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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فيليس ويتلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيليس ويتلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فیلیس ویتلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیس ویتلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Филис Уитли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филис Уитли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatleyov%C3%A1" title="Phillis Wheatleyová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Phillis Wheatleyová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فیلیس ویتلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلیس ویتلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%ED%9C%98%ED%8B%80%EB%A6%AC" title="필리스 휘틀리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리스 휘틀리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Ֆիլիս Ուիթլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիլիս Ուիթլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99" title="פיליס ויטלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיליס ויטלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ფილის უიტლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილის უიტლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Филис Витли – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филис Витли" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="ഫിലിസ് വീറ്റ്‌ലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിലിസ് വീറ്റ്‌ലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="フィリス・ホイートリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリス・ホイートリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Уитли, Филлис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уитли, Филлис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Филис Витли – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филис Витли" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Phillis Wheatley" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="பில்லிஸ் வீட்லி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பில்லிஸ் வீட்லி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Филис Уитли – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филис Уитли" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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style="display:none">African-born American poet (1753–1784)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Phillis Wheatley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Phillis Wheatley, attributed by some scholars to Scipio Moorhead"><img alt="Portrait of Phillis Wheatley, attributed by some scholars to Scipio Moorhead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg/220px-Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg/330px-Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg/440px-Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Phillis_Wheatley" title="Portrait of Phillis Wheatley">Portrait of Phillis Wheatley</a></i>, attributed by some scholars to <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Moorhead" title="Scipio Moorhead">Scipio Moorhead</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1753<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">December 5, 1784<span style="display:none">(1784-12-05)</span> (aged 31)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_on_Various_Subjects,_Religious_and_Moral" title="Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral">Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral</a></i> (1773)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">John Peters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Uncertain. Up to three with none surviving past early childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillis_Wheatley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillis_Wheatley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phillis Wheatley Peters</b>, also spelled <b>Phyllis</b> and <b>Wheatly</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1753</span> – December 5, 1784) was an American author who is considered the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">first African-American author of a published book of poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trials5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trials5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, she was kidnapped and subsequently sold into slavery at the age of seven or eight and transported to North America, where she was bought by the Wheatley family of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. After she learned to read and write, they encouraged her poetry when they saw her talent. </p><p>On a 1773 trip to London with the Wheatleys' son, seeking publication of her work, Wheatley met prominent people who became her patrons. The publication in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> of her <i><a href="/wiki/Poems_on_Various_Subjects,_Religious_and_Moral" title="Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral">Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral</a></i> on September 1, 1773, brought her fame both in England and the American colonies. Prominent figures, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, praised her work.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later, African-American poet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Hammon" title="Jupiter Hammon">Jupiter Hammon</a> praised her work in a poem of his own. </p><p>Wheatley was <a href="/wiki/Emancipated" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipated">emancipated</a> by the Wheatleys shortly after the publication of her book of poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_2000,_page_123_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_2000,_page_123-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wheatleys died soon thereafter and Phillis Wheatley married John Peters, a poor grocer. They lost three children, who all died young. Wheatley-Peters died in poverty and obscurity at the age of 31. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_South_Meetinghouse_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_South_Meetinghouse_BW.jpg/220px-Old_South_Meetinghouse_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_South_Meetinghouse_BW.jpg/330px-Old_South_Meetinghouse_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_South_Meetinghouse_BW.jpg/440px-Old_South_Meetinghouse_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="4596" /></a><figcaption>Phillis Wheatley's church, <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Meeting_House" title="Old South Meeting House">Old South Meeting House</a><sup id="cite_ref-cromwell-1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cromwell-1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the date and place of her birth are not documented, scholars believe that Wheatley was born in 1753 in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, most likely in present-day <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was sold by a local chief to a visiting trader, who took her to Boston in the then British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Massachusetts">Colony of Massachusetts</a>, on July 11, 1761,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a> called <i>The Phillis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doak_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doak-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vessel was owned by Timothy Fitch and captained by Peter Gwinn.<sup id="cite_ref-Doak_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doak-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On arrival in Boston, Wheatley was bought by the wealthy Boston merchant and tailor John Wheatley as a slave for his wife Susanna. The Wheatleys named her Phillis, after the ship that had transported her to North America. She was given their last name of Wheatley, as was a common custom if any surname was used for enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wheatleys' 18-year-old daughter, Mary, was Phillis's first tutor in reading and writing. Their son, Nathaniel, also tutored her. John Wheatley was known as a progressive throughout New England; his family afforded Phillis an unprecedented education for an enslaved person, and one unusual for a woman of any race at the time. By the age of 12, Phillis was reading Greek and Latin classics in their original languages, as well as difficult passages from the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 14, she wrote her first poem, "To the University of Cambridge [Harvard], in New England".<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recognizing her literary ability, the Wheatley family supported Phillis's education and left household labor to their other domestic enslaved workers. The Wheatleys often exhibited Phillis's abilities to friends and family. Strongly influenced by her readings of the works of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, Phillis began to write poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2></div> <p>In 1773, at the age of 20, Phillis accompanied Nathaniel Wheatley to London in part for her health (she suffered from chronic asthma),<sup id="cite_ref-Phillis_Wheatley_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillis_Wheatley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but primarily because Susanna believed Phillis would have a better chance of publishing her book of poems there than in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phillis had an audience with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bull_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="Frederick Bull (Lord Mayor of London)">Frederick Bull</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>, and other prominent members of British society. (An audience with King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> was arranged, but Phillis had returned to Boston before it could take place.) <a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon</a>, became interested in the talented young African woman and subsidized the publication of Wheatley's volume of poems, which appeared in London in the summer of 1773. As Hastings was ill, the two never met.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After Phillis's book was published, by November 1773, the Wheatleys <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumitted</a> Phillis. Susanna Wheatley died in the spring of 1774, and John in 1778. Shortly after, Phillis met and married John Peters, an impoverished <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free black</a> grocer. They lived in poor conditions and two of their babies died.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John was improvident and was imprisoned for debt in 1784. With a sickly infant son to provide for, Phillis became a <a href="/wiki/Scullery_maid" title="Scullery maid">scullery maid</a> at a boarding house, doing work she had never done before; she developed <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-wheatley.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheatley.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died on December 5, 1784, at the age of 31,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after giving birth to a daughter, who died the same day as her.<sup id="cite_ref-wheatley.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheatley.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_writings">Other writings</h3></div> <p>Wheatley wrote a letter to Reverend <a href="/wiki/Samson_Occom" title="Samson Occom">Samson Occom</a>, commending him on his ideas and beliefs stating that enslaved people should be given their natural-born rights in America.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wheatley also exchanged letters with the British philanthropist <a href="/wiki/John_Thornton_(philanthropist)" title="John Thornton (philanthropist)">John Thornton</a>, who discussed Wheatley and her poetry in correspondence with <a href="/wiki/John_Newton" title="John Newton">John Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through her letter writing, Wheatley was able to express her thoughts, comments and concerns to others.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1775, she sent a copy of a poem entitled "To His Excellency, George Washington" to the then-military general. The following year, Washington invited Wheatley to visit him at his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, which she did in March 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> republished the poem in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Gazette">Pennsylvania Gazette</a></i> in April 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1779, Wheatley issued a proposal for a second volume of poems but was unable to publish it because she had lost her patrons after her emancipation; publication of books was often based on gaining subscriptions for guaranteed sales beforehand. The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783) was also a factor. However, some of her poems that were to be included in the second volume were later published in pamphlets and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:On_being_brought_from_africa_to_america.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/On_being_brought_from_africa_to_america.jpg/210px-On_being_brought_from_africa_to_america.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/On_being_brought_from_africa_to_america.jpg/315px-On_being_brought_from_africa_to_america.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/On_being_brought_from_africa_to_america.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wM8Jf0TdXo">"On Being Brought from Africa To America by Phillis Wheatley; Narrated by Teyuna T Darris"</a>, 0:47, July 8, 2015, GoodPoetry.org.<sup id="cite_ref-smarth_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1768, Wheatley wrote "To the King's Most Excellent Majesty", in which she praised <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> for repealing the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamp Act">Stamp Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_2000,_page_123_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_2000,_page_123-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But while discussing the idea of freedom, Wheatley was able subtly to raise the idea of freedom for enslaved subjects of the king as well: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>May George, beloved by all the nations round,<br /> Live with heav’ns choicest constant blessings crown’d!<br /> Great God, direct, and guard him from on high,<br /> And from his head let ev’ry evil fly!<br /> And may each clime with equal gladness see<br /> A monarch’s smile can set his subjects free! </p> </div></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> gained strength, Wheatley's writing turned to themes that expressed ideas of the rebellious colonists. </p><p>In 1770, she wrote a poetic tribute to the evangelist <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a>. Her poetry expressed Christian themes, and many poems were dedicated to famous figures. Over one-third consist of <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegies</a>, the remainder being on religious, classical and abstract themes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She seldom referred to her own life in her poems. One example of a poem on slavery is "On being brought from Africa to America":<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,<br /> Taught my benighted soul to understand<br /> That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too:<br /> Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.<br /> Some view our sable race with scornful eye,<br /> "Their colour is a diabolic dye."<br /> Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain,<br /> May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train. </p> </div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93245.Zy773w_-_Wheatley,_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93245.Zy773w_-_Wheatley%2C_title_page.jpg/220px-Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93245.Zy773w_-_Wheatley%2C_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93245.Zy773w_-_Wheatley%2C_title_page.jpg/330px-Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93245.Zy773w_-_Wheatley%2C_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93245.Zy773w_-_Wheatley%2C_title_page.jpg/440px-Houghton_AC85.A%E2%84%93245.Zy773w_-_Wheatley%2C_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="2188" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_on_Various_Subjects,_Religious_and_Moral" title="Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral">Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral</a></i>, 1773</figcaption></figure> <p>Many colonists found it difficult to believe that an African slave was writing "excellent" poetry. Wheatley had to defend her authorship of her poetry in court in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-Africana_1999_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africana_1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was examined by a group of Boston luminaries, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Erving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Erving (page does not exist)">John Erving</a>, Reverend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chauncy_(1705%E2%80%931787)" title="Charles Chauncy (1705–1787)">Charles Chauncey</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a>, the governor of Massachusetts, and his lieutenant governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Oliver" title="Andrew Oliver">Andrew Oliver</a>. They concluded she had written the poems ascribed to her and signed an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attestation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:attestation">attestation</a>, which was included in the preface of her book of collected works: <i><a href="/wiki/Poems_on_Various_Subjects,_Religious_and_Moral" title="Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral">Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral</a>,</i> published in London in 1773. Publishers in Boston had declined to publish it, but her work was of great interest to influential people in London. </p><p>There, <a href="/wiki/Selina,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Selina, Countess of Huntingdon">Selina, Countess of Huntingdon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="Earl of Dartmouth">Earl of Dartmouth</a> acted as patrons to help Wheatley gain publication. Her poetry received comment in <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Magazine" title="The London Magazine">The London Magazine</a></i> in 1773, which published her poem "Hymn to the Morning" as a specimen of her work, writing: "[t]hese poems display no astonishing power of genius; but when we consider them as the productions of a young untutored African, who wrote them after six months casual study of the English language and of writing, we cannot suppress our admiration of talents so vigorous and lively."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral</i> was printed in 11 editions until 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1778, the African-American poet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Hammon" title="Jupiter Hammon">Jupiter Hammon</a> wrote an <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a> to Wheatley ("An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatley").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His master Lloyd had temporarily moved with his slaves to <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, during the Revolutionary War. Hammon thought that Wheatley had succumbed to what he believed were pagan influences in her writing, and so his "Address" consisted of 21 rhyming quatrains, each accompanied by a related Bible verse, that he thought would compel Wheatley to return to a Christian path in life.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1838, Boston-based publisher and abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a> published a collection of Wheatley's poetry, along with that of enslaved North Carolina poet <a href="/wiki/George_Moses_Horton" title="George Moses Horton">George Moses Horton</a>, under the title <i>Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, A Native African and a Slave. Also, Poems by a Slave</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wheatley's memoir was earlier published in 1834 by Geo W. Light but did not include poems by Horton. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a>,</i> was unwilling to acknowledge the value of her work or the work of any black poet. He wrote:</p><blockquote><p>Misery is often the parent of the most affecting touches in poetry. Among the blacks is misery enough, God knows, but no poetry. Love is the peculiar oestrum of the poet. Their love is ardent, but it kindles the senses only, not the imagination. Religion indeed has produced a Phyllis Whately  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] but it could not produce a poet. The compositions published under her name are below the dignity of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Jefferson was not the only noted, Enlightenment figure who held racist views. Such luminaries as David Hume and Emmanuel Kant likewise believed Africans were not fully human.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style,_structure,_and_influences_on_poetry"><span id="Style.2C_structure.2C_and_influences_on_poetry"></span>Style, structure, and influences on poetry</h2></div> <p>Wheatley believed that the power of poetry was immeasurable.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John C. Shields, noting that her poetry did not simply reflect the literature she read but was based on her personal ideas and beliefs, writes: </p> <blockquote><p>Wheatley had more in mind than simple conformity. It will be shown later that her allusions to the sun god and to the goddess of the morn, always appearing as they do here in close association with her quest for poetic inspiration, are of central importance to her.</p></blockquote> <p>This poem is arranged into three stanzas of four lines in <a href="/wiki/Iambic_tetrameter" title="Iambic tetrameter">iambic tetrameter</a>, followed by a concluding couplet in <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme scheme</a> is ABABCC.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_100_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_100-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shields sums up her writing as being "contemplative and reflective rather than brilliant and shimmering."<sup id="cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_100_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_100-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She repeated three primary elements: Christianity, classicism and hierophantic solar worship.<sup id="cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hierophantic solar worship was part of what she brought with her from Africa; the worship of sun gods is expressed as part of her African culture, which may be why she used so many different words for the sun. For instance, she uses Aurora eight times, "Apollo seven, Phoebus twelve, and Sol twice."<sup id="cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shields believes that the word "light" is significant to her as it marks her African history, a past that she has left physically behind.<sup id="cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that Sun is a homonym for Son, and that Wheatley intended a double reference to Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wheatley also refers to "heav'nly muse" in two of her poems: "To a Clergy Man on the Death of his Lady" and "Isaiah LXIII," signifying her idea of the Christian deity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classical allusions are prominent in Wheatley's poetry, which Shields argues set her work apart from that of her contemporaries: "Wheatley's use of classicism distinguishes her work as original and unique and deserves extended treatment."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly extended engagement with the Classics can be found in the poem "To Maecenas", where Wheatley uses references to <a href="/wiki/Maecenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maecenas">Maecenas</a> to depict the relationship between her and her own patrons,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168–728">: 168–728 </span></sup> as well as making reference to <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> At the same time, Wheatley indicates to the complexity of her relationship with Classical texts by pointing to the sole example of <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a> as an ancestor for her works: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The happier Terence all the choir inspir'd,<br /> His soul replenish'd, and his bosom fir'd;<br /> But say, ye Muses, why this partial grace,<br /> To one alone of Afric's sable race;<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168">: 168 </span></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>While some scholars have argued that Wheatley's allusions to classical material are based on the reading of other <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</a> poetry (such as the works of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>), <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greenwood" title="Emily Greenwood">Emily Greenwood</a> has demonstrated that Wheatley's work demonstrates persistent linguistic engagement with Latin texts, suggesting good familiarity with the ancient works themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 159–162">: 159–162 </span></sup> Both Shields and Greenwood have argued that Wheatley's use of classical imagery and ideas was designed to deliver "subversive" messages to her educated, majority white audience, and argue for the freedom of Wheatley herself and other enslaved people.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170–172">: 170–172 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_critique">Scholarly critique</h2></div> <p>Black literary scholars from the 1960s to the present in critiquing Wheatley's writing have noted the absence in it of her sense of identity as a black enslaved person.<sup id="cite_ref-Reising-1996_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reising-1996-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of black literary scholars have viewed her work—and its widespread admiration—as a barrier to the development of black people during her time and as a prime example of <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom_syndrome" title="Uncle Tom syndrome">Uncle Tom syndrome</a>, believing that Wheatley's lack of awareness of her condition of enslavement furthers this syndrome among descendants of Africans in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Reising-1996_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reising-1996-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others, more recently, have argued on her behalf. O'Neal notes that Wheatley "was a strong force among contemporary abolitionist writers, and that, through the use of Biblical imagery, she incorporated anti-slavery statements in her work within the confines of her era and her position as a slave."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chernoh Sesay, Jr. sees a trend towards a more balanced view of Wheatley, looking at her "not in twentieth century terms, but instead according to the conditions of the eighteenth century,"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Henry Louis Gates has argued for her rehabilitation, asking "What would happen if we ceased to stereotype Wheatley but, instead, read her, read her with all the resourcefulness that she herself brought to her craft?"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars thought Wheatley's perspective came from her upbringing. Writing in 1974, Eleanor Smith argued that the Wheatley family took interest in her at a young age because of her timid and submissive nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1974-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this to their advantage, the Wheatley family was able to mold and shape her into a person of their liking.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1974-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family separated her from other slaves in the home and she was prevented from doing anything other than very light housework.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1974-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shaping prevented Phillis from ever becoming a threat to the Wheatley family or other people from the white community.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1974-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Phillis was allowed to attend white social events and this created a misconception of the relationship between black and white people for her.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1974-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The matter of Wheatley's biography, "a white woman's memoir", has been a subject of investigation. In 2020, American poet <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9e_Fanonne_Jeffers" title="Honorée Fanonne Jeffers">Honorée Fanonne Jeffers</a> published her <i>The Age of Phillis</i>, based on the understanding that Margaretta Matilda Odell's account of Wheatley's life portrayed Wheatley inaccurately, and as a character in a sentimental novel; the poems by Jeffers attempt to fill in the gaps and recreate a more realistic portrait of Wheatley.<sup id="cite_ref-winkler_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winkler-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA_-_Washington,_D.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/220px-Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/330px-Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/440px-Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA_-_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2703" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA" title="Phyllis Wheatley YWCA">Phyllis Wheatley YWCA</a> in the Shaw neighborhood of Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the 1773 publication of Wheatley's book <i>Poems on Various Subjects,</i> she "became the most famous African on the face of the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-Phillis_Wheatley_page_33_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillis_Wheatley_page_33-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> stated in a letter to a friend that Wheatley had proved that black people could write poetry. <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a> asked a fellow officer to deliver some of his personal writings to "Phillis the African favorite of the Nine (muses) and Apollo."<sup id="cite_ref-Phillis_Wheatley_page_33_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillis_Wheatley_page_33-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was honored by many of America's founding fathers, including <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, who wrote to her (after she wrote a poem in his honor) that "the style and manner [of your poetry] exhibit a striking proof of your great poetical Talents."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics consider her work fundamental to the genre of <a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Trials5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trials5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she is honored as the first African-American woman to publish a book of poetry and the first to make a living from her writing.<sup id="cite_ref-lkwdpl.org_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lkwdpl.org-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In 2002, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> listed Phillis Wheatley as one of his <i><a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wheatley is featured, along with <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Memorial" title="Boston Women's Memorial">Boston Women's Memorial</a>, a 2003 sculpture on <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue_(Boston)" title="Commonwealth Avenue (Boston)">Commonwealth Avenue</a> in Boston, Massachusetts.</li> <li>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University" title="Robert Morris University">Robert Morris University</a> named the new building for their School of Communications and Information Sciences after Phillis Wheatley.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wheatley Hall at <a href="/wiki/UMass_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="UMass Boston">UMass Boston</a> is named for Phillis Wheatley.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 1892 a Phyllis Wheatley Circle was formed in <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheatley_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatley-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> and in 1896 the Phyllis Wheatley Circle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheatley_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatley-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </p><p>She is commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Heritage_Trail" title="Boston Women's Heritage Trail">Boston Women's Heritage Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA" title="Phyllis Wheatley YWCA">Phyllis Wheatley YWCA</a> in Washington, D.C., and the <a href="/wiki/Wheatley_High_School_(Houston)" title="Wheatley High School (Houston)">Phillis Wheatley High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, are named for her, as are the <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Wheatley_School" title="Phyllis Wheatley School">Phyllis Wheatley School</a> in Apopka, Florida, and the historic Phillis Wheatley School in <a href="/wiki/Jensen_Beach,_Florida" title="Jensen Beach, Florida">Jensen Beach, Florida</a>, now the oldest building on the campus of American Legion Post 126 (Jensen Beach, Florida). A branch of the Richland County Library in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>, which offered the first library services to black citizens, is named for her. A branch of the Rochester Public Library system in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a> was named for her when it was built in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley_Elementary_School,_New_Orleans" title="Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, New Orleans">Phillis Wheatley Elementary School, New Orleans</a>, opened in 1954 in <a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Tremé</a>, one of the oldest African-American neighborhoods in the US. The Phillis Wheatley Community Center opened in 1920 in <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville, South Carolina</a>, and in 1924 (spelled "Phyllis") in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 16, 2019, at the London site where A. Bell Booksellers published Wheatley's first book in September 1773 (8 <a href="/wiki/Aldgate" title="Aldgate">Aldgate</a>, now the location of the Dorsett City Hotel), the unveiling took place of a commemorative blue plaque honoring her, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Jak_Community_Trust" title="Nubian Jak Community Trust">Nubian Jak Community Trust</a> and Black History Walks.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wheatley is the subject of a project and play by British-Nigerian writer <a href="/wiki/Ade_Solanke" title="Ade Solanke">Ade Solanke</a> entitled <i>Phillis in London</i>, which was showcased at the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> Book Festival in June 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 90-minute play by Solanke titled <i>Phillis in Boston</i> was presented at the <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Meeting_House" title="Old South Meeting House">Old South Meeting House</a> in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 30-item collection of material related to Wheatley, including publications from her lifetime containing poems by her, was acquired by the Smithsonian's <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a> in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AALBC.com" title="AALBC.com">AALBC.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_McCoy" title="Elijah McCoy">Elijah McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_working-class_writers" title="List of 18th-century British working-class writers">List of 18th-century British working-class writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley_Club" title="Phillis Wheatley Club">Phillis Wheatley Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Phillis_Wheatley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillis_Wheatley_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillis_Wheatley_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/phillis-wheatley">"Phillis Wheatley"</a>. <i>Poetry Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoets%2Fphillis-wheatley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trials5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trials5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trials5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Jr., Henry Louis</a>, <i>Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters with the Founding Fathers</i>, Basic Civitas Books, 2010, p. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465018505" title="Special:BookSources/9780465018505">9780465018505</a> The core of this work is available online as delivered by Gates in his March 26, 2002 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities "The Case of a Slave Poet, A Forgotten Historic Episode," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://usinfo.org/usia/usinfo.state.gov/usa/blackhis/homepage.htm">https://usinfo.org/usia/usinfo.state.gov/usa/blackhis/homepage.htm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Wheatley_YWCA" title="Phyllis Wheatley YWCA">Phyllis Wheatley YWCA</a> in Washington, D.C., where "Phyllis" is etched into the name over its front door (as can be seen in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Photos/83003532.pdf">photos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915222434/http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Photos/83003532.pdf">Archived</a> September 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and corresponding <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/83003532.pdf">text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915231951/http://focus.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/83003532.pdf">Archived</a> September 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for that building's National Register nomination).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehanJ._L._Bell" class="citation web cs1">Meehan, Adam; J. L. Bell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/phillis-wheatley">"Phillis Wheatley · George Washington's Mount Vernon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">George Washington's Mount Vernon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829115522/http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/phillis-wheatley">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phillis+Wheatley+%C2%B7+George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.pub=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=J.+L.+Bell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fphillis-wheatley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_2000,_page_123-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women_2000,_page_123_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_2000,_page_123_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCarroll2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_L._Smith" title="Hilda L. Smith">Smith, Hilda L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Berenice_A._Carroll" title="Berenice A. Carroll">Carroll, Berenice A.</a> (2000). <i>Women's Political and Social Thought: An Anthology</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33758-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33758-0"><bdi>978-0-253-33758-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Political+and+Social+Thought%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33758-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hilda+L.&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Berenice+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cromwell-1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cromwell-1994_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCromwell1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_M._Cromwell" title="Adelaide M. Cromwell">Cromwell, Adelaide M.</a> (1994), <i>The Other Brahmins: Boston's Black Upper Class, 1750–1950</i>, University of Arkansas Press, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1430545M">1430545M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Brahmins%3A+Boston%27s+Black+Upper+Class%2C+1750%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1430545M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Cromwell&rft.aufirst=Adelaide+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carretta, Vincent. <i>Complete Writings by Phillis Wheatley,</i> New York: Penguin Books, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odell, Margaretta M. <i>Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley, a Native African and a Slave,</i> Boston: Geo. W. Light, 1834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doak-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doak_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doak_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Doak, Robin S. <i>Phillis Wheatley: Slave and Poet,</i> Minneapolis: Compass Point Books, 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Paterson, David E. (Spring–Summer 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.64.1.th18g8t6282h4283">"A Perspective on Indexing Slaves' Names"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Archivist" title="American Archivist">American Archivist</a></i>. <b>64</b>: 132–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.64.1.th18g8t6282h4283">10.17723/aarc.64.1.th18g8t6282h4283</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Archivist&rft.atitle=A+Perspective+on+Indexing+Slaves%27+Names&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=132-142&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17723%2Faarc.64.1.th18g8t6282h4283&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17723%252Faarc.64.1.th18g8t6282h4283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Barbara Salmon, <i>In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America</i> (1985), p.5, and "Phillis Wheatley, in <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Phillis-Wheaatley">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Phillis-Wheaatley</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Allen_Brown" title="Sterling Allen Brown">Brown, Sterling</a> (1937). <i>Negro Poetry and Drama</i>. Washington, DC: Westphalia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1935907549" title="Special:BookSources/1935907549"><bdi>1935907549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negro+Poetry+and+Drama&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Westphalia+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=1935907549&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sterling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatley1887" class="citation book cs1">Wheatley, Phillis (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea_0"><i>Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral</i></a>. Denver, Colorado: W.H. Lawrence. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea_0/page/120">120</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115224718/https://archive.org/details/poemsonvarioussu00whea_0">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+on+Various+Subjects%2C+Religious+and+Moral&rft.place=Denver%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=W.H.+Lawrence&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Phillis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoemsonvarioussu00whea_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation book cs1">White, Deborah (2015). <i>Freedom on My Mind</i>. Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64883-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64883-1"><bdi>978-0-312-64883-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+on+My+Mind&rft.place=Boston%2FNew+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-312-64883-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruggs1998" class="citation book cs1">Scruggs, Charles (1998). "Phillis Wheatley". In Barker-Benfield, G. J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofameri00gjba_0"><i>Portraits of American Women: From Settlement to the Present</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitsofameri00gjba_0/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512048-6"><bdi>978-0-19-512048-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+American+Women%3A+From+Settlement+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512048-6&rft.aulast=Scruggs&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitsofameri00gjba_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsPleck2010" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Catherine; Pleck, Elizabeth H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gVl_Huh7FbMC"><i>Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538908-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538908-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538908-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+of+Freedom%3A+Black+Women+in+Colonial+and+Revolutionary+New+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538908-1&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Pleck%2C+Elizabeth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgVl_Huh7FbMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHineThompson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darlene_Clark_Hine" title="Darlene Clark Hine">Hine, Darlene Clark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Thompson" title="Kathleen Thompson">Thompson, Kathleen</a> (2009). <i>A Shining Thread of Hope</i>. New York: Random House. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0110-9"><bdi>978-0-7679-0110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shining+Thread+of+Hope&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-0110-9&rft.aulast=Hine&rft.aufirst=Darlene+Clark&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheatley.org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wheatley.org_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wheatley.org_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillis-wheatley.org/later-life-death/">"Later Life and Death"</a>. <i>www.phillis-wheatley.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phillis-wheatley.org&rft.atitle=Later+Life+and+Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillis-wheatley.org%2Flater-life-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2007" class="citation book cs1">Page, ed. (2007). "Phillis Wheatley". <i>Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers, Volume 1</i>. Greenwood Press. p. 611. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34123-6"><bdi>978-0-313-34123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Women+Writers%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=611&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34123-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Saundra O'Neal, "Challenge to Wheatley's Critics: 'There Was no Other Game in Town,' <i>Journal of Negro Education</i>, vol. 54, 500, 503 (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilbro2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bilbro, Jeffrey (Fall 2012). "Who are lost and how they're found: redemption and theodicy in Wheatley, Newton, and Cowper". <i><a href="/wiki/Early_American_Literature" title="Early American Literature">Early American Literature</a></i>. <b>47</b> (3): 570–575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feal.2012.0054">10.1353/eal.2012.0054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162875678">162875678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Literature&rft.atitle=Who+are+lost+and+how+they%27re+found%3A+redemption+and+theodicy+in+Wheatley%2C+Newton%2C+and+Cowper&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=570-575&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feal.2012.0054&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162875678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bilbro&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation book cs1">White (2015). <i>Freedom On My Mind</i>. pp. 146–147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+On+My+Mind&rft.pages=146-147&rft.date=2015&rft.au=White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrizzard2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Grizzard_Jr." title="Frank E. Grizzard Jr.">Grizzard, Frank E.</a> (2002). <i>George Washington: A Biographical Companion</i>. Greenwood, CT: ABC-CLIO. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Biographical+Companion&rft.place=Greenwood%2C+CT&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Grizzard&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarretta2013" class="citation book cs1">Carretta, Vincent, ed. (2013). <i>Unchained Voices: An Anthology of Black Authors in the English-Speaking World of the Eighteenth Century</i>. Louisville: University of Kentucky Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4408-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-4408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unchained+Voices%3A+An+Anthology+of+Black+Authors+in+the+English-Speaking+World+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-4408-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2007" class="citation book cs1">Page, Yolanda Williams, ed. (2007). "Phillis Wheatley". <i>Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers, Volume 1</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34123-6"><bdi>978-0-313-34123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Women+Writers%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=610&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34123-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smarth-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smarth_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpacey2017" class="citation web cs1">Spacey, Andrew (March 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letterpile.com/poetry/Analysis-of-Poem-On-Being-Brought-From-Africa-to-America-by-Phillis-Wheatley">"Analysis of Poem 'On Being Brought From Africa to America' by Phillis Wheatley"</a>. <i>LetterPile</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013064832/https://letterpile.com/poetry/Analysis-of-Poem-On-Being-Brought-From-Africa-to-America-by-Phillis-Wheatley">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LetterPile&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Poem+%27On+Being+Brought+From+Africa+to+America%27+by+Phillis+Wheatley&rft.date=2017-03-12&rft.aulast=Spacey&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fletterpile.com%2Fpoetry%2FAnalysis-of-Poem-On-Being-Brought-From-Africa-to-America-by-Phillis-Wheatley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/409/pg409-images.html#link2H_4_0007">POEMS ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS, RELIGIOUS AND MORAL By Phillis Wheatley</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/treasures/american/wheatley.html">Phillis Wheatley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131100804/http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/treasures/american/wheatley.html">Archived</a> January 31, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page, comments on <i><a href="/wiki/Poems_on_Various_Subjects,_Religious_and_Moral" title="Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral">Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral</a></i>, University of Delaware. Retrieved October 5, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/Wheatley/brought.html">"On Being Brought from Africa to America".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716142457/http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/Wheatley/brought.html">Archived</a> July 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Web Texts, Virginia Commonwealth University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africana_1999-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Africana_1999_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesAppiah1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Henry Louis Jr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Appiah, Anthony</a>, eds. (1999). <i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i>. Basic Civitas Books. p. 1171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5"><bdi>978-0-465-00071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=1171&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00071-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span> Gates tells the story of this "trial" at length in his book and lecture cited in note 2 above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Cashmore" title="Ellis Cashmore">Ellis Cashmore</a>, review of <i>The Norton Anthology of African-American Literature</i>, Nellie Y. McKay and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates</a>, eds, <i>New Statesman</i>, April 25, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015021278604;view=1up;seq=520">"The London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer 1773"</a>. <i>HathiTrust</i>: 4 v<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust&rft.atitle=The+London+magazine%2C+or%2C+Gentleman%27s+monthly+intelligencer+1773.&rft.pages=4+v&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015021278604%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusby1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Busby" title="Margaret Busby">Busby, Margaret</a> (1992). "Phillis Wheatley". <i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Africa" title="Daughters of Africa">Daughters of Africa</a></i>. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-03592-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-03592-7"><bdi>978-0-224-03592-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-224-03592-7&rft.aulast=Busby&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammon" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Hammon" title="Jupiter Hammon">Hammon, Jupiter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/52292/an-address-to-miss-phillis-wheatley">"An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatley"</a>. <i>Poetry Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=An+Address+to+Miss+Phillis+Wheatley&rft.aulast=Hammon&rft.aufirst=Jupiter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoems%2F52292%2Fan-address-to-miss-phillis-wheatley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaherty2000" class="citation book cs1">Faherty, Duncan F. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americannational09garr/page/950/mode/2up?q=jupiter">"Hammon, Jupiter"</a></span>. <i>American National Biography Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1600706">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1600706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hammon%2C+Jupiter&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1600706&rft.aulast=Faherty&rft.aufirst=Duncan+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericannational09garr%2Fpage%2F950%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Djupiter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cavitch, Max. <i>American Elegy: The Poetry of Mourning from the Puritans to Whitman</i>. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2007: 193. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4892-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4892-4">978-0-8166-4892-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the written text, see "Jefferson's 'Notes on the State of Virginia,' <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h490t.html">https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h490t.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson1781" class="citation web cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (1781). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/jefferson/archives/documents/frame_ih198156.htm">"Notes on the State of Virginia"</a>. <i>PBS</i>. p. 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+State+of+Virginia&rft.pages=234&rft.date=1781&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fjefferson%2Farchives%2Fdocuments%2Fframe_ih198156.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gates, note 2 above, pp.23-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, John C. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">Phillis Wheatley's Use of Classicism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409174457/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">Archived</a> April 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>American Literature</i> 52.1 (1980): 97–111. Retrieved November 2, 2009, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_100-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_100_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_100_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">"Phillis Wheatley's Use of Classicism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409174457/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">Archived</a> April 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>American Literature</i> 52.1 (1980), p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shields,_John_C_1980_page_103_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">"Phillis Wheatley's Use of Classicism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409174457/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">Archived</a> April 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>American Literature</i> 52.1 (1980), p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">"Phillis Wheatley's Use of Classicism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409174457/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">Archived</a> April 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>American Literature</i> 52.1 (1980), p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">"Phillis Wheatley's Use of Classicism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409174457/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2925190?seq=5">Archived</a> April 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>American Literature</i> 52.1 (1980), p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Greenwood" title="Emily Greenwood">Greenwood, Emily</a> (January 1, 2011). "Chapter 6: The Politics of Classicism in the Poetry of Phillis Wheatley". In <a href="/wiki/Edith_Hall" title="Edith Hall">Hall, Edith</a>; McConnell, Justine; Alston, Richard (eds.). <i>Ancient Slavery and Abolition. From Hobbes to Hollywood</i>. OUP. pp. 153–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199574674" title="Special:BookSources/9780199574674"><bdi>9780199574674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+The+Politics+of+Classicism+in+the+Poetry+of+Phillis+Wheatley&rft.btitle=Ancient+Slavery+and+Abolition.+From+Hobbes+to+Hollywood&rft.pages=153-180&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=9780199574674&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shields, John C. (1993). "Phillis Wheatley's Subversion of Classical Stylistics". <i>Style</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 252–270. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-4238">0039-4238</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42946040">42946040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Style&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley%27s+Subversion+of+Classical+Stylistics&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=252-270&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42946040%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0039-4238&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reising-1996-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reising-1996_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reising-1996_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReising,_Russell.1996" class="citation book cs1">Reising, Russell. (1996). <i>Loose ends : closure and crisis in the American social text</i>. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1891-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1891-1"><bdi>0-8223-1891-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34875703">34875703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loose+ends+%3A+closure+and+crisis+in+the+American+social+text&rft.place=Durham%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34875703&rft.isbn=0-8223-1891-1&rft.au=Reising%2C+Russell.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matson, R. Lynn. "Phillis Wheatley--Soul Sister?." Phylon 33, no. 3 (1972): 222-230. At the same time, Matson notes that Wheatley was hindered by her tenuous social position and concludes that if Wheatley "is not exactly a soul sister, she is certainly a distant relative." Id. at 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See O'Neal, note 20 above at p. 500. O'Neal goes on note that Wheatley's critics "do not suggest what alternative tactics could be expected from writers who were also slaves. In fact, no historical records as yet have shown a slave of the Revolutionary era who made--by the measure of today's standard--militant, outspoken anti-slavery statments in America's public media." Id. at 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernoh Sesay, Jr., "Remembering Phillis Wheatley," <i>Black Perspectives</i> (June 26, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aaihs.org/remembering-phillis-wheatley">https://aaihs.org/remembering-phillis-wheatley</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gates, note 2 above pp. 87-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-1974-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-1974_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1974" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Eleanor (1974). "Phillis Wheatley: A Black Perspective". <i>The Journal of Negro Education</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 401–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2966531">10.2307/2966531</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2966531">2966531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+Education&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley%3A+A+Black+Perspective&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-407&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2966531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2966531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winkler-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winkler_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2020" class="citation news cs1">Winkler, Elizabeth (July 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/how-phillis-wheatley-was-recovered-through-history">"How Phillis Wheatley Was Recovered Through History: For decades, a white woman's memoir shaped our understanding of America's first Black poet. Does a new book change the story?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=How+Phillis+Wheatley+Was+Recovered+Through+History%3A+For+decades%2C+a+white+woman%27s+memoir+shaped+our+understanding+of+America%27s+first+Black+poet.+Does+a+new+book+change+the+story%3F&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Funder-review%2Fhow-phillis-wheatley-was-recovered-through-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillis_Wheatley_page_33-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillis_Wheatley_page_33_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillis_Wheatley_page_33_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates</a>, <i>The Trials of Phillis Wheatley</i>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mgw:@field(DOCID+@lit(gw040306))">"George Washington to Phillis Wheatley, February 28, 1776"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208075845/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fmgw%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28gw040306%29%29">Archived</a> February 8, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lkwdpl.org-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lkwdpl.org_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lkwdpl.org/WIHOHIO/whea-phi.htm">"Lakewood Public Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328150242/http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/whea-phi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lakewood+Public+Library.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lkwdpl.org%2FWIHOHIO%2Fwhea-phi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). <i>100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia,</i> New York: Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-963-8">1-57392-963-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linda Wilson Fuoco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-west/dual-success-robert-morris-opens-building-reaches-fundraising-goal-655067/">"Dual success: Robert Morris opens building, reaches fundraising goal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113172438/http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/local/neighborhoods-west/dual-success-robert-morris-opens-building-reaches-fundraising-goal-655067/">Archived</a> November 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>, September 27, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke2016" class="citation web cs1">Locke, Colleen (February 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umb.edu/news/detail/umass_boston_professors_to_discuss_phillis_wheatley_saturday">"UMass Boston Professors to Discuss Phillis Wheatley Saturday Before Theater Performance"</a>. <i>UMass Boston News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308194725/https://www.umb.edu/news/detail/umass_boston_professors_to_discuss_phillis_wheatley_saturday">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UMass+Boston+News&rft.atitle=UMass+Boston+Professors+to+Discuss+Phillis+Wheatley+Saturday+Before+Theater+Performance&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umb.edu%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fumass_boston_professors_to_discuss_phillis_wheatley_saturday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheatley-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheatley_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheatley_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/pdf/ibwells-0009-006.pdf"><i>Historical Records of Conventions of 1895–96 of the Colored Women of America</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1902. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/ead/pdf/ibwells-0009-006.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Records+of+Conventions+of+1895%E2%80%9396+of+the+Colored+Women+of+America&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fead%2Fpdf%2Fibwells-0009-006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bwht.org/phillis-wheatley/">"Phillis Wheatley"</a>. <i>Boston Women's Heritage Trail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106022050/http://bwht.org/phillis-wheatley/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Women%27s+Heritage+Trail&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbwht.org%2Fphillis-wheatley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=21474848224">"City of Rochester"</a>. <i>cityofrochester.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cityofrochester.gov&rft.atitle=City+of+Rochester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcityofrochester.gov%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D21474848224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philliswheatleysc.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. Phillis Wheatley Community Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Phillis+Wheatley+Community+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilliswheatleysc.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phylliswheatley.org/history/">"History"</a>. Phyllis Wheatley Community Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Phyllis+Wheatley+Community+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phylliswheatley.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seancreighton1947.wordpress.com/2019/07/05/nubian-jak-unveils-plaque-to-phillis-wheatley-16-july/">"Nubian Jak unveils plaque to Phillis Wheatley 16 July"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719190303/https://seancreighton1947.wordpress.com/2019/07/05/nubian-jak-unveils-plaque-to-phillis-wheatley-16-july/">Archived</a> July 19, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, History & Social Action News and Events, July 5, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladimeji, Dapo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://african-century.org/phyllis-wheatley-blue-plaque-unveiling-16-july-2019/">"Phyllis Wheatley – blue plaque unveiling 16 July 2019"</a>, <i>African Century Journal</i>, July 16, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gre.ac.uk/news/articles/public-relations/2018/students-meet-literary-world-at-greenwich-book-festival">"Students meet literary world at Greenwich Book Festival"</a>, News, University of Greenwich, June 14, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revolutionaryspaces.org/explore/upcoming-programs/phillis-in-boston/">"Revolutionary Spaces, Phillis in Boston"</a>, Nov 1, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuessler2023" class="citation news cs1">Schuessler, Jennifer (September 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/26/arts/phillis-wheatley-smithsonian.html">"Smithsonian Acquires Major Collection About Enslaved Poet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Acquires+Major+Collection+About+Enslaved+Poet&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F09%2F26%2Farts%2Fphillis-wheatley-smithsonian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <dl><dt>Primary materials</dt></dl> <ul><li>Wheatley, Phillis (1988). John C. Shields, ed. <i>The Collected Works of Phillis Wheatley</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506085-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506085-7">0-19-506085-7</a></li> <li>Wheatley, Phillis (2001). Vincent Carretta, ed. <i>Complete Writings</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-042430-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-042430-X">0-14-042430-X</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Biographies</dt></dl> <ul><li>Borland, Kathryn Kilby and Speicher, Helen Ross (1968). <i>Phillis Wheatley: Young Colonial Poet</i>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.</li> <li>Carretta, Vincent (2011). <i>Phillis Wheatley: Biography of A Genius in Bondage</i>. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3338-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3338-0">978-0-8203-3338-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Gates, Henry Louis Jr.</a> (2003). <i>The Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters with the Founding Fathers,</i> New York: Basic Civitas Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01850-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01850-5">978-0-465-01850-5</a></li> <li>Richmond, M. A. (1988). <i>Phillis Wheatley</i>. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55546-683-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55546-683-4">1-55546-683-4</a></li> <li>Waldstreicher, David (2023). <i>The Odyssey of Phillis Wheatley: A Poet's Journeys Through American Slavery and Independence</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809098248" title="Special:BookSources/9780809098248">9780809098248</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/02/books/phillis-wheatley-david-waldstreicher.html?searchResultPosition=1">Review</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary materials</dt></dl> <ul><li>Abcarian, Richard and Marvin Klotz. "Phillis Wheatley," In <i>Literature: The Human Experience</i>, 9th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006: p. 1606. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Barker-Benfield, Graham J. <i>Phillis Wheatley Chooses Freedom: History, Poetry, and the Ideals of the American Revolution</i> (NYU Press, 2018).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Bassard, Katherine Clay (1999). <i>Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American Women's Writing</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01639-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01639-9">0-691-01639-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatalano2023" class="citation web cs1">Catalano, Robin (February 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230220-phillis-wheatley-the-unsung-black-poet-who-shaped-the-us">"Phillis Wheatley: The unsung Black poet who shaped the US"</a>. <i>BBC Rediscovering America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Rediscovering+America&rft.atitle=Phillis+Wheatley%3A+The+unsung+Black+poet+who+shaped+the+US&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft.aulast=Catalano&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20230220-phillis-wheatley-the-unsung-black-poet-who-shaped-the-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhillis+Wheatley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chowdhury, Rowshan Jahan. "Restriction, Resistance, and Humility: A Feminist Approach to Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley’s Literary Works." <i>Crossings</i> 10 (2019) 47–56 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sah.ulab.edu.bd/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/09/Crossings_Vol10_2019.pdf#page=48">online</a></li> <li>Engberg, Kathrynn Seidler, <i>The Right to Write: The Literary Politics of Anne Bradstreet and Phillis Wheatley</i>. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-761-84609-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-761-84609-3">978-0-761-84609-3</a></li> <li>Langley, April C. E. (2008). <i>The Black Aesthetic Unbound: Theorizing the Dilemma of Eighteenth-century African American Literature</i>. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-1077-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-1077-2">978-0-8142-1077-2</a></li> <li>Ogude, S. E. (1983). <i>Genius in Bondage: A Study of the Origins of African Literature in English</i>. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-136-048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-136-048-8">978-136-048-8</a></li> <li>Reising, Russel J. (1996). <i>Loose Ends: Closure and Crisis in the American Social Text</i>. Durham: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1887-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1887-3">0-8223-1887-3</a></li> <li>Robinson, William Henry (1981). <i>Phillis Wheatley: A Bio-bibliography</i>. Boston: GK Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8318-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-8318-X">0-8161-8318-X</a></li> <li>Robinson, William Henry (1982). <i>Critical Essays on Phillis Wheatley</i>. Boston: GK Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-8336-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-8336-8">0-8161-8336-8</a></li> <li>Robinson, William Henry (1984). <i>Phillis Wheatley and Her Writings</i>. New York: Garland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-9346-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-9346-1">0-8240-9346-1</a></li> <li>Shockley, Ann Allen (1988). <i>Afro-American Women Writers, 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide</i>. Boston: GK Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-00981-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-00981-2">0-452-00981-2</a></li> <li>Waldstreicher, David. "The Wheatleyan Moment." <i>Early American Studies</i> (2011): 522–551. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546668">online</a></li> <li>Waldstreicher, David. "Ancients, Moderns, and Africans: Phillis Wheatley and the Politics of Empire and Slavery in the American Revolution." <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> 37.4 (2017): 701–733. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jer.pennpress.org/media/86416/JER-374-Final-Text-WALDSTREICHER.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Zuck, Rochelle Raineri. "Poetic Economics: Phillis Wheatley and the Production of the Black Artist in the Early Atlantic World." <i>Ethnic Studies Review</i> 33.2 (2010): 143–168 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/esr/article-pdf/33/2/143/107687/esr_2010_33_2_143.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Poetry (inspired by Wheatley)</dt></dl> <ul><li>Clarke, Alison (2020). <i>Phillis</i>. University of Calgary Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-773-85135-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-773-85135-8">978-1-773-85135-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9e_Fanonne_Jeffers" title="Honorée Fanonne Jeffers">Jeffers, Honorée Fanonne</a> (2020). <i>The Age of Phillis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-819-57949-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-819-57949-2">978-0-819-57949-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Phillis_Wheatley" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Phillis_Wheatley" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Phillis Wheatley</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=24620908&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=24620908">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=24620908&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Phillis Wheatley</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=24620908&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=24620908">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=24620908&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/phillis-wheatley">Works by Phillis Wheatley in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/227">Works by Phillis Wheatley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wheatley%2C%20Phillis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Phillis%20Wheatley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wheatley%2C%20Phillis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Phillis%20Wheatley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wheatley%2C%20P%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Phillis%20Wheatley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wheatley%2C%20Phillis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Phillis%20Wheatley%22%29%20OR%20%28%221753-1784%22%20AND%20Wheatley%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Phillis Wheatley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/333">Works by Phillis Wheatley</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL588695A">Works by Phillis Wheatley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/phillis-wheatley">"Phillis Wheatley"</a> National Women's History Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</a>, Emory University: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/901bs">Phillis Wheatley collection, 1757–1773</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boston_African_American_community_prior_to_the_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Template:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Template talk:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston_African_American_community_prior_to_the_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Boston African American community prior to the Civil War</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_African_American_National_Historic_Site" title="Boston African American National Historic Site">Boston African American National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Heritage_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Heritage Trail">Black Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">Slavery in the colonial United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macon_Bolling_Allen" title="Macon Bolling Allen">Macon Bolling Allen</a> (lawyer, judge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Allen" title="William G. Allen">William G. Allen</a> (college professor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a> (killed during <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a> (minister, slave memoirist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Coburn" title="John P. Coburn">John P. Coburn</a> (abolitionist, soldier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a> (slave memoirists, abolitionists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lee_Crumpler" title="Rebecca Lee Crumpler">Rebecca Lee Crumpler</a> (physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dalton_(abolitionist)" title="Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)">Lucy Lew Dalton</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dalton_(abolitionist)" title="Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)">Thomas Dalton</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Easton" title="Hosea Easton">Hosea Easton</a> (abolitionist, minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a> (abolitionist, slave memoirist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Grimes" title="Leonard Grimes">Leonard Grimes</a> (abolitionist, minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_Hall" title="Primus Hall">Primus Hall</a> (abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall" title="Prince Hall">Prince Hall</a> (freemason, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hayden" title="Lewis Hayden">Lewis Hayden</a> (abolitionist, politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hilton" title="John T. Hilton">John T. Hilton</a> (abolitionist, author, businessman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzillai_Lew" title="Barzillai Lew">Barzillai Lew</a> (Rev. War soldier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Latimer_(escaped_slave)" title="George Latimer (escaped slave)">George Latimer</a> (escaped slave)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Lewis" title="Walker Lewis">Walker Lewis</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Middleton_(1735%E2%80%931815)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Middleton (1735–1815)">George Middleton (1735–1815)</a> (Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(lawyer)" title="Robert Morris (lawyer)">Robert Morris</a> (lawyer, abolitionist, judge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a> (abolitionist, writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Paul" title="Susan Paul">Susan Paul</a> (teacher, abolitionist, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paul_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Paul (minister)">Thomas Paul</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rock_(abolitionist)" title="John Rock (abolitionist)">John Swett Rock</a> (dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Russwurm" title="John Brown Russwurm">John Brown Russwurm</a> (college grad., teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Smith" title="John J. Smith">John J. Smith</a> (abolitionist, politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_W._Stewart" title="Maria W. Stewart">Maria W. Stewart</a> (abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Stow" title="Baron Stow">Baron Stow</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Snowden" title="Samuel Snowden">Samuel Snowden</a> (minister, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Walker" title="Edward G. Walker">Edward G. Walker</a> (abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of David Walker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a> (abolitionist, father of Edward G. Walker)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phillis Wheatley</a> (poet, author)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant topics and<br />associated individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cuffe" title="Paul Cuffe">Paul Cuffe</a> - <a href="/wiki/William_Gwinn" title="William Gwinn">William Gwinn</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> 1857 Supreme Court decision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suits</a> of 1781 (See <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Freeman" title="Elizabeth Freeman">Elizabeth Freeman</a> - <a href="/wiki/Quock_Walker" title="Quock Walker">Quock Walker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a> - <a href="/wiki/Shadrach_Minkins" title="Shadrach Minkins">Shadrach Minkins</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sims" title="Thomas Sims">Thomas Sims</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Apthorp" title="Charles Apthorp">Charles Apthorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunch-of-Grapes" title="Bunch-of-Grapes">Bunch-of-Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchants_Row_(Boston)" title="Merchants Row (Boston)">Merchants Row</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Abolitionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Female_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society">Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society">Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Colored_Association" title="Massachusetts General Colored Association">Massachusetts General Colored Association</a> (abolitionism, equality)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society">Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primus_Hall" title="Primus Hall">Home of Primus Hall</a> (1798–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a> (1806–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Smith_School" title="Abiel Smith School">Abiel Smith School</a> (1835-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Street_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church">Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Baptist_Church,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Baptist Church, Boston">Twelfth Baptist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_of_America" title="Bucks of America">Bucks of America</a> (Mass. Rev. War soldiers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic sites<br /> or neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Smith_School" title="Abiel Smith School">Abiel Smith School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Black Beacon Hill</a> (Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Heritage_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Heritage Trail">Black Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_African_American_National_Historic_Site" title="Boston African American National Historic Site">Boston African American National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Street_Meeting_House" title="Charles Street Meeting House">Charles Street Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coburn_House" title="John Coburn House">John Coburn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Harriet_Hayden_House" title="Lewis and Harriet Hayden House">Lewis and Harriet Hayden House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Middleton_(1735%E2%80%931815)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Middleton (1735–1815)">George Middleton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Nell_House" title="William C. Nell House">William C. Nell House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_School" title="Phillips School">Phillips School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Smith_House" title="John J. Smith House">John J. Smith House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom%27s_Journal" title="Freedom's Journal">Freedom's Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">Walker's Appeal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground" title="Copp's Hill Burying Ground">Copp's Hill Burying Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_Riot_of_1836" title="Abolition Riot of 1836">Abolition Riot of 1836</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257911#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257911#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257911#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121244897">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24620908">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5254/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtmcyFH6G9GFHmpqwHmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118767593">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50016726">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12053139h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12053139h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wheatley, Phillis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20231206280&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071455930">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90152598">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsw2z60073wctc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007597036405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14549920">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02225624?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/37e5bb92-ed05-43c2-a02b-e415c9e4f352">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118767593">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028762177">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6998x2t">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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