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id="toc-Complexity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Control theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybernetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybernetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Cybernetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybernetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Information theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_systems_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_systems_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>General systems theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_systems_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchy_Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy_Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Hierarchy Theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy_Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Practical fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_systems_thinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_systems_thinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Critical systems thinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_systems_thinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_research_and_management_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_research_and_management_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Operations research and management science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_research_and_management_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_systems_methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_systems_methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Soft systems methodology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_systems_methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Systems analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systemic_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Systemic design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Systems dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Systems engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_in_other_disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_in_other_disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Applications in other disciplines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_in_other_disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earth_system_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_system_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Earth system science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_system_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Systems biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Systems chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Systems ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Systems psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Systems science</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9" title="علم الأنظمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأنظمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্যবস্থাদি বিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবস্থাদি বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Наука за системите – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наука за системите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemwissenschaft" title="Systemwissenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Systemwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Επιστήμη συστημάτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστήμη συστημάτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="علوم سامانه‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم سامانه‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_des_syst%C3%A8mes" title="Science des systèmes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Science des systèmes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="시스템 과학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시스템 과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तन्त्र विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तन्त्र विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemo-cienco" title="Sistemo-cienco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sistemo-cienco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_sistem" title="Ilmu sistem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu sistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienza_dei_sistemi" title="Scienza dei sistemi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienza dei sistemi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systeemwetenschap" title="Systeemwetenschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Systeemwetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="システム科学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="システム科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_de_sistemas" title="Ciência de sistemas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciência de sistemas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Системология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Системология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science" title="Systems science – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Systems science" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9mov%C3%A1_veda" title="Systémová veda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Systémová veda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systeemitiede" title="Systeemitiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Systeemitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Системологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Системологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syensya_hin_mga_sistema" title="Syensya hin mga sistema – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syensya hin mga sistema" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="系統科學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="系統科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="系统科学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="系统科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2167061#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Systems_science" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Systems_science" rel="discussion" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex systems</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid 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optimization algorithms">Ant colony optimization</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">Collective consciousness</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">Networks</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Scale-free_network" title="Scale-free network">Scale-free networks</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world networks</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">Centrality</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Network_motif" title="Network motif">Motifs</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">Scaling</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Robustness_(computer_science)" title="Robustness (computer science)">Robustness</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_network_analysis" title="Dynamic network analysis">Dynamic networks</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system" title="Complex adaptive system">Adaptive networks</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" 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title="Percolation">Percolation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automata</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Spatial_ecology" title="Spatial ecology">Spatial ecology</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replication</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">Autopoiesis</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">Feedback</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Goal_orientation" title="Goal orientation">Goal-oriented</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Operationalization" title="Operationalization">Operationalization</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-order cybernetics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">Self-reference</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a><br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Systems science</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sensemaking" title="Sensemaking">Sensemaking</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(cybernetics)" title="Variety (cybernetics)">Variety</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">Nonlinear dynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">Time series analysis</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_differential_equation" title="Ordinary differential equation">Ordinary differential equations</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Phase_space" title="Phase space">Phase space</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Attractor" title="Attractor">Attractors</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Multistability" title="Multistability">Multistability</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bifurcation_theory" title="Bifurcation theory">Bifurcation</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Coupled_map_lattice" title="Coupled map lattice">Coupled map lattices</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">Rational choice theory</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">Bounded rationality</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a><br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Complex_systems" title="Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Complex_systems" title="Template talk:Complex systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Complex_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Complex systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Systems science</b>, also referred to as <b>systems research</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, simply, <b>systems</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Transdisciplinarity" title="Transdisciplinarity">transdisciplinary</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">systems</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, which leads to the advancements of formal, natural, social, and applied attributions throughout <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, itself. </p><p>To systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field aims to develop transdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as psychology, biology, medicine, communication, business, technology, computer science, engineering, and social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding <a href="/wiki/Environment_(systems)" title="Environment (systems)">environment</a>, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various '<a href="/wiki/Boundary_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary conditions">boundary conditions</a>' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_fields">Associated fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Associated fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The systems sciences are a broad array of fields. One way of conceiving of these is in three groups: fields that have developed systems ideas primarily through theory; those that have done so primarily through practical engagements with problem situations; and those that have applied ideas for other disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_fields">Theoretical fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theoretical fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chaos_and_dynamical_systems">Chaos and dynamical systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chaos and dynamical systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamical_systems_theory" title="Dynamical systems theory">Dynamical systems theory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complexity">Complexity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Complexity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex system</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Control_theory">Control theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Control theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_control_theory" title="Affect control theory">Affect control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Control systems">Control systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cybernetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autopoiesis" title="Autopoiesis">Autopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_cybernetics" title="Engineering cybernetics">Engineering Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_control_theory" title="Perceptual control theory">Perceptual Control Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-order_cybernetics" title="Second-order cybernetics">Second-Order Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber%E2%80%93physical_system" title="Cyber–physical system">Cyber-Physical Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic Intelligence">Synthetic Intelligence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Information_theory">Information theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Information theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_systems_theory">General systems theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General systems theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systems_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Theory">Systems Theory</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_systems_theory" title="List of types of systems theory">List of types of systems theory</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_systems_theory" title="Biochemical systems theory">Biochemical systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory" title="Ecological systems theory">Ecological systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_systems_theory" title="Developmental systems theory">Developmental systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="General systems theory">General systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Living systems theory">Living systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTI_system_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LTI system theory">LTI system theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Social systems">Social systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociotechnical systems theory">Sociotechnical systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_system_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical system theory">Mathematical system theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hierarchy_Theory">Hierarchy Theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hierarchy Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_theory" title="Hierarchy theory">Hierarchy theory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_fields">Practical fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Practical fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critical_systems_thinking">Critical systems thinking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critical systems thinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critical_systems_thinking" title="Critical systems thinking">Critical systems thinking</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operations_research_and_management_science">Operations research and management science</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Operations research and management science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management_science" title="Management science">Management science</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft_systems_methodology">Soft systems methodology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soft systems methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology" title="Soft systems methodology">Soft systems methodology</a></div> <p>The soft systems methodology was developed in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> by academics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">University of Lancaster</a> Systems Department through a ten-year <a href="/wiki/Action_research" title="Action research">action research</a> programme. The main contributor is <a href="/wiki/Peter_Checkland" title="Peter Checkland">Peter Checkland</a> (born 18 December 1930, in Birmingham, UK), a British management scientist and emeritus professor of systems at Lancaster University. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_analysis">Systems analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Systems analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></div> <p>Systems analysis branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, or interaction with its environment,<sup id="cite_ref-AD_1971_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AD_1971-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often prior to their automation as computer models. Systems analysis is closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/RAND_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND corporation">RAND corporation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systemic_design">Systemic design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Systemic design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic design</a></div> <p>Systemic design integrates methodologies from <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a> with advanced design practices to address complex, multi-stakeholder situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_dynamics">Systems dynamics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Systems dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systems_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems dynamics">Systems dynamics</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_dynamics" title="Social dynamics">Social dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Forrester" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Forrester">Jay Forrester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a> is an approach to understanding the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a> over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> loops and <a href="/wiki/Stock_and_flow" title="Stock and flow">stocks and flows</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_engineering">Systems engineering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Systems engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></div> <dl><dd>Systems engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, that focuses on the development and organization of complex <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">systems</a>. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example: <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication system">communication system</a>, or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering. Systems Science is foundational to the <a href="/wiki/Embedded_software_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded software development">Embedded Software Development</a> that is founded in the embedded requirements of Systems Engineering.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace Engineering"> Aerospace systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics"> Electronic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Software systems">Software systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_in_other_disciplines">Applications in other disciplines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Applications in other disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earth_system_science">Earth system science</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Earth system science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Science"> Climate systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_geology" title="Systems geology">Systems geology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_biology">Systems biology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Systems biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_systems_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational systems biology">Computational systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_immunology" title="Systems immunology">Systems immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_chemistry">Systems chemistry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Systems chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systems_chemistry" title="Systems chemistry">Systems chemistry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_ecology">Systems ecology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Systems ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_psychology">Systems psychology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Systems psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems psychology</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Family systems theory">Family systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_therapy" title="Systemic therapy">Systemic therapy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/16px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/24px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg/32px-Complex-adaptive-system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireductionism" title="Antireductionism">Antireductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_prototyping" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary prototyping">Evolutionary prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="System engineering">System engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="System Dynamics">System Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_equivalence" title="System equivalence">System equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektology" title="Tektology">Tektology</a></li> <li><a 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.reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifsr.org">"IFSR"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFSR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifsr.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ison, Ray. Systems Practice: How to Act: In situations of uncertainty and complexity in a climate-change world, 2nd ed, 2017. Springer, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondDubé2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, Ross A.; Dubé, Laurette (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3411994">"A systems science perspective and transdisciplinary models for food and nutrition security"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (31): 12356–12363. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10912356H">2012PNAS..10912356H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0913003109">10.1073/pnas.0913003109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3411994">3411994</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22826247">22826247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+systems+science+perspective+and+transdisciplinary+models+for+food+and+nutrition+security&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=12356-12363&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3411994%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22826247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0913003109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..10912356H&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ross+A.&rft.au=Dub%C3%A9%2C+Laurette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3411994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, <i>Principles of Systems Science</i>, 2015, New York:Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_M%27Pherson" title="Philip M'Pherson">Philip M'Pherson</a> (1974, p. 229); as cited by: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHieronymi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hieronymi, Andreas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/231986/1/Hieronymi%202013%20Understanding%20Systems%20Science%20srbs2215.pdf">"Understanding Systems Science: A Visual and Integrative Approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Systems Research and Behavioral Science</i>. <b>30</b> (5): 580–595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsres.2215">10.1002/sres.2215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systems+Research+and+Behavioral+Science&rft.atitle=Understanding+Systems+Science%3A+A+Visual+and+Integrative+Approach&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=580-595&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsres.2215&rft.aulast=Hieronymi&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandria.unisg.ch%2F231986%2F1%2FHieronymi%25202013%2520Understanding%2520Systems%2520Science%2520srbs2215.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+science" class="Z3988"></span>. He defined systems science as "the ordered arrangement of knowledge acquired from the study of systems in the observable world, together with the application of this knowledge to the design of man-made systems".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Checkland" title="Peter Checkland">Peter Checkland</a>. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester: Wiley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AD_1971-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AD_1971_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Debons. "Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact" in: <i>Advances in computers,</i> Vol. 11. Franz L. Alt & Morris Rubinoff eds. (1971). p. 362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) <i>Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation.</i> Oxford University Press. p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek K. Hitchins (2008) <i>Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology.</i> p. 100</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>B. A. Bayraktar, <i>Education in Systems Science</i>, 1979, 369 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_D._Bailey_(sociologist)" title="Kenneth D. Bailey (sociologist)">Kenneth D. Bailey</a>, "Fifty Years of Systems Science:Further Reflections", <i>Systems Research and Behavioral Science</i>, 22, 2005, pp. 355–361. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsres.711">10.1002/sres.711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Flood" title="Robert L. Flood">Robert L. Flood</a>, Ewart R Carson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x7O2BwAAQBAJ&q=%22An+Introduction+to+the+Theory+and+Application+of+Systems+Science%22">Dealing with Complexity: An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science (2nd Edition)</a></i>, 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Klir" class="mw-redirect" title="George J. Klir">George J. Klir</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NHgBwAAQBAJ&q=%22Facets+of+Systems+Science%22">Facets of Systems Science (2nd Edition)</a></i>, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ervin_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Ervin László">Ervin László</a>, <i>Systems Science and World Order: Selected Studies</i>, 1983.</li> <li>G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, <i>Principles of Systems Science</i>, 2015, New York:Springer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a> (ed.), <i>General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory</i>, Society for General Systems Research, Vol 1., 1956.</li> <li>Li D. Xu, "The contributions of Systems Science to Information Systems Research", <i>Systems Research and Behavioral Science,</i> 17, 2000, pp. 105–116.</li> <li>Graeme Donald Snooks, "A general theory of complex living systems: Exploring the demand side of dynamics", <i>Complexity</i>, vol. 13, no. 6, July/August 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a>, "A proposal for Systems Science", <i>Systems Research and Behavioral Science</i>, 20, 2003, pp. 507–520. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsres.528">10.1002/sres.528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Michael C. Jackson</a>, <i>Critical Systems Thinking and the Management of Complexity</i>, 2019 , Wiley.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_science" title="Template talk:Systems science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Systems science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a><br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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