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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Algeria" title="Category:History of Algeria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History of <span class="fn org label">Algeria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_(Alg%C3%A9rie)_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/200px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/300px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg/400px-Carte_de_la_R%C3%A9gence_d%27Alger_en_1650_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29_et_du_Royaume_de_F%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Central_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Central North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(80,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20,000 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10,000 BC)</span></li> <li>Rock art in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_south_Oran_(Algeria)" title="Rock art of south Oran (Algeria)">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Djelfa_region" title="Rock art of the Djelfa region">Djelfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Ahaggar</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roknia" title="Roknia">Roknia</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <ul><li>Related: <a href="/wiki/Archeology_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology of Algeria">Archeology of Algeria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedars" title="Jedars">Jedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">Phoenician settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(202–46 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(264–146 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(111–106 BC)</span></li> <li>Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(146 BC–590 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(435–534 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(477–578 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(484–703 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(578–708 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(534–585 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(585–698 AD)</span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Partenia">Partenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossatum_Africae" title="Fossatum Africae">Fossatum Africae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of North Africa">Arab conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(647–709 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(703–744 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifranid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifranid dynasty">Ifranids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(742–1066 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(771–793 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(776–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(789–828 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(800–909 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(909–1171 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(970–1068 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(973–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1014–1152 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1040–1147 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1121–1269 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1215–1465 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–1574 AD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyyanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyyanid dynasty">Ziyyanids</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–1556 AD)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern times</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> (16th–19th centuries)</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_and_rulers_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers" title="List of governors and rulers of the Regency of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas" title="Kingdom of Beni Abbas">Kingdom of Beni Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Oran" title="Spanish Oran">Spanish Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> (19th–20th centuries)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">French governors</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Emirate of Abdelkader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Fatma N'Soumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Bouamama" title="Cheikh Bouamama">Cheikh Bouamama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962)</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_Unity_and_Action" title="Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action">RCUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic">GPRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1958 crisis">1958 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">1961 putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Pieds-noirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">Contemporary era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>1960s–80s</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Forces_Front_rebellion_in_Algeria" title="Socialist Forces Front rebellion in Algeria">FFS rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Spring" title="Berber Spring">Berber Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_October_Riots" title="1988 October Riots">1988 riots</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>1990s–<a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="Timeline of the Algerian Civil War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Massacres</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">FIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)" title="High Council of State (Algeria)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999">Civil Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Spring_(Algeria)" title="Black Spring (Algeria)">Black Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation" title="Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation">Peace Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>2010s to present</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2011 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Military history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Algeria" title="List of wars involving Algeria">List of wars involving Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Algeria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Algeria">Postal history of Algeria</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_stamps_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of people on stamps of Algeria (page does not exist)">List of people on stamps of Algeria</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/220px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/330px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/440px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>The Age of the Caliphs <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a1584e; color:white;"> </span> Under <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, 622-632</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef9070; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, 632-661</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fad07d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, 661-750</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Medieval Muslim Algeria</b> was a period of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> dominance in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, spanning the millennium from the 7th century to the 17th century. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystics</a>; in large part, it would replace tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Arab military expeditions into the Maghreb</a>, between 642 and 669, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">migration of Arabs to the Maghreb</a>. These early forays from a base in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>. When the seat of the caliphate moved from <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a> (a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> established the town of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Al-Qayrawan</a> about 160 kilometers south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> and used it as a base for further operations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abu_al_Muhajir_Dinar">Abu al Muhajir Dinar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abu al Muhajir Dinar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Muhajir_Dinar" title="Abu al-Muhajir Dinar">Abu al-Muhajir Dinar</a>, Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with <a href="/wiki/Kusaila" title="Kusaila">Kusaila</a>, the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusaila, who had been based in Tilimsan (Tlemcen), became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan. </p><p>This harmony was short-lived, however. Arab and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from Al Qayrawan, capital of the new wilaya (province) of Ifriqiya, which covered Tripolitania (the western part of present-day Libya), Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. </p><p>Paradoxically, the spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily; treating converts as second-class Muslims; and, at worst, by enslaving them. As a result, widespread opposition took the form of <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">open revolt in 739–40</a> under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijite Islam</a>. The Kharijites objected to Ali, the fourth caliph, making peace with the Umayyads in 657 and left Ali's camp (khariji means "those who leave"). The Kharijites had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's egalitarian precepts. For example, according to Kharijism, any suitable Muslim candidate could be elected caliph without regard to race, station, or descent from Muhammad. </p><p>After the revolt, Kharijites established several theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. Others, however, like Sijilmasa and Tilimsan, which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750 the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I_ibn_al-Aghlab" title="Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab">Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab</a> as governor in Al Qayrawan. Although nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors, <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">the Aghlabids</a>, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center for learning and culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rustamids">Rustamids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rustamids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid dynasty</a></div> <p>Rustamids or Banou Rostom, an Ibadi Islamic berber state, appeared in 776 AD, founded and led initially by Abdurrahman ibn Rostom. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahert">Tahert</a> in the northeast of what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. The Rustamid state spread all over the north African coast from <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> to the area now known as <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sert</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, though it is slightly hard to get precise frontiers of this state. During the Rostomid ruling, its capital was a cultural and a scientific metropolis of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Great Maghreb</a>, attracting many scientists, such as Ibn Khaldoun, where he wrote his popular book called "<a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Al Mukadima</a>", which was likely to be known as the first book about sociology. The fall of the state was after the defeat against the Fatimids and putting out the last leader, Yakdan Ibn Mohamed, in 909 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banu_Ifran">Banu Ifran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Banu Ifran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> was the capital of the Kingdom of Banu Ifran in the time period before Islam to 1068. The <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a> waged uprisings against the foreign occupiers: the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>. They pledged to the side of the <a href="/wiki/Kahina" title="Kahina">Kahina</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> in the 7th century. In the 8th century, they mobilize around the dogma of <a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">sufri</a> to revolt against the powers of the Umayyad and <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a>. In the 10th century, they created a dynasty facing the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid">Zirid</a>, the Umayyad, the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid">Hammadid</a>, and the Maghraoua. The Banu Ifran was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> and the coalition of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> - Hammadid,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> towards the end of 11th century. The Ifrenides dynasty was recognized as the only dynasty that has defended the Africans People in the Maghreb.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zirids">Zirids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zirids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zirid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid Dynasty">Zirid Dynasty</a>, which ruled over parts of North Africa from the 10th to the 12th century, was one of the most significant Muslim dynasties in medieval Algeria. Founded by the Berber general <a href="/wiki/Ziri_ibn_Manad" title="Ziri ibn Manad">Ziri ibn Manad</a>, the Zirids established their capital in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ashir" title="Ashir">Ashir</a>, located in modern-day Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynasty's early years were marked by political turmoil and conflict with other Muslim powers, but the Zirids eventually emerged as a dominant force in the region, with their influence extending as far as <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The Zirid rulers were known for their patronage of the arts and sciences, and their court was a center of learning and culture. However, the dynasty's decline in the 12th century paved the way for the rise of other powers in the region, ultimately leading to the fragmentation of North Africa. Despite their relatively short reign, the legacy of the Zirids continues to shape the cultural and political landscape of Algeria and North Africa to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fatimids">Fatimids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fatimids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/220px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/330px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG/440px-Fatimid_Caliphate.PNG 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In the closing decades of the 9th century, missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Islam converted the <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> of what was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Petite_Kabylie" title="Petite Kabylie">Petite Kabylie</a> region and led them in battle against the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>. Al Qayrawan fell to them in 909. The Ismaili imam, Abdallah, declared himself caliph and established Mahdia as his capital. Abdallah initiated the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Dynasty">Fatimid Dynasty</a>, named after Fatima, daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali, from whom the caliph claimed descent. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a> turned westward in 911, destroying the imamate of <a href="/wiki/Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahert">Tahert</a> and conquering <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> refugees from Tahert fled south to the oasis at <a href="/wiki/Ouargla" title="Ouargla">Ouargla</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>, whence in the 11th century they moved southwest to Oued <a href="/wiki/M%27zab" title="M'zab">M'zab</a>. Maintaining their cohesion and beliefs over the centuries, Ibadi religious leaders have dominated public life in the region to this day. </p><p>For many years, the Fatimids posed a threat to Morocco, but their deepest ambition was to rule the East, the Mashriq, which included <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and Muslim lands beyond. By 969, they had conquered Egypt and in 972, the Fatimid ruler <a href="/wiki/Al_Muizz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Muizz">Al Muizz</a> established the new city of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> as his capital. The Fatimids left the rule of Ifriqiya and most of Algeria to the Zirids (972–1148). This Berber dynasty, which had founded the towns of <a href="/wiki/Miliana" title="Miliana">Miliana</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and centered significant local power in Algeria for the first time, turned over its domain west of Ifriqiya to the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Hammad">Banu Hammad</a> branch of its family. The Hammadids ruled from 1011 to 1151, during which time Bejaïa became the most important port in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. </p><p>This period was marked by constant conflict, political instability, and economic decline. The <a href="/wiki/Hammadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid">Hammadids</a>, by rejecting the Ismaili doctrine for Sunni orthodoxy and renouncing submission to the Fatimids, initiated chronic conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a>. Two great Berber confederations – the <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> – engaged in an epic struggle. The fiercely brave, camelborne nomads of the western desert and steppe as well as the sedentary farmers of the Kabylie to the east swore allegiance to the Sanhaja. Their traditional enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a>, were tough, resourceful horsemen from the cold plateau of the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">northern interior of Morocco</a> and the western Tell in Algeria. </p><p>In addition, raiders from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> attacked ports and disrupted coastal trade. Trans-Saharan trade shifted to Fatimid Egypt and to routes in the west leading to Spanish markets. The countryside was being overtaxed by growing cities. </p><p>Contributing to these political and economic dislocations was a large incursion of Arab beduin from Egypt starting in the first half of the 11th century. Part of this movement was an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> tribes, apparently sent by the Fatimids to weaken the Zirids. These Arab beduin overcame the Zirids and Hammadids and in 1057 sacked Al Qayrawan. They sent farmers fleeing from the fertile plains to the mountains and left cities and towns in ruin. </p><p>For the first time, the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> spread to the countryside. Many sedentary Berbers who sought protection from the Hilalians were gradually Arabized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Almoravids">Almoravids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Almoravids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> movement developed early in the 11th century among the Sanhaja confederation, whose control of trans-Saharan trade routes was under pressure from the Zenata Berbers in the north and the state of Ghana in the south. <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ibn_Ibrahim" title="Yahya Ibn Ibrahim">Yahya Ibn Ibrahim</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Godala" title="Godala">Godala</a> tribe of the Sanhaja confederation, decided to raise the level of Islamic knowledge and practice among his people. To accomplish this, on his return from the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> (Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca) in 1048–1049, he brought with him <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Yasin" title="Abdallah ibn Yasin">Abdallah Ibn Yasin</a>, a Moroccan scholar. In the early years of the movement, the scholar was concerned only with imposing moral discipline and a strict adherence to Islamic principles among his followers. Abd Allah ibn Yasin also became known as one of the marabouts, or holy persons (from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_murabitun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al murabitun (page does not exist)">al murabitun</a>, "those who have made a religious retreat"). </p><p>The Almoravid movement shifted from promoting religious reform to engaging in military conquest after 1054 and was led by <a href="/wiki/Lamtuna" title="Lamtuna">Lamtuna</a> leaders: first Yahya, then his brother Abu Bakr, and then his cousin <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a> as their capital, the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> had conquered Morocco, the Maghrib as far east as Algiers, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> up to the Ebro River by 1106. Under the Almoravids, the Maghrib and Spain acknowledged the spiritual authority of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, reuniting them temporarily with the Islamic community in the Mashriq. </p><p>Although it was not an entirely peaceful time, North Africa benefited economically and culturally during the Almoravid period, which lasted until 1147. Muslim Spain (Andalus in Arabic) was a great source of artistic and intellectual inspiration. The most famous writers of Andalus worked in the Almoravid court, and the builders of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Mosque_of_Tilimsan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Mosque of Tilimsan (page does not exist)">Grand Mosque of Tilimsan</a>, completed in 1136, used as a model the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral%E2%80%93Mosque_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral–Mosque of Córdoba">Grand Mosque of Córdoba</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Almohads">Almohads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Almohads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almohad_Expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/220px-Almohad_Expansion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/330px-Almohad_Expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/440px-Almohad_Expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Almohad Empire 1121-1269</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the Almoravids, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohads</a> found their initial inspiration in <a href="/wiki/Almohad_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad reforms">Islamic reform</a>. Their spiritual leader, the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abdallah_ibn_Tumart" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart">Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart</a>, sought to reform Almoravid decadence. Rejected in Marrakech and other cities, he turned to his Masmuda tribe in the Atlas Mountains for support. Because of their emphasis on the unity of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, his followers were known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Muwahhidun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Muwahhidun (page does not exist)">Al Muwahhidun</a> (unitarians, or Almohads). </p><p>Although declaring himself <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">mahdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a>, and masum (infallible leader sent by God), Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart consulted with a council of ten of his oldest disciples. Influenced by the Berber tradition of representative government, he later added an assembly composed of fifty leaders from various tribes. The Almohad rebellion began in 1125 with attacks on Moroccan cities, including <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>. </p><p>Upon Muhammad ibn Abdallah <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">ibn Tumart</a>'s death in 1130, his successor <a href="/wiki/Abd_al_Mumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al Mumin">Abd al Mumin</a> took the title of caliph and placed members of his own family in power, converting the system into a traditional <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>. The Almohads entered Spain at the invitation of the Andalusian amirs, who had risen against the Almoravids there. Abd al Mumin forced the submission of the amirs and reestablished the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">caliphate of Córdoba</a>, giving the Almohad sultan supreme religious as well as political authority within his domains. The Almohads took control of Morocco in 1146, captured Algiers around 1151, and by 1160 had completed the conquest of the central Maghrib and advanced to Tripolitania. Nonetheless, pockets of Almoravid resistance continued to hold out in the Kabylie for at least fifty years. </p><p>After Abd al Mumin's death in 1163, his son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a> (r. 1163–84) and grandson <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqub_al_Mansur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaqub al Mansur (page does not exist)">Yaqub al Mansur</a> (r. 1184–99) presided over the zenith of Almohad power. For the first time, the Maghrib was united under a local regime, and although the empire was troubled by conflict on its fringes, handcrafts and agriculture flourished at its center and an efficient bureaucracy filled the tax coffers. In 1229, the Almohad court renounced the teachings of Ibn Tumart, opting instead for greater tolerance of opposing views. As evidence of this change, the Almohads hosted two of the greatest thinkers of Andalus: <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Abu Bakr ibn Tufayl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rushd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rushd">Ibn Rushd</a> (Averroes). </p><p>The Almohads shared the crusading instincts of their <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castilian</a> adversaries, but the continuing wars in Spain overtaxed their resources. In the Maghrib, the Almohad position was compromised by factional strife and was challenged by a renewal of tribal warfare. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bani_Merin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bani Merin (page does not exist)">Bani Merin</a> (Zenata Berbers) took advantage of declining Almohad power to establish a tribal state in Morocco, initiating nearly sixty years of warfare there that concluded with their capture of Marrakech, the last Almohad stronghold, in 1271. Despite repeated efforts to subjugate the central Maghrib, however, the Marinids were never able to restore the frontiers of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad Empire">Almohad Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zayyanids">Zayyanids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Zayyanids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its capital at <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> dynasty made good its claim to be the legitimate successor of the Almohads in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, while, in the central Maghrib, the <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayyanid">Zayyanids</a> founded a dynasty that ruled the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a>. Based on a Zenata tribe, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bani_Abd_el_Wad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bani Abd el Wad (page does not exist)">Bani Abd el Wad</a>, which had been settled in the region by Abd al Mumin, the Zayyanids also emphasized their links with the Almohads. </p><p>For more than 300 years, until the region came under Ottoman suzerainty in the 16th century, the Zayyanids kept a tenuous hold in the central Maghrib. The regime, which depended on the administrative skills of Andalusians, was plagued by frequent rebellions but learned to survive as the vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinids</a> or Hafsids or later as an ally of Spain. </p><p>Many coastal cities defied the ruling dynasties and asserted their autonomy as municipal republics. They were governed by their merchant oligarchies, by tribal chieftains from the surrounding countryside, or by the <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> who operated out of their ports. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> prospered as a commercial center and was called the "pearl of the Maghrib." Situated at the head of the Imperial Road through the strategic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taza_Gap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taza Gap (page does not exist)">Taza Gap</a> to <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, the city controlled the caravan route to <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a>, gateway for the gold and slave trade with the western Sudan. <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> came to control commerce between Tlemcen's port, <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, and Europe beginning about 1250. An outbreak of privateering out of Aragon, however, severely disrupted this trade after about 1420. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marabouts">Marabouts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marabouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The successor dynasties in North Africa—<a href="/wiki/Marinids" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinids">Marinids</a>, Zayanids, and Hasfids—did not base their power on a program of religious reform as their predecessors had done. Of necessity, they compromised with rural <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a> that had survived the triumph of puritanical <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> in the 12th century despite the efforts of the Almoravids and Almohads to stamp them out. </p><p>The aridity of official Islam had little appeal outside the mosques and schools of the cities. In the countryside, wandering <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabouts</a>, or holy people, drew a large and devoted following. These men and women were believed to possess divine grace (baraka) or to be able to channel it to others. In life, the marabouts offered spiritual guidance, arbitrated disputes, and often wielded political power. After death, their cults—some local, others widespread—erected domed tombs that became sites of pilgrimage. </p><p>Many tribes claimed descent from marabouts. In addition, small, autonomous republics led by holy men became a common form of government in the Maghrib. In Algeria, the influence of the marabouts continued through much of the Ottoman period, when the authorities would grant political and financial favors to these leaders to prevent tribal uprisings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_offensive">European offensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final triumph of the 700-year <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> reconquest of Spain, marked by the fall of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> in 1492, was accompanied by the forced conversion of Spanish Muslims (Moriscos). As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> fled or were deported to the Maghrib where many gained influence in government and commerce. </p><p>Without much difficulty, Christian Spain imposed its influence on the Maghrib coast by constructing fortified outposts (<a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a>) and collecting tribute during the 15th and early 16th centuries. On or near the Algerian coast, Spain took control of <a href="/wiki/Mers_el_Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mers el Kebir">Mers el Kebir</a> in 1505, Oran in 1509, and Tlemcen, Mostaganem, and Ténès, all west of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, in 1510. In the same year, the merchants of Algiers handed over one of the rocky islets in their harbor, where the Spaniards built a fort. The presidios in North Africa turned out to be a costly and largely ineffective military endeavor that did not guarantee access for Spain's merchant fleet. Indeed, most trade seemed to be transacted in the numerous free ports. Moreover, from the 16th to the 18th century, sailing superior ships and hammering out shrewd concessions, merchants from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, dominated <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean trade</a>. </p><p>Why Spain did not extend its North African conquests much beyond a few modest enclaves has puzzled historians. Some suggest that Spain held back because it was preoccupied with maintaining its territory in Italy; others that Spain's energies were absorbed in obtaining the riches of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Still another possibility is that Spain was more intent on projecting its force on the high seas than on risking defeat in the forbidding interior of Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privateers">Privateers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Privateers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Privateering was an age-old practice in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. North African rulers engaged in it increasingly in the late 16th and early 17th century because it was so lucrative, and because their merchant vessels, formerly a major source of income, were not permitted to enter <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> ports. Although the methods varied, privateering generally involved private vessels raiding the ships of an enemy in peacetime under the authority of a ruler. Its purposes were to disrupt an opponent's trade and to reap rewards from the captives and cargo. </p><p>Privateering was a highly disciplined affair conducted under the command of the rais (captains) of the fleets. Several captains became heroes in Algerian lore for their bravery and skill. The captains of the corsairs banded together in a self-regulating <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifa</a> (community) to protect and further the corporate interests of their trade. The taifa came to be ethnically mixed, incorporating those captured Europeans who agreed to convert to Islam and supply information useful for future raids. The taifa also gained prestige and political influence because of its role in fighting the infidel and providing the merchants and rulers of Algiers with a major source of income. Algiers became the privateering city-state par excellence, especially between 1560 and 1620. And it was two privateer brothers who were instrumental in extending Ottoman influence in Algeria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Islam in Algeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Ibn Khaldoun, History of the Berbers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id">= T9IOAAAAQAAJ & pg = PA271 & + dq yala Zirid = & lr = # PPA271, M1 version of the book online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> addition to the Modern Encyclopedia, Noel Desverges, Leo Renier, Edouard Carteron, Firmin Didot (Firm), page 720 to 722 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/">books? 08UUAAAAYAAJ id = & pg = RA5-PA718 & dq = dynasty Ifrenides + # PRA5-PA733, M1 online version</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFمحمد،1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">محمد،, صلابي، علي محمد (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbxIAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9"><i>الدولة العبيدية في ليبيا</i></a> (in Arabic). دار البيارق،.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%8C&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%8C&rft.aufirst=%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbxIAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedieval+Muslim+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Muslim_Algeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Original text: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052428/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html">Library of Congress Country Study</a> of Algeria</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_rulers_of_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Template:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_rulers_of_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical rulers of Algeria</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty#List_of_rulers" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanid rulers</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a><br />(1235–1556)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_I" title="Abu Said Uthman I">Abu Said Uthman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayyan_I" title="Abu Zayyan I">Abu Zayyan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammu_I" title="Abu Hammu I">Abu Hammu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tashufin_I" title="Abu Tashufin I">Abu Tashufin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_I" title="Abu Said Uthman I">Abu Said Uthman II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Thabid_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Thabid I (page does not exist)">Abu Thabid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hammu_II" title="Abu Hammu II">Abu Hammu II Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_Muhammad_II_ibn_Uthman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tashufin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tashufin II (page does not exist)">Abu Tashufin II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Thabid_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Thabid II (page does not exist)">Abu Thabid II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abul_Hadjdjadj_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abul Hadjdjadj I (page does not exist)">Abul Hadjdjadj I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan II (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Muh_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Muh I (page does not exist)">Abu Muh I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah I (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_er_Rahman_I_bin_Abu_Muh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh (page does not exist)">Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_I_bin_Abu_Tashufin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said I bin Abu Tashufin (page does not exist)">Said I bin Abu Tashufin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Malek_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Malek I (page does not exist)">Abu Malek I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah II (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abbas_Ahmad_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abbas Ahmad I (page does not exist)">Abu Abbas Ahmad I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah III (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tashufin_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tashufin III (page does not exist)">Abu Tashufin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_IV" title="Abu Abdallah IV">Abu Abdallah IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_V" title="Abu Abdallah V">Abu Abdallah V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hammu_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hammu III (page does not exist)">Abu Hammu III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Muh_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Muh II (page does not exist)">Abu Muh II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Abdallah_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Abdallah VI (page does not exist)">Abu Abdallah VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Zayyan_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Zayyan III (page does not exist)">Abu Zayyan III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hassan_ben_Abu_Muh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Hassan ben Abu Muh (page does not exist)">Al Hassan ben Abu Muh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman governors of Algiers">Ottoman governors</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Regency of Algiers</a><br />(1517–1710)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Pasha (page does not exist)">Hadji Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalifa_Saffah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalifa Saffah (page does not exist)">Khalifa Saffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Tekkelerli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed Tekkelerli (page does not exist)">Mehmed Tekkelerli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_I_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf I Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahyia_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahyia Pasha (page does not exist)">Yahyia Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Kh%C3%BCsro_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Khüsro Aga (page does not exist)">Hasan Khüsro Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Bostandji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Bostandji (page does not exist)">Ahmed Bostandji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pasha_Qabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Pasha Qabia (page does not exist)">Ahmad Pasha Qabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhamad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occiali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occiali (page does not exist)">Uluç Ali Reis</a></li> <li>Mehmet Pasha</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Arab Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramdan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramdan Pasha (page does not exist)">Ramdan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djafar_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djafar Pasha (page does not exist)">Djafar Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mami_Muhammad_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mami Muhammad Pasha (page does not exist)">Mami Muhammad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dali_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dali Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Dali Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hızır Pasha (page does not exist)">Hızır Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Shaban_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Shaban Pasha (page does not exist)">Hadji Shaban Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daly_Hassan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daly Hassan Pasha (page does not exist)">Daly Hassan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soliman_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soliman Pasha (page does not exist)">Soliman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_II_the_eunuch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad II the eunuch (page does not exist)">Muhammad II the eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha II Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizvan_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizvan Pasha (page does not exist)">Rizvan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6se_Mustafa_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Köse Mustafa Pacha (page does not exist)">Köse Mustafa Pacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_IV_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan IV Pasha (page does not exist)">Hasan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustapha_IV_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustapha IV Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustapha IV Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soliman_Katanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soliman Katanya (page does not exist)">Soliman Katanya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassan_Kaid_Ko%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassan Kaid Koça (page does not exist)">Kassan Kaid Koça</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hizir_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hizir Pasha (page does not exist)">Hizir Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_III_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa III Pasha (page does not exist)">Mustafa III Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%BCsrev_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khüsrev Pacha (page does not exist)">Khüsrev Pacha</a></li> <li>Murat Pasha</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Khodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Khodja (page does not exist)">Hassan Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf II Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_Bursali_Pacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud Bursali Pacha (page does not exist)">Mahmud Bursali Pacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_I_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed I Pasha (page does not exist)">Ahmed I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_III_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf III Pasha (page does not exist)">Yusuf III Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murad_Pasha_(Algiers)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murad Pasha (Algiers) (page does not exist)">Murad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzenak-Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzenak-Muhammad (page does not exist)">Buzenak-Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_II_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed II Pasha (page does not exist)">Ahmed II Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Algiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Algiers (page does not exist)">Ibrahim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismail_Pasha_of_Algiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismail Pasha of Algiers (page does not exist)">Ismail Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khalil_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khalil Aga (page does not exist)">Khalil Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan Aga (page does not exist)">Ramadan Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaban_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaban Aga (page does not exist)">Shaban Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Aga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Aga (page does not exist)">Ali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadj_Mohamed_Dey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadj Mohamed Dey (page does not exist)">Hadj Mohamed Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Hassan" title="Baba Hassan">Baba Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo_Morto_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha">Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadj_Ahmed_Chabane" title="Hadj Ahmed Chabane">Ahmed Sharban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Ahmed_ben_al-Hadji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji (page does not exist)">Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Chaouch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Chaouch (page does not exist)">Hassan Chaouch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadji_Mustapha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadji Mustapha (page does not exist)">Hadji Mustapha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Kodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hussein Kodja (page does not exist)">Hussein Kodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bektach" title="Mohamed Bektach">Mohamed Bektach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Deli Ibrahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Deys</a> of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Deylik_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Deylik of Algiers">Deylik of Algiers</a><br />(1710–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Chauch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Chauch">Ali I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_ben_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad III ben Hassan">Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdy_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdy Pasha (page does not exist)">Abdy Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Arslan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Arslan (page does not exist)">Mohammed Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ben_Ramdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim ben Ramdan">Ibrahim III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kutchuk_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutchuk Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Ibrahim IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_ibn_Bekir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed ibn Bekir (page does not exist)">Muhammad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba_Ali_Bou_Seb%C3%A2a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba Ali Bou Sebâa (page does not exist)">Ali II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Muhammad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Hassan" title="Sidi Hassan">Sidi Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_ibn_Ibrahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa ibn Ibrahim (page does not exist)">Mustapha II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Ali_Khodja" title="Ahmed bin Ali Khodja">Ahmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Muhammad_Khodja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali ibn Muhammad Khodja (page does not exist)">Ali III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Ali_ben_Khrelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Ali ben Khrelil">Ali IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_Muhammad_(Dey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Muhammad (Dey)">Mohammed Khaznadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_VI_ben_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad VI ben Ali (page does not exist)">Muhammad VI ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">Governors</a><br /> of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a><br />(1830–1962)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Auguste-Victor,_Count_de_Ghaisnes_de_Bourmont" title="Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont">Louis-Auguste-Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Clauzel" title="Bertrand Clauzel">Bertrand Clauzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berthez%C3%A8ne" title="Pierre Berthezène">Pierre Berthezène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary" title="Anne Jean Marie René Savary">Anne Jean Marie René Savary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Voirol,_Baron_Voirol" class="mw-redirect" title="Théophile Voirol, Baron Voirol">Théophile Voirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Drouet,_Comte_d%27Erlon" title="Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon">Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Clauzel" title="Bertrand Clauzel">Bertrand Clauzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie_Denys_de_Damr%C3%A9mont" title="Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont">Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Charles_Val%C3%A9e" title="Sylvain Charles Valée">Sylvain Charles Valée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud" title="Thomas Robert Bugeaud">Thomas Robert Bugeaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchault_de_Lamorici%C3%A8re" title="Louis Juchault de Lamoricière">Louis Juchault de Lamoricière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Marie Alphonse Bedeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henri,_Duke_of_Aumale" title="Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale">Henri d'Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Louis-Eugène Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Th%C3%A9odule_Changarnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Théodule Changarnier">Nicolas Théodule Changarnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viala_Charon" title="Viala Charon">Viala Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimable_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Aimable Pélissier">Aimable Pélissier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon" title="Jacques Louis Randon">Jacques Louis Randon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Joseph_Charles_Paul_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte">Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_de_Chasseloup-Laubat" title="Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat">Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_de_Martimprey" title="Edmond-Charles de Martimprey">Edmond-Charles de Martimprey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">Patrice de MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Alfred_Durrieu" title="François Louis Alfred Durrieu">François Louis Alfred Durrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Walsin-Esterhazy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Walsin-Esterhazy (page does not exist)">Jean Walsin-Esterhazy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri-Gabriel_Didier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri-Gabriel Didier (page does not exist)">Henri-Gabriel Didier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Bouzet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Bouzet (page does not exist)">Charles de Bouzet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romuald_Vuillermoz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romuald Vuillermoz (page does not exist)">Romuald Vuillermoz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Lambert (page does not exist)">Alexis Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_de_Gueydon" title="Louis Henri de Gueydon">Louis Henri de Gueydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Chanzy" title="Antoine Chanzy">Antoine Chanzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Albert Grévy">Albert Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Tirman" title="Louis Tirman">Louis Tirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Loze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Loze (page does not exist)">Auguste Loze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_L%C3%A9pine" title="Louis Lépine">Louis Lépine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Édouard Laferrière">Édouard Laferrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Charles Jonnart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R%C3%A9voil" title="Paul Révoil">Paul Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Varnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Varnier (page does not exist)">Maurice Varnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lutaud" title="Charles Lutaud">Charles Lutaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Abel" title="Jean-Baptiste Abel">Jean-Baptiste Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Théodore Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Dubief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Dubief (page does not exist)">Henri Dubief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Viollette" title="Maurice Viollette">Maurice Viollette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bordes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bordes (page does not exist)">Pierre Bordes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules-Gaston_Henri_Carde" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules-Gaston Henri Carde">Jules-Gaston Henri Carde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_le_Beau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges le Beau (page does not exist)">Georges le Beau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Charles_Abrial" title="Jean-Marie Charles Abrial">Jean-Marie Charles Abrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves-Charles_Chatel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves-Charles Chatel (page does not exist)">Yves-Charles Chatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel-Edmond_Peyrouton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton">Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Chataigneau" title="Yves Chataigneau">Yves Chataigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel-Edmond_Naegelen" title="Marcel-Edmond Naegelen">Marcel-Edmond Naegelen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_L%C3%A9onard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Léonard (page does not exist)">Roger Léonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Catroux" title="Georges Catroux">Georges Catroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacoste" title="Robert Lacoste">Robert Lacoste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Mutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Mutter (page does not exist)">André Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Albin_Louis_Salan" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul Albin Louis Salan">Raoul Salan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Albert_Louis_Delouvrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier (page does not exist)">Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Morin_(Delegate-General)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Morin (Delegate-General) (page does not exist)">Jean Morin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Fouchet" title="Christian Fouchet">Christian Fouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Algeria" title="List of heads of state of Algeria">Presidents</a> of the <br /><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Republic of Algeria</a><br />(1962–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Far%C3%A8s" title="Abderrahmane Farès">Abderrahmane Farès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Abbas" title="Ferhat Abbas">Ferhat Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabah_Bitat" title="Rabah Bitat">Rabah Bitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Benhabyles" title="Abdelmalek Benhabyles">Abdelmalek Benhabyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Boudiaf" title="Mohamed Boudiaf">Mohamed Boudiaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kafi" title="Ali Kafi">Ali Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liamine_Z%C3%A9roual" title="Liamine Zéroual">Liamine Zéroual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_Bensalah" title="Abdelkader Bensalah">Abdelkader Bensalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Template:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Template talk:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">Islamic dynasties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor" title="Emirate of Nekor">Salihids</a> (710–1019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrarid_dynasty" title="Midrarid dynasty">Midrarids</a> (757–976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> (771–793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> (777–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (788–985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a> (790–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabids</a> (800–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymanid_dynasty" title="Sulaymanid dynasty">Sulaymanids</a> (814–922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> (909–973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> (973–1148)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (1008–1152)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> (1040–1147)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Khurasan" title="Banu Khurasan">Khurasanids</a> (1059–1158)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> (1147–1269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> (1229–1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanids</a> (1235–1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> (1269–1465)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a> (1472–1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Sa'dids</a> (1549–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawids</a> (1666–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husaynids</a> (1705–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_dynasty" title="Karamanli dynasty">Karamanlids</a> (1711–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussids</a> (1837–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_the_Maghreb_dynasties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_the_Maghreb_dynasties" title="Template:Timeline of the Maghreb dynasties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_of_the_Maghreb_dynasties" title="Template talk:Timeline of the Maghreb dynasties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_the_Maghreb_dynasties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of the Maghreb dynasties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_the_Maghreb_dynasties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> dynasties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_sys8nbvg04gymfm14c9s7swv8wj1r38"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" coords="688,229,763,250" title="Kingdom of Libya" alt="Kingdom of Libya" /><area shape="rect" 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alt="Zirid dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Aghlabids" coords="64,184,150,205" title="Aghlabids" alt="Aghlabids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" coords="362,162,514,182" title="Zayyanid dynasty" alt="Zayyanid dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" coords="58,162,217,182" title="Banu Ifran" alt="Banu Ifran" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" coords="301,139,454,160" title="Zayyanid dynasty" alt="Zayyanid dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" coords="15,139,140,160" title="Kingdom of Nekor" alt="Kingdom of Nekor" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" coords="429,117,515,137" title="Wattasid dynasty" alt="Wattasid dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" coords="305,117,386,137" title="Marinid Sultanate" alt="Marinid Sultanate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Almoravids" coords="194,117,286,137" title="Almoravids" alt="Almoravids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" coords="58,117,138,137" title="Idrisid dynasty" alt="Idrisid dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" coords="534,94,659,115" title="Alaouite dynasty" alt="Alaouite dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" coords="449,94,557,115" title="Saadi dynasty" alt="Saadi dynasty" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" coords="238,94,319,115" title="Almohad Caliphate" alt="Almohad Caliphate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Barghawata" coords="33,94,186,115" title="Barghawata" alt="Barghawata" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" coords="302,72,416,92" title="Emirate of Granada" alt="Emirate of Granada" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" coords="134,72,281,92" title="Caliphate of Córdoba" alt="Caliphate of Córdoba" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Taifa" coords="296,49,421,70" title="Taifa" alt="Taifa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Taifa" coords="189,49,314,70" title="Taifa" alt="Taifa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" coords="37,49,173,70" title="Emirate of Córdoba" alt="Emirate of Córdoba" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Taifa" coords="252,27,377,47" title="Taifa" alt="Taifa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" coords="15,27,146,47" title="Umayyad Caliphate" alt="Umayyad Caliphate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maghreb" coords="285,12,470,36" title="History of the Maghreb" alt="History of the Maghreb" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_sys8nbvg04gymfm14c9s7swv8wj1r38" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/sys8nbvg04gymfm14c9s7swv8wj1r38.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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