CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Squamous-cell carcinoma - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ab4b7cf-d9e3-4c8d-9c1d-eee79902d205","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Squamous-cell_carcinoma","wgTitle":"Squamous-cell carcinoma","wgCurRevisionId":1256162481,"wgRevisionId":1256162481,"wgArticleId":54439024,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2023","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017","Cancer","Oncology","Epithelium"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Squamous-cell_carcinoma","wgRelevantArticleId":54439024,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q681817","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile", "model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="783"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="522"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png/640px-Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="417"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Squamous-cell carcinoma - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Squamous-cell_carcinoma rootpage-Squamous-cell_carcinoma skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Squamous-cell+carcinoma" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Squamous-cell+carcinoma" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Squamous-cell+carcinoma" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Squamous-cell+carcinoma" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-By_body_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_body_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>By body location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_body_location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By body location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_body_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_and_neck_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_and_neck_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Head and neck cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_and_neck_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thyroid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thyroid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Thyroid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thyroid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esophagus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esophagus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Esophagus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esophagus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Lung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Penis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Prostate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vagina_and_cervix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vagina_and_cervix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Vagina and cervix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vagina_and_cervix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Ovary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bladder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bladder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Bladder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bladder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Eye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tissue_of_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tissue_of_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Tissue of origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tissue_of_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_histopathologic_subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_histopathologic_subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Other histopathologic subtypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_histopathologic_subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Squamous-cell carcinoma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سرطانة حرشفية الخلايا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطانة حرشفية الخلايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_escat%C3%B3s" title="Carcinoma escatós – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carcinoma escatós" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skvamocelul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_karcinom" title="Skvamocelulární karcinom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skvamocelulární karcinom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattenepithelkarzinom" title="Plattenepithelkarzinom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plattenepithelkarzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%87%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%90%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ސްކްއޭމަސް ސެލް ކެންސަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސްކްއޭމަސް ސެލް ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ακανθοκυτταρικό καρκίνωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακανθοκυτταρικό καρκίνωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_espinocelular" title="Carcinoma espinocelular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carcinoma espinocelular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartzinoma_epidermoide" title="Kartzinoma epidermoide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartzinoma epidermoide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="کارسینوم سلول سنگفرشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارسینوم سلول سنگفرشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinome_%C3%A9pidermo%C3%AFde" title="Carcinome épidermoïde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carcinome épidermoïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%B8%ED%8F%89%EC%83%81%ED%94%BC%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%95%94" title="편평상피세포암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="편평상피세포암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0)" title="स्क्वैमस सेल कार्सिनोमा (शल्की सेल कैंसर) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्क्वैमस सेल कार्सिनोमा (शल्की सेल कैंसर)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planocelurarni_karcinom" title="Planocelurarni karcinom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Planocelurarni karcinom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Squamous-cell carcinoma" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinoma_sel_skuamosa" title="Karsinoma sel skuamosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karsinoma sel skuamosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_cutaneo_spinocellulare" title="Carcinoma cutaneo spinocellulare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carcinoma cutaneo spinocellulare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A9" title="קרצינומת תאי קשקש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרצינומת תאי קשקש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE" title="സ്ക്വാമസ് സെൽ കാർസിനോമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ക്വാമസ് സെൽ കാർസിനോമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinoma_sel_skuamus" title="Karsinoma sel skuamus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karsinoma sel skuamus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaveiselcelcarcinoom" title="Plaveiselcelcarcinoom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plaveiselcelcarcinoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%81%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%99%8C" title="扁平上皮癌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="扁平上皮癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_de_c%C3%A9lulas_escamosas" title="Carcinoma de células escamosas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carcinoma de células escamosas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Squamous-cell carcinoma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Карцином сквамозних ћелија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карцином сквамозних ћелија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okasolusy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Okasolusyöpä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Okasolusyöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skivepitelcancer" title="Skivepitelcancer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skivepitelcancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Яссы күзәнәкле яман шеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яссы күзәнәкле яман шеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuam%C3%B6z_h%C3%BCcreli_karsinom" title="Skuamöz hücreli karsinom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Skuamöz hücreli karsinom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="鳞状细胞癌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鳞状细胞癌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q681817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Squamous-cell_carcinoma" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&oldid=1256162481" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&id=1256162481&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSquamous-cell_carcinoma"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSquamous-cell_carcinoma"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Squamous-cell_carcinomas" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q681817" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Carcinoma that derives from squamous epithelial cells</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png/220px-Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png/330px-Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png/440px-Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Main <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a> features of squamous-cell carcinoma</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Squamous-cell carcinoma</b> (<b>SCC</b>), also known as <b>epidermoid carcinoma</b>, comprises a number of different types of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> that begin in <a href="/wiki/Epithelium#Cell_types" title="Epithelium">squamous cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2016Def_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cells form on the surface of the skin, on the lining of hollow organs in the body, and on the lining of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2016Def_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The squamous-cell carcinomas of different body sites can show differences in their presented symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_disease" title="Natural history of disease">natural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a>, and response to <a href="/wiki/Cancer_treatment" title="Cancer treatment">treatment</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_body_location">By body location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: By body location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">Human papillomavirus infection</a> has been associated with SCCs of the <a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">oropharynx</a>, lung,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fingers,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and anogenital region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_and_neck_cancer">Head and neck cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Head and neck cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SquamousCellCarcinomaTongueCT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SquamousCellCarcinomaTongueCT.png/220px-SquamousCellCarcinomaTongueCT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SquamousCellCarcinomaTongueCT.png/330px-SquamousCellCarcinomaTongueCT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SquamousCellCarcinomaTongueCT.png/440px-SquamousCellCarcinomaTongueCT.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>A large head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma of the tongue as seen on CT imaging</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">Head and neck cancer</a></div> <p>About 90%<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of cases of <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">head and neck cancer</a> (cancer of the mouth, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, throat and associated structures) are due to SCC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma">Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma</a> is the second most common skin cancer, accounting for over 1 million cases in the United States each year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thyroid">Thyroid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thyroid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary <a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma_of_the_thyroid" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the thyroid">squamous-cell carcinoma of the thyroid</a> shows an aggressive biological phenotype resulting in poor prognosis for patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Syied_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syied-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esophagus">Esophagus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Esophagus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">Esophageal cancer</a> may be due to either <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer#Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma</a> (ESCC) or <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> (EAC). SCCs tend to occur closer to the mouth, while adenocarcinomas occur closer to the stomach. <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">Dysphagia</a> (difficulty swallowing, solids worse than liquids) and <a href="/wiki/Odynophagia" title="Odynophagia">painful swallowing</a> are common initial symptoms. If the disease is localized, <a href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">surgical removal of the affected esophagus</a> may offer the possibility of a cure. If the disease has spread, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> and radiotherapy are commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lung">Lung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma_of_the_lung" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung">Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca_bronchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ca_bronchus.jpg/220px-Ca_bronchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ca_bronchus.jpg/330px-Ca_bronchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ca_bronchus.jpg/440px-Ca_bronchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a squamous-cell carcinoma. The tumour is on the left, obstructing the bronchus (lung); beyond the tumour, the bronchus is inflamed and contains mucus.</figcaption></figure> <p>When associated with the lung, it is typically a centrally located large-cell cancer (<a href="/wiki/Non-small-cell_lung_cancer" title="Non-small-cell lung cancer">non-small-cell lung cancer</a>). It often has a <a href="/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome" title="Paraneoplastic syndrome">paraneoplastic syndrome</a> causing ectopic production of <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone-related_protein" title="Parathyroid hormone-related protein">parathyroid hormone-related protein</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a>, but paraneoplastic syndrome is more commonly associated with small-cell lung cancer. It is primarily due to smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penis">Penis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Penis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection" title="Human papillomavirus infection">Human papillomavirus</a> (HPV), primarily HPV 16 and 18, are strongly implicated in the development of SCC of the penis. Three carcinomas <i>in situ</i> are associated with SCCs of the penis:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen's disease">Bowen's disease</a> presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around a third of cases progress to SCC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroplasia_of_Queyrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythroplasia of Queyrat">Erythroplasia of Queyrat</a>, a variation of Bowen's disease, presents as erythroplakia on the glans.</li> <li>Bowenoid papulosis, which histologically resembles Bowen disease, presents as reddish papules.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prostate">Prostate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prostate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When associated with the <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>, squamous-cell carcinoma is very aggressive in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33235827_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33235827-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to detect as no increase in <a href="/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen" title="Prostate-specific antigen">prostate-specific antigen</a> levels is seen, meaning that the cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30805072_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30805072-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vagina_and_cervix">Vagina and cervix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vagina and cervix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina" title="Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina">Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina</a> spreads slowly and usually stays near the vagina, but may spread to the lungs and liver. This is the most common type of <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">vaginal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovary">Ovary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ovary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_squamous_cell_carcinoma" title="Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma">Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma</a> (oSCC) or <i>squamous ovarian carcinoma</i> (SOC) is a rare tumor that accounts for 1% of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bladder">Bladder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bladder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most bladder cancer is transitional cell, but bladder cancer associated with <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a> is often SCC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eye">Eye</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conjunctival_squamous_cell_carcinoma" title="Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma">Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma</a> and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia comprise ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oral_cancer_(1)_squamous_cell_carcinoma_histopathology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oral_cancer_%281%29_squamous_cell_carcinoma_histopathology.jpg/220px-Oral_cancer_%281%29_squamous_cell_carcinoma_histopathology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oral_cancer_%281%29_squamous_cell_carcinoma_histopathology.jpg/330px-Oral_cancer_%281%29_squamous_cell_carcinoma_histopathology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oral_cancer_%281%29_squamous_cell_carcinoma_histopathology.jpg/440px-Oral_cancer_%281%29_squamous_cell_carcinoma_histopathology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">Biopsy</a> of a highly differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma of the mouth. Typical squamous-cell carcinoma cells are large with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large, often vesicular, nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">Haematoxylin & eosin stain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cytopathology_of_keratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cytopathology_of_keratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png/250px-Cytopathology_of_keratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cytopathology_of_keratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png/375px-Cytopathology_of_keratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cytopathology_of_keratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png/500px-Cytopathology_of_keratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a> of squamous-cell carcinoma, keratinizing variant, with typical features.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pap stain.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cytopathology_of_nonkeratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cytopathology_of_nonkeratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png/250px-Cytopathology_of_nonkeratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cytopathology_of_nonkeratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png/375px-Cytopathology_of_nonkeratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cytopathology_of_nonkeratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png/500px-Cytopathology_of_nonkeratinizing_squamous_cell_carcinoma.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Cytopathology of squamous-cell carcinoma, nonkeratinizing variant, with typical features.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pap stain. Yet, these findings are overall less specific than for keratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma, and most can be seen in other cancers such as <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> as well (which, however, tends to have fine chromatin).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">Medical history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> may suggest a squamous-cell carcinoma, but a <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a> generally establishes the diagnosis. <a href="/wiki/TP63" title="TP63">TP63</a> staining is the main histological marker for squamous-cell carcinoma. In addition, TP63 is an essential transcription factor to establish identity of the squamous cells.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID32128997_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID32128997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_well_differentiated_Left_upper_paraspinal_back_with_adjacent_actinic_keratosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SCC well-differentiated, left upper paraspinal back marked for biopsy with adjacent actinic keratosis"><img alt="SCC well-differentiated, left upper paraspinal back marked for biopsy with adjacent actinic keratosis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_well_differentiated_Left_upper_paraspinal_back_with_adjacent_actinic_keratosis.jpg/404px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_well_differentiated_Left_upper_paraspinal_back_with_adjacent_actinic_keratosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_well_differentiated_Left_upper_paraspinal_back_with_adjacent_actinic_keratosis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SCC well-differentiated, left upper paraspinal back marked for biopsy with adjacent actinic keratosis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Lateral_Canthus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SCC, left lateral canthus marked for biopsy"><img alt="SCC, left lateral canthus marked for biopsy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Lateral_Canthus.jpg/212px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Lateral_Canthus.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Lateral_Canthus.jpg/319px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Lateral_Canthus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Lateral_Canthus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SCC, left lateral canthus marked for biopsy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Ventral_Forearm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SCC, left ventral forearm"><img alt="SCC, left ventral forearm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Ventral_Forearm.jpg/242px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Ventral_Forearm.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma_Left_Ventral_Forearm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SCC, left ventral forearm</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cancer can be considered a very large and exceptionally heterogeneous family of malignant diseases, with squamous-cell carcinomas comprising one of the largest subsets.<sup id="cite_ref-BermanTaxonomy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BermanTaxonomy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BermanAristotle_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BermanAristotle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-who2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All SCC lesions are thought to begin via the repeated, uncontrolled division of cancer <a href="/wiki/Stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cells">stem cells</a> of epithelial lineage or characteristics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> SCCs arise from <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell">squamous cells</a>, which are flat cells that line many areas of the body. Some of which are keratinocytes. Accumulation of these cancer cells causes a microscopic focus of abnormal cells that are, at least initially, locally confined within the specific tissue in which the progenitor cell resided. This condition is called squamous-cell <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">carcinoma <i>in situ</i></a>, and it is diagnosed when the tumor has not yet penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a> or other delimiting structure to invade adjacent tissues. Once the lesion has grown and progressed to the point where it has breached, penetrated, and infiltrated adjacent structures, it is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Invasive_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive (medical)">invasive</a>" squamous-cell carcinoma. Once a carcinoma becomes invasive, it is able to spread to other organs and cause the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>, or "secondary tumor".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tissue_of_origin">Tissue of origin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tissue of origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">International Classification of Diseases for Oncology</a> (ICD-O) system lists a number of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> subtypes and variants of <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> squamous-cell <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a>, including:<sup id="cite_ref-ICD-O-2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICD-O-2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_thyroid_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillary thyroid carcinoma">papillary thyroid carcinoma</a> (code 8050/3)</li> <li>verrucous squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8051/3)</li> <li>papillary squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8052/3)</li> <li>squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8070/3)</li> <li>large-cell keratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8071/3)</li> <li>large-cell nonkeratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8072/3)</li> <li>small-cell keratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8073/3)</li> <li>spindle-cell squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8074/3) It is also known as spindle-cell carcinoma,<sup id="cite_ref-Bolognia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a subtype characterized by spindle-shaped atypical cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitz2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitz2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>adenoid/pseudoglandular squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8075/3)</li> <li>intraepidermal squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8081/3)</li> <li>lymphoepithelial carcinoma (code 8082/3).</li></ul> <p>Other variants of SCCs are recognized under other systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Keratoacanthoma" title="Keratoacanthoma">keratoacanthoma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_histopathologic_subtypes">Other histopathologic subtypes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other histopathologic subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythroplasia_of_Queyrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythroplasia of Queyrat">Erythroplasia of Queyrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjolin%27s_ulcer" title="Marjolin's ulcer">Marjolin's ulcer</a> is a type of SCC that arises from a nonhealing <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulcer</a> or burn wound. More recent evidence, however, suggests that genetic differences exist between SCC and <a href="/wiki/Marjolin%27s_ulcer" title="Marjolin's ulcer">Marjolin's ulcer</a>, which were previously underappreciated.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One method of classifying squamous-cell carcinomas is by their <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">appearance under microscope</a>. Subtypes may include: </p> <ul><li>adenoid squamous-cell carcinoma (also known as pseudoglandular squamous-cell carcinoma) is characterized by a tubular microscopic pattern and <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Acantholysis" title="Acantholysis">acantholysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitz2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitz2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma is mostly found in or near the tongue, tonsils, or larynx, but may also occur <a href="/wiki/Basaloid_squamous_cell_lung_carcinoma" title="Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma">in the lung</a> or elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma (also known as clear-cell carcinoma of the skin) is characterized by keratinocytes that appear clear as a result of <a href="/wiki/Hydropic_swelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydropic swelling">hydropic swelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitz2_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitz2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>signet ring-cell squamous-cell carcinoma (occasionally rendered as signet ring-cell squamous-cell carcinoma) is a histological variant characterized by concentric rings composed of keratin and large <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a> corresponding to markedly dilated <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitz2_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitz2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vacuoles grow to such an extent that they radically displace the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> toward the cell membrane, giving the cell a distinctive superficial resemblance to a "signet ring" when viewed under a microscope.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkinTumors-P6070232.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Adenoid squamous-cell carcinoma"><img alt="Adenoid squamous-cell carcinoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SkinTumors-P6070232.JPG/120px-SkinTumors-P6070232.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SkinTumors-P6070232.JPG/180px-SkinTumors-P6070232.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SkinTumors-P6070232.JPG/240px-SkinTumors-P6070232.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adenoid squamous-cell carcinoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkinTumors-P6020140.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma"><img alt="Basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/SkinTumors-P6020140.JPG/120px-SkinTumors-P6020140.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/SkinTumors-P6020140.JPG/180px-SkinTumors-P6020140.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/SkinTumors-P6020140.JPG/240px-SkinTumors-P6020140.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkinTumors-P5290109.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma"><img alt="Clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SkinTumors-P5290109.JPG/120px-SkinTumors-P5290109.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SkinTumors-P5290109.JPG/180px-SkinTumors-P5290109.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SkinTumors-P5290109.JPG/240px-SkinTumors-P5290109.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkinTumors-P5300131.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Spindle-cell squamous-cell carcinoma"><img alt="Spindle-cell squamous-cell carcinoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SkinTumors-P5300131.JPG/120px-SkinTumors-P5300131.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SkinTumors-P5300131.JPG/180px-SkinTumors-P5300131.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SkinTumors-P5300131.JPG/240px-SkinTumors-P5300131.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spindle-cell squamous-cell carcinoma</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have found evidences for an association between diet and skin cancers, including SCC. The consumption of high-fat dairy foods increases SCC tumor risk in people with previous skin cancer. Green leafy vegetables may help prevent development of subsequent SCC and multiple studies found that raw vegetables and fruits are significantly protective against SCC risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, consumption of whole milk, yogurt, and cheese may increase SCC risk in susceptible people.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, meat and fat dietary pattern can increase the risk of SCC in people without a history of SCC, but the association is again more prominent in people with a history of skin cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco smoking and a dietary pattern characterized by high beer and liquor intake also increase the risk of SCC significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NCI2016Def-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2016Def_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2016Def_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=46595">"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"</a>. <i>National Cancer Institute</i>. 2011-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=NCI+Dictionary+of+Cancer+Terms&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdictionaries%2Fcancer-terms%3Fcdrid%3D46595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuYangHuYan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yu Y, Yang A, Hu S, Yan H (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3892%2For_00000397">"Correlation of HPV-16/18 infection of human papillomavirus with lung squamous cell carcinomas in Western China"</a>. <i>Oncology Reports</i>. <b>21</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1627–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3892%2For_00000397">10.3892/or_00000397</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19424646">19424646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncology+Reports&rft.atitle=Correlation+of+HPV-16%2F18+infection+of+human+papillomavirus+with+lung+squamous+cell+carcinomas+in+Western+China&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1627-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3892%2For_00000397&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19424646&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Yang%2C+A&rft.au=Hu%2C+S&rft.au=Yan%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3892%252For_00000397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/458357">"Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of the Finger"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recurrent+Squamous+Cell+Carcinoma+In+Situ+of+the+Finger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F458357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Headneck/Aboutheadneckcancers/Typesofheadneckcancer.aspx">"Types of head and neck cancer - Understanding - Macmillan Cancer Support"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+head+and+neck+cancer+-+Understanding+-+Macmillan+Cancer+Support&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillan.org.uk%2FCancerinformation%2FCancertypes%2FHeadneck%2FAboutheadneckcancers%2FTypesofheadneckcancer.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowellRamsey2022" class="citation cs2">Howell, Jesse Y.; Ramsey, Michael L. (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441939/">"Squamous Cell Skin Cancer"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28722968">28722968</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Squamous+Cell+Skin+Cancer&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28722968&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Jesse+Y.&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK441939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syied-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syied_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyedStewartSyedDahill2011" class="citation journal cs1">Syed MI, Stewart M, Syed S, Dahill S, Adams C, McLellan DR, Clark LJ (January 2011). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: primary or secondary disease?". <i>The Journal of Laryngology and Otology</i>. <b>125</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022215110002070">10.1017/S0022215110002070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20950510">20950510</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28225556">28225556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Laryngology+and+Otology&rft.atitle=Squamous+cell+carcinoma+of+the+thyroid+gland%3A+primary+or+secondary+disease%3F&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28225556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20950510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022215110002070&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=MI&rft.au=Stewart%2C+M&rft.au=Syed%2C+S&rft.au=Dahill%2C+S&rft.au=Adams%2C+C&rft.au=McLellan%2C+DR&rft.au=Clark%2C+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/esophageal-cancer/">"Esophageal Cancer"</a>. <i>The Lecturio Medical Concept Library</i>. 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Esophageal+Cancer&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fesophageal-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoolerHannonPorthMatfin2010" class="citation book cs1">Pooler C, Hannon RA, Porth C, Matfin G (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA660"><i>Porth pathophysiology: concepts of altered health states</i></a> (1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 660. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60547-781-7"><bdi>978-1-60547-781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porth+pathophysiology%3A+concepts+of+altered+health+states&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=660&rft.edition=1st+Canadian&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60547-781-7&rft.aulast=Pooler&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Hannon%2C+Ruth+A&rft.au=Porth%2C+Carol&rft.au=Matfin%2C+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-MFXOEG0lcC%26pg%3DPA660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsKumarAbbasFausto2007" class="citation book cs1">Robbins S, Kumar V, Abbas A, Fausto N (2007). <i>Robbins Basic Pathology</i> (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 688. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2973-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2973-1"><bdi>978-1-4160-2973-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+Basic+Pathology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=688&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Vinay&rft.au=Abbas%2C+Abul&rft.au=Fausto%2C+Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid33235827-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid33235827_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannaLeleMcCormickMcMahon2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hanna K, Lele SM, McCormick G, McMahon A, Hill B, Boyle SL (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7670195">"Primary prostatic squamous cell carcinoma"</a>. <i>Urology Case Reports</i>. <b>34</b>: 101478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eucr.2020.101478">10.1016/j.eucr.2020.101478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7670195">7670195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33235827">33235827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology+Case+Reports&rft.atitle=Primary+prostatic+squamous+cell+carcinoma&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=101478&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7670195%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33235827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eucr.2020.101478&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Lele%2C+SM&rft.au=McCormick%2C+G&rft.au=McMahon%2C+A&rft.au=Hill%2C+B&rft.au=Boyle%2C+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7670195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30805072-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30805072_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lee J (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6374616">"Transformation of adenocarcinoma of prostate to squamous cell carcinoma following hormonal treatment: A case report and review of the literature"</a>. <i>Radiology Case Reports</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">483–</span>489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.radcr.2019.01.015">10.1016/j.radcr.2019.01.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6374616">6374616</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30805072">30805072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology+Case+Reports&rft.atitle=Transformation+of+adenocarcinoma+of+prostate+to+squamous+cell+carcinoma+following+hormonal+treatment%3A+A+case+report+and+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E489&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6374616%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30805072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.radcr.2019.01.015&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6374616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T114827/Squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-vagina">"Squamous-cell Carcinoma of the Vagina"</a>. <i>www.dynamed.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dynamed.com&rft.atitle=Squamous-cell+Carcinoma+of+the+Vagina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dynamed.com%2Ftopics%2Fdmp~AN~T114827%2FSquamous-cell-carcinoma-of-vagina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (December 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastavaShreeGuleriaSingh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Srivastava, Himsweta; Shree, Sneha; Guleria, Kiran; Singh, Usha R (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5483757">"Pure Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Ovary – A Rare Case Report"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research</i> (Case report). <b>11</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">QD01 –</span> <span class="nowrap">QD02</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2017%2F16899.9771">10.7860/JCDR/2017/16899.9771</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-782X">2249-782X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5483757">5483757</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28658855">28658855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+and+Diagnostic+Research&rft.atitle=Pure+Primary+Squamous+Cell+Carcinoma+of+Ovary+%E2%80%93+A+Rare+Case+Report&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EQD01+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EQD02%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5483757%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2249-782X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28658855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2017%2F16899.9771&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Himsweta&rft.au=Shree%2C+Sneha&rft.au=Guleria%2C+Kiran&rft.au=Singh%2C+Usha+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5483757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Nicholas_Turnbull,_A/Prof_Patrick_Emanual2014" class="citation web cs1">Dr Nicholas Turnbull, A/Prof Patrick Emanual (2014-05-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dermnetnz.org/topics/squamous-cell-carcinoma-pathology/">"Squamous cell carcinoma pathology"</a>. <i>DermNetz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DermNetz&rft.atitle=Squamous+cell+carcinoma+pathology&rft.date=2014-05-03&rft.au=Dr+Nicholas+Turnbull%2C+A%2FProf+Patrick+Emanual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdermnetnz.org%2Ftopics%2Fsquamous-cell-carcinoma-pathology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">- Image annotated by Mikael Häggström<br />- Reference for entries: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulisa_Turashvili,_M.D.,_Ph.D." class="citation web cs1">Gulisa Turashvili, M.D., Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cervixSCC.html">"Cervix - Squamous cell carcinoma and variants"</a>. <i>Pathology Outlines</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pathology+Outlines&rft.atitle=Cervix+-+Squamous+cell+carcinoma+and+variants&rft.au=Gulisa+Turashvili%2C+M.D.%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathologyoutlines.com%2Ftopic%2FcervixSCC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Last author update: 24 September 2020. Last staff update: 4 April 2022.<br />- Source image from National Cancer Institute (Public Domain)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">- Image annotated by Mikael Häggström<br />- Reference for entries: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulisa_Turashvili,_M.D.,_Ph.D." class="citation web cs1">Gulisa Turashvili, M.D., Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/cervixSCC.html">"Cervix - Squamous cell carcinoma and variants"</a>. <i>Pathology Outlines</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pathology+Outlines&rft.atitle=Cervix+-+Squamous+cell+carcinoma+and+variants&rft.au=Gulisa+Turashvili%2C+M.D.%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathologyoutlines.com%2Ftopic%2FcervixSCC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Last author update: 24 September 2020. Last staff update: 4 April 2022.<br />- Source image by Ravi Mehrotra, Anurag Gupta, Mamta Singh and Rahela Ibrahim (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuthors:_Caroline_I.M._Underwood,_M.D.,_Alexis_Musick,_B.S.,_Carolyn_Glass,_M.D.,_Ph.D." class="citation web cs1">Authors: Caroline I.M. Underwood, M.D., Alexis Musick, B.S., Carolyn Glass, M.D., Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/lungtumoradenocarcinoma.html">"Adenocarcinoma overview"</a>. <i>Pathology Outlines</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pathology+Outlines&rft.atitle=Adenocarcinoma+overview&rft.au=Authors%3A+Caroline+I.M.+Underwood%2C+M.D.%2C+Alexis+Musick%2C+B.S.%2C+Carolyn+Glass%2C+M.D.%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathologyoutlines.com%2Ftopic%2Flungtumoradenocarcinoma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Last staff update: 19 July 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID32128997-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMID32128997_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrieto-GarciaHartmannReisslandBraun2020" class="citation journal cs1">Prieto-Garcia C, Hartmann O, Reissland M, Braun F, Fischer T, Walz S, et al. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136964">"Maintaining protein stability of ∆Np63 via USP28 is required by squamous cancer cells"</a>. <i>EMBO Molecular Medicine</i>. <b>12</b> (4): e11101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15252%2Femmm.201911101">10.15252/emmm.201911101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136964">7136964</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32128997">32128997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Molecular+Medicine&rft.atitle=Maintaining+protein+stability+of+%E2%88%86Np63+via+USP28+is+required+by+squamous+cancer+cells&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e11101&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7136964%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32128997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15252%2Femmm.201911101&rft.aulast=Prieto-Garcia&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+O&rft.au=Reissland%2C+M&rft.au=Braun%2C+F&rft.au=Fischer%2C+T&rft.au=Walz%2C+S&rft.au=Sch%C3%BClein-V%C3%B6lk%2C+C&rft.au=Eilers%2C+U&rft.au=Ade%2C+CP&rft.au=Calzado%2C+MA&rft.au=Orian%2C+A&rft.au=Maric%2C+HM&rft.au=M%C3%BCnch%2C+C&rft.au=Rosenfeldt%2C+M&rft.au=Eilers%2C+M&rft.au=Diefenbacher%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7136964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BermanTaxonomy-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BermanTaxonomy_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Berman JJ (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535937">"Tumor taxonomy for the developmental lineage classification of neoplasms"</a>. <i>BMC Cancer</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2407-4-88">10.1186/1471-2407-4-88</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535937">535937</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15571625">15571625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Cancer&rft.atitle=Tumor+taxonomy+for+the+developmental+lineage+classification+of+neoplasms&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC535937%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15571625&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2407-4-88&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC535937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BermanAristotle-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BermanAristotle_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Berman JJ (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC415552">"Tumor classification: molecular analysis meets Aristotle"</a>. <i>BMC Cancer</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2407-4-10">10.1186/1471-2407-4-10</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC415552">415552</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15113444">15113444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Cancer&rft.atitle=Tumor+classification%3A+molecular+analysis+meets+Aristotle&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC415552%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15113444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2407-4-10&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC415552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-who2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravisBrambillaMuller-HermelinkHarris2004" class="citation book cs1">Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823210304/http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb10/bb10-cover.pdf"><i>Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-2418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-2418-1"><bdi>978-92-832-2418-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/pat-gen/bb10/bb10-cover.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathology+and+Genetics+of+Tumours+of+the+Lung%2C+Pleura%2C+Thymus+and+Heart&rft.place=Lyon&rft.series=World+Health+Organization+Classification+of+Tumours&rft.pub=IARC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-92-832-2418-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iarc.fr%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fpdfs-online%2Fpat-gen%2Fbb10%2Fbb10-cover.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICD-O-2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICD-O-2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_HoltenWorld_Health_Organization1990" class="citation book cs1">Van Holten, Valerie; World Health Organization (1990). Muir, C.S.; Percy, C.L.; Van Holten, V. (eds.). <i>International Classification of Diseases for Oncology: ICD-0</i> (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241544146" title="Special:BookSources/9789241544146"><bdi>9789241544146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Classification+of+Diseases+for+Oncology%3A+ICD-0&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9789241544146&rft.aulast=Van+Holten&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolognia-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolognia_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapiniBologniaJorizzo2007" class="citation book cs1">Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL (2007). <i>Dermatology: 2-Volume Set</i>. St. Louis: Mosby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1"><bdi>978-1-4160-2999-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dermatology%3A+2-Volume+Set&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Mosby&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1&rft.aulast=Rapini&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rft.au=Bolognia%2C+Jean+L.&rft.au=Jorizzo%2C+Joseph+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitz2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitz2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitz2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitz2_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitz2_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickFreedberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick TB, Freedberg IM, eds. (2003). <i>Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine</i> (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 743. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138076-8"><bdi>978-0-07-138076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fitzpatrick%27s+dermatology+in+general+medicine&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=743&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-138076-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinhaSuWorkentineAgabalyan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha S, Su S, Workentine M, Agabalyan N, Cheng M, Gabriel V, Biernaskie J (January 2017). "Transcriptional Analysis Reveals Evidence of Chronically Impeded ECM Turnover and Epithelium-to-Mesenchyme Transition in Scar Tissue Giving Rise to Marjolin's Ulcer". <i>Journal of Burn Care & Research</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">e14 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e22</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FBCR.0000000000000432">10.1097/BCR.0000000000000432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27679957">27679957</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3702018">3702018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Burn+Care+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+Analysis+Reveals+Evidence+of+Chronically+Impeded+ECM+Turnover+and+Epithelium-to-Mesenchyme+Transition+in+Scar+Tissue+Giving+Rise+to+Marjolin%27s+Ulcer&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee14+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee22%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3702018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27679957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FBCR.0000000000000432&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Su%2C+S&rft.au=Workentine%2C+M&rft.au=Agabalyan%2C+N&rft.au=Cheng%2C+M&rft.au=Gabriel%2C+V&rft.au=Biernaskie%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhi2012" class="citation book cs1">Radhi, Jasim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxyaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">"Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma"</a>. In Li, Xiaoming (ed.). <i>Squamous Cell Carcinoma</i>. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-51-0024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-51-0024-9"><bdi>978-953-51-0024-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basaloid+Squamous+Cell+Carcinoma&rft.btitle=Squamous+Cell+Carcinoma&rft.place=Rijeka%2C+Croatia&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=InTech&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-953-51-0024-9&rft.aulast=Radhi&rft.aufirst=Jasim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxyaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_StefaniDeneo-PellegriniRoncoBoffetta2003" class="citation journal cs1">De Stefani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Ronco AL, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Muñoz N, Castellsagué X, Correa P, Mendilaharsu M (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394307">"Food groups and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus: a case-control study in Uruguay"</a>. <i>British Journal of Cancer</i>. <b>89</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1209–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6601239">10.1038/sj.bjc.6601239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394307">2394307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14520448">14520448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Food+groups+and+risk+of+squamous+cell+carcinoma+of+the+oesophagus%3A+a+case-control+study+in+Uruguay&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1209-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2394307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14520448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6601239&rft.aulast=De+Stefani&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Deneo-Pellegrini%2C+H&rft.au=Ronco%2C+AL&rft.au=Boffetta%2C+P&rft.au=Brennan%2C+P&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+N&rft.au=Castellsagu%C3%A9%2C+X&rft.au=Correa%2C+P&rft.au=Mendilaharsu%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2394307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLeeWuLiu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chen YK, Lee CH, Wu IC, Liu JS, Wu DC, Lee JM, Goan YG, Chou SH, Huang CT, Lee CY, Hung HC, Yang JF, Wu MT (July 2009). "Food intake and the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in different sections of the esophagus in Taiwanese men". <i>Nutrition</i>. <b>25</b> (<span class="nowrap">7–</span>8): <span class="nowrap">753–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nut.2009.02.002">10.1016/j.nut.2009.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19394796">19394796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition&rft.atitle=Food+intake+and+the+occurrence+of+squamous+cell+carcinoma+in+different+sections+of+the+esophagus+in+Taiwanese+men&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E753-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nut.2009.02.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19394796&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=YK&rft.au=Lee%2C+CH&rft.au=Wu%2C+IC&rft.au=Liu%2C+JS&rft.au=Wu%2C+DC&rft.au=Lee%2C+JM&rft.au=Goan%2C+YG&rft.au=Chou%2C+SH&rft.au=Huang%2C+CT&rft.au=Lee%2C+CY&rft.au=Hung%2C+HC&rft.au=Yang%2C+JF&rft.au=Wu%2C+MT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesvan_der_PolsMarksGreen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes MC, van der Pols JC, Marks GC, Green AC (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.22061">"Food intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in a community: the Nambour skin cancer cohort study"</a>. <i>International Journal of Cancer</i>. <b>119</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1953–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.22061">10.1002/ijc.22061</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16721782">16721782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Food+intake+and+risk+of+squamous+cell+carcinoma+of+the+skin+in+a+community%3A+the+Nambour+skin+cancer+cohort+study&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1953-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.22061&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16721782&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=van+der+Pols%2C+JC&rft.au=Marks%2C+GC&rft.au=Green%2C+AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fijc.22061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbiebelevan_der_PolsHughesMarks2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ibiebele TI, van der Pols JC, Hughes MC, Marks GC, Williams GM, Green AC (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F85.5.1401">"Dietary pattern in association with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a prospective study"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>85</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1401–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F85.5.1401">10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1401</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17490979">17490979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Dietary+pattern+in+association+with+squamous+cell+carcinoma+of+the+skin%3A+a+prospective+study&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1401-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F85.5.1401&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17490979&rft.aulast=Ibiebele&rft.aufirst=TI&rft.au=van+der+Pols%2C+JC&rft.au=Hughes%2C+MC&rft.au=Marks%2C+GC&rft.au=Williams%2C+GM&rft.au=Green%2C+AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn%252F85.5.1401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahmanyarYe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bahmanyar S, Ye W (2006). "Dietary patterns and risk of squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: a population-based case-control study in Sweden". <i>Nutrition and Cancer</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">171–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327914nc5402_3">10.1207/s15327914nc5402_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16898861">16898861</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1959103">1959103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+and+Cancer&rft.atitle=Dietary+patterns+and+risk+of+squamous-cell+carcinoma+and+adenocarcinoma+of+the+esophagus+and+adenocarcinoma+of+the+gastric+cardia%3A+a+population-based+case-control+study+in+Sweden&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1959103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16898861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15327914nc5402_3&rft.aulast=Bahmanyar&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Ye%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASquamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox711" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q681817#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4174886-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88005247">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000347368&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529944605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&oldid=1256162481">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&oldid=1256162481</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cancer" title="Category:Cancer">Cancer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oncology" title="Category:Oncology">Oncology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epithelium" title="Category:Epithelium">Epithelium</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_December_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 15:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squamous-cell_carcinoma&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Squamous-cell carcinoma</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>29 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f467697bf-xm994","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.541","walltime":"0.647","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2797,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":86408,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3649,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":132635,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 574.204 1 -total"," 50.22% 288.347 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.51% 106.299 9 Template:Cite_web"," 15.46% 88.785 1 Template:Authority_control"," 13.95% 80.128 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.83% 67.920 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.81% 67.803 4 Template:Citation_needed"," 10.76% 61.768 5 Template:Fix"," 9.22% 52.923 7 Template:Cite_book"," 7.45% 42.776 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.357","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6127401,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-b4q2j","timestamp":"20250211202101","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Squamous-cell carcinoma","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Squamous-cell_carcinoma","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q681817","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q681817","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2017-07-01T20:02:40Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T15:17:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ca\/Histopathology_of_squamous-cell_carcinoma.png","headline":"carcinoma that derives from squamous epithelial cells"}</script> </body> </html>