1kg can be sold for $10 [£7.30]. Two to three families can easily make a livelihood off a small oyster reef by adding traps,\" Chowdhury says. Other species the research team found included barnacles, sea anemones, gastropods and polychaetes (marine worms) – all of which can attract fish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOsman Ali, a 55-year-old fisherman who has spent his life on the island, says after the reefs began to grow, he no longer needed to work such strenuous hours to make a living. \"We find a higher abundance of fish, shrimp and crabs near the \u003Cem\u003Ekostura\u003C\u002Fem\u003E,\" he says. And while the reef spanned only 100m (328ft), Ali is convinced: \"If a larger reef had been created, it would increase our likelihood of getting more fish.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I proposed a partnership with the fishermen,\" says Chowdhury. \"If you take care of the reef, it will take care of you.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERipple effects \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the fish were welcome, it was the accumulation of sediment behind the reef that began to make a difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Depending on the environment you're in, sedimentation gradually accumulates on the lee side,\" Dankers says. \"In the Netherlands, we saw 1-5cm (0.3-2 inches) a year. In Bangladesh we saw up to 30cm (12 inches),\" she says. The massive amounts of Himalayan silt in the coastal deltas was the reason for such a marked difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We talk about resources, but we ignore the sediment in our water,\" says Chowdhury. \"Billions of tonnes of sediment are flowing through our extensive Bhramaputra, Meghna and Ganges river network. If we could find a way to settle it in our coastline, we could make a new country.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reef helped sediment to accumulate for as far as 30m (98ft) behind it, Chowdhury found, and stabilised the silt even during the monsoon season. The reef completely dissipated waves lower than 50cm (20 inches), and those over 1m (40 inches) also had their force considerably reduced. It worked even in intense weather – observed when tropical cyclone \u003Cem\u003ERoanu\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, with wind speeds of 70-110kph (43-68mph), hit the study site in May 2016. The vegetation nearby flourished too compared with the control locations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis vegetation could be crucial in helping restore the coast, as it does in other parts of the country. \"Near the Sundarbans area [in the south-west], you don't see erosion [because] mangrove forests act as a bioshield,” says Chowdhury.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0214079\"\u003Echimes with research by Susmita Dasgupta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an environmental economist at the World Bank. Mangroves are an effective way to protect against storm surges, she writes. The mangroves obstruct the flow of water with roots, trunks and leaves, reducing water flow velocity by 29-92%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You could have the oyster reef first, and behind that, the mangrove,\" says Dankers. Many of the world's coasts used to have a fringe of mangrove forest, she says, but much has been lost in the past century. \"Depending on how extensive your mangrove system is – for instance, it might span a few kilometres – you may or may not need a dyke or wall as well.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09tcbp1"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut oysters can only help to a certain extent. Dankers cautions that there is a looming, unaddressed concern posing an imminent threat to low-lying coastal countries like Bangladesh: rapidly sinking soil. In Bangladesh it is sinking at rates of 5-20cm (2-8 inches) a year, Dankers estimates, making the fight against sea level rise harder, and is expected to worsen as development (and populations) increase.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41558-021-00993-z.epdf?sharing_token=_Jey54DAtdlrG5Y8MQc9j9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PzAHRBjv4mN9V_P9i6WSpKT2dVue79OIp5lkNZjQ8uwGUugmY-iYbzN-5WAMRPa7GC0Rlj4lyELT5MPQNfPmBzd-W9LlpbtSp1XH6F8b22MZ8Edxv4Hn6FkoO6piyjKxd4lMUtF9RIWfsnfEILUK44bcetMQ-fbiDWShfrn8fzJVMs_v8aaCsjm7M0XEcpxYk%3D&tracking_referrer=www.volkskrant.nl\"\u003ERecent studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E find that the greatest causes of subsidence are often human-induced – including groundwater withdrawal, oil and gas extraction, and mining. And the problem is only compounded in densely populated areas and coastal cities with local, upstream flood defences which limit sediment supply.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Groundwater extraction is a big issue at many locations worldwide and where it isn't yet, it will become one if no proper legislation is organised,\" says Dankers. \"For Bangladesh, it is now the time to come up with legislation so it will not end up like Jakarta, the capital that is flooding every high tide... We can work with sedimentation on the coast, but the bigger problem is soil subsiding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You can't keep building higher and higher up with rigid structures. There comes a point when you can't keep up. And such [natural] solutions take time. You want to get the reefs started early.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, the oyster reef at Kutubdia Island seems to have held up the \"natural\" part of the building with nature bargain, but the necessary upkeep by humans has been somewhat neglected. The reef has grown, but a few portions have been broken down by boats at high tide. \"The site has lost the sign pole we put up to avoid this,\" says Chowdhury. \"We don't have the funds to put it back and monitor further.\" He hopes to establish a larger testing site of at least a kilometre in length to show the reef's potential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, Smaal is hopeful. \"We're aware of the vulnerabilities of living reefs, such as susceptibility to disease. Yet oysters are robust.\" He hopes oysters will be part of a paradigm-shift in the way we view coastal defences. \"The idea is to use natural resources and build with nature,\" he says. \"Because working against it just isn't feasible anymore.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-09-01T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The unlikely protector against Bangladesh's rising seas","headlineShort":"Bangladesh's unusual use for oysters","image":["p09tcb2c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The humble oyster has proven remarkably effective in protecting one of Bangladesh's most vulnerable islands from fast-rising seas.","summaryShort":"An island hard-hit by climate change could be protected by the humble shellfish","tag":["tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Ffuture-planet"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-31T23:02:12.374475Z","entity":"article","guid":"c561e147-0371-4555-9086-0849545480b2","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:52.38284Z","project":"future","slug":"20210827-the-unlikely-protector-against-rising-seas-in-bangladesh","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703090},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon","_id":"615360fa45ceed52792284c1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Falexander-matthews"],"bodyIntro":"Some of the world's biggest investors have been linked to deforestation of crucial habitats like the Amazon Rainforest. Can they use their financial might to stop deforestation in its tracks?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen you think of your retirement savings, your bank, or your investments, it's unlikely that you associate these with trees being chopped down in lush tropical rainforests. And yet, well-known banks, asset managers and other financial institutions either own shares in or provide credit to companies that have links to deforestation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis reliance on finance to deforest crucial habitats begs the question: how can financial institutions turn the tables and help protect the world's forests?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 2001 and 2015, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F361\u002F6407\u002F1108\"\u003Ealmost a third of the world's deforestation was due to commodity production – including cattle, soy, palm oil and paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Brazil, where deforestation has reached a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-latin-america-55130304\"\u003E12-year high\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the chief reason is beef. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F117\u002F50\u002F31770\"\u003ETwo-thirds of cleared land in the Amazon and the Cerrado savannah have been converted to cattle pasture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the authors of one study conclude. As well as driving huge biodiversity loss, this makes the Brazilian cattle sector responsible for one-fifth of all emissions from commodity-driven deforestation across the entire tropics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDeforestation could not happen on this scale without vast financial investment. Loans totalling $249bn (£176bn) were extended to companies linked to deforestation between 2013 and April 2020, while equity investments in such companies amounted to $37bn (£26bn) as of April 2020, according to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fforestsandfinance.org\u002F\"\u003Edatabase Forests and Finance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a database developed by an international coalition of research groups and civil society organisations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, three of the world's largest asset managers, BlackRock, Vanguard and State Street, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffoe.org\u002Fresources\u002Fdoubling-down-on-deforestation\u002F\"\u003Ehad $12.1bn (£8.6bn) invested in producers and traders whose activities are claimed to be directly driving deforestation, according to one analysis by the environmental campaign group Friends of the Earth in September 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t4tgs"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETurning off the funding sources for deforestation has become a target for many people working to preserve the habitats on which the world, and the climate, rely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBrazilian beef\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Amazon is one of the world's most threatened tropical forests, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fscience-environment-48917148\"\u003Eone crucial for a healthy world climate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Brazil, which is home to the bulk of the Amazon, is also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ers.usda.gov\u002Famber-waves\u002F2019\u002Fjuly\u002Fbrazil-once-again-becomes-the-world-s-largest-beef-exporter\u002F\"\u003Ethe world's largest beef exporter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, accounting for nearly 20% of beef exports globally, and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F263926\u002Fsoybean-production-in-selected-countries-since-1980\u002F#:~:text=From%202015%2F16%20to%202018,metric%20tons%20in%202020%2F21\"\u003Elargest soybean producer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F343017296_The_rotten_apples_of_Brazil%27s_agribusiness\"\u003ERoughly 20% of soy exports and at least 17% of beef exports from the Amazon and the Cerrado to the EU\u003C\u002Fa\u003E may be \"contaminated with illegal deforestation\", according to recent research.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20210224200921\u002Fhttps:\u002Fglobalforestatlas.yale.edu\u002Famazon\u002Fland-use\u002Fcattle-ranching\"\u003EApproximately 450,000 sq km\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (173,745sq miles) – an area larger than Morocco – of deforested Amazon in Brazil have been turned into cattle pasture, according to Yale University's Global Forest Atlas. Cattle ranching and soy cultivation are often linked as soy is grown on old cattle pasture, pushing farmers farther into the Amazon. The atlas suggests that cattle ranching currently is responsible for 80% of deforestation across Amazon countries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F117\u002F50\u002F31770\"\u003EThree meat processing companies – JBS, Marfrig and Minerva – accounted for 71.7% of Brazilian beef exports from 2015 to 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to one study. During that period, the three companies were linked to 756 sq km (290sq miles) of deforestation risk in the Amazon, and 147.7 sq km (570 sq miles) across Brazil as a whole, the researchers say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll three companies say the study's link between their activities and the deforestation was a correlation, and not causation, and that they all had monitoring systems to prevent deforestation in their direct supply chains. Marfrig also says it has also begun testing a new blockchain-based traceability platform, Conecta, as part of a suite of measures it is implementing to improve the monitoring of its indirect supply chain (the suppliers of its suppliers). Both Marfrig and Minerva say they have also begun using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.visipec.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F10\u002FVisipec_Executive-Summary_English.pdf\"\u003EVisipec\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a software tool which synthesises information from separate publicly available datasets to highlight deforestation risk among indirect suppliers. Meanwhile, JBS says that its deforestation risk monitoring system is considered one of the best and most sophisticated in the world, and the company has enforced a strict responsible procurement policy for the purchase of raw materials since 2009.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t4vqj"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchainreactionresearch.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F08\u002FJBS-CRR-Report.pdf\"\u003EAugust 2020 investigation into JBS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the US-based deforestation think tank Chain Reaction Research (CRR) found that between 2008 and 2019, 983 farms JBS bought from directly had caused deforestation of 203 sq km (80sq miles), and 1,874 indirect suppliers caused a further 508.5 sq km (200sq miles) deforestation. A JBS spokesperson says the company monitors 60,000 suppliers every day using satellite imagery and suspends those it considers unsustainable from its supply chain – 12,600 of them to date.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe farms that CRR investigated were a small sample of JBS's full supply chain. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchainreactionresearch.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F08\u002FJBS-CRR-Report.pdf\"\u003EThe consultancy extrapolates that the total deforestation footprint of suppliers linked to JBS over that period\u003C\u002Fa\u003E could be 2,000 sq km (770sq miles) for its direct suppliers and 15,000 sq km (5,790sq miles) for its indirect ones – a total area roughly equal to the size of Kuwait. However, JBS contests the figures, insisting that CRR's report did not take into account the company's risk-mitigation measures. A spokesperson added that JBS takes a \"zero-tolerance approach to deforestation in its supply chain\", and invests in supplier education, monitoring and enforcement to improve industry standards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe CRR report noted, however, that the company's indirect supply chain, falls outside the scope of its zero-deforestation policy. On addressing deforestation risk among its indirect suppliers, a JBS spokesperson says: \"Due to challenges in availability of information, we do not have visibility of suppliers of our suppliers. We are tackling this issue with company's new blockchain Livestock Transparency Platform, which will extend this capability to analyse the suppliers of our suppliers and will enable us to exclude all deforestation across our beef supply chain by 2025.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EForce for change\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, where does finance come in? Well, CRR's analysis shows that JBS relies on European companies for almost a third of its financing to help fund its activities. Asset managers own shares – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrase.finance\u002Fentities\u002F36d340a7-c657-3eb8-8f6d-1cc3c596be08#financing%20&%20ownership\"\u003EVanguard owned 1.2% of JBS, and BlackRock owned 2.1%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as of October 2020 according to Trase Finance (BlackRock says as of May 2021, its clients owned 1.33% of JBS). Through ownership and the provision of credit, this puts financial companies in a powerful position to inspire change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are signs that financial companies are waking up to deforestation risk. In September 2019, 251 investors representing roughly $17.7 trillion (£12.5tn) in assets \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fd8g8t13e9vf2o.cloudfront.net\u002FUploads\u002Fr\u002Fq\u002Fs\u002Finvestorstatementondeforestationandforestfiresintheamazon_29_oct_2019_665598.pdf\"\u003Esigned a letter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E urging companies \"to redouble their efforts and demonstrate clear commitment to eliminating deforestation within their operations and supply chains\". But in an October 2020 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fglobalcanopy.org\u002Finsights\u002Fpublication\u002Ffuelling-the-fires-why-investors-need-to-do-more-to-protect-the-amazon\u002F\"\u003Ebriefing paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the think tank Global Canopy found that just 33 signatories had clear deforestation policies themselves. Twelve of those had policies in place for only certain forest-risk commodities and not others. Global Canopy argues that deforestation policies are important because they flag that the investor is committed to action on deforestation, they encourage a systematic approach to tackling the issue across their entire portfolio, and they also provide clarity on their expectations of companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo figure out how much of their investments involve deforestation risk, investors can use a tool like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftrase.finance\u002F\"\u003ETrase Finance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A partnership between Stockholm Environment Institute, Global Canopy and Neura Alpha, the platform features easily searchable data on the debt and equity investments of some 12,000 financial institutions in companies which export palm oil from Indonesia and soy and beef from Brazil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGreen Century Funds, a Boston-based environmentally conscious investment firm, has been addressing deforestation since 2012. Using shareholder advocacy, it successfully convinced companies throughout the palm oil supply chain (one of the leading causes of deforestation in Indonesia) to adopt zero-deforestation palm oil commitments. These included major buyers such as Starbucks, Kellogg's and Target, large palm oil traders (including Archer Daniels Midland and Bunge) and producers – such as Wilmar, Asia's largest agribusiness, which following Green Century's engagement adopted a zero-deforestation policy in 2015.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchainreactionresearch.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F04\u002FNDPE-Policies-Cover-83-of-Palm-Oil-Refining-Market.pdf\"\u003Eanalysis by CRR\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, palm oil refineries in South East Asia with No Deforestation, No Peat, No Exploitation (NDPE) policies stood at 83% by April 2020 (though weak implementation in some instances means that effective coverage of these policies is closer to 78%). While \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchainreactionresearch.com\u002Fthe-chain-repeat-offenders-continue-to-clear-forests-for-oil-palm-in-southeast-asia\u002F\"\u003Erogue actors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E continue to cut down forests, overall deforestation rates have been slowing. According to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wri.org\u002Fblog\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Findonesia-reducing-deforestation-problem-areas-remain\"\u003EWorld Resources Institute\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, deforestation in Indonesia's old growth forests was 40% less in 2018 compared with the 2002 to 2016 average.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Our ideal approach is usually to just be able to address our concerns with companies through dialogue,\" says Green Century shareholder advocate Jessye Waxman. \"So, we'll send an initial outreach letter to talk to them outlining our concerns. And the goal always is that leads to a productive dialogue where we can develop a relationship with the company to continue to express concerns either about the company's practices and supply chain impacts or the need for improved disclosure so that we have an understanding of how the company is performing against these kinds of metrics.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t4xy5"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2019, Green Century persuaded Aramark (a multinational food service company which serves almost 2 billion meals a year) to adopt a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aramark.com\u002Fsustainability\u002Fplanet\u002Fsource-responsibly\"\u003Edeforestation policy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The company committed to eradicate deforestation in its supply chains by 2025. Erin Noss, Aramark's senior director for external communications, says: \"By September 2020, 100% of the soy in Aramark’s contracted oils, margarines and shortenings was from deforestation-free regions. Any palm oil in those products were responsibly sourced as well. We also determined that at least 80% of Aramark’s contracted beef was coming from regions with no deforestation risk.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Getting a company to make [a zero-deforestation] commitment is really, in our mind, the first step – the implementation is where things happen,\" says Waxman. \"We're looking for companies to understand their own supply chains, which means they have to have traceable supply chains for their direct and indirect suppliers. They need to understand who it's coming from and whether or not those suppliers are producing the commodity in accordance with that company's policy. So, you need to have traceability. You need to be able to monitor your supply chain and then you need to have a process in place for what happens if your supplier isn't able or willing to comply.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf there isn't progress through dialogue, another option is to file a shareholder resolution. \"Resolutions are non-binding, but they're really important tool to help shareholders communicate with company management,\" says Waxman. In October 2020, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.greencentury.com\u002Fstatement-pg-shareholder-resoundingly-support-deforestation-shareholder-proposal\u002F\"\u003E67% of shareholders voted in favour of Green Century's resolution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E calling on Procter & Gamble \"to eliminate deforestation and forest degradation in its supply chain\" at the consumer goods giant's annual meeting. (Procter & Gamble did not respond to a request for comment.) Among the shareholders voting in favour was BlackRock, making this the first time the asset manager had supported a deforestation resolution. Overall, from July 2020 to June 2021, BlackRock supported 46 environmental shareholder proposals relating to a range of different companies (not all with regard to deforestation), and voted against 26.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESupporting anti-deforestation resolutions is just one way asset managers such as BlackRock and others can pressure companies to reduce deforestation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch from Amazon Watch, Profundo and Friends of the Earth showed that in 2018, 94% of BlackRock's deforestation-risk investments were in index funds – a type of exchange-traded fund (ETF) which follows the performance of a stock market index, such as the S&P500. As of July 2020, ETF investments were cumulatively valued at $6.7tn (£4.7tn) – or about 2.5 times the UK's GDP in 2020 – according to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplanet-tracker.org\u002Fdownload\u002F1526\u002F\"\u003Eresearch paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from financial think tank Planet Tracker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth the ETF and index industry are \"highly concentrated\", the report states. Around seven institutions together control about 70% of the ETF and index markets. That means that those seven players – iShares (managed by BlackRock), Vanguard, State Street Global Advisors on the one hand, and MSCI, FTSE Russell, S&P Dow Jones and Bloomberg – \"have disproportionate power to mitigate deforestation risk\", according to Planet Tracker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo how can large financial institutions use this power to save forests?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Planet Tracker paper recommends that they \"should target a fast reduction of deforestation-linked companies from their universal product offerings\" – for example, by issuing their own ETFs which exclude deforestation-linked equities, while putting pressure on index providers to design indices that do the same. And if index providers are unwilling to redesign indices, Planet Tracker suggests that companies could design their own (as the financial services company Fidelity has done).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn S&P Dow Jones Indices spokeswoman says they offer a variety of ESG indices that exclude companies that do not meet environmental and sustainability targets. A spokesperson for Vanguard says that they regularly engage with relevant companies on deforestation and its risks to long-term business sustainability. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.blackrock.com\u002Fcorporate\u002Fliterature\u002Fpublication\u002Four-2020-sustainability-actions.pdf\"\u003EBlackRock, meanwhile, has launched alternative versions of its flagship indices that aim to be more sustainable\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including three funds with S&P, and is working with FTSE Russell and Markit to create sustainable alternatives to standard benchmarks. State Street Global Advisors, FTSE Russell, MSCI and Bloomberg did not respond to requests for comment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe threat of removal from an index could provide the incentive for companies to start taking meaningful action on deforestation. So could the threat of divestment from individual investors. Here, Scandinavian firms are leading the way. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-brazil-jbs-nordea-idUSKBN24X3VD\"\u003ENordea Asset Management divested its $45m (£31.8m) stake in JBS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because of deforestation concerns in 2020. Danske Bank has excluded Cargill, Bunge and ADM, three large commodity traders, from two of its investment funds because of deforestation risk, the bank confirmed in an email. Bunge and ADM did not respond to a request for comment. A Cargill spokeswoman says, \"We do not have a significant banking relationship with Danske and they have not shared any notifications with us regarding any exclusions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELast July, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.griegseafoodcanada.com\u002Four-environment\u002Fsustainability\u002F\"\u003EGrieg Seafood excluded Cargill Aqua Nutrition from accessing funding through its NOK 1 billion ($120m\u002F£85m) \"green bond\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because of concerns that parent company Cargill was not doing enough to reduce its soy deforestation risk in Brazil. A spokeswoman for Cargill says: \"Grieg remains an important and valued customer of Cargill. Cargill remains committed to eliminating deforestation from our supply chains in as short of time as possible. We regularly share with Grieg, and our other customers, the progress we are making to eliminate deforestation in our global soy operations and meet our collective sustainable supply chain goals.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09t4yfj"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fforestsandfinance.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F06\u002FFF-Briefing_2021_June.pdf\"\u003EResearch by Forests and Finance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that policies of the world's 50 largest banks and investors are still falling far short on their policies against deforestation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Blackrock, the world's largest asset manager, provides a huge amount of capital to the companies that are driving deforestation and undermining Indigenous rights, to the tune of $2bn [£1.4bn],\" Moira Birss, climate and finance director of Amazon Watch \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ran.org\u002Fpress-releases\u002Fworlds-50-largest-banks-and-investors-driving-deforestation-through-weak-policies-and-major-investments-new-study-finds\u002F\"\u003Esaid in June, when Forests and Finance's research was released\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"That's an increase of 157% compared to April of [2020], during a time when Earth defenders' lives are increasingly under attack and deforestation continues to skyrocket.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, when it comes to both equity and debt, investors need to provide \"clear standards, clear timelines and clear consequences\" for investee companies, Birss concluded. \"When companies are demonstrating that they're intransigent… there needs to be a willingness and an action to halt financing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA BlackRock spokesperson says: \"BlackRock's investment stewardship team has long engaged with companies on sustainability risks, including deforestation risk, because we consider unsustainable forestry and land use to present risks to companies that affect their ability to generate long-term shareholder value. We expect companies that depend on natural capital to have processes in place to identify, manage and mitigate risks and to disclose those risks to investors.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFinancial firepower\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, how can individual investors play their part? \"Choose where to invest your money,\" says Green Century's Jessye Waxman. \"Investors can pick firms that offer deforestation-free funds or that have made it a priority to push companies with exposure to deforestation to change their sourcing practices. There are tools, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdeforestationfreefunds.org\u002F\"\u003EDeforestation Free Funds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E [run by Friends of the Earth and As You Sow], that help investors identify which funds meet those criteria.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe also suggests engaging with those who oversee your investments. \"Individuals with 401(k)s or pension funds can engage their custodians on how their proxies are being voted, whether they are divested from companies that are driving deforestation, whether the custodian is engaging with portfolio companies on their behalf. Individual investors can also ask their custodians how they are managing exposure to forest-related risks.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo when it comes to deforestation, can finance really make a difference? If we look at its role in bringing about change in other spheres, then the answer is absolutely \"yes\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, activist investor Engine No. 1, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Freenergizexom.com\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2021\u002F05\u002FInvestor-Presentation-May-2021-v2.pdf\"\u003Ebelieves that ExxonMobil should take climate change more seriously\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and should ramp up renewable energy development, won enough votes at the annual shareholder meeting in May to install three new members onto the energy giant's board, winning the support of major shareholders such as BlackRock and Vanguard. Though in terms of how much this will change ExxonMobil's direction, it is too early to tell.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd where engagement fails, divestment has a powerful track record. In 1986, student protests led to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.universityofcalifornia.edu\u002Fnews\u002Fhow-students-helped-end-apartheid\"\u003EUniversity of California's regents voting to divest $3.1bn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (worth £2.1bn at the time) in companies with South African investments in protest against apartheid, South Africa's system of racial oppression. More than \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fkora.matrix.msu.edu\u002Ffiles\u002F50\u002F304\u002F32-130-E6E-84-AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.acoa000194.pdf\"\u003E150 other American campuses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnvdatabase.swarthmore.edu\u002Fcategory\u002Fwave-campaigns\u002Fsouth-africa-apartheid-divestment-movement-1970s-1980s\"\u003Edivested\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe movement \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgofossilfree.org\u002Fdivestment\u002Fwhat-is-fossil-fuel-divestment\u002F\"\u003Einspired the campaigning organisation 350.org's efforts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to urge divestment from fossil fuels. So far, the non-profit's tracker indicates that the value of committed divestment from fossil fuels by more than 1,300 institutions stands at around $14.58 trillion (£10.5tn). This includes the City of New York, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcomptroller.nyc.gov\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fmayor-de-blasio-comptroller-stringer-and-trustees-announce-estimated-4-billion-divestment-from-fossil-fuels\u002F\"\u003Eannounced a $4bn (£2.9bn) divestment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from fossil fuels in January, and the Republic of Ireland, which, in 2018, became \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fchathamhouse.org\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Fwhat-irelands-fossil-fuel-divestment-bill-means-global-climate-action\"\u003Ethe first country in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to pass a law committing the country to divest public funds from fossil fuels.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese powerful precedents suggest that, if there is a concerted effort by investors, companies will be forced to take deforestation seriously.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-26T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Can investors save the Amazon?","headlineShort":"Can investors save the Amazon?","image":["p09t4slp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Some of the world's biggest investors have been linked to deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest. Can they use their financial might to stop deforestation in its tracks?","summaryShort":"Deforestation risk is rising up the agenda for many big players in finance","tag":["tag\u002Fforest"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-08-25T23:10:00.389957Z","entity":"article","guid":"873ae05f-d41a-4608-b071-268a0bf63fcb","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon","modifiedDateTime":"2021-09-01T17:46:37.916624Z","project":"future","slug":"20210825-can-investors-save-the-amazon","cacheLastUpdated":1634693703090},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome","_id":"6153606a45ceed10e41f8a63","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fisabella-kaminski"],"bodyIntro":"In parts of Europe, plans to replenish the \"necrobiome\" may benefit wildlife from golden eagles and wolverines, to copious plants, fungi and insects.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI've walked extensively across the UK's national parks, marvelling at the rolling hills and panoramic views, occasionally surprised by a deer bounding out of the brush. What I have never seen is a large dead animal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe widespread eradication of top predators across Europe and the systematic removal of wild and domestic herbivores for food or sport, coupled with our fear of disease and squeamishness have gone a long way to sanitise the land of the spectacle of death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in removing unsightly bodies from natural spaces, a key part of the ecosystem has also been scrubbed out. Animal carcasses and the species that depend on them are collectively known as the necrobiome. Scientists are still fully getting to grips with this complex system, including understanding its impact on animals, birds, invertebrates, fungi and microorganisms involved in decay and decomposition. And crucially, whether leaving more carcasses out in the open could help us to nourish ailing ecosystems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Decomposing vertebrate carcasses are just naturally repulsive to most people. Even for those of us who study it, it's not pleasant – Eric Benbow","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe many species of the necrobiome perform essential roles \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fecm.1331\"\u003Ereturning organic matter and nutrients to the food chain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F22443166\u002F\"\u003Eremoving potential sources of infectious disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some play other important roles in the ecosystem, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7349676\u002F\"\u003Efor example as pollinators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sgj8l"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Eric Benbow, a forensic entomologist and microbial ecologist who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F23540134\u002F\"\u003Ecoined the term necrobiome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and edited a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.routledge.com\u002FCarrion-Ecology-Evolution-and-Their-Applications\u002FBenbow-Tomberlin-Tarone\u002Fp\u002Fbook\u002F9781138893849\"\u003Elandmark book on carrion ecology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, studying decomposition is a challenge in more ways than one. In closely observing death and decay, there is the inevitable sense of confronting our own mortality. And then, of course, there's the smell. \"Decomposing vertebrate carcasses are just naturally repulsive to most people,\" says Benbow. \"Even for those of us who study it, it's not pleasant.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also practical difficulties. The speed of the decomposition process is one problem, says Jennifer Pechal, an entomologist at Michigan State University and a colleague of Benbow's. Nature is very efficient at removing and breaking down dead bodies, which makes them tricky to study and puts them out of sight from the wider public. Scavengers also are naturally resourceful and can damage or remove bodies while they are being researched, and replicating experiments accurately can be tricky, says Pechal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor all these reasons, carrion has \"not historically been a hot topic for ecological studies\" and it can be difficult to get funding to research it. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0169534719301661\"\u003EA study she co-authored\u003C\u002Fa\u003E concluded that there is a lack of data on the volume of carrion biomass for most biomes and animal species with \"no clear pathway towards improved knowledge in this area\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sgjdw"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite such hurdles, in recent years the field has blossomed. Early studies in the 1950s and 60s found a general and predictable process of decomposition as a carcass moves from death to bones, and there are now researchers in every environment and biome – from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0967063720302107\"\u003Edeep sea abysses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00442-018-4315-z\"\u003Emountain ranges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – studying how carrion decomposes, and the effects of that decomposition on ecosystems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPechal says technological advancements in biology, chemistry and computational sciences have helped. \"[These] have vastly improved our capabilities to answer specific questions with increased accuracy and precision.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom what we do know, there is reason to worry. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcb.14708\"\u003Epaper in Global Change Biology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E examining scavenger studies from around the world found that hunting and the loss and modification of habitats had a big impact on the number and diversity of vertebrates feeding on animal carcasses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers warn that scavengers are unlikely to be performing their roles in the ecosystem as well as they could be, and make the case for management and conservation actions to preserve scavengers worldwide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The motto of German national parks is 'let nature be nature', but we skipped out this natural process of what's happening with a dead animal – Peter Südbeck","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn national parks across Germany, from the mountainous Alps in the south to the mud flats in the north to the dense forests of Bavaria, a plan is being hatched to address this. By leaving animal carcasses decaying on the ground, researchers want to gather evidence about the impact of carrion on a variety of ecosystems to see how important they are as a food source for scavengers, for wider biodiversity and soil health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeter Südbeck, head of the Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer (Lower Saxony Wadden Sea) national park and a lead proponent of the project, says there have not been any systematic studies on the impact of carrion in Germany, but it is a clear gap in the ecosystem. \"There are no animals lying out in the field anywhere at the moment,\" says Südbeck. \"The motto of German national parks is 'let nature be nature', but we skipped out this natural process of what's happening with a dead animal.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom September 2022 – as long as full funding can be found – roe deer and other locally significant species will be left in chosen places in the parks and researchers will study what happens using camera traps for bigger scavengers and pitfall traps for invertebrates, as well as soil sampling and genetic tests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe project will build on research undertaken in the Bavarian national forest, led by ecologist Christian von Hoermann, into the best ways of supporting carrion species. Von Hoermann has found that deliberately leaving carcasses out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1002\u002Fecs2.3063\"\u003Eattracts a wide range of scavengers and endangered species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – especially in the winter. The scavengers are not too picky about the species left out, or whether the carcass had been fresh or frozen – but size does matter. And leaving carcasses in regular fixed places instead of random ones \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-4450\u002F12\u002F5\u002F412\"\u003Eattracts a greater diversity of carrion insects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVon Hoermann describes carcasses as \"biodiversity hotspots\" and hopes Germany's project will answer important questions about the necrobiome and how human activities are changing it. We do not know, for example, how sensitive carrion species are to changes in the volume or variety of carcasses. Nor has research explored how climate change will affect the composition and abundance of scavenger species or the rate of decomposition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sgjm0"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne accidental experiment in death ecology might hold lessons for the German project.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve in the Netherlands – one of the oldest \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fearth\u002Fstory\u002F20160527-the-zoo-that-wants-to-release-wild-elephants-in-denmark\"\u003Erewilding sites in Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E – the sudden death of thousands of large herbivores during a cold snap several years ago \u003Cspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0226946\"\u003Eshowed researchers that large carcasses can significantly increase the numbers of invertebrates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. It benefits vegetation too; the research found a big increase in plant matter around the carcasses months after the animals had died. But the deaths also sparked public concerns about animal rights and the number of animals in the reserve has since been limited.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeparate r\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsos.191644#d1e1448\"\u003Eesearch into a herd of reindeer killed by lightning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Norway in 2016 found that the animal carcasses provided a hugely important temporary source of nutrients for a wide range of species including golden eagles, ravens and wolverines. The strategy of artificially supplying carrion \"is not without controversy\", the study noted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One of the problems is it's not fully understood how the food webs work, how nutrients are cycled and how important the carcasses are in linking all these things together,\" says Debbie Fielding, a research assistant in community ecology at the James Hutton Institute. \"There's quite a lot of perceived benefits, but there's not actually that much evidence for it. And that's not necessarily because there aren't the benefits [but] it's unlikely to be a win-win situation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFielding was part of a research team that left red deer carcasses on a variety of upland estates in Scotland to study their impacts on local ecology. Although the project was curtailed due to lack of funds, it did find that carcasses on estates focused on conservation were quickly taken away by scavengers such as foxes while on more heavily managed estates with greater predator control the process of decomposition was slower and dominated by insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe stresses that cultural factors make leaving carcasses out a complex decision. \"In Scotland the deer are traditionally hunted for trophy hunting and venison. If they're going to shoot it, they want to make sure that it's being used properly so they want to recover it; just to leave a carcass out on the hill rotting is seen to be very disrespectful.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProjects also need to be careful to avoid unintended consequences. Some \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fraptors-international.org\u002Fbook\u002Fraptors_worldwide_2004\u002FPiper_2004_341-349.pdf\"\u003Evulture \"restaurants\" in southern Africa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example, led to complaints from tourists, attracted unwanted scavengers, caused problems for farmed animals and even resulted in illness as people ate food left out for birds that was unfit for human consumption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p09sgjw3"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESüdbeck admits the German project, which is \"a little bit dirty\", will involve some public relations work and sensitive discussions with the hunting community. \"We have to talk about what does it mean in terms of nature conservation, in terms of the national park's overarching aims, and of course in terms of society,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince earlier attempts to deliberately leave carcasses out in projects across the world were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4165841\u002F\"\u003Ecriticised for ignoring the wider social and economic context\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Südbeck says the national parks will share details online and in information centres, and some will also install webcams. Live feeds from cameras on carrion spots \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalpark-bayerischer-wald.bayern.de\u002Fservice\u002Fwebcams\u002Fluderplatz.htm\"\u003Ein the Bavarian forest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have already shown animals such as lynx feeding and proved very popular with the public.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDecisions about where to leave carcasses also need to be handled sensitively. In Wattenmeer, carcasses will be left on uninhabited islands rather than busy beaches where holidaymakers are sunbathing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESüdbeck hopes the German carcass project will be the first step in demonstrating the value of moving towards a healthier ecosystem. Having studied ornithology\u003Cstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ehe admits it is easier to justify making changes on behalf of charismatic species like sea eagles than it is for tiny beetles, \"but the responsibility of national parks is to look at the whole biodiversity\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVon Hoermann stresses that leaving carcasses out is a rather artificial way of dealing with the problem, and says that, once the benefits have been demonstrated, the job should be really done by natural predators like lynx and wolves. \"In the Yellowstone National Park, they produce carcasses all over the year in a natural way and support the diversity of other carrion-associated species from bacteria, fungi, insects up to vertebrate scavengers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, he believes that people will come to terms with dead animals in national parks, just as they are increasingly with deadwood. Although it focuses on exploring the ecosystem benefits of leaving carcasses to support the necrobiome, Germany's experiment is perhaps as much about changing perceptions of the place of death in nature. As von Hoermann puts it, it is about getting the public used to \"the very natural situation of dying animals in the landscape\".  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20210817-rewilding-death-germanys-plan-to-restore-the-necrobiome-12"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffuture-planet"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-08-18T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Rewilding death: The plan to restore the necrobiome","headlineShort":"The controversial plan to rewild death","image":["p09sghx7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2021-08-25T12:48:44.837297Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"6153627345ceed1870361d50"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In parts of Europe, plans to replenish the \"necrobiome\" may benefit wildlife from golden eagles and wolverines, to copious plants, fungi and insects.","summaryShort":"Leaving dead bodies out in the wild helps to nourish the 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