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id="toc-Geothermal_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geothermal_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geothermal energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geothermal_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Solar energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wind energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Renewable energy in Russia</b> mainly consists of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric energy">hydroelectric energy</a>. Russia is rich not only in <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">coal</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Russia" title="Wind power in Russia">wind</a>, hydro, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">geothermal</a>, biomass and solar energy – the resources of renewable energy. Practically all regions have at least one or two forms of renewable energy that are commercially exploitable, while some regions are rich in all forms of renewable energy resources. However, fossil fuels dominate Russia’s current energy mix, while its abundant and diverse renewable energy resources play little role. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Postmark commemorating the Stalingrad Hydroelectric Power Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1.jpg/245px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1.jpg/368px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1.jpg/490px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, large hydropower plants were among the <a href="/wiki/Great_construction_projects_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Great construction projects of communism">Great construction projects of communism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volga_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Volga Hydroelectric Station">Stalingrad/Volgograd Hydroelectric Station</a> pictured)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of Russia's renewable energy sources are new and have grown in the past few years. Russia was an early leader in the development of renewable energy technologies, but for a variety of reasons, it lost interest in their development except for large hydropower.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Sayano-Shusenskaya Dam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81.0.jpg/280px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81.0.jpg/420px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81.0.jpg/560px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sayano-Shushenskaya_Dam" title="Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam">Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Hydropower_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydropower plant">hydropower plant</a> of Russia</figcaption></figure><p>Hydroelectric power has a long history in Russia, dating back to the Soviet era. The rapid expansion of hydroelectric power in the Soviet Union began in 1930, when the total installed capacity equaled 600 MWh. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> built its first windmill in 1941, which had a capacity of 100 kW.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_Congress_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_Congress-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Soviet Union collapsed in 1990, it had a total installed capacity of <span class="nowrap">65 GWh</span>. The largest dams that Russia currently has, including the <a href="/wiki/Sayano-Shushenskaya_Dam" title="Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam">Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam</a>, were built in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-RusHydro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RusHydro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1970s to 2000, the Soviet Union and Russia focused mainly on "traditional" power sources: thermal-, hydro- and nuclear power.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_Congress_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_Congress-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1986, the Soviet government announced new energy goals, which included further hydroelectric plant construction as well as the start of small-scale solar and wind use for electricity production. Overall, <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet energy policy</a> focused on nuclear and thermal power, although renewable energy was not completely neglected. The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> prevented those goals from being fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-Soviet_Energy_Goals_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soviet_Energy_Goals-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the formation of the Russian Federation in the 1990s, most of the big dams that were built in the Soviet Union stopped being built. Also, the post-Soviet recession caused a lot of the country's infrastructure, like dams, to break down.<sup id="cite_ref-RusHydro_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RusHydro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soviet_Infrastructure_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soviet_Infrastructure-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of oil and gas for energy took priority in Russia, and renewable energy was ignored. This policy lasted until 2008, when Medvedev announced reforms to Russia's energy policies in an attempt to focus more on renewable energy. Since then, there has been a rapid development of new renewable energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-PE_Efficiency_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE_Efficiency-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In late 2009, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> made an ambitious declaration, expressing his intent to reduce Russia's energy consumption by 40% by the year 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-PE_Efficiency_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE_Efficiency-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BWE_Efficiency_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWE_Efficiency-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several factors were impeding progress towards this goal. These obstacles included insufficient investments, economic instability, limited public demand, and the presence of low tariffs on heat and electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-EBRD_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBRD-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the prevalence of subsidies for natural gas posed another significant challenge to the development of renewable energy in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashgate_Energy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashgate_Energy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Russia's hydroelectric power plants are outdated and are in need of additional investment, as shown by the 2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Sayano-Shushenskaya_hydro_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Sayano-Shushenskaya hydro accident">accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Windfair_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windfair-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, in the years following 2009, Russia had not taken sufficient measures to establish the necessary conditions for the advancement of renewable energy.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electricity_generation_Russia_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Electricity_generation_Russia_2015.jpg/420px-Electricity_generation_Russia_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Electricity_generation_Russia_2015.jpg/630px-Electricity_generation_Russia_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Electricity_generation_Russia_2015.jpg/840px-Electricity_generation_Russia_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>Electricity generation in Russia, by energy sources, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>In 2015, Russia ranked as the fifth-largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a> globally, with hydroelectricity contributing to nearly 16.0% of its total electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, renewable energy sources, excluding large-scale hydropower, played a minuscule role in Russia's energy landscape during the same year. <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>'s estimates suggested that these renewables accounted for just 0.05% of the nation's overall electricity generation in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian authorities offered slightly more optimistic figures, but still not significantly so. According to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a> (Rosstat), renewables, excluding large hydropower projects with over 25 MW of installed capacity, constituted 0.19% of the entire electricity generation in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To provide a global perspective, the proportion of hydropower in the worldwide electricity generation mix closely mirrored that of Russia at approximately 16.4%. Nevertheless, the share of other renewable energy sources in the global energy matrix was notably higher, standing at around 6.7%. This category encompasses wind power at 3.5%, solar energy at 1.05%, and additional sources such as geothermal and biomass energy, which collectively contributed 2.15%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the renewables share of primary energy consumption is only 0.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several studies confirm Russia's significant potential in the renewable energy sector while highlighting the limited development and utilization of this potential.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia's renewable sector offers opportunities for scaling up resource development, including high export potential, domestic market growth, energy deficit mitigation, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>, supportive policies, available land, and technological advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it continues to face significant challenges, such as an uneven playing field, local content requirements, government neglect of <a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">clean technologies</a>, regulatory uncertainties, high project costs, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">harsh environmental conditions</a>, and unfavorable institutional design.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydropower">Hydropower</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydropower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Russia" title="Hydroelectricity in Russia">Hydroelectricity in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavodok,_Zhigulevskaya_GES.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pavodok%2C_Zhigulevskaya_GES.JPG/240px-Pavodok%2C_Zhigulevskaya_GES.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pavodok%2C_Zhigulevskaya_GES.JPG/360px-Pavodok%2C_Zhigulevskaya_GES.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Pavodok%2C_Zhigulevskaya_GES.JPG/480px-Pavodok%2C_Zhigulevskaya_GES.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zhiguli_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Zhiguli Hydroelectric Station">Zhiguli Hydroelectric Station</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Freshet" title="Freshet">freshet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hydropower is the most used form of renewable energy in Russia, and there is large potential in Russia for more use of hydropower. Russia has 102 hydropower plants with capacities of over 100 MW, making it fifth in the world for hydropower production. It is also second in the world for hydro potential, yet only 20% of this potential is developed.<sup id="cite_ref-RusHydro_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RusHydro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia is home to 9% of the world's hydro resources,<sup id="cite_ref-EBRD_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBRD-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly in Siberia and the country's far east. At the end of 2005, the generating capacity from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> sources in Russia was 45,700 MW, and an additional 5,648 MW was under construction. The <a href="/wiki/World_Energy_Council" title="World Energy Council">World Energy Council</a> believes that Russia has much potential for using its hydro resources, with a theoretical potential of about 2,295 TWh/yr, with 852 TWh being economically feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_survey_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_survey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest dams in Russia are the <a href="/wiki/Sayano-Shushenskaya_Dam" title="Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam">Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam</a>, which has an installed capacity of 6,400 MW; the <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Dam" title="Krasnoyarsk Dam">Krasnoyarsk Dam</a> (6,000 MW); the <a href="/wiki/Bratsk_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station">Bratsk Dam</a> (4,500 MW); the <a href="/wiki/Ust-Ilimsk_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Ust-Ilimsk Hydroelectric Power Station">Ust-Ilimsk Dam</a> (4,320 MW) and the <a href="/wiki/Zeya_Dam" title="Zeya Dam">Zeya Dam</a> (1,330 MW).<sup id="cite_ref-RusHydro_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RusHydro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most recent dam projects are the <a href="/wiki/Bureya_Dam" title="Bureya Dam">Bureya Dam</a> (2010 MW) and the <a href="/wiki/Irganai_Dam" title="Irganai Dam">Irganai Dam</a> (800 MW). The <a href="/wiki/Boguchany_Dam" title="Boguchany Dam">Boguchany Dam</a> (1920 MW), Zelenchuk Dam (320 MW), Zaramag Dam (352 MW) and Nizhne-Chereksky (60 MW) are currently under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_survey_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_survey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RusHydro" title="RusHydro">RusHydro</a> is the largest hydroelectric company in Russia and the second largest hydroelectric producer in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-RusHydro_Reuters_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RusHydro_Reuters-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2010, <a href="/wiki/China_Yangtze_Power" title="China Yangtze Power">China Yangtze Power</a>, the largest hydropower corporation in China, and EuroSibEnergo, a Russian energy company, signed a cooperation agreement to expand hydroelectric energy production in Russia and export energy to China's northern territories.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Hydro_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Hydro-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geothermal_energy">Geothermal energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geothermal energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Geothermal power in Russia</a></div> <p>Geothermal energy is the second most used form of renewable energy in Russia but represents less than 1% of the total energy production. The first geothermal power plant in Russia was built at Pauzhetka, <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka</a>, in 1966, with a capacity of 5 MW. The total geothermal installed capacity in 2005 was 79 MW, with 50 MW coming from a plant at Verkhne-Mutnovsky. Russia is currently developing a 100 MW plant at Mutnovsky and a 50 MW plant in <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_survey_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_survey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most geothermal resources are currently used for heating settlements in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka</a>. Half of the geothermal production is used to heat homes and industrial buildings, one-third is used to heat greenhouses and 13% is used for industrial processes.<sup id="cite_ref-IGC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shmatko" title="Sergei Shmatko">Sergei Shmatko</a>, Russia's energy minister, stated that Russia and Iceland would work together to develop Kamchatka's geothermal energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Iceland_Geothermal_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iceland_Geothermal-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_energy">Solar energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Solar energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: past years described as future - see also modern sources like <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/russia/">https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/russia/</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float: left; margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_ftd516vrt3e3izz0362bafv5jset3y3"></map><img usemap="#timeline_ftd516vrt3e3izz0362bafv5jset3y3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/ftd516vrt3e3izz0362bafv5jset3y3.png" /></div> <p>Source: NREL<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Before 2016 solar energy in Russia was virtually nonexistent, despite its large potential in the country. The first Russian <a href="/wiki/Solar_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar plant">solar plant</a> was opened in <a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod Oblast</a> in November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsland_solar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsland_solar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 it was estimated that Russia had a total theoretical potential of 2,213 TWh/yr for solar energy, with an economically feasible amount of 101 TWh.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_survey_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_survey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern parts of Russia, especially the North Caucasus, have the greatest potential for solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_survey_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_survey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 Russia planned to set up an overall solar capacity of 150 MW by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunless_Russia_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunless_Russia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans for the construction of a new solar plant on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> have been announced and the plant is expected to begin operations by 2012. This plant, which will have a capacity of 12.3 MW, is being built by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Nanotechnology_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Nanotechnology Corporation">Rusnano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renova_Group" title="Renova Group">Renova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-POWER-GEN_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POWER-GEN-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solar Wind LLC and Rusnano are building a plant that will produce double-sided solar panels, which will be able to collect solar energy from both sides. Construction is expected to finish in early 2011 and the plant will have an annual manufacturing capacity of 30 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunless_Russia_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunless_Russia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitol_Solar" title="Nitol Solar">Nitol Solar</a> is the largest Russian company in the area of scientific development and manufacture of products used to generate solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_Solar_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel_Solar-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia and India are currently discussing the possibility of a joint venture to produce <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">silicon wafers</a> for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic</a> cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Indrus_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indrus-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An auction in 2013 awarded contracts for 399 MW of solar, and one in 2014 an additional 505 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third auction in 2015 awarded 280 MW of solar.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the Russian Solar Energy Association predicted that cumulative solar power capacity in the country would rise to 1,500 MW by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2017 and 2019 pv-producing company called «Solar Silicon Technologies» LLC (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">ООО Солар Кремневые Технологии</span>) based in <a href="/wiki/Podolsk" title="Podolsk">Podolsk</a> has produced and built at least 4 solar plants totalling 130MW in power.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was founded in 2016 and built in place of another plant Podolsk chemical-metallurgical plant (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">ОАО Подольский химико-металлургический завод</span>) used to produce <a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon" title="Monocrystalline silicon">monocrystalline silicon</a> since 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wind_energy">Wind energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wind energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Russia" title="Wind power in Russia">Wind power in Russia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_turbine_in_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wind_turbine_in_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/160px-Wind_turbine_in_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wind_turbine_in_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/240px-Wind_turbine_in_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wind_turbine_in_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg/320px-Wind_turbine_in_Omni_Hotel_Murmansk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="3195" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbine near an <a href="/wiki/Omni_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Omni Hotels & Resorts">Omni Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>. The wind power potential of <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk Oblast</a> is one of the largest among Russian regions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Russia has a long history of deploying small-scale wind energy generating systems but has never developed large-scale commercial wind energy production. Most of its current wind energy production is located in agricultural areas with low population densities where connection to the main energy grid is difficult. Russia is estimated to have a total potential of 80,000 TWh/yr for wind energy, 6,218 TWh/yr of which is economically feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_survey_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_survey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of this potential is found in the southern steppes and the seacoasts of Russia, although in many of these areas the population density is less than <span class="nowrap">1 person per square km</span>. This low population density means that there is little existing electricity infrastructure currently in place, which hinders development of these resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_Congress_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_Congress-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Russia had a total installed wind capacity of 15 MW.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Current Russian wind energy projects have a combined capacity of over 1,700 MW. The Russian Wind Energy Association predicts that if Russia achieves its goal of having 4.5% of its energy come from renewable sources by 2020, the country will have a total wind capacity of 7 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-Siemens_WindE_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siemens_WindE-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, plans for the construction of a wind power plant in <a href="/wiki/Yeisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeisk">Yeisk</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>, were announced. It is expected to initially have a capacity of 50 MW, which will become 100 MW a year later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first batch of wind towers and nacelles were delivered in June 2020 and the facility is expected to be operational by the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German engineering company <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> announced in July 2010, following a visit to Russia by Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, that it would build wind power plants in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Windfair_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windfair-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the company hopes to install 1,250 MW of capacity in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Siemens_WindE_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siemens_WindE-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidal_energy">Tidal energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tidal energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okhotsk-Japan5PZG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the location of the Penzhin Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Okhotsk-Japan5PZG.png/240px-Okhotsk-Japan5PZG.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Okhotsk-Japan5PZG.png/360px-Okhotsk-Japan5PZG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Okhotsk-Japan5PZG.png/480px-Okhotsk-Japan5PZG.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penzhin_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Penzhin Bay">Penzhin Bay</a> is the location of the proposed Penzhin Tidal Power Plant, which could become the world's largest electric power station.</figcaption></figure> <p>Russia has many tidal energy resources at its disposal, although they are currently underdeveloped as well. The <a href="/wiki/Kola_Bay" title="Kola Bay">Kola Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a> alone could produce 100 GW with tidal power stations, and the national energy potential from tidal energy can compete with current total energy production.<sup id="cite_ref-RIC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The currently active <a href="/wiki/Kislaya_Guba_Tidal_Power_Station" title="Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station">Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station</a> is the largest tidal power facility in Russia and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tidal_power_stations" title="List of tidal power stations">fourth largest capacity</a> (1.7 MW) among the world's <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal power plant">tidal power plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorlov_Tidal_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorlov_Tidal-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans for constructing an 800 MW tidal power plant in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> were announced in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-BO_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BO-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible long-term projects include the Penzhin Tidal Power Plant, which could become the largest power station in the world, with an installed capacity of up to 87 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">GW</a> and an annual production of 200 <a href="/wiki/Watt-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt-hour">TWh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biofuel">Biofuel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biofuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia's <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> industry is new, but it has been developing rapidly in recent years. Russia is one of the largest grain producers, has a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethyl alcohol</a> industry and has increasing <a href="/wiki/Brassica_napus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica napus">rapeseed</a> (often used to create <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>) production rates.<sup id="cite_ref-APEC_Biofuel_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APEC_Biofuel-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian government declared in 2008 that it would play an active role in developing the biofuel industry by building 30 new biofuel plants and providing tax breaks and subsidized interest rates to biofuel energy projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Russia_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Russia-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these plans were delayed, on 13 September 2010, Medvedev announced that construction would begin in early 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Geographical_Society_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geographical_Society-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a>, the biofuel produced by these plants, would be produced from <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a> by-products, such as <a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">woodchips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">sawdust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APEC_Biofuel_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APEC_Biofuel-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Russia_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Russia-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gazeta_Biofuel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazeta_Biofuel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shatura_steam_power_plant_(2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Shatura Power Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shatura_steam_power_plant_%282010%29.jpg/240px-Shatura_steam_power_plant_%282010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shatura_steam_power_plant_%282010%29.jpg/360px-Shatura_steam_power_plant_%282010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shatura_steam_power_plant_%282010%29.jpg/480px-Shatura_steam_power_plant_%282010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shatura_Power_Station" title="Shatura Power Station">Shatura Power Station</a> has the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_peat_power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peat power stations">peat power</a> capacity in the world</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lada" title="Lada">Lada</a>, a Russian car manufacturer, produced its first biofuel-powered automobile in November 2010. Deputy Transportation Minister Valery Okulov stated that Russian companies are currently developing helicopters that run on biofuel.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Russia_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Russia-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's Biotechnology Corporation estimates that Russia is capable of exporting <span class="nowrap">40 million tons</span> of biofuel annually.<sup id="cite_ref-RNCOS_Biofuel_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNCOS_Biofuel-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biomass">Biomass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biomass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a> is already used in some parts of Russia to provide a total of 1%, or 9 TWh/year, of Russia's total energy. However, due to Russia's vast forest and <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> reserves,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has a total biomass technical potential of 431 TWh/year, of which 285 TWh/year is economically feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_Biomass_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_Biomass-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FFRI_Wood_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFRI_Wood-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of this potential is found in northwestern Russia, which has a developed <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> industry that can provide wood-based waste to use as biomass energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_Planet_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_Planet-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of peat for energy production was prominent during the Soviet Union, with the peak occurring in 1965 and declining from that point. In 1929, over 40% of the Soviet Union's electric energy came from peat, which dropped to 1% by 1980. Currently, Russia is responsible for 17% of the world's peat production, and 20% of the peat that it produces, <span class="nowrap">1.5 million tons</span>, is used for energy purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_survey_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_survey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RGS_Peat_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RGS_Peat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shatura_Power_Station" title="Shatura Power Station">Shatura Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> and Kirov Power Station in <a href="/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov Oblast</a> are the two <a href="/wiki/List_of_peat_power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peat power stations">largest peat power stations</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_in_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Renewable energy in Russia">Renewable energy in Russia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Russia" title="Climate change in Russia">Climate change in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Coal in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil in Russia">Oil in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas in Russia">Gas in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Nuclear power in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Energy policy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Geothermal power in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Russia" title="Wind power in Russia">Wind power in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Russia" title="List of power stations in Russia">List of power stations in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy by country">Renewable energy by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a> is not universally recognized as <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable</a> <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> resource, due to its long regeneration period.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLanshina“Skip”_LaitnerPotashnikovBarinova2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lanshina, Tatiana A.; “Skip” Laitner, John A.; Potashnikov, Vladimir Y.; Barinova, Vera A. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421518303550">"The slow expansion of renewable energy in Russia: Competitiveness and regulation issues"</a>. <i>Energy Policy</i>. <b>120</b>: 600–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2018.05.052">10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Policy&rft.atitle=The+slow+expansion+of+renewable+energy+in+Russia%3A+Competitiveness+and+regulation+issues&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=600-609&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2018.05.052&rft.aulast=Lanshina&rft.aufirst=Tatiana+A.&rft.au=%E2%80%9CSkip%E2%80%9D+Laitner%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Potashnikov%2C+Vladimir+Y.&rft.au=Barinova%2C+Vera+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0301421518303550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenewable+energy+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy_Congress-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_Congress_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_Congress_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_Congress_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tl30wipZ-SoC&pg=PA2560"><i>Renewables: The Energy for the 21st Century</i></a>. World Renewable Energy Congress VI. 1–7 July 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080540511" title="Special:BookSources/9780080540511"><bdi>9780080540511</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewables%3A+The+Energy+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=World+Renewable+Energy+Congress+VI&rft.date=2000-07-01%2F2000-07-07&rft.isbn=9780080540511&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtl30wipZ-SoC%26pg%3DPA2560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenewable+energy+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RusHydro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RusHydro_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RusHydro_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RusHydro_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RusHydro_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.rushydro.ru/industry/history">"Hydropower in Russia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Union-+Energy+Planning+Goals&rft.pub=country-data.com&rft.date=1989-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-12738.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenewable+energy+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviet_Infrastructure-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_Infrastructure_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Kramer2009" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Kramer (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/business/global/21ruble.html">"Decaying Soviet Infrastructure Shows Its Era"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Decaying+Soviet+Infrastructure+Shows+Its+Era&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.au=Andrew+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F21ruble.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenewable+energy+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PE_Efficiency-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PE_Efficiency_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PE_Efficiency_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Amstell2009" class="citation web cs1">David Amstell (10 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180250/http://www.ngpowereu.com/news/russian-energy-efficiency/">"Russian Energy efficiency: Medvedev's new favourite topic?"</a>. 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_Russia" title="Template:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Russia" title="Climate change in Russia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_security_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy security of Russia (page does not exist)">Energy security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Russia" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Energy (Russia)">Ministry of Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Russia" title="Hydroelectricity in Russia">Hydroelectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas_industry_in_Russia" title="Liquefied natural gas industry in Russia">LNG industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">Natural gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">Gas Exporting Countries Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry of Russia">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Basin" title="Barents Basin">Barents Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="List of oil and gas fields of the Barents Sea">Barents Sea fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_petroleum_basin" title="West Siberian petroleum basin">West Siberia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Russia">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Russia" title="Wind power in Russia">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electricity generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Russia">Electric power industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Imperial_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Imperial Russia">in Imperial Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Russia" title="List of power stations in Russia">List of power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_floating_nuclear_power_station" title="Russian floating nuclear power station">Russian floating nuclear power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_stations_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power stations in Russia and Soviet Union">Thermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_Russia" title="Category:Electric power companies of Russia">Electric power companies of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatek" title="Novatek">Novatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneftegaz" title="Rosneftegaz">Rosneftegaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Energy" title="Sakhalin Energy">Sakhalin Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transneft" title="Transneft">Transneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_LNG" title="Yamal LNG">Yamal LNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_diplomacy" title="Energy diplomacy">Politics</a> and disputes<br />(before <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Energy policy of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Russia–Saudi Arabia relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_Siberia" title="Power of Siberia">Power of Siberia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Germany–Russia relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_1" title="Nord Stream 1">Nord Stream 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">Russia in the European energy sector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes over the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Russian_North_Pole_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Russian North Pole expedition">2007 Russian North Pole expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_of_Russia" title="Continental shelf of Russia">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes with <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2004 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">of 2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes with <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Russia%E2%80%93Georgia_energy_crisis" title="2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis">2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes with <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" title="2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">of 2005–06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_dispute" title="2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute">of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Pact" title="Kharkiv Pact">Kharkiv Pact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remember_about_the_Gas_%E2%80%93_Do_not_buy_Russian_goods!" title="Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!">Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_transmission_system_of_Ukraine" title="Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine">Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine invasion</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 global energy crisis">2021–2023 global energy crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_inflation_surge" title="2021–2023 inflation surge">2021–2023 inflation surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 food crises">2022–2023 food crises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_gas_dispute" title="2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute">2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_oil_transit_dispute" title="Lukoil oil transit dispute">2024 Lukoil transit sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">during the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_crude_oil_price_cap_sanctions" title="2022 Russian crude oil price cap sanctions">2022 oil sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Russian_oil_products_sanctions_and_price_cap" title="2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap">2023 oil sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_natural_gas_price_cap" title="EU natural gas price cap">gas price cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">CAATSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfriendly_countries_list" title="Unfriendly countries list">Unfriendly countries list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Russia" title="Category:Energy in Russia">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Russia" title="Template:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Industrialization in the Russian Empire">Industrialization in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Russian_Empire_after_the_abolition_of_serfdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom">Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a></li> <li>Financial crises <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2017)">2014–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>Monetary reforms in Russia (<a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1991" title="Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1993" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modification_of_banknotes_of_the_Russian_ruble_(2022%E2%80%942025)" title="Modification of banknotes of the Russian ruble (2022—2025)">2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priority_Projects" title="National Priority Projects">National Priority Projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation">Stabilization Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">Great Recession in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Russia">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="Rolling stock manufacturers of Russia">Rolling stock manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor,_timber_and_agricultural_machinery_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery in the Soviet Union">Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_of_Russia" title="Food industry of Russia">Food industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Russia" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Russia">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Chemical_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Chemical Industry">Chemical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_of_Russia" title="Metallurgy of Russia">Metallurgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_Industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe Industry of Russia">Pipe Industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Russia" title="Rail transport in Russia">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Russia" title="Vehicle registration plates of Russia">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocery_retailing_in_Russia" title="Grocery retailing in Russia">Grocery retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Russia" title="Information technology in Russia">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry_of_Russia" title="Music industry of Russia">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_ruble" title="Digital ruble">Digital ruble</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Account_Chamber_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Account Chamber of Russia">Account Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Russia" title="List of banks in Russia">Banks</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks" title="SWIFT ban against Russian banks">SWIFT ban against Russian banks</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Treasury_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Treasury (Russia)">Federal Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Exchange" title="Moscow Exchange">Moscow Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Card_Payment_System" title="Russian National Card Payment System">National Card Payment System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Compulsory_Medical_Insurance_Fund_(Russia)" title="Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (Russia)">Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_and_Social_Insurance_Fund_of_Russia" title="Pension and Social Insurance Fund of Russia">Pension and Social Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Insurance_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation">Social Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_in_Russia" title="Stock market in Russia">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_stamps_of_Russia" title="Excise stamps of Russia">Excise stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian billionaires by net worth">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Primorsky_Krai" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources of Primorsky Krai">Natural resources of Primorsky Krai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_federal_districts_by_GDP" title="List of Russian federal districts by GDP">Federal districts by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP">Federal subjects by GRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita">Federal subjects by GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by Human Development Index">Federal subjects by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_poverty_rate" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by poverty rate">Federal subjects by poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_Unemployment_Rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal subjects of Russia by Unemployment Rate">Federal subjects by unemployment rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Region" title="Central Economic Region">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural economic region">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasus economic region">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga economic region">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="West Siberian economic region">West Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="East Siberian economic region">East Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga-Vyatka_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga-Vyatka economic region">Volga-Vyatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern economic region">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Black Earth economic region">Central Black Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern economic region">Far Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_economic_region_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern economic region (Russia)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad economic region">Kaliningrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Russia" title="List of companies of Russia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Russia" title="List of exports of Russia">Exports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_grain_exports" title="Russian grain exports">grain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian oligarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_Russia" title="Income in Russia">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Russia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Russia">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_economy_of_Russia" title="Shadow economy of Russia">Shadow economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity_in_Russia" title="Types of business entity in Russia">Types of business entity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Russia" title="Category:Economy of Russia">Category</a></li> 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